Academic literature on the topic 'Type of human physical activity'
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Journal articles on the topic "Type of human physical activity"
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L, Latha, Cynthia J, G. Seetha Lakshmi, Raajshre B, Senthil J, and Vikashini S. "Human Activity Recognition Using Smartphone Sensors." Webology 18, no. 04 (September 28, 2021): 1499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v18si04/web18294.
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In today’s digitalized world, smartphones are the devices which have become a basic and fundamental part of our life. Since, these greatest technology’s appearance, an uprising has been created in the industry of mobile communication. These greatest inventions of mankind are not just constricted for calling these days. As the capabilities and the number of smartphone users increase day by day, smartphones are loaded with various types of sensors which captures each and every moment, activities of our daily life. Two of such sensors are Accelerometer and Gyroscope which measures the acceleration and angular velocity respectively. These could be used to identify the human activities performed. Basically, Human Activity Recognition is a classifying activity with so many use cases such as health care, medical, surveillance and anti-crime securities. Smartphones have wide variety of applications in various fields and can be used to excavate different kinds of data which provide accurate insights and knowledge about the user's lifestyle. Nowadays creating lifelogs that is a technology to capture and record a user's life through his or her mobile devices, are becoming very important task. An immense issue in creating a detailed lifelog is the accurate detection of activities performed by human based on the collected data from the sensors. The data in the lifelogs has strong association with physical health variables. These data are motivational and they identify any type of behavioral changes. These data provide us the overall measure of physical activity. In this project, we have analyzed the smartphone sensors produced data and used them to recognize the activities performed by the user.
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McDonagh, A., and M. A. Byrne. "The influence of human physical activity and contaminated clothing type on particle resuspension." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 127 (January 2014): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.10.012.
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Pavlović, Katarina. "Predicting the type of physical activity from tri-axial smartphone accelerometer data." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 19, no. 1 (2021): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-27166.
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Development of various statistical learning methods and their implementation in mobile device software enables moment-by-moment study of human social interactions, behavioral patterns, sleep, as well as their physical mobility and gross motor activity. Recently, through the use of supervised Machine Learning, Human Activity Recognition (HAR) has found numerous applications in biomedical engineering especially in the field of digital phenotyping. Having this in mind, in this research in order to be able to quantify the human movement activity in situ, using data from portable digital devices, we have developed code which uses Random Forest Classifier to predict the type of physical activity from tri-axial smartphone accelerometer data. The code has been written using Python programming language and Anaconda distribution of data-science packages. Raw accelerometer data was collected by using the Beiwe research platform, which is developed by the Onnela Lab at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Tuning has been performed by defining a grid of hyperparameter ranges, using Scikit-Learn's Randomized Search CV method, randomly sampling from the grid and performing K-Fold CV with each combination of tested values. Obtained results will enable development of more robust models for predicting the type of physical activity with more subjects, usage of different hardware, various test situations, and different environments.
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Zusková, Klaudia, and Mirosław Paweł Górny. "Aerobic Physical Activity in Nature as Compensation for Type A Behavior." Physical education, sport and health culture in modern society, no. 4(48) (December 30, 2019): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2220-7481-2019-04-55-60.
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The aim of this theoretical article is to point out on the bases of scientific findings the relationship between aerobic physical activity in nature as compensation for the type A behavior. Type A behavior as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) continues to be an important subject of study in today´s society. Physical activities in the nature, also called green exercise, are of significant relevance in the context of human health research, given our present lifestyle. They address mainly the aerobic regime of physical activities as a prevention of many diseases through improvements in cardiovascular system and skeletal muscles. The authors focused on the issues related to the types A and B of personality behavior developed by Mayer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman. Aerobic exercise activities, as significant prevention of heart diseases, deal with the compensation of precisely the A type risk behavior. The authors clarify this premise on practical examples. Even with the passage of several decades this issue has not been sufficiently researched. Its application in real life is quite justifiable due to increasing environmental changes and sedentary lifestyle. This article points out how different findings need to be linked in practice as a part of the necessary interdisciplinary collaboration of experts in the areas of medicine, psychology and sports.
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Chelladurai, P. "A Classification of Sport and Physical Activity Services: Implications for Sport Management." Journal of Sport Management 6, no. 1 (January 1992): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.6.1.38.
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A classification of sport and physical activity services based on two dimensions is presented. The first dimension is the type and extent of employee involvement in the production of services—consumer, professional, and human services. The second dimension is the four sets of client motives for participation in sport and physical activity—pursuit of pleasure, skill, excellence, and health/fitness. A combination of these two dimensions yields six classes of sport and physical activity services: consumer pleasure, consumer health/fitness, human skills, human excellence, human sustenance, and human curative. The managerial implications emerging from the proposed model are outlined with reference to programming, organizing, staffing, and leading in organizations delivering sport and physical activity services.
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Lexell, Jan. "Ageing and Human Muscle: Observations From Sweden." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 18, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h93-002.
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The purposes of this review are to summarize studies of cross-sections of autopsied whole muscles from previously physically healthy males and to focus on the cause of the ageing atrophy. The ageing atrophy begins around 25 years of age and thereafter accelerates. This is caused mainly by a loss of muscle fibres, and to a lesser extent by a reduction in fibre size, mostly of the proportion of the fibre area in the muscle cross-section occupied by type 2 (fast-twitch) fibres. In muscle from old subjects, there is a significant increase in the number of enclosed fibres, indicating an increased incidence of fibre type grouping, a loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, and a reduction in the number of functioning motor units. These findings strongly suggest a combination of a progressive denervation process and an altered physical activity level as the two major mechanisms underlying the effects of normal ageing on human muscle. These changes have obvious implications for old individuals and their participation in physical activity and in sports, which must be accommodated in rehabilitation regimes or in training programmes. Key words: ageing, microscopy, muscles, physiological adaptation
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Creagh, Robyn, Sarah McGann, Marian Tye, Jonine Jancey, and Courtney Babb. "Green Star is not a physical activity star." Facilities 35, no. 1 (February 7, 2017): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-12-2015-0092.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on research investigating the relationship between physical activity and workplace design. In particular, the paper explores the social–ecological context of a new workplace building. This paper seeks to understand why better physical activity outcomes for the staff were not observed in the new building despite influence from a staff wellness committee during design; achieving success against existing best-practice indicators; and staff reporting increased feelings of wellness, energy and satisfaction with the new building. Design/methodology/approach Three design aspects are taken as a focus from within an opportunistic pre-/post-physical activity study of an organisation as they move from a building they occupied for 30 years into a new purpose-designed building. This study was conducted through mixed methods, incorporating ethnographic, architectural and quantitative means. Findings The social, spatial and personal context is important for understanding participant workplace-based physical activity. Despite the health and well-being goals and 5 Star Green Star outcomes of the new building, participants were sedentary for a substantive part of their workday in both buildings. Practical implications A well-designed environment can support staff feeling healthier, but the 5 Star Green Star rating does not implicitly ensure a healthier, activity-promoting environment. Facilities managers and designers can act to provide physically active paths as the most straightforward circulation option in workplaces. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in the opportunity to conduct a pre-/post-study of physical activity where the organisation, workforce and type of work are constant and where the variable is the building design, spatial configuration and location. The methods used in this study draw from both health promotion and architectural research practices.
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Зилов, V. Zilov, Еськов, V. Eskov, Борисова, O. Borisova, Филатова, et al. "The human fatigue under static and dynamic physical activity And adaptation mechanisms." Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 9, no. 1 (April 17, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7590.
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This review focuses on spinal and central mechanisms of fatigue associated with the implementation of adaptation programs. The morpho-functional correlations of the moto-neurons activity of the spinal cord, the activities of the functional systems of the human body, neurotransmitter systems, serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the mechanisms of fatigue were considered. The phases of the process of adaptation to physical loads as well as cumulative training effect were identified. The authors have identified and described the participation of the autonomic nervous system, glucocorticoids and other hormones and mediators in long-term adaptation to physical loads, in the transition from carbohydrate to fat type of energy metabolism. The stages of disadaptation and re-adaptation to physical activities (a manifestation of stress, rate adaptation, cybernetic principles of homeostasis) have been identified and described. The two-circuit system homeostasis: the autonomic (controlling) and myocardial-hemodynamic (controlled) was demonstrated and an hierarchy of control has been defined.
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Cataldi, Stefania, Valerio Bonavolontà, Luca Poli, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Michele De Candia, Roberto Carvutto, Ana Filipa Silva, Georgian Badicu, Gianpiero Greco, and Francesco Fischetti. "The Relationship between Physical Activity, Physical Exercise, and Human Gut Microbiota in Healthy and Unhealthy Subjects: A Systematic Review." Biology 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11030479.
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Several studies have been conducted to find at least an association between physical activity (PA)/ physical exercise (PE) and the possibility to modulate the gut microbiome (GM). However, the specific effects produced on the human GM by different types of PA/PE, different training modalities, and their age-related effects are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate and summarize the current scientific evidence investigating the bi-directional relationship between PA/PE and the human GM, with a specific focus on the different types/variables of PA/PE and age-related effects, in healthy and unhealthy people. A systematic search was conducted across four databases (Web of Science, Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library). Information was extracted using the populations, exposure, intervention, comparison, outcomes (PICOS) format. The Oxford Quality Scoring System Scale, the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies were used as a qualitative measure of the review. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42022302725). The following data items were extracted: author, year of publication, study design, number and age of participants, type of PA/PE carried out, protocol/workload and diet assessment, duration of intervention, measurement tools used, and main outcomes. Two team authors reviewed 694 abstracts for inclusion and at the end of the screening process, only 76 full texts were analyzed. Lastly, only 25 research articles met the eligibility criteria. The synthesis of these findings suggests that GM diversity is associated with aerobic exercise contrary to resistance training; abundance of Prevotella genus seems to be correlated with training duration; no significant change in GM richness and diversity are detected when exercising according to the minimum dose recommended by the World Health Organizations; intense and prolonged PE can induce a higher abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria; PA does not lead to significant GM α/β-diversity in elderly people (60+ years). The heterogeneity of the training parameters used in the studies, diet control, and different sequencing methods are the main confounders. Thus, this systematic review can provide an in-depth overview of the relationship between PA/PE and the human intestinal microbiota and, at the same time, provide indications from the athletic and health perspective.
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Booth, Frank W., and Simon J. Lees. "Fundamental questions about genes, inactivity, and chronic diseases." Physiological Genomics 28, no. 2 (January 2007): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00174.2006.
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Currently our society is faced with the challenge of understanding the biological basis for the epidemics of obesity and many chronic diseases, including Type 2 diabetes. Physical inactivity increases the relative risk of coronary artery disease by 45%, stroke by 60%, hypertension by 30%, and osteoporosis by 59%. Moreover, physical inactivity is cited as an actual cause of chronic disease by the US Centers of Disease Control. Physical activity was obligatory for survival for the Homo genus for hundreds of thousands of years. This review will present evidence that suggests that metabolic pathways selected during the evolution of the human genome are inevitably linked to physical activity. Furthermore, as with many other environmental interactions, cycles of physical activity and inactivity interact with genes resulting in a functional outcome appropriate for the environment. However, as humans are less physically active, there is a maladaptive response that leads to metabolic dysfunction and many chronic diseases. How and why these interactions occur are fundamental questions in biology. Finally, a perspective to future research in physical inactivity-gene interaction is presented. This information is necessary to provide the molecular evidence required to further promote the primary prevention of chronic diseases through physical activity, identify those molecules that will allow early disease detection, and provide society with the molecular information needed to counter the current strategy of adding physical inactivity into our lives.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Type of human physical activity"
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Кобиляшний, Олексій Геннадійович. "Обробка вихідних сигналів акселерометра за допомогою нейронних мереж." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/34544.
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Дипломну роботу виконано на 63 аркушах, вона містить перелік посилань на використані джерела з 32 найменувань. У роботі наведено 25 рисунків та 8 таблиць.
Метою даної дипломної роботи є перевірка доцільності використання нейронних мереж для обробки вихідних сигналів акселерометру. У дипломній роботі розглядається актуальність задачі розпізнавання типів фізичної активності людини. В якості основного джерела отримання інформації використовується акселерометр. У роботі наведені теоретичні відомості про акселерометр, його фізичний принцип роботи, а також проведено огляд основних технологій виготовлення. Описано класичні методи обробки інформації та нейронні мережі як інструмент сучасного аналізу даних. В якості основних моделей для обробки сигналів акселерометрів було використано ймовірнісну нейронну мережу та модель логістичної регресії. Проведено дослідження з використання цих методів щодо визначення типу фізичної активності.The thesis is presented in 63 pages. It contains bibliography of 32 references. 25 figure and 8 tables are given in the thesis. The goal of the thesis is checking the feasibility of using neural networks to process the output signals of the accelerometer. The thesis considers the relevance of the problem of recognizing the types of physical activity. An accelerometer is used as the main source of information. The paper provides theoretical information about the accelerometer, its physical principle of operation, as well as an overview of the main manufacturing technologies. Classical methods of information processing and neural networks as a tool of modern data analysis are described. A probabilistic neural network and a logistic regression model were used as the main models for processing accelerometer signals. A study on the use of these methods to determine the type of physical activity.
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Meijer, Gerwin Alexander Leo. "Physical activity implications for human energy metabolism /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Rijksuniversiteit Limburg] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1990. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5563.
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Mohar, Laura Leigh. "Physical Activity Patterns in Missoula Youth." The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-04142008-112420/.
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STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Physical activity (PA) is a critical determinant of long term health and is necessary for the prevention of youth onsetadult diseases. It is recommended that all youth accumulate at least 60+ min of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) most days of the week in bouts lasting at least 10 min. PURPOSE: To evaluate the PA patterns of Missoula youth in order to make better recommendations for PA interventions for a wellness policy. METHODS: 324 elementary and middle school students from 5 schools wore accelerometers on their wrists for 5 days. The data were converted to activity energy expenditure (AEE) and also evaluated for single min and bouts of activity lasting at least 10 min of MVPA daily, in- versus out-of-school, and during sport, physical education (PE), and recess. Grade and gender differences were also assessed. RESULTS: The data show better than national averages in daily min of MVPA, with 70% of all students meeting the recommendation in 10 min bouts. Students showed low levels of MVPA during PE, recess, and sport. Sport was responsible for the highest accumulation of MVPA, followed by recess and then PE in both 1 and 10 min bouts. There was a drop in MVPA in both genders as grade level increased (both in and out of school), with more MVPA in single and 10 min bouts occurring out of school than in school. Males showed higher levels of MVPA than females during PE in 1 min bouts, recess in 1 and 10 min bouts, and in school in 1 and 10 min bouts. When scaled for body weight, genders did not differ in AEE. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest an overall healthy youth PA environment in Missoula. However, the 30% of students not meeting the recommendations for health in 10 min bouts are still of concern. Interventions could focus on encouraging slight increases of MVPA during PE, sport, and recess, especially at the middle school level. Increasing out of school MVPA is also necessary to make the biggest impact due to already overburdened school systems.
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Ramírez, Dafne Zuleima Morgado. "Vibration transmission through the human spine during physical activity." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2013. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/vibration-transmission-through-the-human-spine-during-physical-activity(4a7a609e-997a-4b91-994c-3ae6e0e4d22c).html.
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Osteoporosis causes bone to become fragile. Pharmacological treatments of osteoporosis are burdened with adverse effects and increase bone mineral density (BMD) only between 1% and 15% depending on the drug and time used. Thus non pharmacological treatments are needed to complement pharmacological ones. Physical activity is a non pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis and is essential for maintaining bone health at any age. However, physical activities have been identified to produce a modest improvement of spinal strength or just preserve it. In addition, it is not known how much exercise is optimal and safe for people with spinal osteoporosis. Most research employs conflicting definitions of physical activity and measure the effect of exercise on BMD alone instead of combining it with measurements of three dimensional bone strength. There is the need to offer a technique to measure the effect of physical activity on the overall strength of the spine, not only on its bone mineral content. Vibration transmissibility is a measurement of the mechanical response of a system to vibration expressed as stiffness or damping, thus offering a variable that represents structural strength. It can be employed to measure the mechanical response of the human spine during physical activity by attaching inertial sensors over the spine. However, it has not been employed to characterize the way vibration is transmitted through the osteoporotic spine during physical activity. Understanding the effects of osteoporosis and ageing on vibration transmission is important since such effects are related to the stiffness of the spine and thus very likely to the incidence of vertebral fractures. It is also often recommended that fast walking is beneficial to the bone, yet it is not known if fast walking affects the mechanical response of the spine of people with osteoporosis. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the feasibility of employing inertial sensors and a skin correction method to measure vibration transmission through the spine during physical activity (2) to characterize the transmission of vibration in the lumbar and thoracic spines of people with and without osteoporosis during physical activities, (3) to characterize the effect of osteoporosis on vibration transmissibility at levels of the thoracic spine which are known to fracture and (4) to investigate the effects of fast walking on vibration transmissibility. 100 young and healthy and older volunteers with and without osteoporosis were recruited. Participants were asked to perform straight walking, stair negotiation and turning while having inertial sensors attached to the skin over the spinous process of the first sacral (S1), twelfth (T12), eighth (T8) and first thoracic vertebrae (T1). Vibration transmissibility was calculated as the square root of the acceleration of the output (T12 for the lumbar and T1 for the thoracic spine) over the input (S1 for the lumbar and T12 for the thoracic spine) in the frequency spectrum. Vibration transmissibility was corrected for the movement of the skin-sensor interface and for the inclination of the sensor over the spine of every subject. All physical activities were performed at self selected normal and fast walking speeds. Lumbar and thoracic curvatures were determined with an electromagnetic device and BMD was measured through quantitative ultrasound. Skin measurement of transmission of vertical vibration is feasible with the inertial sensors and correction method presented. Vibration transmissibility through the human spine is significantly different between dissimilar physical activities and frequency dependent. Ageing significantly alters the vibration transmissibility of the spine. Osteoporosis has a minimal effect on vibration transmissibility of the spine. The effect of ageing and osteoporosis are frequency dependent. Older lumbar spines may receive greater stimulation than young and healthy ones, whereas older thoracic spines may receive lower stimulation during fast walking. There are significant differences in vibration transmissibility between lumbar and thoracic spines. A percentage of vibration transmission of the lumbar and thoracic spines is determined by their curvatures. This thesis has provided a technique that future research can employ to correlate vibration transmissibility with mechanotransduction signals in bone as well as volumetric bone health measurements and the risk of vertebral fractures. Until then it will be possible to prescribe physical activity taking into account individual capabilities, bone strength and differences in mechanical response between lumbar and thoracic sections.
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Thompson, Tammie. "Physical activity among diabetic individuals according to diabetic treatment type." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1729.
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Purpose: To evaluate the physical activity patterns of diabetic adults by the type of treatment they received Method: The study used secondary data collected by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2006. NHANES is a continuous study which measures the health and nutritional status of non-institutionalized citizens in the United States. To be eligible for the study, participants had to be an adult 18 years or older who responded during the interview phase of the survey that they had diabetes. Participants with any missing data pertaining to the variables were excluded. After exclusions, the final size of the study population was 957. The type of treatment was defined as: insulin only, oral antidiabetic medication only, or neither. Physical activity was defined according to the guidelines set forth by the American Diabetes Association. A logistic model was used to assess the association between the type of treatment and regular physical activity. All data analyses were performed using SAS 9.1. Results: Overall, only 28.2% of the study participants were involved in regular physical activity. With respect to the type of treatment they received, a majority of the participants (69.9%) took oral antidiabetic medication, while 23.1% used insulin. Only 7.1% didn’t take antidiabetic medication or insulin. Most of the study participants were either overweight or obese (86.1%). In relation to diabetes treatment type, the frequency of taking oral antidiabetic medication among those who were diagnosed with diabetes when they were 40 years of age or older was greater (76.9%) than the frequency of insulin use (64.9%) . Among this segment of the population, 81.6% didn’t use insulin or oral antidiabetic medication. Study participants who had diabetes for five years or less were more likely to take oral antidiabetic medication only, with 47.7% taking oral antidiabetic medication compared to 33.2% taking insulin. The crude odds ratio for insulin treatment and physical activity was 0.72 (CI, 0.32-1.61) while the crude odds ratio for treatment consisting of oral antidiabetic medication and physical activity was 0.61 (CI, 0.31-1.21). After adjusting for confounding, the odds of being physically active for patients on insulin treatment was 0.62 (CI, 0.28-1.39), and for those on oral antidiabetic medication the odds of being physically active was 0.53 (CI, 0.27-1.08), indicating that there was no statistical significance between either treatment group and physical activity participation. Conclusions: Although not statistically significant, the prevalence of regular physical activity was highest (37.3%) among diabetic individuals who used neither insulin nor oral antidiabetic medication to control their diabetes, while 26.7% of participants who used oral antidiabetic drugs and 30% of participants who used insulin exercised regularly. However, the failure to participate in physical activity is a common problem among all diabetics, irrespective of group distinctions. Thus, all diabetics should be encouraged to participate in physical activity to reduce future complications.
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McCann, Adrian. "Physical activity in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/3471.
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The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising throughout the world. Explicit evidence has demonstrated sedentary behaviour is a powerful but modifiable risk factor affecting glycaemic control and the incidence of diabetes complications. Despite this, current population estimates indicate the importance of physical activity is not effectively translated to the T2DM population. The aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate barriers and facilitators to physical activity behaviour among individuals with T2DM. An extensive literature review investigating evidence linking physical activity to the management of T2DM was performed, then followed on by three studies which 1) investigated the effects of a 12-week supported exercise programme among newly diagnosed patients, 2) explored factors that may be associated with sedentary or physical activity behaviour, and 3) compared and contrasted the perception and use of physical activity among patients who participated in an exercise programme and patients who received standard care. The findings of this thesis demonstrated that a supported exercise programme can help newly diagnosed T2DM patients achieve moderate-high intensity physical activity 3-5 days·week-1, improving glycaemic control through enhanced β-cell function associated with decreased insulin resistance and improved lipid profile. Exploratory investigation suggested self-efficacy to exercise, internal locus of control and physical activity advice may be important antecedents for physical activity behaviour. Furthermore, it also appeared to suggest that peer support and more comprehensive physical activity information and reinforcement, are key to satisfying psychological needs - autonomy, competence and relatedness - and internalising motivation for physical activity and exercise behaviour. Given the projected incidence of T2DM and prevalence of sedentary behaviour among this population, the findings from this thesis highlight the important role of physical activity and also the need for further research investigating supported exercise programmes and the development of more comprehensive physical activity guidelines for individuals with T2DM.
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Brugnara, Laura. "Metabolic responses to physical activity in subjects with type 1 diabetes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396156.
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune chronic disease that has undergone drastic changes on its clinical natural history in the last decades.
Until the early XX century, the diagnosis of diabetes would mean a fatal outcome in few weeks or months. The evidence of hyperglycemia associated with abrupt polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and weight loss in a child or a young person determined a diagnosis of failure of insulin secretion, metabolic catabolism and death.
The introduction of treatments with exogenous insulin was the first important change in the natural clinical history of diabetes. Subjects affected by diabetes experienced then a hope of treatment and life. The main initial concern of physicians and scientists was to avoid important episodes of hypo or hyperglycemia, which could lead to hypoglycemic coma or diabetic ketoacidosis. Different classes of insulins were tested and used with success, offering better life expectancy for the affected persons.
In parallel with the provided increase of life expectancy, chronic complications related to diabetes were prone to appear. Those patients who, at that moment, benefit from the exogenous insulin, but maintained many episodes of hyperglycemia and glycemia fluctuations, developed chronic complications leading to blindness, renal failure, limbs amputations and/or cardiovascular complications as heart attack or stroke.
Aware of the consequences of hyperglycemia, researchers started to design studies promoting a more strict control of glucose levels, with the intention of minimizing chronic complications related to diabetes. Studies for type 1 diabetes (T1D) like DCCT, published in 1993 (The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, 1993) and its follow-up EDIC (Nathan et al., 2005), and others alike for type 2 diabetes (T2D) (UK Prospective Diabetes Study, UKPDS Group 1998), proved the reduction of complications rates and marked a new change in the natural clinical history of diabetes.
Recently, tighter glycemic control became possible with the help of new insulins, insulin infusers, glucose sensors and nutrition research. The incidence of retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and their consequent serious outcomes as blindness, end renal stage disease and lower limb amputations, reduced in the past two decades, as described in the US patients with diabetes (Gregg et al., 2014). The excess risk of mortality in individuals over 20 years old with diabetes (T1D and T2D) if compared with the risk of individuals without diabetes has decreased over time in both Canada and the UK, as shown in data recently published (M Lind et al., 2013). This may be, in part, due to the earlier diagnosis, as well as to improvements in diabetes care (M Lind et al., 2013). In patients with T1D, a reduction of all-cause mortality and also of specific cardiovascular mortality could be verified, especially if associated with a good glycemic control; these rates, nevertheless, are still the double of the ones seen in subjects without diabetes (Marcus Lind et al., 2014).
Physical activity is considered as a health promoter procedure for general population and a therapeutic tool for prevention and/or treatment of several chronic diseases, like T2D, cardiovascular disease or cancer. Persons with T1D are stimulated to participate in exercise training programs and competition events. Nowadays, with the current knowledge, several elite athletes with T1D are able to compete in the same categories that the ones without diabetes, but requiring for that a strict balance among insulin adjustments, carbohydrate intake and physical activity characteristics.
Many questions may be formulated at the present time: are persons with T1D being beneficiated from physical activity as persons without diabetes? Do the subjects with T1D present the same physical conditions for exercise performance than the non-diabetic ones? Do they present different metabolic response when performing a session of exercise? Does physical activity improve lipoprotein profile generating cardiovascular benefits for the subjects with T1D? What are the characteristics of muscular composition of patients with T1D, and are they different from subjects without diabetes? What are the factors that could be interfering? These questions are discussed in the present thesis. Some answers were achieved and some other questions emerged. Nowadays, the availability of new technological approaches, the improvements on basic research, and the possibility to integrate the information of basic research with clinical research are improving the knowledge in biomedical science.
A better understanding of physiopathology can be obtained, and with it, a better care, a better quality of life, and longer life expectancy can be offered to persons who have type 1 diabetes.
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Davila, Nancy. "Physical Activity in Puerto Rican Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195609.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been the third leading cause of death in Puerto Rico (PR) since 1989. According to the PR Diabetes Center for Data Management, the prevalence of complications associated with diabetes in PR include: ischemic heart disease, renal failure and cerebro-vascular events, among others. Although physical activity has been identified as an integral part of preventing diabetes disease and complications in people already diagnosed, only 32.6% of the population engages in 30 minutes of moderate physical activity daily.The purpose of this descriptive-correlational study was to explore physical activity self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectancies (perceived physical activity benefits and barriers) as possible factors that affect physical activity level in Puerto Rican adults diagnosed with type 2 DM. The guiding theoretical foundation was Self-efficacy-Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). An exploratory data analysis was conducted to determine the effects of socio-demographic variables on the principal variables. The contribution of socio-demographic factors, body mass index and the medical diagnosis to the prediction of principal variables were also explored.A sample of 110 Puerto Rican men and women between 40-60 years of age, with a mean of 52.2 years were recruited from four settings. Data was collected through a Demographic Data Questionnaire, Exercise Self-efficacy Scale, Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Qualitative data were gathered to identify additional benefits and barriers that were not included in the questionnaire.The median for the moderate to vigorous physical activity reported by the sample was 82.5 minutes per week. The relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and physical activity was significant but moderate (rs=.32, p = .001). No significant association was observed between perceived benefits and physical activity (rs =.09, p = .38). Also, no significant association was observed between perceived barriers and physical activity level (rs = -.17, p = .07). The correlation between self-efficacy beliefs and perceived benefits was significant and moderate (rs = .46, p < .001). The correlation between self-efficacy beliefs and perceived barriers was significant, moderate and negative (r= -.40, p <.001). Self-efficacy was the only significant predictor of physical activity.The low physical activity and the high rate of overweight and obesity are significant risk factors for the development of chronic complications and low quality of life that threaten Puerto Rican adults with type 2 DM. Physical activity is an essential component of a healthy life-style and important to achieve a better self-management of diabetes disease. Self-efficacy had relevance to the enhancement of physical activity in this population. The research findings support the importance of SCT in both nursing research and practice. SCT is important in future research because, as exemplified in this study, it provides an approach to explain physical activity behavior. SCT is important for practice; because addressing principal variables of the theory can promote the development of innovative interventional programs for Puerto Rican adults with type 2 DM.
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Kirk, Alison Fiona. "Promoting and maintaining physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1994/.
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The primary aim of the main study was to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise consultation for promoting and maintaining physical activity over 12 months in people with Type 2 diabetes. Secondary aims were to investigate changes from baseline to 6 and 12 months in a number of physiological, biochemical and quality of life variables. 70 inactive people with Type 2 diabetes (35M 35F, mean age 57.6±7.9yrs, BMI 34.6±6.8) were given standard exercise information and randomised to receive an exercise consultation intervention (experimental group n=35) or not (control group n=35). Exercise consultation, based on the transtheoretical model, combines motivational theory and cognitive behavioural strategies into an individualised intervention to promote and maintain physical activity. Exercise consultations were delivered at baseline and 6 months and support phone calls were given 1 and 3 months after each exercise consultation. Changes from baseline to 6 and 12 months were assessed in a) physical activity (7-day recall, accelerometer, stage and processes of exercise behaviour change and cardiorespiratory fitness), b) physiological (body mass index and blood pressure), c) biochemical (glycaemic control, lipid profile, fibrinogen and microalbuminuria) and d) quality of life (Short form-36 and Well-being questionnaire). Results recorded illustrated between group differences in minutes of moderate activity and total accelerometer counts per week at 6 and 12 months (p<0.01). The experimental group increased minutes of moderate activity and total accelerometer counts from baseline to 6 months (P<0.01), with no significant decrease from 6 to 12 months (P>0.05). From baseline to 12 months a significant increase was recorded in the experimental group for minutes of moderate activity (p<0.01), but not total accelerometer counts per week (p=0.7). The control group recorded a decrease in accelerometer counts per week from baseline to 12 months (p=0.03).
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Roche, Denise M. "Physical activity, physical fitness, HbA_1_c and skin microvascular reactivity in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431315.
Full textBooks on the topic "Type of human physical activity"
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Caldwell, Ann E. Human Physical Fitness and Activity. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30409-0.
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Claude, Bouchard, ed. Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics Books, 1991.
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Hosokawa, Yuri, ed. Human Health and Physical Activity During Heat Exposure. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75889-3.
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1948-, Williams R. Sanders, and Wallace Andrew G. 1935-, eds. Biological effects of physical activity. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics Books, 1989.
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Ergonomics in sport and physical activity: Enhancing performance and improving safety. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2010.
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Ho, Charmaine. Development of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase activity assays. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.
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W, Baker John A., ed. Introduction to kinesiology: The science and practice of physical activity. Madison, Wis: Brown & Benchmark Publishers, 1995.
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Society for the Study of Human Biology. Symposium. Physical activity and health: 34th Symposium volume of the Society for the Study of Human Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
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MSc, Holmes Jane MCSP, and Mapp Gareth, eds. Exercise on prescription: Cardiovascular activity for health. Oxford [England]: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.
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Pritchard, Vivienne. The contribution of physical activity to mental health and it's therapeutic effect on mental illness: BA(Hons) Human Movement Studies dissertation. Cardiff: SGIHE, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Type of human physical activity"
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Welle, Stephen. "Physical Activity." In Human Protein Metabolism, 177–95. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1458-8_8.
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Gill, Jason M. R. "Type 2 diabetes." In Physical Activity and Health, 160–95. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203095270-5.
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Matyka, Krystyna A., and S. Francesca Annan. "Physical Activity in Childhood Diabetes." In Type 1 Diabetes, 73–99. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-754-9_4.
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Forbes, Gilbert B. "Influence of Physical Activity." In Human Body Composition, 248–66. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4654-1_8.
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Moss, Sarah J., Andries Fourie van Oort, and Yves Schutz. "Physical Activity and Pregnancy." In Exercise and Human Reproduction, 253–85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3402-7_16.
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Woo, Jean, Ruby Yu, and Nelson Tang. "Telomeres and Physical Activity." In Telomeres, Diet and Human Disease, 103–16. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2017. | “A science publishers book.”| Includes bibliographical references and index.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315152431-7.
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Yates, Thomas, and Andrew Scott. "Physical activity for type 2 diabetes." In Clinical Exercise Science, 66–82. New York: Routledge, 2016.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315885995-4.
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Campillo-Sanchez, Pablo, Jorge J. Gómez-Sanz, and Juan A. Botía. "PHAT: Physical Human Activity Tester." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 41–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40846-5_5.
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Scott, Sam N., Michael C. Riddell, and Jane E. Yardley. "Type I Diabetes and Exercise." In Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport, 459–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_25.
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Standage, Martyn, and Lydia G. Emm. "Relationships Within Physical Activity Settings." In Human Motivation and Interpersonal Relationships, 239–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8542-6_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Type of human physical activity"
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Rahman, Fauzie, Dian Rosadi, Mulyadi, and Andini Octaviana Putri. "Effects of Physical Activity, Obesity and Smoking Habits on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." In The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable 4.0 Industry”. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010676200002967.
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-Pierre Zana, Jean. "Standards and Cross-Organization of Work: Two Useful Tools for A Prevention of Manual Handling of Patients in the Healthcare Sector." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100471.
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Preventive responses most often made to caregivers are too often "gestures and postures training" type to reduce these occupational hazards. Taking the party to focus on manual handling of patients (MMP), it seemed appropriate to revisit prevention measures being implemented by combining the results of international standardization and reflections on the organization of work. The approach described above has found its place in the training actions in applied ergonomics and prevention of risks related to physical activity for caregivers and their management. The objective is to convey to employees, tools for evaluation of work situations, adapted to their activity for taking into account the ergonomics for reducing the risk occurrence of MSDs. Such an approach fit into the development of working group and the cross disciplinary organizations.
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Penzkofer, Mario, Anna-Sophia Henke, and Karsten Kluth. "Assessment of the Ergonomic Quality of European Screwdrivers." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/10029.
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In a comparative ergonomic study, the ergonomic quality of 10 various screwdriver handles from European manufacturers which exhibited decisive differences in the design aspects “shape”, “dimension”, “material” and “surface” was tested. For this purpose, a test layout was developed in order to analyze the potential advantages and disadvantages of each handle type taking into account the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the human hand-arm-shoulder system. A group of 21 male right-handed test subjects (Ss) aged between 20 and 32 years, had to carry out different static and dynamic screw driving tests. In order to reveal possible model-specific differences in muscle strain, the electromyographic activity (EA) of 4 muscles involved in the different screwing tasks was measured via surface electrodes. Each of the Ss had to complete the test series with all screwdrivers under identical, controlled working conditions.Before and after the tests, the Ss had to assess specific criteria of the handles using a specially developed questionnaire addressing aspects such as handling, design features, material, surface finish as well as color design and manufacturing quality. In a second approach, the Ss were asked to express potential physical complaints in the fingers, hand, palm and forearm with respect to intensity and occurrence. This test-procedure with an objective and subjective evaluation offered a differentiated view on the impacts of the work situation and should reflect the advantages and disadvantages of the different handle types. When analyzing the results from the determined EA data and the users’ subjective perceptions while handling the screwdrivers, a great impact of the design features “shape”, “dimension”, “material” and “surface” became quite apparent. Only those screwdrivers designed according to appropriate ergonomic criteria enable a high operational performance with lower physiological costs which have to be paid by the muscles.
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Mohanty, Ronak R., Shantanu Vyas, Aman Nigam, Bruce L. Tai, and Vinayak R. Krishnamurthy. "Orthopedic Bone-Drilling Assessment Through Laplacian-Based Trajectory Noise Characterization." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-70654.
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Abstract Assessment techniques for orthopedics training are primarily subjective, and often based on qualitative metrics. In this paper, we propose an analytical approach for the quantitative assessment of orthopedic surgery training, specifically, bone drilling. Our goal in this paper is to help improve orthopedics training by providing a means to assess the resident training progress. To this end, we introduce a novel metric that assigns a unique signature to an individual’s drilling activity based on their drilling trajectory, and we compare it with the signatures of expert surgeons. We conduct a simple bone-drilling experiment with surgeons (experts) and novice users on a hybrid (physical - digital) setup consisting of 3D printed bone surrogates that emulate physical and perceptual properties of a human bone across the young and old age groups. We create expert models using our drilling signature metric to evaluate drilling performance for novice users with respect to expert orthopedic surgeons. Our preliminary analysis of drilling signatures across expert and novice users showcases a perceivable distinction across two different bone types highlighting some fundamental insights on the drilling setup, bone material, and user response to each bone type. Our results indicate that the drilling signature helps capture not only a novice user’s drilling behavior, but also their relative expertise as they progress with training.
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Leightley, Daniel, John Darby, Baihua Li, Jamie S. McPhee, and Moi Hoon Yap. "Human Activity Recognition for Physical Rehabilitation." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc.2013.51.
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Turchaninova, Alisa, Ashik Khatri, Ilyas Uyanik, and Ioannis Pavlidis. "Role model in human physical activity." In WH '15: Wireless Health 2015 Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2811780.2811917.
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Berkovsky, Shlomo, Jill Freyne, Mac Coombe, Dipak Bhandari, and Nilufar Baghaei. "Physical activity motivating games." In the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1738826.1738872.
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Francavilla, Vincenzo Cristian, Rita Polito, Giuseppe Messina, Maria Chiara Parisi, Omar Gaetano Maria Mingrino, Angelo Campanozzi, Aurora Daniele, Antonietta Messina, Vincenzo Monda, and Anna Valenzano. "Immune system and physical activity." In Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2020 - Summer Conferences of Sports Science. Universidad de Alicante, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.proc4.49.
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Albinali, Fahd, Stephen Intille, William Haskell, and Mary Rosenberger. "Using wearable activity type detection to improve physical activity energy expenditure estimation." In Ubicomp '10: The 2010 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1864349.1864396.
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"INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES ON HUMAN MENTAL ACTIVITY." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2019.10-1-295/298.
Full textReports on the topic "Type of human physical activity"
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Selph, Shelly S., Andrea C. Skelly, Ngoc Wasson, Joseph R. Dettori, Erika D. Brodt, Erik Ensrud, Diane Elliot, et al. Physical Activity and the Health of Wheelchair Users: A Systematic Review in Multiple Sclerosis, Cerebral Palsy, and Spinal Cord Injury. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer241.
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Objectives. Although the health benefits of physical activity are well described for the general population, less is known about the benefits and harms of physical activity in people dependent upon, partially dependent upon, or at risk for needing a wheelchair. This systematic review summarizes the evidence for physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury regardless of current use or nonuse of a wheelchair. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, PsycINFO®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase®, and Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Source from 2008 through November 2020, reference lists, and clinical trial registries. Review methods. Predefined criteria were used to select randomized controlled trials, quasiexperimental nonrandomized trials, and cohort studies that addressed the benefits and harms of observed physical activity (at least 10 sessions on 10 different days of movement using more energy than rest) in participants with multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury. Individual study quality (risk of bias) and the strength of bodies of evidence for key outcomes were assessed using prespecified methods. Dual review procedures were used. Effects were analyzed by etiology of impairment and physical activity modality, such as treadmill, aquatic exercises, and yoga, using qualitative, and when appropriate, quantitative synthesis using random effects meta-analyses. Results. We included 146 randomized controlled trials, 15 quasiexperimental nonrandomized trials, and 7 cohort studies (168 studies in 197 publications). More studies enrolled participants with multiple sclerosis (44%) than other conditions, followed by cerebral palsy (38%) and spinal cord injury (18%). Most studies were rated fair quality (moderate risk of bias). The majority of the evidence was rated low strength. • In participants with multiple sclerosis, walking ability may be improved with treadmill training and multimodal exercise regimens that include strength training; function may be improved with treadmill training, balance exercises, and motion gaming; balance is likely improved with postural control exercises (which may also reduce risk of falls) and may be improved with aquatic exercises, robot-assisted gait training, treadmill training, motion gaming, and multimodal exercises; activities of daily living may be improved with aquatic therapy; sleep may be improved with aerobic exercises; aerobic fitness may be improved with multimodal exercises; and female sexual function may be improved with aquatic exercise. • In participants with cerebral palsy, balance may be improved with hippotherapy and motion gaming, and function may be improved with cycling, treadmill training, and hippotherapy. • In participants with spinal cord injury, evidence suggested that activities of daily living may be improved with robot-assisted gait training. • When randomized controlled trials were pooled across types of exercise, physical activity interventions were found to improve walking in multiple sclerosis and likely improve balance and depression in multiple sclerosis. Physical activity may improve function and aerobic fitness in people with cerebral palsy or spinal cord injury. When studies of populations with multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy were combined, evidence indicated dance may improve function. • Evidence on long-term health outcomes was not found for any analysis groups. For intermediate outcomes such as blood pressure, lipid profile, and blood glucose, there was insufficient evidence from which to draw conclusions. There was inadequate reporting of adverse events in many trials. Conclusions. Physical activity was associated with improvements in walking ability, general function, balance (including fall risk), depression, sleep, activities of daily living, female sexual function, and aerobic capacity, depending on population enrolled and type of exercise utilized. No studies reported long-term cardiovascular or metabolic disease health outcomes. Future trials could alter these findings; further research is needed to examine health outcomes, and to understand the magnitude and clinical importance of benefits seen in intermediate outcomes.
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Ackerley, N., A. L. Bird, M. Kolaj, H. Kao, and M. Lamontagne. Procedures for seismic event type discrimination at the Canadian Hazards Information Service. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329613.
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Within a catalogue of seismic events, it is necessary to distinguish natural tectonic earthquakes from seismic events due to human activity or other natural processes. This becomes very important when the data are incorporated into models of seismic hazard, since natural and anthropogenic events follow different recurrence and scaling laws. This document outlines a two-step procedure whereby first, a most likely event type is identified, and second, confirmation or refutation is sought. The procedure is intended to be compatible with current and past practices at the Canadian Hazards Information Service and the Geological Survey of Canada in assigning event types in the National Earthquake Database (NEDB). Furthermore, this document presents a new nomenclature and coding system for event types and their certainty, one that is compatible with QuakeML. Detailed classification criteria are given for all common event types; for rare event types, only definitions and examples are given.
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Repository, Science. Are Sirtuins Really the Elixir of Life? Science Repository OÜ, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/sr.blog.16.
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Although some data put in question direct involvement of sirtuins in extending human lifespan, it was documented that proper lifestyle including physical activity and diet can influence healthspan via increasing the level of sirtuins
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Ruiz de Gauna, Itziar, Anil Markandya, Laura Onofri, Francisco (Patxi) Greño, Javier Warman, Norma Arce, Alejandra Navarrete, et al. Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Mesoamerican Reef, and the Allocation and Distribution of these Values. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003289.
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Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. The Mesoamerican Reef contains the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. However, its health is threatened, so there is a need for a management and sustainable conservation. Key to this is knowing the economic value of the ecosystem. “Mainstreaming the value of natural capital into policy decision-making is vital” The value of environmental and natural resources reflects what society is willing to pay for a good or service or to conserve natural resources. Conventional economic approaches tended to view value only in terms of the willingness to pay for raw materials and physical products generated for human production and consumption (e.g. fish, mining materials, pharmaceutical products, etc.). As recognition of the potential negative impacts of human activity on the environment became more widespread, economists began to understand that people might also be willing to pay for other reasons beyond the own current use of the service (e.g. to protect coral reefs from degradation or to know that coral reefs will remain intact in the future). As a result of this debate, Total Economic Value (TEV) became the most widely used and commonly accepted framework for classifying economic benefits of ecosystems and for trying to integrate them into decision-making. This report estimates the economic value of the following goods and services provided by the MAR's coral reefs: Tourism & Recreation, Fisheries, Shoreline protection. To our knowledge, the inclusion of non-use values in the economic valuation of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is novel, which makes the study more comprehensive.
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Kanner, Joseph, Edwin Frankel, Stella Harel, and Bruce German. Grapes, Wines and By-products as Potential Sources of Antioxidants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7568767.bard.
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Several grape varieties and red wines were found to contain large concentration of phenolic compounds which work as antioxidant in-vitro and in-vivo. Wastes from wine production contain antioxidants in large amounts, between 2-6% on dry material basis. Red wines but also white wines were found to prevent lipid peroxidation of turkey muscle tissues stored at 5oC. The antioxidant reaction of flavonoids found in red wines against lipid peroxidation were found to depend on the structure of the molecule. Red wine flavonoids containing an orthodihydroxy structure around the B ring were found highly active against LDL and membrane lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant activity of red wine polyphenols were also found to be dependent on the catalyzer used. In the presence of H2O2-activated myoglobin, the inhibition efficiency was malvidin 3-glucoside>catechin>malvidin>resveratol. However, in the presence of an iron redox cycle catalyzer, the order of effectiveness was resveratol>malvidin 3-glucoside = malvidin>catechin. Differences in protein binding were found to affect antioxidant activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation. A model protein such as BSA, was investigated on the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, grape extracts, and red wines in a lecithin-liposome model system. Ferulic acid followed by malvidin and rutin were the most efficient in inhibiting both lipid and protein oxidation. Catechin, a flavonal found in red-wines in relatively high concentration was found to inhibit myoglobin catalyzed linoleate membrane lipid peroxidation at a relatively very low concentration. This effect was studied by the determination of the by-products generated from linoleate during oxidation. The study showed that hydroperoxides are catalytically broken down, not to an alcohol but most probably to a non-radical adduct. The ability of wine-phenolics to reduce iron and from complexes with metals were also demonstrated. Low concentration of wine phenolics were found to inhibit lipoxygenase type II activity. An attempt to understand the bioavailability in humans of antocyanins from red wine showed that two antocyanins from red wine were found unchanged in human urine. Other antocyanins seems to undergo molecular modification. In hypercholesterolemic hamsters, aortic lipid deposition was significantly less in animals fed diets supplemented with either catechin or vitamin E. The rate of LDL accumulation in the carotid arteries was also significantly lower in the catechin and vitamin E animal groups. These results suggested a novel mechanism by which wine phenolics are associated with decreased risk of coronary heart diseases. This study proves in part our hypothesis that the "French Paradox" could be explained by the action of the antioxidant effects of phenolic compounds found at high concentration in red wines. The results of this study argue that it is in the interest of public health to increase the consumption of dietary plant falvonoids. Our results and these from others, show that the consumption of red wine or plant derived polyphenolics can change the antioxidant tone of animal and human plasma and its isolated components towards oxidative reactions. However, we need more research to better understand bioavailability and the mechanism of how polyphenolics affect health and disease.
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Noga, Edward J., Angelo Colorni, Michael G. Levy, and Ramy Avtalion. Importance of Endobiotics in Defense against Protozoan Ectoparasites of Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586463.bard.
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Infectious disease is one of the most serious causes of economic loss in all sectors of aquaculture. There is a critical need to understand the molecular basis for protection against infectious disease so that safer, more reliable and more cost-effective strategies can be designed for their control. As part of this effort, the major goal of our BARD project was to determine the importance of endobiotics as a defense against protozoan ectoparasites in fish. Endobiotics, or antimicrobial polypeptides, are peptides and small proteins that are increasingly recognized as having a vital role in the innate defense of virtually all animals. One objective of our BARD project was to determine the antiparasitic potency of one specific group of endobiotics that were isolated from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M chrysops). We found that these endobiotics, which we had previously named histone-like proteins (HLPs), exhibited potent activity against Amyloodinium and that the putative levels of HLPs in the skin were well within the levels that we found to be lethal to the parasite in vitro. We also found evidence for the presence of similar antibiotics in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also examined the effect of chronic stress on the expression of HLP in fish and found that HLP levels were dramatically decreased after only one week of a crowding/high ammonia sublethal stress. We also began to explore the feasibility of upregulating endobiotics via immunostimulation. However, we did not pursue this objective as fully as we originally intended because we spent a much larger effort than originally anticipated on the last objective, the attempted isolation of novel endobiotics from hybrid striped bass. In this regard, we purified and identified four new peptide endobiotics. These endobiotics, which we have named piscidins (from "Pisces" meaning fish), have potent, broad-spectrum activity against a number of both fish and human pathogens. This includes not only parasites but also bacteria. We also demonstrated that these peptides are present in the mast cell. This was the first time that the mast cell, the most common tissue granulocyte in vertebrates, was shown to possess any type of endobiotic. This finding has important implications in explaining the possible function of mast cells in the immune response of vertebrates. In summary, the research we have accomplished in this BARD project has demonstrated that endobiotics in fish have potent activity against many serious pathogens in aquaculture and that there is considerable potential to use these compounds as stress indicators in aquaculture. There is also considerable potential to use some of these compounds in other areas of medicine, including treatment of serious infectious diseases of humans and animals.
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Barquet, Karina, Elin Leander, Jonathan Green, Heidi Tuhkanen, Vincent Omondi Odongo, Michael Boyland, Elizabeth Katja Fiertz, Maria Escobar, Mónica Trujillo, and Philip Osano. Spotlight on social equity, finance and scale: Promises and pitfalls of nature-based solutions. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.011.
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Human activity has modified and deteriorated natural ecosystems in ways that reduce resilience and exacerbate environmental and climate problems. Physical measures to protect, manage and restore these ecosystems that also address societal challenges in sustainable ways and bring biodiversity benefits are sometimes referred to as “nature-based solutions” (NBS). For example, reducing deforestation and restoring forests is a major opportunity for climate mitigation, while protecting or restoring coastal habitats can mitigate damage to coastal areas from natural hazard events, in addition to potentially providing co-benefits related to livelihood, recreation, and biodiversity. There is now an impetus to shift towards greater deployment of nature-based solutions. Not only do they offer an alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based or hard infrastructure solutions but, if implemented correctly, they also hold great promise for achieving multiple goals, benefits and synergies. These include climate mitigation and resilience; nature and biodiversity protection; and economic and social gains. 2020 saw an explosion in publications about NBS, which have contributed to filling many of the knowledge gaps that existed around their effectiveness and factors for their success. These publications have also highlighted the knowledge gaps that remain and have revealed a lack of critical reflection on the social and economic sustainability aspects of NBS. Building on these gaps, we decided to launch this mini-series of four briefs to provoke a more nuanced discussion that highlights not only the potential benefits, but also the potential risks and trade-offs of NBS. The purpose is not to downplay the importance of NBS for biodiversity, ecosystems, and coastal mitigation and adaptation, but to ensure that we establish a dialogue about ways to overcome these challenges while leaving no one behind.
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Tweet, Justin S., Vincent L. Santucci, Kenneth Convery, Jonathan Hoffman, and Laura Kirn. Channel Islands National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2278664.
Full textAbstract:
Channel Island National Park (CHIS), incorporating five islands off the coast of southern California (Anacapa Island, San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island), has an outstanding paleontological record. The park has significant fossils dating from the Late Cretaceous to the Holocene, representing organisms of the sea, the land, and the air. Highlights include: the famous pygmy mammoths that inhabited the conjoined northern islands during the late Pleistocene; the best fossil avifauna of any National Park Service (NPS) unit; intertwined paleontological and cultural records extending into the latest Pleistocene, including Arlington Man, the oldest well-dated human known from North America; calichified “fossil forests”; records of Miocene desmostylians and sirenians, unusual sea mammals; abundant Pleistocene mollusks illustrating changes in sea level and ocean temperature; one of the most thoroughly studied records of microfossils in the NPS; and type specimens for 23 fossil taxa. Paleontological research on the islands of CHIS began in the second half of the 19th century. The first discovery of a mammoth specimen was reported in 1873. Research can be divided into four periods: 1) the few early reports from the 19th century; 2) a sustained burst of activity in the 1920s and 1930s; 3) a second burst from the 1950s into the 1970s; and 4) the modern period of activity, symbolically opened with the 1994 discovery of a nearly complete pygmy mammoth skeleton on Santa Rosa Island. The work associated with this paleontological resource inventory may be considered the beginning of a fifth period. Fossils were specifically mentioned in the 1938 proclamation establishing what was then Channel Islands National Monument, making CHIS one of 18 NPS areas for which paleontological resources are referenced in the enabling legislation. Each of the five islands of CHIS has distinct paleontological and geological records, each has some kind of fossil resources, and almost all of the sedimentary formations on the islands are fossiliferous within CHIS. Anacapa Island and Santa Barbara Island, the two smallest islands, are primarily composed of Miocene volcanic rocks interfingered with small quantities of sedimentary rock and covered with a veneer of Quaternary sediments. Santa Barbara stands apart from Anacapa because it was never part of Santarosae, the landmass that existed at times in the Pleistocene when sea level was low enough that the four northern islands were connected. San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island have more complex geologic histories. Of these three islands, San Miguel Island has relatively simple geologic structure and few formations. Santa Cruz Island has the most varied geology of the islands, as well as the longest rock record exposed at the surface, beginning with Jurassic metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The Channel Islands have been uplifted and faulted in a complex 20-million-year-long geologic episode tied to the collision of the North American and Pacific Places, the initiation of the San Andreas fault system, and the 90° clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges, of which the northern Channel Islands are the westernmost part. Widespread volcanic activity from about 19 to 14 million years ago is evidenced by the igneous rocks found on each island.
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Miller, Gad, and Jeffrey F. Harper. Pollen fertility and the role of ROS and Ca signaling in heat stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598150.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The long-term goal of this research is to understand how pollen cope with stress, and identify genes that can be manipulated in crop plants to improve reproductive success during heat stress. The specific aims were to: 1) Compare heat stress dependent changes in gene expression between wild type pollen, and mutants in which pollen are heat sensitive (cngc16) or heat tolerant (apx2-1). 2) Compare cngc16 and apx2 mutants for differences in heat-stress triggered changes in ROS, cNMP, and Ca²⁺ transients. 3) Expand a mutant screen for pollen with increased or decreased thermo-tolerance. These aims were designed to provide novel and fundamental advances to our understanding of stress tolerance in pollen reproductive development, and enable research aimed at improving crop plants to be more productive under conditions of heat stress. Background: Each year crop yields are severely impacted by a variety of stress conditions, including heat, cold, drought, hypoxia, and salt. Reproductive development in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperatures, with even a single hot day or cold night sometimes being fatal to reproductive success. In many plants, pollen tube development and fertilization is often the weakest link. Current speculation about global climate change is that most agricultural regions will experience more extreme environmental fluctuations. With the human food supply largely dependent on seeds, it is critical that we consider ways to improve stress tolerance during fertilization. The heat stress response (HSR) has been intensively studied in vegetative tissues, but is poorly understood during reproductive development. A general paradigm is that HS is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of ROS-scavenging enzymes to protect cells from excess oxidative damage. The activation of the HSR has been linked to cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals, and transcriptional and translational responses, including the increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative pathways. The focus of the proposed research was on two mutations, which have been discovered in a collaboration between the Harper and Miller labs, that either increase or decrease reproductive stress tolerance in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., cngc16--cyclic nucleotide gated channel 16, apx2-1--ascorbate peroxidase 2,). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. Using RNA-seq technology, the expression profiles of cngc16 and apx2 pollen grains were independently compared to wild type under favourable conditions and following HS. In comparison to a wild type HSR, there were 2,776 differences in the transcriptome response in cngc16 pollen, consistent with a model in which this heat-sensitive mutant fails to enact or maintain a normal wild-type HSR. In a comparison with apx2 pollen, there were 900 differences in the HSR. Some portion of these 900 differences might contribute to an improved HSR in apx2 pollen. Twenty-seven and 42 transcription factor changes, in cngc16 and apx2-1, respectively, were identified that could provide unique contributions to a pollen HSR. While we found that the functional HS-dependent reprogramming of the pollen transcriptome requires specific activity of CNGC16, we identified in apx2 specific activation of flavonol-biosynthesis pathway and auxin signalling that support a role in pollen thermotolerance. Results from this study have identified metabolic pathways and candidate genes of potential use in improving HS tolerance in pollen. Additionally, we developed new FACS-based methodology that can quantify the stress response for individual pollen in a high-throughput fashion. This technology is being adapted for biological screening of crop plant’s pollen to identify novel thermotolerance traits. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This study has provided a reference data on the pollen HSR from a model plant, and supports a model that the HSR in pollen has many differences compared to vegetative cells. This provides an important foundation for understanding and improving the pollen HSR, and therefor contributes to the long-term goal of improving productivity in crop plants subjected to temperature stress conditions. A specific hypothesis that has emerged from this study is that pollen thermotolerance can be improved by increasing flavonol accumulation before or during a stress response. Efforts to test this hypothesis have been initiated, and if successful have the potential for application with major seed crops such as maize and rice.
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Ohad, Itzhak, and Himadri Pakrasi. Role of Cytochrome B559 in Photoinhibition. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613031.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research project was to obtain information on the role of the cytochrome b559 in the function of Photosystem-II (PSII) with special emphasis on the light induced photo inactivation of PSII and turnover of the photochemical reaction center II protein subunit RCII-D1. The major goals of this project were: 1) Isolation and sequencing of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast psbE and psbF genes encoding the cytochrome b559 a and b subunits respectively; 2) Generation of site directed mutants and testing the effect of such mutation on the function of PSII under various light conditions; 3) To obtain further information on the mechanism of the light induced degradation and replacement of the PSII core proteins. This information shall serve as a basis for the understanding of the role of the cytochrome b559 in the process of photoinhibition and recovery of photosynthetic activity as well as during low light induced turnover of the D1 protein. Unlike in other organisms in which the psbE and psbF genes encoding the a and b subunits of cytochrome b559, are part of an operon which also includes the psbL and psbJ genes, in Chlamydomonas these genes are transcribed from different regions of the chloroplast chromosome. The charge distribution of the derived amino-acid sequences of psbE and psbF gene products differs from that of the corresponding genes in other organisms as far as the rule of "positive charge in" is concerned relative to the process of the polypeptide insertion in the thylakoid membrane. However, the sum of the charges of both subunits corresponds to the above rule possibly indicating co-insertion of both subunits in the process of cytochrome b559 assembly. A plasmid designed for the introduction of site-specific mutations into the psbF gene of C. reinhardtii. was constructed. The vector consists of a DNA fragment from the chromosome of C. reinhardtii which spans the region of the psbF gene, upstream of which the spectinomycin-resistance-conferring aadA cassette was inserted. This vector was successfully used to transform wild type C. reinhardtii cells. The spectinomycin resistant strain thus obtained can grow autotrophically and does not show significant changes as compared to the wild-type strain in PSII activity. The following mutations have been introduced in the psbF gene: H23M; H23Y; W19L and W19. The replacement of H23 involved in the heme binding to M and Y was meant to permit heme binding but eventually alter some or all of the electron transport properties of the mutated cytochrome. Tryptophane W19, a strictly conserved residue, is proximal to the heme and may interact with the tetrapyrole ring. Therefore its replacement may effect the heme properties. A change to tyrosine may have a lesser affect on the potential or electron transfer rate while a replacement of W19 by leucine is meant to introduce a more prominent disturbance in these parameters. Two of the mutants, FW19L and FH23M have segregated already and are homoplasmic. The rest are still grown under selection conditions until complete segregation will be obtained. All mutants contain assembled and functional PSII exhibiting an increased sensitivity of PSII to the light. Work is still in progress for the detailed characterization of the mutants PSII properties. A tobacco mutant, S6, obtained by Maliga and coworkers harboring the F26S mutation in the b subunit was made available to us and was characterized. Measurements of PSII charge separation and recombination, polypeptide content and electron flow indicates that this mutation indeed results in light sensitivity. Presently further work is in progress in the detailed characterization of the properties of all the above mutants. Information was obtained demonstrating that photoinactivation of PSII in vivo initiates a series of progressive changes in the properties of RCII which result in an irreversible modification of the RCII-D1 protein leading to its degradation and replacement. The cleavage process of the modified RCII-D1 protein is regulated by the occupancy of the QB site of RCII by plastoquinone. Newly synthesized D1 protein is not accumulated in a stable form unless integrated in reassembled RCII. Thus the degradation of the irreversibly modified RCII-D1 protein is essential for the recovery process. The light induced degradation of the RCII-D1 protein is rapid in mutants lacking the pD1 processing protease such as in the LF-1 mutant of the unicellular alga Scenedesmus obliquus. In this case the Mn binding site of PSII is abolished, the water oxidation process is inhibited and harmful cation radicals are formed following light induced electron flow in PSII. In such mutants photo-inactivation of PSII is rapid, it is not protected by ligands binding at the QB site and the degradation of the inactivated RCII-D1 occurs rapidly also in the dark. Furthermore the degraded D1 protein can be replaced in the dark in absence of light driven redox controlled reactions. The replacement of the RCII-D1 protein involves the de novo synthesis of the precursor protein, pD1, and its processing at the C-terminus end by an unknown processing protease. In the frame of this work, a gene previously isolated and sequenced by Dr. Pakrasi's group has been identified as encoding the RCII-pD1 C-terminus processing protease in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The deduced sequence of the ctpA protein shows significant similarity to the bovine, human and insect interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding proteins. Results obtained using C. reinhardtii cells exposes to low light or series of single turnover light flashes have been also obtained indicating that the process of RCII-D1 protein turnover under non-photoinactivating conditions (low light) may be related to charge recombination in RCII due to back electron flow from the semiquinone QB- to the oxidised S2,3 states of the Mn cluster involved in the water oxidation process.