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Кобиляшний, Олексій Геннадійович. "Обробка вихідних сигналів акселерометра за допомогою нейронних мереж." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/34544.
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Дипломну роботу виконано на 63 аркушах, вона містить перелік посилань на використані джерела з 32 найменувань. У роботі наведено 25 рисунків та 8 таблиць.
Метою даної дипломної роботи є перевірка доцільності використання нейронних мереж для обробки вихідних сигналів акселерометру. У дипломній роботі розглядається актуальність задачі розпізнавання типів фізичної активності людини. В якості основного джерела отримання інформації використовується акселерометр. У роботі наведені теоретичні відомості про акселерометр, його фізичний принцип роботи, а також проведено огляд основних технологій виготовлення. Описано класичні методи обробки інформації та нейронні мережі як інструмент сучасного аналізу даних. В якості основних моделей для обробки сигналів акселерометрів було використано ймовірнісну нейронну мережу та модель логістичної регресії. Проведено дослідження з використання цих методів щодо визначення типу фізичної активності.The thesis is presented in 63 pages. It contains bibliography of 32 references. 25 figure and 8 tables are given in the thesis. The goal of the thesis is checking the feasibility of using neural networks to process the output signals of the accelerometer. The thesis considers the relevance of the problem of recognizing the types of physical activity. An accelerometer is used as the main source of information. The paper provides theoretical information about the accelerometer, its physical principle of operation, as well as an overview of the main manufacturing technologies. Classical methods of information processing and neural networks as a tool of modern data analysis are described. A probabilistic neural network and a logistic regression model were used as the main models for processing accelerometer signals. A study on the use of these methods to determine the type of physical activity.
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Meijer, Gerwin Alexander Leo. "Physical activity implications for human energy metabolism /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Rijksuniversiteit Limburg] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1990. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5563.
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Mohar, Laura Leigh. "Physical Activity Patterns in Missoula Youth." The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-04142008-112420/.
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STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Physical activity (PA) is a critical determinant of long term health and is necessary for the prevention of youth onsetadult diseases. It is recommended that all youth accumulate at least 60+ min of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) most days of the week in bouts lasting at least 10 min. PURPOSE: To evaluate the PA patterns of Missoula youth in order to make better recommendations for PA interventions for a wellness policy. METHODS: 324 elementary and middle school students from 5 schools wore accelerometers on their wrists for 5 days. The data were converted to activity energy expenditure (AEE) and also evaluated for single min and bouts of activity lasting at least 10 min of MVPA daily, in- versus out-of-school, and during sport, physical education (PE), and recess. Grade and gender differences were also assessed. RESULTS: The data show better than national averages in daily min of MVPA, with 70% of all students meeting the recommendation in 10 min bouts. Students showed low levels of MVPA during PE, recess, and sport. Sport was responsible for the highest accumulation of MVPA, followed by recess and then PE in both 1 and 10 min bouts. There was a drop in MVPA in both genders as grade level increased (both in and out of school), with more MVPA in single and 10 min bouts occurring out of school than in school. Males showed higher levels of MVPA than females during PE in 1 min bouts, recess in 1 and 10 min bouts, and in school in 1 and 10 min bouts. When scaled for body weight, genders did not differ in AEE. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest an overall healthy youth PA environment in Missoula. However, the 30% of students not meeting the recommendations for health in 10 min bouts are still of concern. Interventions could focus on encouraging slight increases of MVPA during PE, sport, and recess, especially at the middle school level. Increasing out of school MVPA is also necessary to make the biggest impact due to already overburdened school systems.
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Ramírez, Dafne Zuleima Morgado. "Vibration transmission through the human spine during physical activity." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2013. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/vibration-transmission-through-the-human-spine-during-physical-activity(4a7a609e-997a-4b91-994c-3ae6e0e4d22c).html.
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Osteoporosis causes bone to become fragile. Pharmacological treatments of osteoporosis are burdened with adverse effects and increase bone mineral density (BMD) only between 1% and 15% depending on the drug and time used. Thus non pharmacological treatments are needed to complement pharmacological ones. Physical activity is a non pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis and is essential for maintaining bone health at any age. However, physical activities have been identified to produce a modest improvement of spinal strength or just preserve it. In addition, it is not known how much exercise is optimal and safe for people with spinal osteoporosis. Most research employs conflicting definitions of physical activity and measure the effect of exercise on BMD alone instead of combining it with measurements of three dimensional bone strength. There is the need to offer a technique to measure the effect of physical activity on the overall strength of the spine, not only on its bone mineral content. Vibration transmissibility is a measurement of the mechanical response of a system to vibration expressed as stiffness or damping, thus offering a variable that represents structural strength. It can be employed to measure the mechanical response of the human spine during physical activity by attaching inertial sensors over the spine. However, it has not been employed to characterize the way vibration is transmitted through the osteoporotic spine during physical activity. Understanding the effects of osteoporosis and ageing on vibration transmission is important since such effects are related to the stiffness of the spine and thus very likely to the incidence of vertebral fractures. It is also often recommended that fast walking is beneficial to the bone, yet it is not known if fast walking affects the mechanical response of the spine of people with osteoporosis. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the feasibility of employing inertial sensors and a skin correction method to measure vibration transmission through the spine during physical activity (2) to characterize the transmission of vibration in the lumbar and thoracic spines of people with and without osteoporosis during physical activities, (3) to characterize the effect of osteoporosis on vibration transmissibility at levels of the thoracic spine which are known to fracture and (4) to investigate the effects of fast walking on vibration transmissibility. 100 young and healthy and older volunteers with and without osteoporosis were recruited. Participants were asked to perform straight walking, stair negotiation and turning while having inertial sensors attached to the skin over the spinous process of the first sacral (S1), twelfth (T12), eighth (T8) and first thoracic vertebrae (T1). Vibration transmissibility was calculated as the square root of the acceleration of the output (T12 for the lumbar and T1 for the thoracic spine) over the input (S1 for the lumbar and T12 for the thoracic spine) in the frequency spectrum. Vibration transmissibility was corrected for the movement of the skin-sensor interface and for the inclination of the sensor over the spine of every subject. All physical activities were performed at self selected normal and fast walking speeds. Lumbar and thoracic curvatures were determined with an electromagnetic device and BMD was measured through quantitative ultrasound. Skin measurement of transmission of vertical vibration is feasible with the inertial sensors and correction method presented. Vibration transmissibility through the human spine is significantly different between dissimilar physical activities and frequency dependent. Ageing significantly alters the vibration transmissibility of the spine. Osteoporosis has a minimal effect on vibration transmissibility of the spine. The effect of ageing and osteoporosis are frequency dependent. Older lumbar spines may receive greater stimulation than young and healthy ones, whereas older thoracic spines may receive lower stimulation during fast walking. There are significant differences in vibration transmissibility between lumbar and thoracic spines. A percentage of vibration transmission of the lumbar and thoracic spines is determined by their curvatures. This thesis has provided a technique that future research can employ to correlate vibration transmissibility with mechanotransduction signals in bone as well as volumetric bone health measurements and the risk of vertebral fractures. Until then it will be possible to prescribe physical activity taking into account individual capabilities, bone strength and differences in mechanical response between lumbar and thoracic sections.
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Thompson, Tammie. "Physical activity among diabetic individuals according to diabetic treatment type." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1729.
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Purpose: To evaluate the physical activity patterns of diabetic adults by the type of treatment they received Method: The study used secondary data collected by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2006. NHANES is a continuous study which measures the health and nutritional status of non-institutionalized citizens in the United States. To be eligible for the study, participants had to be an adult 18 years or older who responded during the interview phase of the survey that they had diabetes. Participants with any missing data pertaining to the variables were excluded. After exclusions, the final size of the study population was 957. The type of treatment was defined as: insulin only, oral antidiabetic medication only, or neither. Physical activity was defined according to the guidelines set forth by the American Diabetes Association. A logistic model was used to assess the association between the type of treatment and regular physical activity. All data analyses were performed using SAS 9.1. Results: Overall, only 28.2% of the study participants were involved in regular physical activity. With respect to the type of treatment they received, a majority of the participants (69.9%) took oral antidiabetic medication, while 23.1% used insulin. Only 7.1% didn’t take antidiabetic medication or insulin. Most of the study participants were either overweight or obese (86.1%). In relation to diabetes treatment type, the frequency of taking oral antidiabetic medication among those who were diagnosed with diabetes when they were 40 years of age or older was greater (76.9%) than the frequency of insulin use (64.9%) . Among this segment of the population, 81.6% didn’t use insulin or oral antidiabetic medication. Study participants who had diabetes for five years or less were more likely to take oral antidiabetic medication only, with 47.7% taking oral antidiabetic medication compared to 33.2% taking insulin. The crude odds ratio for insulin treatment and physical activity was 0.72 (CI, 0.32-1.61) while the crude odds ratio for treatment consisting of oral antidiabetic medication and physical activity was 0.61 (CI, 0.31-1.21). After adjusting for confounding, the odds of being physically active for patients on insulin treatment was 0.62 (CI, 0.28-1.39), and for those on oral antidiabetic medication the odds of being physically active was 0.53 (CI, 0.27-1.08), indicating that there was no statistical significance between either treatment group and physical activity participation. Conclusions: Although not statistically significant, the prevalence of regular physical activity was highest (37.3%) among diabetic individuals who used neither insulin nor oral antidiabetic medication to control their diabetes, while 26.7% of participants who used oral antidiabetic drugs and 30% of participants who used insulin exercised regularly. However, the failure to participate in physical activity is a common problem among all diabetics, irrespective of group distinctions. Thus, all diabetics should be encouraged to participate in physical activity to reduce future complications.
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McCann, Adrian. "Physical activity in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/3471.
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The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising throughout the world. Explicit evidence has demonstrated sedentary behaviour is a powerful but modifiable risk factor affecting glycaemic control and the incidence of diabetes complications. Despite this, current population estimates indicate the importance of physical activity is not effectively translated to the T2DM population. The aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate barriers and facilitators to physical activity behaviour among individuals with T2DM. An extensive literature review investigating evidence linking physical activity to the management of T2DM was performed, then followed on by three studies which 1) investigated the effects of a 12-week supported exercise programme among newly diagnosed patients, 2) explored factors that may be associated with sedentary or physical activity behaviour, and 3) compared and contrasted the perception and use of physical activity among patients who participated in an exercise programme and patients who received standard care. The findings of this thesis demonstrated that a supported exercise programme can help newly diagnosed T2DM patients achieve moderate-high intensity physical activity 3-5 days·week-1, improving glycaemic control through enhanced β-cell function associated with decreased insulin resistance and improved lipid profile. Exploratory investigation suggested self-efficacy to exercise, internal locus of control and physical activity advice may be important antecedents for physical activity behaviour. Furthermore, it also appeared to suggest that peer support and more comprehensive physical activity information and reinforcement, are key to satisfying psychological needs - autonomy, competence and relatedness - and internalising motivation for physical activity and exercise behaviour. Given the projected incidence of T2DM and prevalence of sedentary behaviour among this population, the findings from this thesis highlight the important role of physical activity and also the need for further research investigating supported exercise programmes and the development of more comprehensive physical activity guidelines for individuals with T2DM.
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Brugnara, Laura. "Metabolic responses to physical activity in subjects with type 1 diabetes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396156.
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune chronic disease that has undergone drastic changes on its clinical natural history in the last decades.
Until the early XX century, the diagnosis of diabetes would mean a fatal outcome in few weeks or months. The evidence of hyperglycemia associated with abrupt polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and weight loss in a child or a young person determined a diagnosis of failure of insulin secretion, metabolic catabolism and death.
The introduction of treatments with exogenous insulin was the first important change in the natural clinical history of diabetes. Subjects affected by diabetes experienced then a hope of treatment and life. The main initial concern of physicians and scientists was to avoid important episodes of hypo or hyperglycemia, which could lead to hypoglycemic coma or diabetic ketoacidosis. Different classes of insulins were tested and used with success, offering better life expectancy for the affected persons.
In parallel with the provided increase of life expectancy, chronic complications related to diabetes were prone to appear. Those patients who, at that moment, benefit from the exogenous insulin, but maintained many episodes of hyperglycemia and glycemia fluctuations, developed chronic complications leading to blindness, renal failure, limbs amputations and/or cardiovascular complications as heart attack or stroke.
Aware of the consequences of hyperglycemia, researchers started to design studies promoting a more strict control of glucose levels, with the intention of minimizing chronic complications related to diabetes. Studies for type 1 diabetes (T1D) like DCCT, published in 1993 (The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, 1993) and its follow-up EDIC (Nathan et al., 2005), and others alike for type 2 diabetes (T2D) (UK Prospective Diabetes Study, UKPDS Group 1998), proved the reduction of complications rates and marked a new change in the natural clinical history of diabetes.
Recently, tighter glycemic control became possible with the help of new insulins, insulin infusers, glucose sensors and nutrition research. The incidence of retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and their consequent serious outcomes as blindness, end renal stage disease and lower limb amputations, reduced in the past two decades, as described in the US patients with diabetes (Gregg et al., 2014). The excess risk of mortality in individuals over 20 years old with diabetes (T1D and T2D) if compared with the risk of individuals without diabetes has decreased over time in both Canada and the UK, as shown in data recently published (M Lind et al., 2013). This may be, in part, due to the earlier diagnosis, as well as to improvements in diabetes care (M Lind et al., 2013). In patients with T1D, a reduction of all-cause mortality and also of specific cardiovascular mortality could be verified, especially if associated with a good glycemic control; these rates, nevertheless, are still the double of the ones seen in subjects without diabetes (Marcus Lind et al., 2014).
Physical activity is considered as a health promoter procedure for general population and a therapeutic tool for prevention and/or treatment of several chronic diseases, like T2D, cardiovascular disease or cancer. Persons with T1D are stimulated to participate in exercise training programs and competition events. Nowadays, with the current knowledge, several elite athletes with T1D are able to compete in the same categories that the ones without diabetes, but requiring for that a strict balance among insulin adjustments, carbohydrate intake and physical activity characteristics.
Many questions may be formulated at the present time: are persons with T1D being beneficiated from physical activity as persons without diabetes? Do the subjects with T1D present the same physical conditions for exercise performance than the non-diabetic ones? Do they present different metabolic response when performing a session of exercise? Does physical activity improve lipoprotein profile generating cardiovascular benefits for the subjects with T1D? What are the characteristics of muscular composition of patients with T1D, and are they different from subjects without diabetes? What are the factors that could be interfering? These questions are discussed in the present thesis. Some answers were achieved and some other questions emerged. Nowadays, the availability of new technological approaches, the improvements on basic research, and the possibility to integrate the information of basic research with clinical research are improving the knowledge in biomedical science.
A better understanding of physiopathology can be obtained, and with it, a better care, a better quality of life, and longer life expectancy can be offered to persons who have type 1 diabetes.
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Davila, Nancy. "Physical Activity in Puerto Rican Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195609.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been the third leading cause of death in Puerto Rico (PR) since 1989. According to the PR Diabetes Center for Data Management, the prevalence of complications associated with diabetes in PR include: ischemic heart disease, renal failure and cerebro-vascular events, among others. Although physical activity has been identified as an integral part of preventing diabetes disease and complications in people already diagnosed, only 32.6% of the population engages in 30 minutes of moderate physical activity daily.The purpose of this descriptive-correlational study was to explore physical activity self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectancies (perceived physical activity benefits and barriers) as possible factors that affect physical activity level in Puerto Rican adults diagnosed with type 2 DM. The guiding theoretical foundation was Self-efficacy-Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). An exploratory data analysis was conducted to determine the effects of socio-demographic variables on the principal variables. The contribution of socio-demographic factors, body mass index and the medical diagnosis to the prediction of principal variables were also explored.A sample of 110 Puerto Rican men and women between 40-60 years of age, with a mean of 52.2 years were recruited from four settings. Data was collected through a Demographic Data Questionnaire, Exercise Self-efficacy Scale, Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Qualitative data were gathered to identify additional benefits and barriers that were not included in the questionnaire.The median for the moderate to vigorous physical activity reported by the sample was 82.5 minutes per week. The relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and physical activity was significant but moderate (rs=.32, p = .001). No significant association was observed between perceived benefits and physical activity (rs =.09, p = .38). Also, no significant association was observed between perceived barriers and physical activity level (rs = -.17, p = .07). The correlation between self-efficacy beliefs and perceived benefits was significant and moderate (rs = .46, p < .001). The correlation between self-efficacy beliefs and perceived barriers was significant, moderate and negative (r= -.40, p <.001). Self-efficacy was the only significant predictor of physical activity.The low physical activity and the high rate of overweight and obesity are significant risk factors for the development of chronic complications and low quality of life that threaten Puerto Rican adults with type 2 DM. Physical activity is an essential component of a healthy life-style and important to achieve a better self-management of diabetes disease. Self-efficacy had relevance to the enhancement of physical activity in this population. The research findings support the importance of SCT in both nursing research and practice. SCT is important in future research because, as exemplified in this study, it provides an approach to explain physical activity behavior. SCT is important for practice; because addressing principal variables of the theory can promote the development of innovative interventional programs for Puerto Rican adults with type 2 DM.
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Kirk, Alison Fiona. "Promoting and maintaining physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1994/.
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The primary aim of the main study was to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise consultation for promoting and maintaining physical activity over 12 months in people with Type 2 diabetes. Secondary aims were to investigate changes from baseline to 6 and 12 months in a number of physiological, biochemical and quality of life variables. 70 inactive people with Type 2 diabetes (35M 35F, mean age 57.6±7.9yrs, BMI 34.6±6.8) were given standard exercise information and randomised to receive an exercise consultation intervention (experimental group n=35) or not (control group n=35). Exercise consultation, based on the transtheoretical model, combines motivational theory and cognitive behavioural strategies into an individualised intervention to promote and maintain physical activity. Exercise consultations were delivered at baseline and 6 months and support phone calls were given 1 and 3 months after each exercise consultation. Changes from baseline to 6 and 12 months were assessed in a) physical activity (7-day recall, accelerometer, stage and processes of exercise behaviour change and cardiorespiratory fitness), b) physiological (body mass index and blood pressure), c) biochemical (glycaemic control, lipid profile, fibrinogen and microalbuminuria) and d) quality of life (Short form-36 and Well-being questionnaire). Results recorded illustrated between group differences in minutes of moderate activity and total accelerometer counts per week at 6 and 12 months (p<0.01). The experimental group increased minutes of moderate activity and total accelerometer counts from baseline to 6 months (P<0.01), with no significant decrease from 6 to 12 months (P>0.05). From baseline to 12 months a significant increase was recorded in the experimental group for minutes of moderate activity (p<0.01), but not total accelerometer counts per week (p=0.7). The control group recorded a decrease in accelerometer counts per week from baseline to 12 months (p=0.03).
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Roche, Denise M. "Physical activity, physical fitness, HbA_1_c and skin microvascular reactivity in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431315.
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Cooksey, Tonya. "Relationships between Mother's Body Type/Size, Attitude Towards Physical Activity and Daughter's Body Mass Index and Physical Activity Score in African Americans." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses/4.
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The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level of daughters and their mothers’ body type/size and attitude towards physical activity in African Americans was investigated. 51 subjects were recruited. Subjects completed the Short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and an attitudinal questionnaire. Subjects’ height and weight were measured. Mother’s body type/size was found to be weakly associated with daughter’s BMI (r=0.28, p=0.051). Mother’s overall attitude towards physical activity was not associated with daughter’s IPAQ score. The results suggest mother’s body type/size and select components of the mother’s attitude are related daughter’s BMI and physical activity level.
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Melander, Emma. "Metabolic Control in Type 2-Diabetes Mellitus – Effects of Physical Activity and Smoking." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för läkarutbildning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-37000.
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Myers, Rachel E. "Moderating the Effectiveness of Messages to Promote Physical Activity in Type 2 Diabetes." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1719.
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The world is experiencing a rapid rise in chronic health problems, which places an enormous burden on health care services. Modifiable health behaviors such as physical inactivity are largely responsible for this high prevalence and incidence of chronic diseases. Message tailoring is a well-established approach for constructing health communication and has been shown to increase the persuasiveness of messages in the promotion of healthy behaviors. Message framing is an effective strategy that has been well-studied in psychology over the past 20-plus years across a breadth of health-related behaviors but has received little attention in the nursing research literature. Based on prospect theory, temporal construal theory, and motivational orientation theories, the present study examined how two individual differences factors - consideration of future consequences (CFC) and motivational orientation - combine to moderate temporal proximity and valence framing effects on intentions to increase physical activity. A mail survey was conducted using Dillman's Tailored Design Method. Two hundred and eighteen adults with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive one of four versions of a health message aimed to increase regular physical activity. Messages were framed using a 2 (immediate- vs. distal-framed) x 2 (gain- vs. loss-framed) design. After reading the message, participants rated their intention to increase physical activity. They also completed a measure of CFC and two measures of motivational orientation. Participants who read a message with a temporal proximity or valence frame congruent with their CFC or motivational orientation, respectively, did not show greater intentions to increase physical activity when compared to those who read a health message that was incongruent with these individual differences. Plausible explanations for these negative results are considered. Several interesting findings emerged from supplemental analyses. For instance, participants who perceived the health message as more believable tended to have greater intentions to increase physical activity. Suggestions for future research applying message congruence to promote complex health behaviors in at-risk populations are given. Implications of message framing and other message tailoring strategies for nursing research, education, and practice are discussed.
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Kolbe-Alexander, Tracy. "Measurement of physical activity and associated health and functional outcomes in older South Africans." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3257.
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Includes bibliographical references.The aim of the first study was to measure validity and reliability of two PA questionnaires, the Yale Physical Activity Survey for older adults (YPAS) and the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), in a group of South African older adults.
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Namadian, Masoumeh. "A theory-based exploration of Type 2 diabetic patients' compliance with physical activity recommendations." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192363.
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Introduction: Health outcomes for people with Type 2 diabetes could be improved if people engaged in appropriate levels of physical activity. Aim To explore Type 2 diabetic patients’ compliance with lifestyle recommendations and to inform the development of an intervention to increase walking. Method A systematic review was conducted to identify evidence for interventions to improve compliance with lifestyle recommendations. Semi-structured interviews using the Theory Domain Framework (TDF) were undertaken with Type 2 diabetic patients and their household member. Participants were identified from the Scottish Diabetes Research Network (SDRN), a Diabetes Clinic, and the community. The household members were identified by each Type 2 diabetic patient. A questionnaire, derived from the results of the systematic review, interviews, and TDF, was mailed to 1000 Type 2 diabetic patients (and their household member), registered with the SDRN. Results: The systematic review identified no single effective intervention. The interviews identified that “environmental context” and knowledge were the domains most frequently perceived as barriers to increasing walking. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) was identified as the most appropriate model to inform the questionnaire. The questionnaire response rate was 44.1% (426/965). Only patient-data were analysed. A minority of respondents (40%) were compliant with physical activity. Those who were more likely to be compliant had fewer co-morbidities, higher action control and a lower coping plan. Illness perception was associated with compliance with physical activity recommendations. Patients with a higher duration of walking had fewer co-morbidities, fewer negative beliefs about consequences, and higher self-efficacy and action control. Conclusion The HAPA model explains and predicts compliance with physical activity. This model should be used to inform the development of an intervention to improve physical activity in Type 2 diabetic patients.
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Godino, Job Gideon. "The impact of personalised information about physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648182.
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Elliott, Lewis Roland. "Physical activity in natural environments : importance of environmental quality, landscape type and promotional materials." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22411.
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Physical inactivity and disconnection from natural environments threatens human health. However, research has demonstrated that natural environments potentially support health-enhancing physical activity which could confer greater physical and mental health benefits than physical activity in other types of environment. This thesis approached the study of physical activity in natural environments through three related pieces of research. Firstly, an experimental study was carried out to explore how the presence of litter in beach environments affected psychophysiological responses to exercise. Responses to exercise did not differ in littered and clean conditions but there was evidence that order effects influenced findings. Visual attention to the two scenes differed, but did not mediate differences in psychophysiological responses. Secondly, analysis of a national dataset was undertaken to explore the form and quantity of physical activity conducted within natural environments in England. A series of linear regressions revealed that higher-intensity physical activities occurred in countryside environments, but more total energy expenditure occurred in coastal environments. Thirdly, a quantitative content analysis of brochures which promote recreational walking in natural environments was conducted which investigated their use of persuasive behavioural messages. These brochures omitted behavioural techniques which may be effective at motivating inactive individuals to walk. Extending this, an online survey tested whether improving brochure content heightened intentions to walk in natural environments. By designing content based on the theory of planned behaviour, the intentions of inactive individuals to undertake walking in natural environments were increased. The findings from this thesis demonstrate that the protection of natural environments is vital for preserving and promoting active recreation and could contribute to population-level increases in physical activity with theory-based promotion in the future.
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Matthews, Lynsay E. "Implementation of physical activity services for the management of adults with type 2 diabetes." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2014. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23617.
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Physical activity plays an integral role in management of Type 2 diabetes. Despite strong evidence, a limited number of physical activity interventions have been implemented within routine diabetes care. The aim of this research is to explore the practical issues related to translation, implementation and evaluation of physical activity interventions delivered in everyday settings. Chapters 1-2 introduce the topic and presents the current literature. Chapter 3 presents a systematic review of physical activity interventions delivered within everyday practice. Findings from 12 articles demonstrate that although 66.7% of interventions (n=8) reported an increase in physical activity levels, few publications reported information on intervention translation and implementation. Chapter 4 uses qualitative interviews and an online survey to explore the insight of health professionals on physical activity promotion within routine care. Findings conclude that physical activity promotion could be improved by: (1) having a key member of staff responsible for physical activity promotion, (2) a referral route for physical activity support, (3) behaviour change training for staff, (4) linking delivery of physical activity with clinical outcomes, and (5) using 'champions' to raise the profile of physical activity within the health service. Chapter 5 presents findings from a process evaluation of a physical activity consultation intervention delivered within routine diabetes care. Results show that an evidence-based protocol can effectively promote physical activity and improve health outcomes in adults with diabetes. Several practical issues were identified including the need for flexibility in the intervention protocol and the role of 'champions' to promote adoption of the intervention. Chapter 6 collates findings from each study to provide recommendations on translation, implementation and evaluation of physical activity interventions within routine diabetes care. This thesis demonstrates that delivery of physical activity interventions within routine diabetes care is challenging and complex. The recommendations should guide and support this process.
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Cook, Caylee Jayde. "Executive function and physical activity in preschool children from low-income settings in South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31456.
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Executive function (EF), that shows rapid development in the preschool years, is foundational for cognitive development. Previous research has found aspects of physical development including gross motor skills and physical activity to be related to EF. However, evidence for these relationships in the preschool years, as well as in low- and middle-income countries is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationships between EF (and related components of cognitive development) with physical activity and gross motor skills (GMS) in a sample of preschool children from urban and rural low-income settings in South Africa. Cognitive and physical outcomes were measured in a sample of preschool children (N=129; Mage = 50.7±8.3 months; 52.7% girls) from urban (Soweto) and rural (Bushbuckridge) low-income settings in South Africa. Cognitive components included EF, self-regulation (Early Years Toolbox, EYT), attention (adapted visual search task) and school readiness (Early Childhood Development Criteria Test). Physical outcomes included objectively measured physical activity (accelerometry), gross motor skills (Test for Gross Motor Development 2) and anthropometric measurements (height and weight). On average, children from both settings showed higher than expected scores for EF and self-regulation (based on Australian norms for the EYT), adequate gross motor proficiency and high volumes of physical activity (M total physical = 476 minutes per day). In contrast, a high proportion of children, particularly in the rural setting, demonstrated below average scores for school readiness. Investigations into the relationships revealed that EF was positively associated with self-regulation, attention and school readiness. Positive associations were also found between GMS and physical activity and, and physical activity and body mass index (BMI). And finally, that GMS, but not physical activity, was positively associated with all components of cognitive development. This study is the first to provide evidence for the importance of EF and the link between motor and cognitive development in preschool children from South African, low-income settings. Another key finding was that there may be factors promoting early EF skills in these settings but that these skills, although associated, are not transferring to school readiness. The lack of (or negative) associations between physical activity and cognition presents another key finding, further research is needed to identify whether there are specific amounts and types of physical activity that specifically benefit cognitive development.
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Pillay, Julian. "Steps that count! : the use of pedometry for physical activity and health promotion in South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3193.
Full textAbstract:
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Pedometers have been demonstrated as a practical tool for measurement and motivation of ambulatory physical activity, typically providing information on volume of steps/day. Recent developments in steps/day research have, however, emphasised the importance of intensity-based steps as part of steps/day recommendations. Such steps/day recommendations are also directed towards current physical activity guidelines, so as to provide further options for achieving guidelines. To complement these developments in steps/day recommendations, technological advancements in pedometry afford the opportunity to provide information on intensity-based steps/day. We therefore use this application to provide further insight into the association between pedometer-based physical activity and fitness and health outcomes. Particular reference is made to intensity-based steps/day, through a series of studies.
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Latham, Nicki. "Patients' perspectives of the significance of physical activity in the management of type 2 diabetes." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400593.
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Sandhu, Prabhdeep, and Prabhdeep Sandhu. "Relationship of Physical Activity to A1C in Mexican American Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625464.
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The main purpose of this DNP project was to understand the relationship between physical activity and A1C levels in Mexican- American adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This project also determined how many of the participants achieved the recommended physical activity goal and whether there was a difference between physical activity measured by International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and physical activity measured by a pedometer. Another aim of this study was to determine the relationship between physical activity and body mass index (BMI) in this sample. The expected results of the primary questions were to have a negative correlation between physical activity measured with IPAQ and pedometer to A1C; however the results were not statistically significant. There was a difference between activity measured through IPAQ and pedometer however that wasn't statistically significant. With the results of this project, practitioners will be able to understand the importance of physical activity in management of Type 2 diabetic Mexican American population and also direct ideas for future research on the role of physical activity in diabetic management.
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Chowdhury, Enhad. "Extended morning fasting, energy balance and human health." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665391.
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Cross-sectional evidence associates breakfast omission with negative health outcomes. The present work aimed to examine if these cross-sectional associations have a causal component, by conducting randomised control trials in healthy humans. It was established using lean individuals that there are divergent hormonal responses to morning feeding and fasting, although increased energy intake at lunch following fasting incompletely compensated for breakfast intake. Hormonal and subjective appetite responses in the afternoon did not consistently provide evidence for increased hunger following fasting. In the same participants assigned to a 6-week free-living intervention of either 700 kcal pre 11:00 or fasting until 12:00 daily, it was found that energy intake was greater in those assigned breakfast consumption, but that physical activity was also greater than those fasting. Cardiovascular risk factors and measures of metabolic control were largely unaffected by either intervention. There was no adaptation of acute metabolic/hormonal responses to feeding following either intervention. In obese individuals, similar patterns of results were obtained for the hormonal and metabolic responses to acute feeding and fasting, but with no compensation for breakfast intake at lunch. Results from the free-living intervention demonstrated no difference in energy intake between groups or physical activity over the entire day, but greater energy expenditure during the morning in those consuming breakfast. Markers of cardiovascular health and metabolic control were generally not differently affected by either intervention. Neither intervention caused adaptation of the acute hormonal and metabolic responses to feeding. In summary, acute morning fasting does not cause complete compensation for breakfast intake at lunch, or result in greater hunger throughout the afternoon. Daily morning fasting does not affect acute responses to feeding or cause increased energy intake or weight gain relative to self-selected breakfast consumption, but seems to limit physical activity in lean, and to a lesser extent, in obese individuals.
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Coldwells, Adam. "Effects of age and physical activity on the entrainment of human circadian rhythms following a phase shift." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321360.
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Hurley, Roanne, and n/a. "Whai ora (pursuing health): increasing physical activity for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes in Maori." University of Otago. School of Physical Education, 2004. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070504.111201.
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Although considered a substanially preventable disease, Type 2 diabetes is reaching epidemic status within the Maori population. This study sought to investigate factors that positively and negatively influenced levels of physical activity for Maori within Otepoti/Dunedin, and to discuss ideas and potential initiatives that could increase levels of physical activity and aid in the prevention of Type 2 diabetes. Eighteen Maori (9 males; 9 females) from this rohe (area) participated in a four hour focus group interview (groups of three) and were also invited to attend an evaluation hui. A Maori-centered research orientation was used throughout the research process. Individual transcripts from focus groups, debriefing discussion and content from the evaluation hui were inductively analysed to identify the main themes. The 'active' participants were physically active because of the benefits they attained for health and longevity, and to undertake task-oriented activity such as gathering kai. Barriers to physical activity (i.e., family, work), a contemporary societal shift towards inactivity, and negative personal attitudes and perceptions towards physical activity detrimentally affected levels of physical activity. Initiatives to increase levels of physical activity included community, educational and work-based initiatives. A key element of each proposed initiative was a 'by Maori for Maori' approach, with a focus on strengthening whānau and iwi networks, a comfortable environment and social support. While education was believed to be a key component for Type 2 diabetes prevention, an avoidance barrier and fatalistic attitudes could negatively affect any attempt to prevent Type 2 diabetes and increase levels of physical activity. The results indicated that to strengthen Maori identity, increase levels of physical activity and prevent Type 2 diabetes, positive changes (taking responsibility for health), cultural changes (a shift towards a stronger identity and belief in the taonga [treasure] of being Maori), societal changes ( a more positive view of Maori, better role models and education), and social economic changes (better access to exercise facilities, healthy food and education for those in the lower deprivation indices) were needed.
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Tudor-Locke, Catrine Elizabeth. "Development, implementation and evaluation of a daily physical activity intervention for individuals with Type 2 diabetes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ51234.pdf.
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MacMillan, Freya C. "Physical activity and sedentary behaviour intervention for youth with Type 1 diabetes : determining the best approach." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22550.
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The purpose of this thesis was to aid the development of a physical activity and sedentary behaviour intervention for children and adolescents (youth) with Type 1 diabetes. Chapter 1 introduces the research area, target population and design of the thesis. Published guidance on the early development phase of complex health interventions was followed (Campbell et al., 2000; Craig et al., 2008), with three studies being undertaken as part of the thesis. The first study determined physical activity and sedentary behaviour levels and patterns using accelerometers, as well as quality of life using questionnaires, in a sample of Scottish youth with Type 1 diabetes. The second study systematically reviewed the evidence on study characteristics, intervention design and efficacy of phyiscal activity and sedentary behaviour RCT intervention studies in youth with Type 1 diabetes. The third study, developed as two manuscripts, explored perceptions of physical activity and sedentary behaviour and support needs in youth with Type 1 diabetes in patients, their parents, diabetes professionals and schoolteachers using interviews and focus groups. The novel findings of the studies in this thesis in relation to youth with Type 1 diabetes are: the need to target this population group due to low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour participation (study 1); the need for unsupervised, theory based interventions targeting sedentary behaviour in addition to physical activity and high quality evidence to support the efficacy of physical activity on health (study 2); and the requirement of parental and peer support in interventions, the necessity for diabetes professionals to encourage physical activity and the need for better support and training for schoolteachers to accommodate physical activity in schools (study 3). The final chapter of this thesis discusses how the findings of the studies can be used in future research and practice.
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Edmunds, Sarah. "The psychological and physiological effects of physical activity and fitness in children with type 1 diabetes." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2003. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5604/.
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Maintenance of blood glucose control and psychological well being are both important health outcomes for children with Type I diabetes. Diabetes management, the balance of insulin, diet and exercise, interacts with all aspects of these children's health, however, to date the effects of exercise in this interaction are poorly understood. This is particularly so with regard to the effects of exercise on psychological health. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of physical activity and fitness on the psychological and physiological health of children with Type I diabetes. The hypotheses were 1) that higher levels of physical activity and fitness would be positively associated with both greater psychological well-being and lower HbA1c, 2) that increasing physical activity would increase psychological health and lower HbA1c. Participants were aged 9-15 years, diabetes duration more than 2 years. There were 39 participants in phase one. Physiological data collected were physical activity, aerobic fitness, sum of skinfolds, BMI and HbAjc. Psychological questionnaires used were the physical self perception profile for children, the self efficacy for diabetes scale and the diabetes quality of life for youths questionnaire. Physical self esteem and quality of life were significantly associated with both greater fitness and higher physical activity. There were no significant associations between HbAjc and either fitness or physical activity. Phase two was a randomised controlled trial to evaluate a 12 week physical activity intervention. Thirty-nine children were recruited to this phase, 27 experimental and 12 control, of these 14 experimental and 7 control children completed the study. Data were collected as in phase one. When differences between the groups at time I were taken into account the only significant effect of the intervention was an increase in the BMI of the experimental group. There were increases in the hypothesised direction for aerobic fitness, perceived sports competence and perceived condition competence. Skinfold thickness and self efficacy for diabetes decreased significantly in both groups, strength competence increased significantly in both groups. There was no significant effect on HbA,,. Sample size was small and therefore the results must be treated cautiously due to the possibility of Type 2 error. iii It was concluded that both physical activity and fitness showed positive associations with psychological variables but that a physical activity intervention programme did not lead to significant increases in these variables. It is suggested that an intervention programme that incorporated physical activity and an educational or cognitive component would have a greater effect on the outcomes studied.
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Mar, Therese Frances. "The effects of physical activity and gender on the toxicokinetics of toluene in human volunteers /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8441.
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Ahlsén, Maria. "Gene expression in human skeletal muscle : effects of activity, fibre type and inheritance for diabetes /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-733-2/.
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Ganoza-Calero, Antonelhla M., Milagros Cuadros-Torres, and Antonio Bernabé-Ortiz. "Physical activity levels by glycemia status: A population-based cross-sectional study in Peru." Elsevier Ltd, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655590.
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Objective: To assess whether the prevalence of low physical activity levels and time spent watching TV differ depending on glycemia status. Methods: A secondary analysis using data from a population-based study was conducted. Two were the outcomes: physical activity levels, derived from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and sitting time watching TV. The exposure was glycemia status, defined based on results of the oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT): euglycemia, dysglycemia, and T2DM. The T2DM group was further split into: aware and unaware of T2DM diagnosis. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% CI were reported using Poisson regression models. Results: Data of 1607 individuals, mean age 48.2 (SD: 10.6) years, 809 (50.3%) females, were analyzed. Dysglycemia and T2DM was present in 16.9% (95% CI: 15.1%–18.8%) and 11.0% (95% CI: 9.5%–12.6%) of participants, respectively. A total of 605 (37.6%; 95% CI: 35.2%–39.9%) participants had low levels of physical activity and 1019 (63.3%; 95% CI: 60.9%–65.7%) subjects spent ≥2 h per day sitting watching TV. In multivariable model, there was no significant association between glycemia status and physical activity levels (PR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.95–1.36). Similar result was found between glycemia status and sitting time watching TV. However, those aware of T2DM diagnosis were more likely to have low levels of physical activity (PR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.06–1.61) compared to the euglycemia group. Conclusions: We found a no relationship between glycemia status and physical activity level or sitting time watching TV, pointing out similar levels of physical (in)activity among those with euglycemia, dysglycemia and T2DM. Individuals aware of having T2DM were 30% more likely to have low physical activity levels compared to the euglycemic group. There is a need to increase physical activity levels among T2DM individuals.Revisión por pares
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Higgins, Lindsey. "Linking lake variability, climate, and human activity in Basotu, Tanzania." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145415.
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Paleoenvironmental investigations establish important baseline knowledge of the natural variability of lake systems, to better understand human impacts on the landscape, and the effects of climate change on water resources. By combining long-term environmental history with investigations into modern land use patterns and climatological events, a wider perspective can be reached that has practical applications in water governance. This thesis presents a case study of Lake Basotu (4.37°S, 35.07°E), a crater lake in the Hanang district of north-central Tanzania, which acts as an important source of freshwater for local people. A three-meter long sediment core from an interior crater of Lake Basotu was investigated using proxy records (diatoms, magnetic parameters, and carbon content) and radiometric dating (14C and 210Pb). The Lake Basotu record was then compared to other sediment-based reconstructions from East Africa and records of historical famines to better place it into the timeline and understanding of regional climate dynamics. This work was extended into modern times (1973–2015) by examining lake extent variations in the Landsat satellite archive. Shoreline boundaries for dry-season images were delineated and lake extent was calculated using GIS techniques. This remote sensing record was compared to climatological patterns, meteorological records, and the history of land-use changes in the surrounding district. As a whole, the Lake Basotu record indicates that major fluctuations in lake level are not abnormal; however, human influence has likely increased the lake’s sensitivity to climatic fluctuations. The timing of historical famines in East Africa were linked to periods of shallow lake conditions in Basotu, and the duration of the most extreme lake level changes correlate to a reversal in the 14C age-depth model. Recent variations in lake extent are likely connected to a mechanized wheat farming program implemented in the district as a foreign aid project in the early 1960s. To support the work done in Basotu, a preliminary investigation of sediment from the nearby Lake Babati was undertaken. Sediment from the two lakes indicates that their geographical location may be in a transition zone towards dryer conditions to the south during the Little Ice Age in East Africa. The results of this thesis support that Lake Basotu is an important location for understanding the potential impacts of climate change and human activity on water resources in this region.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Price, Alan. "A Secure Behavior Modification Sensor System for Physical Activity Improvement." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/5.
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Today, advances in wireless sensor networks are making it possible to capture large amounts of information about a person and their interaction within their home environment. However, what is missing is how to ensure the security of the collected data and its use to alter human behavior for positive benefit.
In this research, exploration was conducted involving the "infrastructure" and "intelligence" aspects of a wireless sensor network through a Behavior Modification Sensor System. First was to understand how a secure wireless sensor network could be established through the symmetric distribution of keys (the securing of the infrastructure), and it involves the mathematical analysis of a novel key pre-distribution scheme. Second explores via field testing the "intelligence" level of the system. This was meant to support the generation of persuasive messages built from the integration of a person's physiological and living pattern data in persuading physical activity behavior change associated with daily walking steps. This system was used by an elderly female in a three-month study.
Findings regarding the "infrastructure" or the novel key pre-distribution scheme in comparison to three popular key distribution methods indicates that it offers greater network resiliency to security threats (i.e., 1/2^32 times lower), better memory utilization (i.e., 53.9% less), but higher energy consumption (i.e., 2% higher) than its comparison group.
Findings from the "intelligence" level of the research posit that using a person's physiological and living pattern data may allow for more "information rich" and stronger persuasive messages. Findings indicate that the study participant was able to change and improve her average daily walking steps by 61% over a pre-treatment period. As the study participant increased her physical activity, changes in her living pattern were also observed (e.g., time spent watching television decreased while time spent engaged in walking increased by an average of 15 minutes per day). Reinforcement of these findings were noted between a pre and post-study survey that indicated the study participant moved from a contemplation stage of change where physical activity engagement was intended but not acted upon to an action stage of change where physical activity engagement dominated the new behavior.
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Lee, Poh Chin. "Explorations of social capital and physical activity participation among adults on Christmas Island /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0056.
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Breneman, Charity B. "Dietary Fiber Consumption and Insulin Resistance: The Role of Body Fat and Physical Activity." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3142.
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Background: This study was conducted to determine the association between fiber intake and insulin resistance in 264 women using a cross-sectional design. Methods: Insulin resistance was indexed using HOMA-IR (fasting insulin (μU/mL)×fasting glucose (mg/dL)/405). HOMA-IR values were log transformed. Fiber and energy consumption were assessed using 7-day weighed food records. Fiber was expressed as grams per 1000 kilocalories. Body fat percentage (BF%) was measured using the BOD POD and physical activity (PA) was ascertained using Actigraph accelerometers worn for 7 consecutive days. Results: (Mean±SD) age: 40.1±3.0 years, glucose: 86.7±5.9 mg/dL; insulin: 7.1±4.3 μU/mL; HOMA-IR: 1.5±1.0; fiber intake (g/1000 kcal), total: 9.3±2.9; soluble: 1.7±0.9; insoluble: 3.8±1.9; physical activity: 2.7044 ±0.7842 million counts; BF%: 31.7±6.9; weight (kg): 66.1±10.1; total caloric intake per day (kcal): 2054.1±320.9; and dietary fat intake (% of total kcal): 30.5±0.5. Women with high total fiber intakes had significantly less insulin resistance than their counterparts (F=4.58, p=0.0332), and women with high soluble fiber intakes had significantly lower levels of insulin resistance than other women (F=7.97, p=0.0051). Participants with high insoluble fiber intakes did not differ from their counterparts (F=0.7, p=0.6875). Adjusting for either PA or BF% weakened the relationships significantly. Controlling for BF% nullified the total fiber-HOMA-IR link (F=1.96, p=0.1631), and attenuated the association between soluble fiber and HOMA-IR by 32% (F = 6.86, p=0.0094). To facilitate interpretation of the results, odds ratios were calculated to determine the association between fiber intake and HOMA-IR with both variables treated as categorical. To create dichotomous variables, fiber intake and HOMA-IR were each divided into two categories using the median (Low and High). In women who had high soluble fiber intake (upper 50%), the odds of having an elevated HOMA-IR level was 0.58 (95% CI: 0.36-0.94) times that of women with low soluble fiber intake (lower 50%). And after controlling for all of the potential confounding factors simultaneously, the odds ratio was 0.52 (95% CI: 0.29-0.93). Conclusion: High fiber intake, particularly soluble fiber, is strongly related to lower levels of insulin resistance in women. Part of this association is a function of differences in PA and BF%.
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Sjögren, Moa. "Adolescents´attitudes towards physical activity on prescription for prevention and treatment for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. : Is there a relationship between a teen´s attitude and physical activity level?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för hälsa och arbetsliv, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-12043.
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Brinson, David Raymond. "The Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes: changing exercise behaviours for better health." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1409.
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New Zealand is currently in the midst of a diabetes epidemic and it has become clear that the increasing prevalence of obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are inextricably linked to this escalating health crisis. Extensive research has long made clear that people of all ages can enhance their health by incorporating moderate levels of physical activity as part of their normal daily routine and physical activity is now recognised as a major therapeutic modality for type 2 diabetes. Despite such evidence, most people in the western world do not engage in sufficient regular physical activity and there remains a paucity of evidence that elucidates effective methods of achieving the required behaviour change over time. This study set out to demonstrate meaningful correlations between the psychosocial constructs optimism, exercise self-efficacy, goal-directness, stage of change, anxiety and depression, the biochemical measures HbA1c and BMI and also the behavioural outcomes of general physical activity and physical exercise participation, all within a newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic population. Participants (n=30, newly diagnosed adults with type 2 diabetes; mean age 61.46 years; BMI 31.43 Kg/m²[range 18.8-50.95 Kg/m²]) were recruited from attendees of the Christchurch Diabetes Centre's education seminars. The recruitment strategy was designed to search out diabetic patients as near as practicable to the point in time when they first became cognisant of their disease state. A battery of instruments was assembled into a researcher-administered retrospective questionnaire and this was completed with all subjects at baseline and again at six month follow-up. Additional data comprised subject's demographics and selected bio-chemical measures (subject height, weight, and blood Haemoglobin A1c). Descriptive, correlational and qualitative statistics were evaluated. The level of physical activity reported was significantly less than is required to facilitate the biochemical and psychological changes that are generally considered necessary to support optimal health. On average, study participants did not perform their planned physical activity tasks as well as they might have, despite being relatively optimistic and goal-directed at baseline. Many participants clearly indicated an inadequate understanding of exercise modalities and the intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity required to support optimal health. Generally, participants tended to overestimate their physical activity levels. Exercise self-efficacy emerged as an especially important psychological construct, and one that appeared to be among those central to the participants' relationships with physical activity and exercise. The study group demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of low level anxiety and depression, and even at these sub-clinical levels, anxiety and depression were significantly inversely related to optimism, goal-directness, goal-attainment, exercise self-efficacy and stage of change. The study findings illuminate the wide contextual variability among patients who are suffering from the same chronic condition. Further, the implications of conducting detailed pre-assessments of patients' personal characteristics and their psychological profiles, in order to guide intervention tailoring, are also outlined and discussed. Areas for future research are highlighted. In conclusion, meso and macro-level policy implications are discussed, with reference to an array of the broader determinants of health.
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Klesh, Jamie. "Environmental attributes of rural communities affecting the potential of physical activity among elders." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Hopffer, Romero Félix Luís de Lima e. Cunha. "Effects of a Physical Activity and Dietary Education Intervention in a Population with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8107.
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Antecedents: la diabetis tipus 2 és cada vegada més freqüent en la població general. L'activitat físicaadequada i els hàbits alimentaris són les pedres angulars per al tractament de la diabetis i per tant els
programes d'intervenció de millora de l'estil de vida poden ser de valor, però l'impacte d'aquests
programes necessita més estudi.
Mètodes: 43 persones diagnosticades amb diabetis tipus 2 van ser assignades a un grup de control (12
homes i 12 dones, 68,9 ± 11,3 rang 46-84 anys) i altre grup a una intervenció (6 homes i 13 dones, 69,5 ±
8,9 rang 52-81 anys), en funció de la seva voluntat. El grup d'intervenció va rebre un programa d'estil de
vida incloent classes d'activitat física i d'assessorament dietètic per a un període de 9 mesos. El grup
control va rebre l'atenció habitual. Van ser avaluats els canvis en els hàbits d'activitat física i alimentaris
i les seves conseqüències en les variables biològiques (pes, composició corporal, pressió arterial, perfil
lipídic, HbA1c i glucèmia), de fitness (força física, resistència aeròbica, flexibilitat i agilitat), psicològiques
(Profile of Mood States) i econòmiques (despeses individuals i els de l´Estat en referència als
medicaments).
Resultats: Els participants del grup d'intervenció tendeixen a augmentar la seva activitat física en
general (p = 0,020), i a adoptar millors patrons en la dieta (p = 0,050). No obstant això, els canvis en
l'estil de vida van ser lleus: l'increment de l'activitat física general fora del programa va ser no
significatiu i els canvis en la conducta alimentària no van ser suficients per a, de forma significativa,
modificar el percentatge de participants que complien les recomanacions dietètiques per a la població
portuguesa. Canvis significatius van ser trobats en la força de l'extremitat inferior (p = 0,014), de les
extremitats superiors (p = 0,001), la resistència aeròbica (p = 0,001) i la flexibilitat de les extremitats
superiors (p = 0,040). Per altra banda, no es van trobar canvis significatius en la composició corporal,
pressió arterial, perfil lipídic, o el control glucèmic. El perfil dels estats d'ànim va mostrar una disminució
significativa en el factor fatiga-inèrcia (p=0,002). Les despeses de la medicació va incrementar
substancialment per a l'Estat (p = 0,028) però no per als individus.
Conclusions: Els subjectes sotmesos al programa d'intervenció de millora de l'estil de vida van obtenir
un èxit moderat en relació al canvi de comportament, però no suficient per a obtenir un impacte
significatiu en la majoria de les variables clíniques i biològiques. Gràcies al programa de fitness van
millorar i la fatiga percebuda es va reduir. Els nostres resultats suggereixen que per a ser més efectius, la
intervenció ha de començar tan ràpid com sigui possible, ja que la seva implementació en persones
grans resulta més complicada. Això permetria una resposta major al programa i una implicació en
l'activitat física més intensa.
Antecedentes: la diabetes tipo 2 es cada vez más frecuente en la población general. La actividad física
adecuada y los hábitos alimentarios son las piedras angulares para el tratamiento de la diabetes y por lo
tanto los programas de intervención de mejora del estilo de vida pueden ser de valor, pero el impacto
de estos programas necesita más estudio.
Métodos: 43 personas diagnosticadas con diabetes tipo 2 fueron asignadas a un grupo de control (12
hombres y 12 mujeres, 68,9 ± 11,3 rango 46-84 años) y otro grupo a una intervención (6 hombres y 13
mujeres, 69,5 ± 8,9 rango 52-81 años), en función de su voluntad. El grupo de intervención recibió un
programa de estilo de vida incluyendo clases de actividad física y el asesoramiento dietético para un
período de 9 meses. El grupo control recibió la atención habitual. Fueron evaluados los cambios en los
hábitos de actividad física y alimentarios y sus consecuencias en las variables biológicas (peso,
composición corporal, presión arterial, perfil lipídico, HbA1c y glucemia), de fitness (fuerza física,
resistencia aeróbica, flexibilidad y agilidad), psicológicas (Profile of Mood States) y económicas (gastos
individuales y los del Estado con los medicamentos).
Resultados: Los participantes del grupo de intervención tienden a aumentar su actividad física en
general (p = 0,020), y a adoptar mejores patrones en la dieta (p = 0,050). Sin embargo, los cambios en el
estilo de vida fueron leves: el incremento de la actividad física general fuera del programa fue no
significativo y los cambios en la conducta alimentaria no fueron suficientes para, de forma significativa,
modificar el porcentaje de participantes que cumplían las recomendaciones dietéticas para la población
portuguesa. Cambios significativos fueron encontrados en la fuerza de la extremidad inferior (p = 0,014),
de las extremidades superiores (p = 0,001), la resistencia aeróbica (p = 0,001) y la flexibilidad de las
extremidades superiores (p = 0,040). Por otra parte, no se encontraron cambios significativos en la
composición corporal, presión arterial, perfil lipídico, o el control glucémico. El perfil de los estados de
ánimo mostró una disminución significativa en el factor fatiga-inercia (p = 0,002). El coste de la
medicación incrementó substancialmente para el Estado (p = 0,028) pero no para los individuos.
Conclusiones: El programa obtuvo un éxito moderado en relación al cambio de comportamiento, pero
no suficiente para obtener un impacto significativo en la mayoría de las variables clínicas y biológicas. El
fitness mejoró y la fatiga percibida se redujo. Nuestros resultados sugieren que para ser más efectivos,
la intervención debe comenzar tan pronto como sea posible, ya que su implementación en personas
mayores resulta más complicada. Esto permitiría una respuesta mayor al programa y a una intervención
de actividad física más intensa.
Background: Type 2 Diabetes is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide at an alarming rate. Physical
activity and adequate dietary patterns are cornerstones for the treatment and prevention of diabetes.
Lifestyle intervention programs can be effective, but their application to the elderly needs further study.
Methods: overall, 43 individuals with diagnosed type 2 diabetes were assigned to control (12 men, 12
women; age 68.9 ± 11.3, range 46- 84 years) or intervention (6 men 13 women; age 69.5 ± 8.9, range 52-
81 years) groups based on their own choice. The intervention group received a lifestyle program
including physical activity classes and dietary counseling for a 9 month period. The control group
received the usual care. Improvement in physical activity and dietary patterns was assessed as well as
changes in biological (weight, body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, HbA1c, glycemia), fitness
(strength, aerobic endurance, flexibility, agility), psychological (profile of mood states) and economic
variables (individual and state cost of medications).
Results: participants in the intervention group tended to increase their overall physical activity
(p=0.020) and to adopt better dietary patterns (p=0.050). However changes in lifestyle were mild:
changes in overall physical activity outside the program were non-significant and no significant changes
were found in the percentage of compliers with the dietary recommendations for the Portuguese
population. Significant changes were found in lower limb strength (p=0.014), upper limb strength
(p=0.001), aerobic endurance (p=0.001) and upper limb flexibility (p=0.040). Conversely no significant
changes were found for body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile or glycemic control. The profile
of mood states showed a significant decrease in the Fatigue-Inertia factor (p=0.002). The cost of
medication increased substantially for the State (p=0.028) but not for individuals.
Conclusions: The program achieved moderate success in relation to behaviour change, but not enough
to have a significant impact on most clinical and biological variables. Fitness was improved and
perceived fatigue reduced. Our results suggest that in order to be more effective, intervention should
begin as early as possible, as its implementation among elderly subjects is difficult. This would lead to a
larger response to the program and to a more intense physical activity intervention.
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Wright, Jennifer Anne. "Vigorous Physical Activity, Heredity, and Modulation of Risk for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Postmenopausal Women." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195196.
Full textAbstract:
Both obesity and type 2 diabetes are significant health burdens in our society. The prevention of these conditions is vital to individual health and to the health care system, which is inordinately stressed by these chronic diseases. Due to variations in individual response to interventions, prevention strategies may require some tailoring based on heritable traits.The objective of this study was to determine whether insulin sensitivity could be altered by resistance training, and further if body composition or insulin sensitivity response to resistance training in postmenopausal women may be influenced by adrenergic receptor genetic variants and gene-gene interactions.Completers of a 12-month randomized controlled trial of resistance training in sedentary post-menopausal (PM) women, using or not using hormone therapy, were measured for fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) at baseline and one year. These biomarkers were used to compute models of insulin sensitivity. Body composition was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Subjects were also re-consented for genotyping of adrenergic receptor (ADR) gene variants, ADRA2B Glu9/12, ADRB3 Trp64Arg, ADRB2 Gln27Glu.The resistance training intervention did not have an overall effect on insulin sensitivity in the largest sample and change in insulin sensitivity was largely dependent body composition. There were small favorable effects of genotype on initial measures of both body composition and insulin sensitivity in the ADRA2B Glu9+ carriers versus non-carriers. The effects of ADRA2B alone were no longer present following intervention, but ADRB3 Arg64+ and ADRB2 Glu27+ contribute to improved insulin sensitivity with exercise, when accounting for body composition. ADRB2 Glu27+ was the key to improved biomarkers of insulin sensitivity when in combination with ADRA2B Glu9+ or ADRB3 Arg64+ and a model of insulin sensitivity was most improved by the combination ADRB3 Arg64+ by ADRB2 Glu27+, compared to other ADRB3 by ADRB2 combinations.This is the first trial of ADRA2B, ADRB3, and ADRB2 genetic variation combinations and resistance training in postmenopausal women relative to body composition and insulin sensitivity. Some specific genotypes were identified as responders and non-responders to exercise. These data support independent associations between body composition and insulin sensitivity and the ADR gene variants.
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Swindell, Nils Joseph. "Physical activity and lifestyle behaviours in obesity and the prevention of type 2 diabetes : the PREVIEW Project." Thesis, Swansea University, 2018. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43702.
Full textAbstract:
Interventions are needed to stem the rise of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Physical activity (PA) is integral to lifestyle interventions, however, a paucity of research applying objective measures of PA exists in populations at risk of diabetes. Insight into changing PA and dietary behaviours is required to develop effective interventions. The aim of this thesis was to capture an insight into high-risk behaviours and behaviour change in pre-diabetic adults, and assess the feasibility of running an intervention in overweight and obese children. Study 1 investigated the associations between objectively measured PA and cardio-metabolic risk factors in pre-diabetic adults from 8 countries. Results indicated that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was negatively associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors. However, associations between total PA and all risk factors were at least as strong as than MVPA. Study 2 examined the psychosocial correlates of objectively measured PA. Results showed that habit-strength and exercise intentions were negatively and positively associated with MVPA respectively. Two-way interactions between peer support and inactivity temptations and between age and social support, suggested that social support was of greater importance in older participants and in the presence of inactivity temptations. Associations between PA self-efficacyand goal adjustment were country specific. Study 3 investigated associations between body fat% and lifestyle behaviours in15,977 children aged 9-11yrs. Multilevel-models revealed body fat% wasnegatively associated with active transport to school, full fat milk and sweetenedbeverage consumption. Later bed time was positively associated with bodyfat%. No change was found in associations over a 10-year period. Study 4 used mixed methods case studies combining participant perceptions ofthe behaviour change process with objective outcome measures to assess thefeasibility of running an intervention in children. Three of the four cases showedimprovements in dietary and PA behaviour and reductions in BMI z-score,HOMA-IR and HbA1c. Semi-structured interviews indicated that behaviouralchanges occurred despite not always being detected by objective measures,possibly due to compensation effects or seasonal changes. Furthermore, goalsetting was considered useful but planning goals waned throughout the study. Compliance with self-monitoring techniques was low and largely reliant onparents.
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E:son, Jennersjö Pär. "Risk factors in type 2 diabetes with emphasis on blood pressure, physical activity and serum vitamin D." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för samhällsmedicin, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-125911.
Full textAbstract:
Background Type 2 diabetes is a common chronic disease with a two-fold increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and has an increasing prevalence worldwide. This thesis is based on a study conducted in primary health care in Östergötland and Jönköping, Sweden. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate new risk markers to identify patients with high risk of developing cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men and women with type 2 diabetes. Methods Data from the cohort study CArdiovascular Risk in type 2 DIabetes – a Prospective study in Primary care (CARDIPP) was used. In paper III data were also used from CARDIPP-Revisited where all participants in the CARDIPP study were invited four years after the baseline investigation for a re-investigation. In paper IV data were used from CAREFUL which is a control group of 185 subjects without diabetes. The investigation included a standard medical history including data on diabetes duration and on-going medication. Anthropometric data were recorded and both office and ambulatory blood pressure were measured. The patients filled out a detailed questionnaire and physical activity was measured by using waist-mounted pedometers. Pedometer-determined physical activity was classified in four groups: Group 1: <5000 steps/day (‘sedentary’); Group 2: 5000-7499 steps/day (‘low active’); Group 3: 7500-9999 steps/day (‘somewhat active’); Group 4: and ≥10 000 steps/day (‘active’). Blood samples were drawn for routine analyses and also frozen for later analyses. The investigations at the departments of physiology included echocardiography, measurements of the carotid intima-media thickness, applanation tonometry and measurements of sagittal abdominal diameter. Results Paper 1: Patients with a non-dipping systolic blood pressure pattern showed higher left ventricular mass index and pulse wave velocity (PWV) compared with patients with ≥10% decline in nocturnal systolic blood pressure. Patients with <10% decline in nocturnal systolic blood pressure had higher BMI and sagittal abdominal diameter, lower GFR and higher albumin:creatinine ratio and also higher levels of NT-proBNP than patients with a dipping pattern of the nocturnal blood pressure. Paper 2: The number of steps/day were inversely significantly associated with BMI, waist circumference and sagittal abdominal diameter, levels of CRP, levels of interleukin-6 and PWV. Paper 3: At the 4-year follow-up the change in PWV (ΔPWV) from baseline was calculated. The group with the lowest steps/day had a significantly higher increase in ΔPWV compared with the group with the highest steps/day. The associations between baseline steps/day and ΔPWV remained after further adjustment in a multivariate linear regression statistically significant (p=0.005). 23% of the variation in the study could be explained by our model. Every 1000 extra steps at baseline reduced the change in ΔPWV by 0.103 m/s between baseline and follow-up. Paper 4: Low vitamin D levels were associated with significantly increased risk for premature mortality in men with type 2 diabetes. High levels of parathyroid hormone were associated with significantly increased risk for premature mortality in women with type 2 diabetes. These relationships were still statistically significant also when two other well-established risk markers for mortality, PWV and carotid intima-media thickness, were added to the analyses. Conclusions Ambulatory blood pressure recording can by addressing the issue of diurnal blood pressure variation, explore early cardiovascular organ damage and microvascular complications that goes beyond effects of standardised office blood pressure measurements. Pedometer-determined physical activity may serve as a surrogate marker for inflammation and subclinical organ damage in patients with type 2 diabetes. There is novel support for the durable vascular protective role of a high level of daily physical activity, which is independent of BMI and systolic blood pressure. The use of pedometers is feasible in clinical practice and provides objective information not only about physical activity but also the future risk for subclinical organ damage in middle-aged people with type 2 diabetes. Our results indicate that low vitamin D levels in men or high parathyroid hormone levels in women give independent prognostic information of an increased risk for total mortality.
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Fulcher, Kathy. "Physiological and psychological responses of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome to regular physical activity." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6777.
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Lee, Poh Chin. "Explorations of social capital and physical activity participation among adults on Christmas Island." University of Western Australia. School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0056.
Full textAbstract:
[Truncated abstract] This research investigates social capital within the everyday space and actions of sociability on Christmas Island. The theory of social capital as proposed by Robert Putnam (1995) provides the framework for this investigation which was conducted in two phases. Quantitative and qualitative approaches and a mixed methods concurrent nested strategy were used in both phases of the investigation and the analyses. The analyses also incorporated multiple perspectives of both social capital and physical activity processes. In the first phase, I sought to: (a) uncover the determinants of social capital within the Christmas Island community; (b) develop a social capital typology; and (c) establish the relationship between the determinants of social capital and adults’ physical activity involvement. In all, 212 participants took part in the study . . . Overall, several factors affected women’s social capital and physical activity. These included: (a) women’s societal roles and positions; (b) household and cultural norms relating to gender-based time and space negotiations; (c) ideologies surrounding ethic of care; and (d) role commitment. These factors also influenced women’s recruitment into becoming active in their community. Network embeddedness and autonomy, assimilation and acculturation as well as language and knowledge competency further distinguished the community and physical activity status of European and Asian women. Analysis related to the two physical activity programmes in part 3 showed how various forms of latent social capital within the community can be synergized to produce physical activity benefits and empower inactive and minority-group women. Findings in this study also support trust as an important element in the establishment of relatedness in a physical activity setting.
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Mattsson, Magnus. "On the efficiency of displacement ventilation : with particular reference to the influence of human physical activity /." Gävle, 1999. http://www.lib.kth.se/abs99/matt0924.pdf.
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Fausnacht, Dane Weston. "The Relationships of Age, Physical Activity Level, Adiposity, and Diet, with Human Satellite Myogenesis, and Metabolism." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94640.
Full textAbstract:
In healthy individuals, satellite cells are partly responsible for muscle repair and preventing atrophy. Previous studies have linked the loss of muscle mass associated with aging to satellite cell dysfunction, postulating that satellite cell function diminishes with age. New evidence suggests that this may not be true as satellite cells collected from healthy aged participants appear indistinguishable from their healthy young counterparts. Satellite cell dysfunction appears to be more mechanistically linked to poor lifestyle factors such as low physical activity, improper diet, and increased adiposity. For this study, satellite cell function was evaluated against the effects of aging, diet, activity level, and adiposity. Satellite cells were collected from the vastus lateralis of sedentary (<2 hours/week activity) male donors categorized into young (18-30 years) and older (60-80 years) groups, as well as a young endurance trained group (18-30 years, 5+ hours/week of running/cycling). Cells were collected in young sedentary males before and after a four-week, high fat (55% of kcal), and hypercaloric (+1000 kcal over DEE) diet (HFHCD). Cells were also subjected to an in-vitro, high substrate media (HSM) challenge, then grown in media with a fivefold increase in glucose (25 mM) and an additional 400 uM of fatty acids (2:1 palmitate:oleate) before seven days of serum starved differentiation. The cells were evaluated for their proliferation rate, ability to differentiate (fusion index), rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and capacity for substrate oxidation (glucose and fatty acid). The young group exhibited a lower proportion of body fat than the older group (22.4%±8.1 vs. 28.3%±6.3). When compared to the older group, the young group also presented elevated oxidative efficiency (68%, p<0.05) and reduced pyruvate oxidation (-60%, p<0.05) in measures of muscle tissue homogenate. However, isolated satellite cells from the young and older group demonstrated no observable differences in any measures (proliferation rate, fusion index, ROS production, or substrate oxidation), other than increased oxidative efficiency in cells from older vs. younger donors. Cells from young endurance trained donors demonstrated faster proliferation rates (39%, p<0.05) and elevated early stage fusion (33%, p<0.05) when compared to cells from older individuals. Compared to pre-diet measures, cells collected post HFHCD revealed significantly reduced proliferation rates (-19%, p<0.05). When grown in HSM (as compared to control media), cells from young lean (<25% BF) and trained participants had blunted proliferation rates (-4.8% and -12.6%, p<0.05), fusion index scores (p<0.05), and ROS production rates. Cells collected from participants with higher adiposity (>25% BF) and those collected post HFHCD experienced increased proliferation and fusion when exposed to the HSM. This data suggests that donor activity level, adiposity, and diet but not age are mediating factors for satellite cell function. The cells appear to develop a preference for their in-vivo environment, as cells collected from the leaner and trained participants had their proliferation and fusion rates reduced when exposed to HSM. Conversely, exposure to the HSM accelerated the proliferation and fusion of cells collected from donors with higher body fat and those collected post HFHCD.PHD
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Niinimäki, S. (Sirpa). "Reconstructing physical activity from human skeletal remains:potentials and restrictions in the use of musculoskeletal stress markers." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2012. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514299063.
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Abstract The purpose of my thesis is to improve the reliability of physical activity reconstructions by gaining better understanding of the effects of physical activity on bone structural adaptations: musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) at muscle attachment sites and bone biomechanical properties. Bone responds to changes in mechanical loading resulting from activity and body weight. Activity reconstructions are important as they are the only means with which activity patterns of historic humans can be studied. However, MSMs have recently increased the debate about their reliability as activity indicators due to many bias factors which affect their appearance: age, size, sex and pathological changes. I studied the effects of physical activity on entheses from three perspectives. First, individuals performing heavy labour should have higher MSM scores compared to the light labour group due to elevated degree of mechanical loading at enthesis. This was studied on a population with known occupation and was among the first study designs of its kind. Second, a covariance between bone biomechanical properties and MSM was studied to infer etiology of MSM. The affects of activity and body weight on bone biomechanical properties are well known due to studies in sports medicine, whereas the causal mechanisms behind MSMs are not as clear. In theory, both should respond to stress with similar mechanisms. This is a novel approach to investigate the etiology behind MSMs. Third, if there is a possibility of site-specific adaptation of cortical bone, MSMs, which are local adaptations, can also result from site-specific stress. I found that while individuals performing heavy labour had higher scores, age-related changes in MSM override activity effects after biological maturity around 40 to 50 years. Also, MSMs and bone biomechanical properties are likely to remodel under same causal mechanisms as where there is an increase in one there is likely to be an increase in the other. Furthermore, bone has a possibility of site-specific response, as cortical thickness was increased at muscle pull sites compared to sites of no muscle pull. I propose that while MSM can be used to study the intensity of physical activity in individuals before they reach biological maturity, it is important to design studies where biasing factors, such as age, are consideredTiivistelmä Väitöskirjani tarkoitus on tutkia lihasten kiinnittymiskohtien mahdollisuuksia ja rajoituksia fyysisen aktiviteetin rekonstruktioissa ja näin parantaa rekonstruktioiden luotettavuutta. Aktiviteettihistoriaa voidaan tutkia lihasten kiinnittymiskohdista luun pinnalla tai luun poikkileikkauksen ominaisuuksista, koska luu reagoi muutoksiin mekaanisen rasituksen määrässä. Mekaaniseen rasitukseen vaikuttaa aktiviteetin lisäksi ruumiin koko. Aktiviteetin rekonstruktiot mahdollistavat ammatin ja harrastusten selvittämisen pelkän luustomorfologian perusteella. Ruumiin koon ja aktiviteetin lisäksi myös ikä, sukupuoli, patologiset muutokset sekä ruokavalio vaikuttavat lihasten kiinnittymiskohtiin. Tästä syystä tämän menetelmän rajoitusten selvittäminen on oleellista luotettavien rekonstruktioiden aikaansaamiseksi. Jos aktiviteetti heijastuu lihasten kiinnittymiskohtiin, raskasta ja kevyttä työtä tekevillä ihmisillä tulee olla erilainen luustomorfologia. Lisäksi, lihasten kiinnittymiskohtien morfologian sekä luun poikkileikkausten ominaisuuksien tulee muunnella yhdessä koska molemmat heijastavat aktiviteettia. Luun poikkileikkausten ominaisuuksien aktiviteettisidonnaisuus tunnetaan paremmin liikuntalääketieteellisten tutkimusten ansiosta. Kolmanneksi, jos luu voi vastata rasitukseen paikallisesti kasvattamalla luun paksuutta lihaksen vetosuuntaan nähden, myös luun pinnassa paikallisesti tapahtuvat muutokset ovat mahdollisia. Nämä ovat uusia lähestymistapoja aktiviteettia heijastavien syntymekanismien selvittämisessä. Tutkimustulosteni perusteella raskasta ja kevyttä työtä tekevillä ihmisillä on erilainen luustomorfologia lihaksen kiinnittymiskohdassa. Nämä muutokset ovat alttiita myös ikäsidonnaisille muutoksille, joten noin 40–50 ikävuoden jälkeen fyysisen aktiviteetin intensiteettiä ei voida enää luotettavasti rekonstruoida. Aktiviteetin aiheuttamien muutosten syntymekanismi lihaksen kiinnittymiskohdissa on todennäköisesti sama kuin luun poikkileikkausten ominaisuuksilla, koska molemmat muuntelevat yhdessä. Lisäksi huomasin, että luu voi reagoida rasitukseen myös paikallisesti, koska luun seinämät olivat paksumpia lihaksen vetosuunnassa verrattuna kohtaan, johon ei liittynyt suoraa lihaksen vetosuuntaa. Ehdotan, että lihasten kiinnittymiskohtia voidaan käyttää aktiviteetin rekonstruktioissa, kunhan tutkimuksessa otetaan huomioon muut vaikuttavat tekijät, kuten ikä
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DeChant, Mallory. "The Effects of Climate, Psychological, and Physical Stressors on Human Remains Detection Canines." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2276.
Full textAbstract:
Ten canines were utilized in a repeated design to examine the effects of stress associated with work on activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol. However, only eight canines had valid data results due to the ninth canine having a metabolic syndrome that was not diagnosed. The tenth canine was removed from the study prior to initiation of the search scenario due to aggression. The objective was to observe the impact of stressors associated with work on activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol in human remains detection canines. Nine canines were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 simulated search sites which each had two repetitions 1A) RU (rubble area with two concealed partial cadavers); 1B) RU (open crop field with one concealed partial cadaver); 2A) WA (wooded area with two concealed partial cadavers elevated off the ground); 2B) WA (wooded area with two concealed partial cadavers); 3A) MC (mass casualty area with eight exposed full body cadavers); 3B) MC (mass casualty area with five buried full body cadavers). Canines searched for an average of 90 minutes at each site which was then followed by a 10 minute rotation period where canines randomly rotated to one of the other two sites. Upon completion of the third site, canines repeated the first site location. There was a 69 minute rest period between the second and third rotation. Canines were rotated through search sites such that one canine was actively working (AW), the next canine was waiting to work (WW) and was exposed to visual and auditory stimulation in preparation for work and the third canine in the rotation was not working (NW) and crated in the handler’s vehicle with no visual or auditory stimulation associated with work 100 feet from WW area. Total activity expenditure was not influenced by site (P = 0.89) which may indicate detection canines were efficient in expending energy during this study. This correlated with the walk activity expenditure by site as it did not differ based on site (P = 0.16). The canines expended a similar amount of walk energy at each site and this may demonstrate that canines spent more time searching and in scent of the cadaver(s). Conversely, run activity expenditure was influenced by site (P = 0.03), specifically RU site was greater than MC site. When further comparison of the RU repetitions was analyzed, the second repetition was greater than the first in run activity expenditure (P < 0.0001). Canines at the RU site during the second repetition had an easier ability to run compared to the first repetition because of the nature of the site. Total activity expenditure was influenced by rotation (P = 0.04) but was not influenced by rotation within site (P = 0.17). The first rotation was greater than the fourth rotation which may indicate a psychological stressor such as anticipation of the work and possible acclimation of the site. The fourth rotation was at the same location site as the first rotation and canines did not have the novelty of the site as a psychological stressor during the fourth rotation. Canines that did not have exposure to full body cadavers prior to this study did not have greater total activity expenditure (P = 0.46) at the MC site compared to canines that did have exposure to full body cadavers prior to the study. There was an effect of phase on core body temperature (P = 0.0003). However, 95.3% of canines had their core body temperature peaked in the NW phase directly after the AW phase. Which demonstrates that core body temperature continued to increase post exercise. There was also a plateau in the core body temperature for 18 minutes post exercise which could indicate peripheral vasodilation. Attenuation of core body temperature occurred 37 minutes after cessation of the AW phase. There was an effect of site (P < 0.0001), rotation (P < 0.0001), and rotation within site (P < 0.0001) on core body temperature. This may indicate that there was a boundary layer stimulus that acted as a psychological stressor. In addition, the second and third rotation were greater than the first and fourth rotation which is most likely due to the increase in humidity during the second rotation. Core body temperature was impacted by total activity expenditure (P < 0.0001) which is to be expected with increased exercise, core body temperature increases. Salivary cortisol was influenced by site (P = 0.003), specifically the WA site was greater than the MC and the RU site. The WA site may have had a stronger psychological stressor with the tree lines compared to the MC and the RU sites. Rotation within site did impact salivary cortisol (P < 0.0001). However, rotation alone did not influence salivary cortisol (P = 0.42). Core body temperature did not impact salivary cortisol (P = 0.18). Total activity expenditure did not affect salivary cortisol (P = 0.73). Salivary cortisol and age of canine did display a pattern (P = 0.003). Salivary cortisol and exposure to prior full body cadaver did not displayed a pattern (P = 0.78). Based on these results, some physical stressors such as site, rotation, and exercise impacted activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol. This thesis provides limited data dissemination on three physiological parameters that may be impacted on independent variables that are associated with search scenario work. More research is needed to confirm if these specific stressors observed impact activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol in human remains detection canines.
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Basahel, Abdulrahman. "Effect of physical and mental workload interactions on human attentional resources and performance." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6614.
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Many tasks in the real world require simultaneous processing of mental information alongside physical activity. Most of researchers have studied the impact of physical activities on simple cognitive tasks, but have neglected other important influences (such as different attentional resource pools, as well as gender). Therefore, this thesis proposes a new model that investigates the combined impact of physical and mental workload on different attentional resources (visual and auditory, verbal and spatial). This thesis presents three experimental studies that examined the effects of physical and mental workload interactions, as well as gender, on visual tasks performance and auditory tasks. This thesis uses different methods to evaluate the impacts of workload interactions on task performance: performance measure, physiological parameters and brain activity (Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) method) and subjective assessment tools. Finally, this thesis translates the experimental studies setting into a field study to validate the model. Based on the experimental results, this research creates a new theoretical model that illustrates in general that physical activity is beneficial for performance on cognitive tasks (visual and auditory), particularly at low levels of workload interactions, while other workload interactions lead to worse performance on cognitive tasks. However, when physical activity was introduced, performance at the medium level of mental workload was equivalent to that in the low mental workload condition; furthermore, at the low mental workload, there were no differences in performance between low and medium physical workloads. The general pattern of results suggests that physical workload leads to better performance in these medium-demand conditions up to the higher level in the low-demand condition. A mechanism for this effect is proposed based on physiological arousal and brain oxygenation. This thesis further suggests that the NIRS is a valuable technique to reflect the influence of physical and mental workload interactions on brain activity. Finally, this thesis demonstrates the translation of experimental findings into a field setting to verify the new model as well as to make recommendations for job design.
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Hill, Christie D. "Effects of Meal Size and Type, and Level of Physical Activity on Perceived Masculinity, Femininity, Likability and Attractiveness." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279273/.
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Previous research indicates that women are judged on the amount of food eaten and that both men and women are judged on the type of food eaten. This study is an attempt to determine whether meal size or type predominantly accounts for these findings on the variables of masculinity, femininity, attractiveness, thinness, fitness, and likability. Physical activity was also included to determine its effect on these variable. Subjects used were 313 undergraduate students. Results indicate that meal type is more influential than meal size and that physical activity significantly influences judgements of others. The results are discussed in terms of future research and relatedness to socio-cultural theories of eating disorders.