Journal articles on the topic 'Types of clause'
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Wahyu Nugraha, I Komang Sulatra, and Purwati. "SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN ADULTERY NOVEL." SPHOTA: Jurnal Linguistik dan Sastra 12, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/sphota.v12i1.681.
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A subordinate clause (dependent clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It explains and gives more information to the main clause. There are three major types of subordinate clause such as: Complement Clause, Relative Clause, and Adverbial Clause (Miller, 2002:63). This research is a library research that aims to find out types and functions of subordinate clause found in Adultery. This research uses several theories from expert in other to analyze the problems in this study. The book written by Jim Miller (2002) entitled An Introduction to English Syntax and the book written by Bas Aarts (2001) entitled English Syntax and Argumentation, Second Edition are used. It is stated that there are three major types of subordinate clause that can be recognized as Complement clause, Relative clause, and Adverbial Clause. Then, the clause functions such as Clauses Functioning as Subject, Clause Functioning as Direct Object, Clauses Functioning as Adjunct and Clauses Functioning as Complements within Phrases. The result of this research shows that three major types of subordinate clause are found. Furthermore, the clause functions are also found as well, however only Clauses Functioning as Subject weren’t found in this research.
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Pak, Miok D. "Types of Clauses and Sentence end Particles in Korean." Korean Linguistics 14 (January 1, 2008): 113–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.14.06mdp.
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Abstract. It is well known that Korean marks clauses through the particles that occur at the end of sentences and also that there are many clause types. One can find as many as eleven clause types proposed in the literature. In this paper I examine all proposed sentence types and sentence end particles through Sadock and Zwicky's (1985) criteria on clause types and decomposition of the particles. The study lends the conclusion that there are at most 5 clause types; declarative, interrogative, imperative, exhortative, and promissive (the last three can even be grouped into one clause type, jussives). It also reveals that not all sentence end particles mark clause type and that they can be categorized into three categories: special mood particles, speech style particles, and clause typing particles. The paper concludes with the issue of the role of clause typing particles. While they are labeled clause typing particles in the sense that they are unique to the clause types they appear in, I argue that they are not markers of sentential force.
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Kanaby, Dler Sadiq, and Shukry Ahmad Muhammad. "The role of iconization in the order of the adverbial clause in the Kurdish language." Twejer 5, no. 1 (June 2022): 417–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2251.10.
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This study is an attempt to establish the order of the adverbial clause in the Kurdish language, and to identify the main place of this kind of clause by taking advantage of (iconicity factor) from the functional-typological point of view, which precedes or followers the main clause. Adverbial clauses are the sub-sentences, which appear in complex sentences and describe a part of the main clause or the whole main clause. This type of clause in the Kurdish language is divided into several types, such as adverbial clauses (time, place, causal, conditional, purpose, result, measure, and vice versa), which can be preceded and followed by main clause. In order to determine the main location of the types of adverbial clause from a functional-typological point of view, a number of factors have been taken into account, which is one of the factors (the iconicity factor). According to viewpoints (Diessel: 2005, 2008, 2011) the iconicity factors an important role in ordering and identifying certain types of adverbial clause such as clauses (time, place, conditional, purpose and result). The iconicity factor is the order of events outside the language, which must similarly be order within the language. That is, how the event occurs outside the language, it must be reflected in the language in the same way. If an adverbial clause event occurs before main clause outside the language, it must be reflection the same way inside the language. That is to say, the adverbial clause precedes of the main clause. First, we try to discuss the concept, definition, and types of iconicity, and then discuss the role of this doing factor in the ranking of the types of adverbial clause in the Kurdish language.
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Alharbi, Bader. "The Pronominal Element in Arabic Copular Clauses." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n4p21.
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In Arabic, a pronominal element (PE) (Note 1) appears in almost all copular clause types, specifically the specificational, identificational, and identity clauses, as well as in clauses with a post-copular definite description. It is obligatory in an identity clause consisting of proper nouns and is otherwise optional. However, the PE cannot be used in Arabic predicational clauses. This paper examines the nature of this PE, why it is illicit in the predicational clause and licit in all other types, and why it is obligatory only in the identity clause consisting of proper nouns and is otherwise optional. It suggests that the PE is a realization of the F head (the identity predicate) in the structure of the identity clause. The illicit use of the PE in the predicational clause follows from the presence of predicative expressions in this type of clause. Lastly, it is shown that the PE is obligatory only in an identity clause involving proper nouns to avoid ambiguity, and is otherwise optional.
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Prabawati, Ni Luh Satya, I. Gusti Bagus Wahyu Nugraha Putra, and I. Wayan Sidha Karya. "THE STUDY OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN CHINA DAILY NEWSPAPER." Journal of Language and Literature 8, no. 2 (2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35760/jll.2020.v8i2.3578.
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Learning about subordinate clause it gives the understandings of the fuller descriptions of the main clause. This study aimed to find out the types of subordinate clause in complex sentences found in China Daily Newspaper. The data was collected through library research. This study used qualitative analysis method to describe and analysis the data found. The theory proposed by Miller (2002) is used to analyze the types of subordinate clause in complex sentences. The data analysis was presented through formal and informal method. Based on the result, there were three types of subordinate clause found in China daily Newspaper, namely relative clause, adverbial clause, and complement clause. This research found 61 subordinate clauses of complex sentences. Among the three types of subordinate clause, Relative clause is the most frequently found as modifier which 32 data or 52% and followed by Adverbial clause which 20 data or 33%. While the least frequently found is Complement clause which 9 data or 15%.
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McGregor, William. "Clause types in Gooniyandi." Language Sciences 14, no. 4 (October 1992): 355–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0388-0001(92)90022-7.
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Afrianto, Afrianto, Farida Ariyani, and Ingatan Gulo. "LAMPUNG CLAUSE COMPLEXES: A PARATACTIC CONFIGURATION STUDY." LITERA 20, no. 3 (January 11, 2022): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/ltr.v20i3.37064.
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This research aims at capturing and characterizing clause complexes in Lampung language by considering the structure and conjunction. Here, it focuses on paratactic configuration. A Lampung paratactic configuration consists of two or more independent clauses and is also recognized by the presence of conjunction and punctuation. The conjunction bridges two or more clauses in clause complexes and signs a relation between and among those clauses. There are six conjunctions found; those are ‘ghik’, ‘kidang’, ‘tapi’, ‘sedengko’, ‘jadi’, and ‘bahko’. Regarding how those conjunctions relate clauses, this research found four types of relation; those are additional relation realized by ‘ghik’ and ‘bahko’, comparative and contrastive relation performed by ‘kidang’, ‘tapi’, ‘sedengko’ and then consequential relation shown by ‘jadi’. Other than conjunction, the punctuation is also found to connect clauses; it is comma. It is noteworthy that comma connects two independent clauses and semantically construes additional relation since comma is found in configuration of two clauses in which a clause adds more detail information or more explanation for another one. Besides, comma is also found in a paratactic configuration consisting of three clauses, here it is configured with a conjunction such as ‘ghik’. Furthermore, this research also found four variants of paratactic configuration; those are Independent clause - conjunction - Independent clause; Independent clause - conjunction - Independent clause + dependent clause; Independent clause + Dependent cause - conjunction - Independent clause; Independent clause + Dependent clause - conjunction - Independent clause + Dependent clause.
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Siemund, Peter. "Exclamative clauses in English and their relevance for theories of clause types." Studies in Language 39, no. 3 (October 26, 2015): 698–728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.3.06sie.
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In the present study, I investigate the grammar and usage of English exclamative clauses of the type What a wonderful journey this is! and How wonderful this journey is! Building on existing research, I argue that the exclamative clause type can be motivated both syntactically and semantically/pragmatically. In the main part of my study, I offer a usage-based analysis of English exclamative clauses drawing on data from the British National Corpus and the International Corpus of English, British Component. I consider 703 tokens of what-exclamatives and 645 tokens of how-exclamatives. My analysis reveals that English exclamatives typically occur in reduced form lacking an overt verbal predicate, i.e. What a wonderful journey! or How wonderful! I provide an explanation for the predominance of reduced forms based on the semantico-pragmatic properties of exclamations. Moreover, I argue that the usage properties of exclamatives render it a marginal clause type, as it is highly infrequent and predominantly appears in non-clausal forms. Usage data point to a cline of clause types as the more appropriate approximation of reality instead of the familiar distinction between major and minor clause types.
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Siagian, Melani Rahmi, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Penanda Klausa Adverbial Dalam Bahasa Angkola." MEDAN MAKNA: Jurnal Ilmu Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mm.v19i2.3447.
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An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that serves to provide information on the main clause. The presence of an adverbial clause is not a must, but it can help create coherence in a discourse. This study aims to describe the markers of adverbial clauses in Angkola language. The method used is descriptive qualitative markers. Data collections are conducted by speaking, listening, and taking notes. The data in this study are adverbial clauses in Angkola language obtained from native Angkola speakers and also written sources obtained from Angkola language books. Data analysis was carried out by matching the data with the theory contained in the study, namely adverbial clause markers in Angkola language sentences. The results showed that there were five types of adverbial clauses in Angkola language, namely temporal clauses marked by the word dung 'after' and dompak 'when', conditional clauses marked by the word molo 'if', causal clauses (causal clause) which is marked by the word harana 'because', the purpose clause (purposal clause) which is marked by the word anso 'so that/so', and the concession clause (consessive clause) which is marked by the words bope 'although' and aha pe 'what ever'. The use of adverbial clauses can be found at the initial or final position in a sentence.
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Ning, Xinran, Yang Xu, Guanfeng Wu, and Huimin Fu. "Set-Blocked Clause and Extended Set-Blocked Clause in First-Order Logic." Symmetry 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2018): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10110553.
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Due to scale and complexity of first-order formulas, simplifications play a very important role in first-order theorem proving, in which removal of clauses and literals identified as redundant is a significant component. In this paper, four types of clauses with the local redundancy property were proposed, separately called a set-blocked clause (SBC), extended set-blocked clause (E-SBC), equality-set-blocked clause (ESBC) and extended equality-set-blocked clause (E-ESBC). The former two are redundant clauses in first-order formulas without equality while the latter two are redundant clauses in first-order formulas with equality. In addition, to prove the correctness of the four proposals, the redundancy of the four kinds of clauses were proved. It was guaranteed eliminating clauses with the four forms has no effect on the satisfiability or the unsatisfiability of original formulas. In the end, effectiveness and confluence properties of corresponding clause elimination methods were analyzed and compared.
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Bin Mukhashin, Khaled Awadh, and Munir Shuib. "Complement Clause Types in Soqotri." Macrolinguistics 6, no. 8 (June 30, 2018): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.26478/ja2018.6.8.6.
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Genetti, Carol. "The participial construction of Dolakhā Newar." Studies in Language 29, no. 1 (March 11, 2005): 35–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.29.1.03gen.
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The terms “(clause) chaining” and “converbal constructions” are used for the classification of similar types of clause linkage. Chaining is generally used for constructions which do not entail subordination, while converbs are defined as subordinate. In Dolakhā Newar adverbial and “participial” clauses are not syntactically distinct, but neither are they subordinate. I propose that the term “converb” be redefined as a clause-linkage strategy that subsumes adverbial clauses and clauses akin to the Dolakhāe “participial”, and that there be no requirement that converbs be either subordinate or adverbial. I provide an analysis of “case prolepsis”, the casemarking of an argument by a verb in a non-adjacent clause, and argue that this results from the participial construction applying at a distinct level of clause structure.
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Dachi, Marta Izona Ellen. "Syntactic Analysis on Sentence Patterns in Agnez Mo’s Song Lyrics." IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature 10, no. 2 (January 2, 2023): 1863–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v10i2.3187.
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Analyzing sentence patterns turns into more essential in song lyrics as there are regularly misinterpretation of words when they are arranged into sentences in song lyrics. This research was aimed to analyze the types of phrase, clause and describe the sentence patterns in Agnez Mo’s song lyrics through tree diagram. This research employed qualitative research. The data of this research is the four lyrics of Agnez Mo’s songs, they are: Long as I get paid, Coke bottle, Damn I love you and Overdose. In analyzing the data, the research used theory of Miles and Huberman; data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verification. The result of the research shows that found types of phrase, clause and sentence patterns. In phrase, there are five types; noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase and preposition phrase that found in Agnez Mo’s song lyrics. In clause found there are two types; independent clause and dependent clause, which is in the dependent clause also found of each kinds; noun clause, adverb clause and adjective clause in Agnez Mo’s song lyrics. Moreover, there are twenty nine sentence patterns that used in Agnez Mo’s song lyrics. The researcher concludes that there are types of phrases, clauses and sentence patterns which should be known in the syntax. Hence, the researcher hopes that the reader or learner can get knowledge from this research.
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Kongsakorn, Janjira, and Prommintra Kongkaew. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCES USED IN SELECTED THAI POLITICAL NEWS IN ONLINE BANGKOK POST." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i3.2017.1751.
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The present work aimed to analyze complex sentences and study the types of the complex sentences as used in the selected Thai political news stories from online Bangkok Post. Four Thai political news stories were selected for the study. They were the news stories published in April 2016. The news stories were analyzed based on the following types: Adverbial clauses, relative clauses and nominal clauses. The study found that the complex sentence type which was used with the highest frequency was a nominal clause. It accounted for 44 %. The type of the complex sentence; which was ranked second in use was an adverbial clause. It accounted for 29%. The type of the complex sentences which was least used was a relative clause. It represents 27 %.
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Sujatna, Eva Tuckyta Sari, and Sri Wahyuni. "Nominal Group as Qualifier to ‘Someone’." English Language Teaching 10, no. 7 (June 21, 2017): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n7p257.
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The paper titled Nominal Group as Qualifier to ‘Someone’ investigated types of qualifiers which are embedded to the head ‘someone’ in a nominal group. This research was conducted in the light of Systemic Functional Linguistics analysis. The data was analyzed, classified then described using descriptive qualitative method. This research produced four classifications of nominal group as qualifier, which were clauses, prepositional phrases, nominal groups, and linked independent element. The clause as qualifier is sub-classified into finite and non-finite clauses. Further sub-classification is conducted over finite clause into Full Relative Clause (FRC), Relative Clause with Preposition (RCP), and Contact Clause (CC). Further sub-classification over non-finite clause resulted in Operative Imperfective Non Finite Clause (OINFC), Receptive Imperfective Non Finite Clause (RINFC), and Operative Perfective Non Finite Clause (OPNFC). This research also found qualifiers which consisted of two or more linked non-embedding elements.
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Li, Wendan. "Clause structure and grounding in Chinese written narrative discourse." Chinese Language and Discourse 5, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 99–145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.5.2.01li.
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This study examines the grounding functions of eight basic clause types in Chinese written narrative. It demonstrates that variations in constituent order and clause structure are a major means to designate events versus states at the clause level and ultimately a device to encode foregrounding versus backgrounding distinction. While perfective clauses in the canonical SV(O) word order typically designate major events and are signposts of foregrounding, deviations from this prototype tend to be interpreted as stative predications in the background. Variations in constituent order and clause structure even override the verb form in indicating situation types and grounding functions.
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Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "On the rise of types of clause-final pragmatic markers in English." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 17, no. 1 (June 7, 2016): 26–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.17.1.02tra.
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Much work on pragmatic markers in the history of English has been devoted to expressions used clause-initially at “left periphery”. By contrast, this study provides an account in broad outlines of the incremental development of pragmatic markers in clause-final “right periphery” position. Particular attention is paid to the rise of comment clauses, question tags, general extenders, and retrospective contrastive markers. Traditional characterizations of pragmatic markers, such as occurrence primarily at left periphery and with prosodic breaks are critiqued.
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Mikhaylova, L. A. "Various Clauses in a Cross-Border Commercial Representation Agreement." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 10 (November 20, 2021): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.131.10.174-183.
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The paper is devoted to certain types of clauses in a cross-border commercial representation agreement. Particular attention is given to a non-competition clause, compensation clause, a clause on limiting the scope of the contract to a certain category of consumers, anti-corruption clause, applicable law clause, jurisdiction clause, arbitration clause. The paper examines the issue of the possibility of including certain clauses in a cross-border commercial representation agreement and the ratio of the conditions included in the agreement with the possibility of their execution within the framework of the legislation of the respective state. The analysis of the clauses was carried out on the basis of such documents as the Liner Agreement of the Federation of National Associations of Ship Brokers and Agents; Model Commercial Agency Contract Prepared by the International Chamber of Commerce; Baltic and International Maritime Council Dispute Settlement Terms 2016; General Agency Agreement prepared by the Federation of National Associations of Ship Brokers and Agents, etc.
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SARITAŞ, BURCU BAŞOĞLU, and BAHA CANKUT SARITAŞ. "CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO TURKISH." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Review 05, no. 03 (2022): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37602/ijssmr.2022.5314.
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‘‘Conditional sentences usually consist of two clauses: a conditional clause (or if clause) and the main clause (or result clause). The result in the main clause is dependent on the condition in the conditional clause’’ (Foley & Hall, 2003, p.120). Conditionals is a highly controversial subject in current linguistic analysis. In this article, the basic types of conditional sentences are identified and the functioning of conditionality in the content, epistemic, and speech-act domains has been clarified, and a number of relations in these conditionals both in English and Turkish have been introduced.
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Saady, Dilovan Sayfuddin. "REDUCED CLAUSES IN ENGLISH AND KURDISH." Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities 27, no. 5 (July 23, 2020): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.27.5.2020.24.
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The present research focuses on reduction of clauses .Two types of clause(adjective and adverb clauses) are emphasized on for this purpose. Clause reduction means reducing clauses usually dependent clauses to phrases i.e to shorten clauses by removing some words in the clause to make phrases or shortened clauses.
The ways where the reduction is permitted are indicated .The purpose of the study is to mention the differences and similarities in the reduction of the clauses. This is the problem of the research as learners in general may not understand the comparison. The research is significant for those who want to understand English language sentences while some words are missing in the sentences. It is also important for the researchers who want to write researches about a topic of syntax which is ellipsis. The types of clause that can be reduced are mentioned. This is because both can be shortened and reduced to phrases . In this paper reduced clauses in Kurdish language are shed lights on . Attempts are made to deal with the ways where reduction is allowed in both English and Kurdish languages . This is made as a comparison and contrast of reduced clauses between the two languages .
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Immonen, Sini, and Jukka Mäkisalo. "Pauses Reflecting the Processing of Syntactic Units in Monolingual Text Production and Translation." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 23, no. 44 (October 23, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v23i44.97266.
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This study explores how the process of translating relates to other types of writing processes by comparing pause lengths preceding syntactic units (words, phrases and clauses) in two types of writing task, a monolingual text production and a translation. It also discusses the grounds for interpreting pause length as a reflection of the cognitive demands of the writing process. The data was collected from 18 professional translators using the Translog keystroke logging software (Jakobsen/Schou 1999). Each subject wrote two texts: an expository text in Finnish and a translation from English into Finnish (Immonen 2006: 316-319). Firstly, phrase boundary pauses were categorised according to type, function and length of phrase. All three features correlate with pause length. On average, predicate phrases are preceded by short pauses, adpositional phrases by long pauses, and pauses preceding noun phrases grow with the length of the phrase. These fi ndings suggest that the processing of the predicate begins before written production of the clause is started, whereas noun phrases and adpositional phrases are processed during writing. Secondly, pauses preceding clauses were categorised with respect to clause type. In monolingual text production, pauses preceding subordinate clauses are on average shorter than those leading to main clauses. In translation, pauses preceding subordinate and main clauses are almost the same length. It seems therefore that, in translation, the main clause and subordinate clause are processed separately despite the fact that the subordinate clause functions as a syntactic unit within the main clause.
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Juliarta, I. Made. "Relative Clause And Its Translation Found In The Story “Creatures Behind Houses”." International Journal of Linguistics and Discourse Analytics (ijolida) 3, no. 1 (October 2, 2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52232/ijolida.v3i1.46.
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This study aims to: (i) analyze the types of relative clauses and its constituent structure found in the novel entitled “Creatures Behind Houses”, (ii) analyze the types of translation shifts of relative clause in the translation process from source language into target language. This research study focuses on English relative clauses and its translations into Indonesian found in the story entitled “Creatures Behind Houses”. The research applied the theory of relative clauses which was proposed by Quirk (1985), Sneddon (1996) and the theory of translation shift which was proposed by Catford (1965). The process of collecting data is started by reading the entire data source in order to understand the story and observe the possibility of the data source which could be taken from the story “Creatures Behind Houses”. The data source was read to find out the types of English relative clauses which were found in the story in the method and technique of collecting the data. The research study found that one type of English relative clauses was found in the story entitled “Creatures Behind Houses”. It was the type of Restrictive relative clause found in the novel entitled “Creatures Behind Houses”. Based on the results of analysis, it can be seen that there are four types of English relative clauses found in the data sources with restrictive relative clause as subject and there is 1 type of restrictive relative clause as object found in the “Creatures Behind Houses”. Secondly, there are two types of translation shifts which were found in the novel. Those are 5 data that were translated in unit shifts and 1 data that was translated by using structure shifts
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Deen, Kamil. "The acquisition of inflectional prefixes in Nairobi Swahili." Annual Review of Language Acquisition 3 (December 31, 2003): 139–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arla.3.06dee.
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This study investigates the acquisition of inflectional prefixes in Swahili, an eastern Bantu language. The order of morphemes in adult Swahili is: Subject Agreement – Tense – (Object Agreement) –Verb Root – (derivational suffixes) –Mood Vowel. I present data from an original corpus of 4 Swahili-speaking children (ages 1;8-3;0) who were recorded in Nairobi, Kenya. An analysis of the children’s verbal utterances reveals that four clause types occur in the speech of all four children: a. Agr–T–Verb StemFull Clause b. Ø–T–Verb Stem[-SA] Clause c. Agr–Ø–Verb Stem[-T] Clause d. ؖؖVerb StemBare Verb Stem Of these four, only full clauses and [-SA] clauses are permitted by adults in this non-standard dialect of Swahili. A review of five influential theories on the acquisition of morphosyntax (the Metrical Omission Model, Gerken, 1991; the Truncation Hypothesis, Rizzi, 1994; the Underspecification of T, Wexler, 1994; the underspecification of Agr, Clahsen et al. , 1996; and the underspecification of Agr and T, Schütze & Wexler, 1996) shows that the data support the Agr-Tense Omission Model (Schütze & Wexler, 1996) in showing that agreement and tense may be optionally and independently underspecified.
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McGregor, William B. "Complex sentence constructions in Nyulnyul, Western Australia." Functions of Language 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 25–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.1.1.04mcg.
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This paper investigates complex sentence constructions in Nyulnyul (Kimberley, Western Australia). Three primary types of inter-clausal relationships — embedding (part-whole), dependence (part-part) and scope (whole-whole) — permit an initial typology of complex sentence types. This paper focuses on embedding and dependence, ignoring scope. It is argued that non-finite clauses must be embedded in a finite clause, whereas finite clauses cannot be, and may only be related to another finite clause by dependence. Dependence relations can be classified (following Halliday 1985) according to two independent emically significant parameters: parataxis vs. hypotaxis; and extension vs. elaboration vs. enhancement. The contrast between parataxis and hypotaxis is examined, and it is argued that hypotaxis involves the reduction in status of the dependent clause; consequences of this are discussed. Embedding involves nominalisation, and with this the 'entitisation' of an event, and the consequent unchallangeability of the clause.
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Jufrizal, Jufrizal, Rusdi Rusdi, and Lely Refnita. "STRUKTUR INFORMASI PADA KLAUSA BAHASA MINANGKABAU Sebuah telaah tipologi grammatical dan struktur informasi." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 2, no. 2 (July 10, 2009): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v2i2.7360.
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There are three types of clause in Minangkabaunese based on the typological analysis, namely: active, passive, and topicalization one. Accordingly, each clause has special information structure which makes they are different in communicating messages. This article tries to describe the types of clauses in Minangkabaunese based on typological analysis and then the discussion is continued in order to know the information structure in each clause. This article is derived and developed based on the result of a fundamental research conducted for the first year (2008) in West-Sumatra.
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Rohdenburg, Günter. "Rivalling Noun-Dependent Complements in Modern English: that‑Clauses and ‘Complex’ Gerunds." Anglia 137, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 217–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2019-0023.
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Abstract This corpus‑based paper explores the history and present status of the contrast between noun‑dependent that‑clauses and ‘complex’ gerunds containing their own subjects. With seven of the fifteen nouns under scrutiny, the emergence of the that‑clause either follows that of the gerund or the two complement types emerge at about the same time. This suggests that we will have to qualify the general assumption that since the eighteenth century English has promoted non‑finite subordinate clauses at the expense of finite ones. More crucially, with by far most of the nouns investigated, the that‑clause has gained much further ground over the last few centuries, with American English spearheading this development since the early nineteenth century. In line with the Complexity Principle, the grammatical environments favouring the more explicit that‑clause over the complex gerund include subject complexity and different types of structural discontinuity. Intriguingly, however, the easy‑to‑process there‑clause containing the nouns in question is also found to favour the that‑clause at the expense of the complex gerund.
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Sari, Anggun Melati, Andayani Andayani, and Sumarlam Sumarlam. "PENGGUNAAN KLAUSA RELATIF PADA PEMBELAJAR BIPA DI UNIT PELAKSANA TEKNIS (UPT) BAHASA UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTA." Diglossia: Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesusastraan 9, no. 1 (September 24, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/diglossia.v9i1.957.
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Anggun Melati Sari1, Andayani2, Sumarlam31Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakartaanggun07melati@gmail.com 2Universitas Sebelas Maret SurakartaBu_anda09@yahoo.co.id 3Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakartasumarlamwd@gmail.com AbstractThis study aimed to describe the use of relative clauses Indonesian learners for Foreign Speakers (BIPA) grade-level academic scholarship at the Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) Language of Sebelas Maret University. The subject matter is the form of the use of relative clauses and the types of errors in relative clause. The data used in this study is the form of oral’s data and writing’s data. The data derived from the oral-speech BIPA’s learners in which there is relative clause while the writing’s data derived from the sentences in BIPA learner’s essay in which there is relative clause. The data were analyzed using agih methods and advanced technique of agih methods. The results of this study indicate that the use of relative clauses in BIPA learners using the perelative words “yang”. Acquisition of the relative clauses that relativize the thermic elements and errors in the relative clause that removes the noun element occupying the highest level as well as describe the highest degree of mastery in relative clauses. This study concluded that the form of the use of relative clause also describe the mastery level of difficulty of each type of relative clause learners BIPA.Keywords: clause, relative clause, Indonesian for foreign speakers (BIPA)
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Van de Velde, Mark L. O., and Odette Ambouroue. "The origin and use of a relative clause construction that targets objects in Orungu (Bantu, Gabon)." Studies in Language 41, no. 3 (October 25, 2017): 615–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.3.03van.
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Abstract This paper provides an analysis of two relative clause constructions in the Gabonese Bantu language Orungu that are in complementary distribution. The choice between them is determined by the target of relativisation in a typologically interesting way, in that it involves the combination of the criteria of the syntactic relation, thematic role and referential properties of the target. The construction that targets most types of objects is formally nearly identical to relative clauses that target the subject of a passive clause and we argue that it originates in the syntactic reanalysis of such subject relatives. That is, relative clauses that targeted the subject of a passive clause have been reanalysed as relative clauses that target the object of an active clause. This shows a rare type of change in relative clause constructions, which is unique in Bantu, but grounded in the universal tendencies captured by the accessibility hierarchy.
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Ball, Catherine N. "Relative pronouns in it-clefts: The last seven centuries." Language Variation and Change 6, no. 2 (July 1994): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001630.
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ABSTRACTIt has often been claimed that it-cleft complements differ syntactically from restrictive relative clauses. Alleged differences in the distribution and relative frequency of wh-forms in the two clause types are generally offered to support this view, but such claims have not been empirically verified. In this study, we examine synchronic and diachronic data for clefts and relative clauses and show that the major claims are unsupported. The diachronic data further show that cleft complements and restrictive relative clauses have changed together over time and at the same rate. On the constant rate hypothesis, the evidence supports the position that the two clause types are not syntactically distinct.
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Pak, Miok D., Paul Portner, and Raffaella Zanuttini. "Agreement in Promissive, Imperative, and Exhortative Clauses." Korean Linguistics 14 (January 1, 2008): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.14.07mdp.
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Abstract. One of the unique features of Korean is that it marks sentences used to promise with the same grammatical mechanism - a paradigm of sentence final particles - with which it marks other clause types, like declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. In this paper we investigate this cross-linguistically rare type of PROMISSIVES and argue that they are members of the broader clause type of JUSSIVES, along with imperatives and exhortatives. However, within the jussive clause type, promissives, imperatives, and exhortatives differ from each other in having not only different sen-tence final particles but also different subjects. We argue that these two differences are correlated in such a way as to distinguish the three distinct clause types, promissives, imperatives, and exhorta-tives. We specifically argue that the jussive particle (sentence final particle in jussive clauses) is the head of a Jussive Phrase which carries person features and that the jussive particle enters an agree-ment relation with the subject. In studying various types of subjects allowed in both root and embed-ded jussive clauses we further argue that the Jussive head, as well as null pronouns in Korean has a shiftable person features while overt pronouns have unshiftable person features.
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Zhang, Niina Ning. "Sentence-final aspect particles as finite markers in Mandarin Chinese." Linguistics 57, no. 5 (September 25, 2019): 967–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0020.
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Abstract In Mandarin Chinese, sentence-final aspect particles ne, le, and laizhe may occur in some types of embedded clauses, but not in other types, such as the complement of a control verb, a raising verb, lai ‘come’ and qu ‘go’, a non-epistemic modal, and the prepositional complementizer dui ‘to’. These latter types of clauses systematically show properties of nonfinite clauses in other languages. They are intrinsically embedded, ban pro-drop, their clause boundaries may be invisible for binding, and they disallow a speaker-oriented adverb and an epistemic modal. The restrictions on the distribution of the particles indicate that they are used in finite clauses only, although the language has no tense or case marker. The paper argues that finite clauses show speaker-oriented properties whereas nonfinite ones do not; instead, nonfinite clauses exhibit higher-clause-oriented properties. Identifying the role of speaker in the finiteness distinction reveals the capacity of finite clauses, whether or not the capacity is marked overtly.
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Mansfield, John, and Danielle Barth. "Clause chaining and the utterance phrase: Syntax–prosody mapping in Matukar Panau." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 423–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0023.
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Abstract Clause chaining is a form of syntactic dependency holding between a series of clauses, typically expressing temporal or causal relations between events. Prosodic hierarchy theory proposes that syntactic constituents are systematically mapped to prosodic constituents, but most versions of the theory do not account for clause chain syntax. This article presents original data from Matukar Panau, a clause-chaining Oceanic (Austronesian) language of Papua New Guinea. The clause chain is a syntactic constituent in which final-clause TAM scopes over preceding clauses. There are also other types of multi-clausal structures, encompassing subordinate adverbial clauses, and verbless copula clauses, and we analyse all these as instances of the “syntactic sentence.” The syntactic sentence maps to a distinct prosodic domain, marked by the scaling of L% boundary tones, and we equate this domain with the “utterance phrase” posited in some versions of prosodic hierarchy theory. The prosodic characteristics of the Matukar Panau utterance phrase are similar to those found in non-chaining languages, but while other languages use this prosody to mark pragmatically related groups of clauses, in Matukar Panau it most commonly maps to a syntactic sentence.
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Najeem Dahunsi, Toyese. "Grammar and Gender: A Comparative Study of the Integration and Organisation of Meanings in Selected Male and Female-authored Proseworks." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 1 (November 19, 2016): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.1p.275.
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Studies have established gender-based variations in human’s use of language, particularly in the areas of grammar and lexis. This study investigated language use in prose-works involving male and female writers, aimed at finding out whether there were grammar related variations in the use of language by the selected male and female writers. The framework adopted for analysis was the Hallidayan notion of Clause Complexes and Embedded Clauses and how writers made conscious choices from the grammar of logical meaning in their different narratives. Five male-authored and five female-authored prose-works were selected for the study. A part of each prose-work containing fifty (50) consecutive sentences was randomly excised and analysed into clause simplexes, clause complexes and embedded clauses, and the frequencies of these clause types were determined. The result clearly showed that the male authors had higher frequencies of clause complexes than simplexes; whereas the female writers had lower frequencies of complexes but higher frequencies of simplexes. It also showed higher frequencies of embedded clauses in male-authored texts than in female-authored ones. The results therefore suggested that narratives of male writers tend to be more syntactically complex (because of higher frequencies of clustered clauses and varying functional and semantic relationships among component clauses) and semantically complex (because of a much tighter integration of meanings through clause clustering and embedding). The narratives of female writers, on the other hand, tend to be syntactically and semantically simple (with higher use of simplexes, but less use of complexes and embedded clauses).Keywords: Grammar, gender, clause complexes, clause simplexes, embedded clauses.
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Afnan Arummi, Bunga Suryani,. "KLAUSA VERBAL DALAM CERPEN UCHIBBUKA KAL-MĀ´I KARYA LĪNA KĪLANĪ: (ANALISIS SINTAKSIS)." Jurnal CMES 9, no. 1 (June 14, 2017): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.9.1.11724.
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<p>This research studies about verbal clause or jumlahfi’liyah. Clause is a series or combination of words comprises of subject and predicate which potentially becomes a sentence. The analysis is done based on the structure and the types of clause within the data. Data collection is done by scruntinizing (simak) and notetaking (cakap) method. Apportion method is used as the data analysis by applicating direct elemenets-dividing as the ground technique and divestation, alteration, and mark reading technique as the following techniques. Afterward, the result of the analysis is presented informally. This study results severalconclusions. First, there are 87 verbal clauses found within Uchibbuka kal-Ma´i short story.</p><p>Second, structurally, there are 24 full clauses and 63 partial clauses found in the short story. Third, based on the types of clauses in Arabic, there are 26 functionated clauses within sentence; they are: 20 al jumlatu al- waqi’atukhabaran, 3 al-jumlatu al-waqi’atu chalan, and 3 al-jumlatu al-waqi’atushifatan. However, there are 61 data included as unfunctionated clause within sentence; they are: 11 al-jumlatu al-ibtidaiyyatu, 12 al-jumlatu al-waqi’atushillati al-maushuli, 1 aljumlatu al-waqi’atu jawab li’s-syarthighairujazim, 1 al-jumlatua’t-tafsiriyatu, 36 a’t-tabi’atu li jumlatin.<br /><br /></p>
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Munthe, Eka Ria Oktavia Ginting, Nova Marbun, Silvia Torong, and Anita Sitanggang. "A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ON SPIDERMAN HOME COMING." JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND BUSINESS (JHSSB) 1, no. 4 (July 25, 2022): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/jhssb.v1i4.269.
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This research focuses on the contrastive analysis of adjective clauses found in the Spiderman Homecoming movie. The research design used is a qualitative design. The researcher conducted this research descriptively, which explained the research by making a table and a few sentences to explain it. The data is taken from the Spiderman Homecoming movie. Researchers search and find data from various websites to obtain data by reading and searching for materials in journals, e-books, and related articles. The researcher discusses everything related to the adjective clause, which is the main purpose of this research. The sentences or scripts are taken and analyzed through an adjective clause. The results of the researcher's analysis found 2 types of adjective clauses, namely, adjective clause defining and adjective clause modifying. In the Spiderman: Homecoming film script, there are 25 adjective clause defining sentences and 14 adjective modifying sentences.
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Afrianto, Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna, Nani Darmayanti, Farida Ariyani, and Jessamine Cooke-Plagwitz. "Clause and predicative constituents in an Austronesian language: Lampung language." Topics in Linguistics 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2020-0010.
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Abstract This research is conducted qualitatively and aimed at patterning and describing clause and sentence structure in Lampung language through the configuration of its constituents. Regarding the constituents, Lampung has two types of clause: minor and major clauses. A minor clause is indicated by only one constituent, which is commonly a subject, predicate or adjunct. Regarding its function, it can be classified as vocative, shown by exclamation (Wuy!, Huy!); a greeting, as shown by an expression (tabikpun ngalam pukha); and an Arabic greeting (assalamualaikum). On the other hand, a major clause minimally consists of a subject and predicate, and apart from these there can also be an object, complement and adverbial. Furthermore, this research finds various categories that can act as predicative constituents: they are a verb/verbal phrase, adjective/adjective phrase, and noun/nominal phrase. Additionally, a copular verb (iyulah) and existential marker (wat) can also be the predicate. This research also reveals that in a sentence two or more clauses are connected by a conjunction, and then this conjunction becomes an indicator of dependent clauses. Also, a dependent clause can be found after the subject or the object of the independent clause.
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Mas Indrawati, Ni Luh Ketut. "Complementiser and Relativiser in the English Subordinate Clauses." Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ljlc.2017.v03.i01.p01.
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Words combine to form larger units; phrases, clauses, and sentences. The study of the structure of phrases, clauses, and sentences is referred to as syntax. Quirk, et, all (1985:47) distinguishes sentences into two types they are; simple sentences and multiple sentences which cover compound sentences and complex sentences. A simple sentence consists of one independent clause, a multiple clause contains more than one clauses, a compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses, while a complex sentence consists of insubordinate and subordinate clauses.Subordinate clause, in embedding the element of the insubordinate clause use either complementiser or relativiser. For example: (1) john said that he did not come to the party. That in (1) is considered to be complimentiser since it introduces the subordinate clause. (2) John met the teacher that teaches you English. That in (2) is classified as relativiser because it is used to introduce the modifying clause.This paper attempts to discuss complementiser and relativiser in the English subordinate clauses and describe the constituent structure in a tree diagram using the approach proposed by Kroeger (2005). The data were taken from a novel entitled Saved by The Bride by Fiona Lowe (2013).Keywords: complex sentences, subordinate clauses, complementiser or relativiser
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Imada, Mizuho, Takumi Tagawa, Chang-Yun Moon, and Akio Nasu. "Annotating clause boundary labels to the written composition corpus of Japanese elementary and junior high school students." F1000Research 10 (July 14, 2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.40669.1.
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To evaluate the development of children’s writing ability, it is necessary not only to examine quantitative indices such as the dependency distance, but also to inquiry the types of structures they use. We conducted clause boundary labeling using Support Vector Machine (SVM) on a corpus of Japanese students' compositions to investigate the change in the tendency of clause use with the progression of school age. The analysis of clause label frequency per sentence exhibited an increase in attributive clauses, nominal clauses, quotation clauses, and continuous clauses, and a decrease in parallel clauses, conditional clauses, reason clauses, time clauses, indirect interrogative clauses, and main clauses. The analysis of dependency distance demonstrated that most of the clauses that increased had short dependency distances, while most of the clauses that decreased had long dependency distances, and that the frequency of clauses with small dependency distances increased relatively with increasing school age. In addition, there was a shift in clause selection among functionally similar clauses, such as from “-te” to continuous forms, from “-tara” to “-ba”, and from “-kedo” and “-keredo” to “-ga”. These results suggest a change in the children’s lexical and grammatical choices, from coordinate to subordinate structures, and from spoken to written vocabulary.
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Xrakovskij, Viktor S. "Causal vs. causative constructions: A tentative analysis." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 5 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2021.5.7-25.
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The paper proposes a contrastive functional and semantic analysis of causal and causative constructions. To our knowledge, this is the fi rst probe of this kind, although both types of constructions describe identical composite causative situations wherein a situation of cause interacts with a situation of consequence determined by the cause. The two construction types diff er in their syntactic structure. Causal constructions consist of two clauses — the main clause describing the consequence, and the dependent clause describing the cause. Causatives are single-clause constructions where verbal predicate’s arguments denote the participants in both the cause and the consequence, while a description of the cause itself is mostly optional. Correspondingly, the focus of a causal construction is the cause, while the focus of a causative construction is the consequence. Another notable diff erence is that causative constructions can function as either of a causal construction’s clauses.
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Agouraki, Yoryia. "Verb-Initial versus Subject-Initial Clauses in Greek: Eventuality Existentials versus Predication Clauses." Journal of Greek Linguistics 13, no. 2 (2013): 279–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-13130201.
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The paper aims to describe (a) the distribution, (b) the semantic interpretation and (c) the semantic and syntactic derivation of verb-initial versus subject-initial clauses in Greek. Concerning (a), it is argued that the verb-initial and the subject-initial word orders are in complementary distribution. A particular numeration can be assembled in only one way, i.e. as a verb-initial or as a subject-initial word order. The properties of the numeration that play a role in determining the word order for that numeration include the syntactic type of the predicate, the presence or not of non-arguments, the presence or not of sentential operators, and the mode of presenting information. Concerning (b), it is proposed that the semantic interpretation of verb-initial versus subject-initial clauses can be described as a clause-type distinction between eventuality existentials versus predication clauses. Concerning (c), it is proposed that this clause-type distinction has to do with how the subject and the predicate are put together semantically/syntactically. Namely, it is proposed that in eventuality existentials (the entity denoted by) the subject saturates/is selected by (the property denoted by) the predicate, while in predication clauses it is (the property denoted by) the predicate that saturates/is ‘selected’ by (the second-order property denoted by) the subject. For the proposed analysis to be right, (a) the clause-type distinction between eventuality existentials and predication clauses, (b) the complementary distribution of the two clause types and (c) the semantic/syntactic derivation for the two clause types must be part of UG. What cannot be part of UG is the syntactic manifestation of this semantic distinction across languages.
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Kurniasy, Dessy. "HYPOTACTIC STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH." JL3T ( Journal of Linguistics Literature and Language Teaching) 2, no. 2 (January 25, 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jl3t.v2i2.11.
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This present study focuses on the study of a hypotactic structure in English. It is concerned with clause complex which is comprised of two or more clauses logically connected. The relation between clauses can be interpreted in terms of ‘logical’ semantic relations and system of interdependency relation – parataxis and hypotaxis. The method used in this study was qualitative approach in which the data were taken from some linguistic books. The finding shows that the concept of hypotactic structure in English is divided into two types: expansion and projection. There are three kinds of expanding a clause i.e. elaboration (=), extension (+) and enhancement (x), and two kinds of projection i.e. locution (”) and idea (’). Elaboration shows that the meaning of the secondary clause is equal to the primary one, but the secondary clause does not introduce a new element into the picture but rather provides a further characterization of one that is already there. Extension is a clause that extends the meaning of another by adding something new to it. Meanwhile, enhancement shows the meaning of another clause by qualifying it with adverbial clause in traditional grammar. Furthermore, the three clauses can be finite or non-finite. Locution, on the other hand, is a projection with verbal process, in which the clause containing the sayer and the reporting verb is thedominant clause and the reported element is the dependent clause. Thus, idea is a projection with mental process that is used to report ideas, beliefs, fears and speculations. The combination of mental process with a dependent ‘reporting’ clause is the nominal ways of representing what people say, think and believe.
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Inusah, Abdul-Razak. "Patterns of Relative Clauses in Dagbanli." SAGE Open 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 215824401769201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244017692016.
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The article examines the patterns of relative clauses in Dagbanli, a Gur language spoken in northern part of Ghana. It focuses on a range of possible RC patterns, and presents a coherent classification using Vries’s model of RC types. The article argues that Dagbanli has two RC types which are characterized by shared features so “indefinite pronoun” that forms a compound with the nominal root, and maa or la “clause-final determiner.” The first RC type is restricted to cases in which the antecedent has subject function within the RC, and the other RC type occurs only with nonsubjects as relativized head making use of postsubjectival particle ni to mark subordinated clauses. It is proposed that Dagbanli has a postnominal word order of N . . . RC . . . D and allows D-type ([[Subj V Obj] D] RC) in-situ HIRC (Head Internal Relative Clause) as well HERC (Head External Relative Clause). It also presents ŋun “who” and ni “which” as question particles that are used to introduce relative clauses in Dagbanli.
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Yu, Jiaxin, Wenyuan Liu, Yongjun He, and Bineng Zhong. "A Hierarchical Heterogeneous Graph Attention Network for Emotion-Cause Pair Extraction." Electronics 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2022): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182884.
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Recently, graph neural networks (GNN), due to their compelling representation learning ability, have been exploited to deal with emotion-cause pair extraction (ECPE). However, current GNN-based ECPE methods mostly concentrate on modeling the local dependency relation between homogeneous nodes at the semantic granularity of clauses or clause pairs, while they fail to take full advantage of the rich semantic information in the document. To solve this problem, we propose a novel hierarchical heterogeneous graph attention network to model global semantic relations among nodes. Especially, our method introduces all types of semantic elements involved in the ECPE, not just clauses or clause pairs. Specifically, we first model the dependency between clauses and words, in which word nodes are also exploited as an intermediary for the association between clause nodes. Secondly, a pair-level subgraph is constructed to explore the correlation between the pair nodes and their different neighboring nodes. Representation learning of clauses and clause pairs is achieved by two-level heterogeneous graph attention networks. Experiments on the benchmark datasets show that our proposed model achieves a significant improvement over 13 compared methods.
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., Herman, Nguyen Van Thao, and Naomi Anggraini Purba. "Investigating Sentence Fragments in Comic Books: A Syntactic Perspective." World Journal of English Language 11, no. 2 (September 3, 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v11n2p139.
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This research is aimed to analyze sentence fragments in a comic. The main research questions raised in this paper are: What types of sentence fragments can be seen in comic Hunter X Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi 1998? What factor types can be found in comic Hunter X Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi 1998? The paper uses the qualitative method to conduct content and document analysis (Choy & Clark, 2010). The source of data was the comic entitled ‘Hunter X Hunter in which the researchers discovered six forms of Sentence Fragments after studying the data: fragments of adjective clause, adverbial clause, nominal clause, appositive, infinitive clauses, missing subject, participial, and prepositional phrase fragments. The information was gathered from 30 chapters of Yoshihiro's comic. There were 34 Sentence Fragments, 13 (38%) Dependent clause fragment, 21(62%) into-phrase fragment. There are 6 types of sentence Fragment factors that were investigated by Bashir (2016), but in this comic only 4 factors were found; namely, Omission of the Verb (50%), Subject (20%), and Object (10%), omission of both subject and verb (10%), and Appositive or list Fragments (10%).
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Afrianto, Afrianto, and Anisa Inayati. "Existential Process in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret: A Systemic Functional Linguistic Study." TEKNOSASTIK 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/ts.v14i1.83.
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Dealing with sense of experience people undergo, transitivity construes the process of the experiences. One of the processes in transitivity is discussed here, that is existential process. Qualitatively conducted, this research employs Hallidayan theoretical framework especially transitivity which covers six processes, they are material, mental, verbal, behavioural, relational and the last one is existential process. This process construes existence of matters such as people, things, events, actions and moments which are called as existent. Discussing process, this research focuses on clause because transitivity analysis lies on clauses. Basically, clauses found are not all in form of clause but some of them are taken from clause complex which are then broken down into clauses. Further, there are twenty clauses found engaging existential processes and dummy subject (there). Those processes are auxiliary verb or to be (was and were). Thus far, the existential processes construe two types of existent, they are entity and event. Thirteen of twenty clauses carry out the existent of entity which covers people and things while the rest construe the existent of event which covers action and moment. Another point found is circumstance; there are ten circumstances which are categorized into three types, they are circumstance of place, circumstance of time, and circumstance of manner (comparison).
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Klimenko, Sergei. "A corpus study of kasama ‘companion’ in Tagalog." Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 46, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 240–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.00019.kli.
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Abstract This paper presents a corpus-based study of a number of different types of previously undescribed constructions formed with the Tagalog noun kasama ‘companion’. Apart from independent and attributive uses, kasama frequently occurs as the predicate of an adjunct clause that can introduce a comitative participant, a semantically depictive secondary predicate, an event-oriented adjunct, or a predicative complement. The study analyses the frequency of kasama in all of these types of constructions and looks into their specific properties. This includes: the semantic distinction between additive and inclusory constructions with kasama; animacy agreement between arguments of kasama in additive constructions; variation in case marking of arguments of kasama; the preponderance of the absence of linkers – commonly known to introduce adverbial clauses in Tagalog – which are used to attach the kasama clause to the main clause; attested controllers of the kasama clause; positions available for the kasama clause in the sentence. Variation in case marking and compatibility with linkers suggests a classification of Tagalog adjunct clauses similar to that of Tagalog adverbials and prepositions. There is also some evidence to believe that kasama is being grammaticalized as a preposition. Comitative and semantically depictive constructions with kasama, which account for a quarter of the corpus sample, have never been studied before, despite the fact that Tagalog is included in several typological studies on comitative and depictive constructions.
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Syafitri, Siska Eka, T. Silvana Sinar, Mulyadi ., and Masdiana Lubis. "Types of Minor Clauses in Kindergarten English Interactions." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 4 (April 21, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n4p34.
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This research aims to find minor clauses in the utterances issued by Kindergarten students that convey meaning in their interactions at school. The researcher uses Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) in analyzing this kind of discourse to find minor clauses in interpersonal function. There are several minor clauses found in the process of data transcription in kindergarten interactions. There are four types of minor clauses, namely vocatives (calls), greetings, shouts (exclamations), and alerts (alarms). All this types shared variously in the clauses both by the students and also the teachers. The conversations among participants by using the minor clause is bonding the emotion and attention in each activity happening in the class. It is suggested in building the friendly situation in the class without spared the space between teachers and students. The discourse analysis of it is needed to create the leavily interaction that is supported the communication skill for the students since the early age.
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Bodnaruk, Elena V. "Actualization of future tense semantics in German subordinate clause." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 17, no. 3 (2019): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-3-18-31.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the expression of temporal future tense semantics in various types of subordinate clauses of complex sentences, which so far have not received adequate coverage in linguistic literature. Analyzed are utterances with complex sentences containing direct speech, obtained with the random sampling method from the German fictional and publicistic texts. The total volume of the analyzed material makes up 1089 linguistic units with future tense semantics. In spite of dependent character of predication in the subordinate clause, the explication of future tense semantics in it is very heterogeneous. The most frequent types of subordinate clauses with future-oriented meaning in both analyzed discourses are conditional clauses, attribute, object, and subject clauses as well as subordinate clauses of time and purpose. The diverse repertoire of linguistic means, among which are not only grammatical ones (for example, Präsens, Futur I, Perfekt, Konditionalis I, Präteritum Konjunktiv), but also lexical and grammatical (for example, modal verb constructions), allows of formal and semantic variation, revealing a certain sensitivity in relation to discursive characteristics of the utterance. The most significant explicators of future tense semantics in the subordinate clause are the grammatical forms Präsens and Futur I. Präsens is characterized by high frequency in all types of subordinate clauses and “neutrality” against Futur I, which has limitations when used, for example, in conditional clauses, subordinate clauses of time and purpose, in view of their future time orientation. Futur I can also serve to focus attention on the upcoming action, which contributes to frequency of its use in dependent predication. The semantics of perfect forms, modal verbs, their functional synonyms and conjunctive forms also reveals certain combination preferences by expressing future tense semantics in a subordinate clause.
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Buysse, Manon. "Clause linking in L2 English." EUROSLA Yearbook 15 (July 31, 2015): 41–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.15.02buy.
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The development of clause linkage in a second language has been studied extensively in the fields of applied linguistics and second language research. Several studies have focused on the development of specific types of complex structures, essentially based on the development of different classes of subordinate clauses distinguished by traditional grammar. The present contribution uses as a theoretical framework Role and Reference Grammar. RRG’s model of clause linkage proposes a different array of possible relations between combined clauses, adding the concept of cosubordination to the traditional dichotomy coordination/subordination, and pays attention to both predicate-based complexification within the clause and full clause combinations. RRG bases its classification of linkage types on the Interclausal Relations Hierarchy (Van Valin & LaPolla 1997), which unites syntactic and semantic aspects of clause complexification. The present article focuses on the syntax-semantics interface as realized within the Interclausal Relations Hierarchy, and on its impact on the acquisition of clause linkage structures by adolescent L2 learners of English. The corpus consists of oral narrative English interlanguage data elicited from 12- to 18-year-old Dutch-speaking secondary school pupils in Flanders (Belgium). Results show that RRG’s main principles of clause linkage are easily applicable to second language acquisition. The syntactic and semantic strength of a given juncture were found to often coincide in the data, as predicted, and any syntactic encoding of a semantic juncture which matches its semantic strength is likely to be acquired more easily and/or earlier than non-matching realizations. Although not all predictions made by RRG concerning structural variation were confirmed by our L2 English data, we conclude that RRG provides a fruitful, coherent and powerful framework for studying clause linkage and sentence complexification in spoken L2 learner discourse.
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Wan, Guangrong, and Chengfa Yu. "A Corpus-Based Study on Mood Combination Preference in Two-Clause Composite Sentences in Modern Chinese." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 2 (February 23, 2020): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n2p311.
Full textAbstract:
Every clause is associated with a specific expressive intention and bears a specific mood: declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamative. Different moods are combined with the juxtaposition of clauses. A compound sentence has a homogeneous mood combination between its constituent clauses, while the mood in a complex sentence is usually counted on its main clause with the mood in its subordinate clause(s) drowned. Clauses in a Chinese sentence, however, are independent in terms of mood; that is to say, the mood of the whole sentence is the combination of moods of each clause. Tendency for mood combination of two-clause composite sentences in modern Chinese is demonstrated as follows: 1) Homogeneous mood combinations greatly exceed heterogeneous ones; the “declarative + declarative” type outnumbers other types; and there are more combinations with a declarative mood than those without; 2) The more convincing the meaning of a particle indicates, the more frequently the corresponding mood appears in the first part of the combinations; and the mood realized by a modal adverb appears in the second part if another mood is not realized by a modal adverb; 3) A conjunction highly restricts the mood combination; and the frequency of mood combination in coordinate and causal clauses is approximately equal, much higher than that in adversative clauses.