Journal articles: 'Type and effect systems'

1

Nielson, Flemming. "Annotated type and effect systems." ACM Computing Surveys 28, no. 2 (June 1996): 344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/234528.234745.

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Seghier, Zoubida, Ambroise Diby, Vanda Voytekunas, Philip Cheang, and Marc J. M. Abadie. "Effect of filler type, content and size on the UV photocuring dental materials." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2008): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.01.015.

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A BisGMA, TEGDMA monomer mixture at weight ration 2:1 was UV-cured with CQ to form commonly used dental materials. Three types of fillers at different particle size were added at different weight concentrations. Reaction rates k, time vs rate were studied for all the systems.

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Galletta, Letterio. "An Abstract Interpretation Framework for Type and Effect Systems." Fundamenta Informaticae 134, no. 3-4 (2014): 355–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2014-1106.

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Hage, Jurriaan, and Bastiaan Heeren. "Strategies for Solving Constraints in Type and Effect Systems." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 236 (April 2009): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2009.03.021.

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5

Levy, P. M., and A. Fert. "Effect of crystal fields on the Hall effect in Kondo-type systems." Physical Review B 39, no. 16 (June 1, 1989): 12224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.39.12224.

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Aminifar, Sadegh, and Arjuna Marzuki. "Uncertainty in Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Systems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/452780.

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This paper studies uncertainty and its effect on system response displacement. The paper also describes how IT2MFs (interval type-2 membership functions) differentiate from T1MFs (type-1 membership functions) by adding uncertainty. The effect of uncertainty is modeled clearly by introducing a technique that describes how uncertainty causes membership degree reduction and changing the fuzzy word meanings in fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs). Several criteria are discussed for the measurement of the imbalance rate of internal uncertainty and its effect on system behavior. Uncertainty removal is introduced to observe the effect of uncertainty on the output. The theorem of uncertainty avoidance is presented for describing the role of uncertainty in interval type-2 fuzzy systems (IT2FSs). Another objective of this paper is to derive a novel uncertainty measure for IT2MFs with lower complexity and clearer presentation. Finally, for proving the affectivity of novel interpretation of uncertainty in IT2FSs, several investigations are done.

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Gordon, Colin S. "Polymorphic Iterable Sequential Effect Systems." ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 43, no. 1 (April 2021): 1–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3450272.

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Effect systems are lightweight extensions to type systems that can verify a wide range of important properties with modest developer burden. But our general understanding of effect systems is limited primarily to systems where the order of effects is irrelevant. Understanding such systems in terms of a semilattice of effects grounds understanding of the essential issues and provides guidance when designing new effect systems. By contrast, sequential effect systems—where the order of effects is important—lack an established algebraic structure on effects. We present an abstract polymorphic effect system parameterized by an effect quantale—an algebraic structure with well-defined properties that can model the effects of a range of existing sequential effect systems. We define effect quantales, derive useful properties, and show how they cleanly model a variety of known sequential effect systems. We show that for most effect quantales, there is an induced notion of iterating a sequential effect; that for systems we consider the derived iteration agrees with the manually designed iteration operators in prior work; and that this induced notion of iteration is as precise as possible when defined. We also position effect quantales with respect to work on categorical semantics for sequential effect systems, clarifying the distinctions between these systems and our own in the course of giving a thorough survey of these frameworks. Our derived iteration construct should generalize to these semantic structures, addressing limitations of that work. Finally, we consider the relationship between sequential effects and Kleene Algebras, where the latter may be used as instances of the former.

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Belyaev, M., and V. Tsesko. "LLVM-based static analysis tool using type and effect systems." Automatic Control and Computer Sciences 46, no. 7 (December 2012): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0146411612070073.

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9

Himelrick, David G., W. A. Dozier Jr, and J. R. Akridge. "EFFECT OF MULCH TYPE IN ANNUAL HILL STRAWBERRY PLASTICULTURE SYSTEMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 348 (August 1993): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.348.32.

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Zyuzin, Nikita, and Aleksandar Nanevski. "Contextual modal types for algebraic effects and handlers." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 5, ICFP (August 22, 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3473580.

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Programming languages with algebraic effects often track the computations’ effects using type-and-effect systems. In this paper, we propose to view an algebraic effect theory of a computation as a variable context; consequently, we propose to track algebraic effects of a computation with contextual modal types . We develop ECMTT, a novel calculus which tracks algebraic effects by a contextualized variant of the modal □ (necessity) operator, that it inherits from Contextual Modal Type Theory (CMTT). Whereas type-and-effect systems add effect annotations on top of a prior programming language, the effect annotations in ECMTT are inherent to the language, as they are managed by programming constructs corresponding to the logical introduction and elimination forms for the □ modality. Thus, the type-and-effect system of ECMTT is actually just a type system. Our design obtains the properties of local soundness and completeness, and determines the operational semantics solely by β-reduction, as customary in other logic-based calculi. In this view, effect handlers arise naturally as a witness that one context (i.e., algebraic theory) can be reached from another, generalizing explicit substitutions from CMTT. To the best of our knowledge, ECMTT is the first system to relate algebraic effects to modal types. We also see it as a step towards providing a correspondence in the style of Curry and Howard that may transfer a number of results from the fields of modal logic and modal type theory to that of algebraic effects.

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11

Levy, P. M. "Extraordinary Hall effect in Kondo-type systems: Contributions from anomalous velocity." Physical Review B 38, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 6779–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.38.6779.

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Zavgorodnii, V. S., and M. G. Karpov. "ortho-effect of hexacarbonyldicobaltacetylene substituents of propargyl type in aromatic systems." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 82, no. 3 (March 2012): 506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363212030243.

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13

Levy, P. M., and A. Fert. "Anomalous Velocity Contributions to the Hall Effect in Kondo-Type Systems." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 7, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/7/5/015.

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14

Levy, P. M., and A. Fert. "Anomalous Velocity Contributions to the Hall Effect in Kondo-Type Systems." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 8, no. 7 (April 1, 1989): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/8/7/022.

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15

Talpin, J. P., and P. Jouvelot. "The Type and Effect Discipline." Information and Computation 111, no. 2 (June 1994): 245–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/inco.1994.1046.

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16

Wang, Zhaopeng, and Manfred Cuntz. "S-type and P-type Habitable Zones of Stellar Binary Systems: Effect of the Planetary Mass." Research Notes of the AAS 3, no. 5 (May 6, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ab1ea3.

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17

Gonzalez-Parra, Gilberto, and Abraham J. Arenas. "A Mathematical Model for Social Security Systems with Dynamical Systems." Ingeniería y Ciencia 10, no. 19 (January 2014): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17230/ingciencia.10.19.2.

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In this paper it is proposed a mathematical approach based ondynamicsystems to study the effect of the increase in the Social Security normalretirement age on the worker and on the dynamics of retiree populations.In order to simplify this initial effort, the proposed model does not includesome economic variables, such as wage growth, earnings or productivity.Here, we employ numerical simulations of the model to investigate the dy-namics of the labor force under different demographic scenarios. Analysisof this type of model with numerical simulations can help government economic planners make optimal strategies to sustain pension systems andforecast future trends of pensioner and worker populations.

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Równicki, Marcin, Robert Lasek, Joanna Trylska, and Dariusz Bartosik. "Targeting Type II Toxin–Antitoxin Systems as Antibacterial Strategies." Toxins 12, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090568.

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The identification of novel targets for antimicrobial agents is crucial for combating infectious diseases caused by evolving bacterial pathogens. Components of bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems have been recognized as promising therapeutic targets. These widespread genetic modules are usually composed of two genes that encode a toxic protein targeting an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that counteracts the activity of the toxin. Uncontrolled toxin expression may elicit a bactericidal effect, so they may be considered “intracellular molecular bombs” that can lead to elimination of their host cells. Based on the molecular nature of antitoxins and their mode of interaction with toxins, TA systems have been classified into six groups. The most prevalent are type II TA systems. Due to their ubiquity among clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria and the essential processes targeted, they are promising candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial strategies. In this review, we describe the distribution of type II TA systems in clinically relevant human pathogens, examine how these systems could be developed as the targets for novel antibacterials, and discuss possible undesirable effects of such therapeutic intervention, such as the induction of persister cells, biofilm formation and toxicity to eukaryotic cells.

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19

Algarabel, Salvador, Alfonso Pitarque, Maria José Soler, Juan Carlos Ruiz, Juan Manuel Baixauli, and Carmen Dasí. "Effect of Prime Type on Lexical Decision Time." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 1 (February 1987): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.1.119.

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The present investigation concerns the issues of the control condition and type of related prime-target relationship operationalization in the lexical-decision paradigm. It is shown that the use of a row of asterisks produces strong inhibitory effects on reaction time to the target relative to a control condition formed with the word “neutro” (“neutral”). The operationalization of prime-target relatedness by means of association of category norms seems equally adequate, although category exemplars do not prime category exemplar targets. Both sets of data are discussed in relation to current research trends using lexical-decision time.

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Walker, John W., and R. K. Heitschmidt. "Effect of Various Grazing Systems on Type and Density of Cattle Trails." Journal of Range Management 39, no. 5 (September 1986): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899444.

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21

Kiessling, Jürgen, Barbara Brenner, Charlotte Thunberg Jespersen, Jennifer Groth, and Ole Dyrlund Jensen. "Occlusion Effect of Earmolds with Different Venting Systems." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 16, no. 04 (April 2005): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16.4.5.

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In this study the occlusion effect was quantified for five types of earmolds with different venting. Nine normal-hearing listeners and ten experienced hearing aid users were provided with conventional earmolds with 1.6 and 2.4 mm circular venting, shell type earmolds with a novel vent design with equivalent cross-sectional vent areas, and nonoccluding soft silicone eartips of a commercial hearing instrument. For all venting systems, the occlusion effect was measured using a probe microphone system and subjectively rated in test and retest sessions. The results for both normal-hearing subjects and hearing aid users showed that the novel vents caused significantly less occlusion than the traditional vents. Occlusion effect associated with the soft silicone eartip was comparable to the nonoccluded ear. Test-retest reproducibility was higher for the subjective occlusion rating than for the objectively measured occlusion. Perceived occlusion revealed a closer relationship to measured occlusion in the ear in which the measured occlusion effect was higher ("high OE" ear) than in the "low OE" ear. As our results suggest that subjective judgment of occlusion is directly related to the acoustic mass of the air column in the vent, the amount of perceived occlusion may be predicted by the vent dimensions.

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22

Ignatov, M. "Interstimulus Interference Effect with Stroop-Type Stimuli." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96p0302.

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The interstimulus interference in reacting to Stroop-type stimuli was investigated. Two aspects of the interstimulus organisation were analysed: the serial structure of the items in the test sheets and the spatial structure of the items on different test sheet types. More difficult serial structures were expected in cases where the correct colour-naming response to an incongruous combination was the suppressed word-naming response of either the previous or the next incongruous stimulus. Variation in the spatial organisation of the items was aimed at causing different opportunities for perceiving several adjacent items at once. As a third factor the study included not a characteristic of the test material, but a related cognitive style variable—the field dependence/independence, measured by a version of the Gottschaldt embedded figures. Every test condition (printed words in incongruous colours) was matched with a control condition (patches of colour) in a double-mirror design. A factorial design of 2 × 3 × 3 was applied and the data were processed with the aid of a three-way ANOVA. The results confirmed the importance of the interstimulus organisation of multiple Stroop-type stimuli. It is inferred that the extent to which perceptual and, in particular, selective-attention processes affect Stroop colour naming performance might be only a fraction of the whole interstimulus and intrastimulus interference effect.

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Ortolani, S., F. Tamburini, and A. Bianchini. "Polarimetric & Spectropolarimetric Properties of FGK Type Stars and Extrasolar Systems." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 213 (2004): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090019299x.

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The study of extra solar planets represents a new exciting frontier for modern astronomy. Most of the results on extrasolar systems are obtained with Doppler surveys. Here we suggest a different approach aimed to study the polarimetric properties of the residual interplanetary dust. Dust can produce observable effects such as infrared emission excess (Beckwith & Sargent 1996; Spangler et al. 2001) and partial polarization of the star light via scattering (Mauron & Dole 1998; Yudin 2000), like in β Pictoris (Voshchinnikov & Krügel 1999). Some polarization could also be produced by a giant planet in a close orbit around the star (Saeger et al. 2000), but the resulting effect is too weak to be responsible for the polarizations actually observed.

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24

Ie, Yutaka, Yoshikazu Umemoto, Masashi Nitani, and Yoshio Aso. "Perfluoroalkyl-annelated conjugated systems toward n-type organic semiconductors." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880030589.

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The syntheses of perfluoroalkyl-annelated conjugated units: hexafluorocyclopenta[c]thiophene, 4,4-difluoro-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene, and 6,6,12,12-tetrafluoroindeno[3,2-b]fluorine, and these-containing oligomers have been accomplished. The annelation of the perfluoroalkyl groups effectively lowers the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitral (LUMO) energy levels without disrupting the effective conjugation of the backbones, which was unambiguously clarified by spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements as well as X-ray analysis. The perfluoroalkyl-annelated oligothiophenes exhibited n-type semiconducting behavior with field-effect electron mobility up to 0.018 cm2 V-1 s-1.

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25

Van De Water, Thomas R., and Vera Galinovic-Schwartz. "Collagen type ii in the otic extracellular matrix effect on inner ear development." Hearing Research 30, no. 1 (January 1987): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(87)90181-x.

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Cocchi, Lorenzo, Alessio Picchi, and Bruno Facchini. "Effect of Rotation and Hole Arrangement in Cold Bridge-Type Impingement Cooling Systems." International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 4, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp4020013.

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Experimental activity has been performed to study different impingement cooling schemes in static and rotating conditions. Geometry replicates a leading-edge cold bridge system, including a radial supply channel and five rows of film-cooling and showerhead holes. Two impingement geometries have been studied, with different numbers of holes and diameters but with equal overall passage area. Reynolds numbers up to 13,800 and rotation numbers up to 0.002 have been investigated (based on an equivalent slot width). Tests have been performed using a novel implementation of transient heat transfer technique, which allows correct replication of the sign of buoyancy forces by flowing ambient temperature air into a preheated test article. Results show that complex interactions occur between the different features of the system, with a particularly strong effect of jet supply condition. Rotation further interacts with these phenomena, generally leading to a slight decrease in heat transfer.

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Shakib, H., and G. R. Atefatdoost. "Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on Torsional Response of Asymmetric Wall Type Systems." Procedia Engineering 14 (2011): 1729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.217.

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28

Reed, Thomas V., Nathan S. Boyd, P. Christopher Wilson, and Peter J. Dittmar. "Effect of Plastic Mulch Type on Fomesafen Dissipation in Florida Vegetable Production Systems." Weed Science 66, no. 1 (August 14, 2017): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.48.

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Mulches used in plasticulture systems could decrease dissipation of fomesafen, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, and dissuade producers from using the herbicide for fear of crop injury in subsequent growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted in Balm, FL, in 2015 and 2016 to investigate the effect of different plastic mulches on fomesafen dissipation, squash tolerance, and efficacy on purple nutsedge. Squash was injured less than 5% from fomesafen applications. The use of plastic mulches reduced purple nutsedge density at transplant by 60% compared with the no-mulch treatment. At transplant, treatments with low-density polyethylene mulch (LDPE), virtually impermeable film (VIF), and totally impermeable film (TIF) mulch had greater than 2-fold the fomesafen concentrations than treatments with clear or no mulch. At harvest in 2015, LDPE, VIF, and TIF treatments had greater fomesafen concentrations than clear and no-mulch treatments; however, concentrations in 2016 were similar for all treatments. Fomesafen can persist at high concentrations throughout the growing season in Florida plasticulture possibly limiting producer options for crop rotation and the use of cover crops.

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Khan, A. A., J. R. Moyne, and D. M. Tilbury. "Favorable effect of time delays on tracking performance of type-I control systems." IET Control Theory & Applications 2, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta:20070093.

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30

El-Dabah, Fouad H., Amr Ali El Tohamy, and Mohamed F. Assasa. "Effect of a Specific Type of Stress on Antioxidant Systems in Albino Rats." Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology 13, no. 2 (December 2013): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0005105.

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31

Blázovics, A., I. György, A. J. N. Zsinka, P. Biacs, G. Földiák, and J. Feher. "In VztroScavenger Effect of Dihydroquinoline Type Derivatives in Different Free Radical Generating Systems." Free Radical Research Communications 6, no. 4 (January 1989): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10715768909073474.

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32

Okamura, Shigeki, and Satoshi Fujita. "Motion Analysis of Pendulum Type Isolation Systems During Earthquakes (Probabilistic Study of Isolation Performance of Base Isolated Structure Considering Characteristic Dispersion of Pendulum Type Isolation Systems)." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 3 (July 5, 2006): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2748831.

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Most of the base isolated buildings or structures are built on laminated rubber bearings in order to give them certain natural periods. This situation, however, also encourages structural engineers to research and develop nonrubber-type isolation systems such as linear motion bearing isolators and friction pendulum systems. It is considered that the nonrubber-type isolation systems can be applied to important industrial facilities, such as LNG tanks, boiler facilities, and so on, to refine their seismic reliabilities. This device of a nonrubber-type isolation system uses the energy loss associated with sliding to reduce the deleterious effects of earthquakes. However, when using nonrubber-type isolation systems with sliding in the atmosphere, long term durability of the systems must be taken into account. It may be difficult to maintain the friction coefficient of the system. In this paper, a stochastic study of the effect on rotational motion and isolation performance of two structures subjected to an earthquake with a friction pendulum bearing is analyzed with a Monte Carlo method.

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Liesner, Marvin, Wladimir Kirsch, Roland Pfister, and Wilfried Kunde. "Spatial action–effect binding depends on type of action–effect transformation." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 2531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02013-2.

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Kumar, Pardeep, and Hari Mohan. "Thermosolutal-Convective Instability In Stern’s Type Configuration." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS 20 (July 16, 2021): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23202.2021.20.17.

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The thermal-convective instability of a stellar atmosphere in the presence of stable solute gradient in Stern’s type configuration is studied in the presence of radiative transfer effect. A criterion for monotonic instability is obtained in terms of the source functions S. The criterion for monotonic instability is found to be unchanged in the presence of radiative transfer and rotation effects. The problem of thermosolutal-convective instability of a hydromagnetic composite medium is also studied to include the frictional effects with neutrals. The criterion derived for monotonic instability in terms of heat-loss function is found to be the same in the presence or absence of the collisional effects.

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Chodová, D., E. Tůmová, M. Martinec, Z. Bízková, V. Skřivanová, Z. Volek, and L. Zita. "Effect of housing system and genotype on rabbit meat quality." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 4 (April 15, 2014): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7343-cjas.

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The effect of the housing system on the carcass characteristics, physical parameters of meat quality, fatty acid composition, and muscle fibre characteristics was studied in some Czech breeds. Ninety-six rabbits from seven different breeds of Czech genetic resources (Moravian Blue, Czech White, Czech Solver, Czech Spotted, Moravian White of Brown Eye, Czech Gold, and Czech Black Guard Hair) and one rabbit commercial hybrid (Hyplus), kept in two housing systems: intensive system (wire-net cages) or alternative (straw-bedded pen), were slaughtered at the age of 91 days. Alternatively housed rabbits had lower weight at slaughter, lower weight of loin, of hind legs meat, and of renal fat than rabbits from cages. The interactions between housing system and genotype were reflected significantly in pH value, and lightness and yellowness of biceps femoris. The highest (P ≤ 0.047) pH was observed in Hyplus (6.68) from cages, while the lowest value was noted in Moravian White of Brown Eye (6.26). The significantly (P ≤ 0.010) lightest meat was detected in Czech Solver (60.93) and the darkest in Czech Gold (47.81). Alternatively reared rabbits showed significantly (P ≤ 0.001) lower monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (26.63%) and higher (P ≤ 0.001) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (36.73%) contents than rabbits from cages (36.94% MUFA and 26.23% PUFA). The alternatively housed group had also higher n-3 and n-6 PUFA contents and higher PUFA : SFA ratio than the intensively housed one. Significant interactions (P ≤ 0.001) were observed in cross sectional area (CSA), diameter, and perimeter of muscle fibres of type I. The largest (P ≤ 0.001) CSA of type I muscle fibre had Czech Black Guard Hair from cages (2573.1 μm2), while in pens this breed exhibited the smallest CSA (1219.6 μm2), diameter (38.68 μm), and perimeter (130.2 μm). Fibre type distribution was not affected by any of the monitored parameters. The effect of interactions of the housing system and genotype was manifested mainly in physical and muscle fibre characteristics.

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Millar, Thomas J., and Philip J. Anderton. "Effects of excitatory amino acids and their antagonists on the light response of luminosity and color-opponent horizontal cells in the turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans) retina." Visual Neuroscience 6, no. 2 (February 1991): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380001052x.

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AbstractBoth kainic acid (KA) and N-methyl-d-aspartatic acid (NMDA) depolarize luminosity-type horizontal cells (L-type H cells) in normal turtle retina. The presence of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors for excitatory amino acids (EAAs) on these cells was highlighted by an unusual effect of the noncompetitive NMDA-antagonist, MK-801. In retinas that had been exposed to MK-801, the action of NMDA was irreversibly altered to one of hyperpolarization, while the depolarizing effect of KA was unaltered. The aim of the present study was to further characterize these receptors on L-type H cells and to extend the investigation to color-opponent H cells (C-type H cells). Intracellular recording was used to study the effects of KA, NMDA, MK-801, the competitive NMDA antagonists, 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) and 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7), and the nonspecific EAA antagonist, kynurenic acid (KYN) on the light responses of L-type and C-type H cells in turtle retina. The effects of combinations of these drugs were also studied. In L-type H cells the agonists caused depolarization and loss of light response, KYN caused hyperpolarization and loss of light response, and MK-801, AP5 or AP7 had no direct effect. However, application of NMDA following MK-801, AP5 or AP7, but not KYN, caused hyperpolarization and loss of light response. The depolarizing effect of KA was unaltered by these antagonists. These data confirm the presence of an unusual NMDA receptor on L-type H cells. In the case of red\green C-type H cells, application of KA caused loss of responses to both red and green light, with loss of green responses preceding loss of red responses. NMDA initially removed responses to both red and green light. The most striking effect of NMDA was seen during early washout where the responses to red were reversed (hyperpolarizing). These responses eventually recovered their normal polarity. These results suggest that the depolarizing response of C-type H cells to red light is mediated by L-type H cells, but not via inhibition of the excitatory input from green cones to C-type H cells.

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Kruželák, Ján, Richard Sýkora, and Ivan Hudec. "Peroxide vulcanization of natural rubber. Part II: effect of peroxides and co-agents." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0035.

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Abstract Four types of peroxides in combination with two types of co-agents were used as cross-linking agents for the preparation of rubber compounds based on natural rubber. The effects of Type I and Type II co-agents on cross-linking and physical-mechanical properties of vulcanizates were investigated. The correlation between mechanisms of the interaction of co-agents with the rubber matrix in relation to the characteristics of tested systems was discussed. The results showed that the Type I co-agent influenced the rate and the state of cure. Physical-mechanical properties were improved by addition of the Type I co-agent. By contrast, the Type II co-agent had no contribution to the rate and state of cure. Moreover, physical-mechanical properties of vulcanizates deteriorated in the presence of this type of co-agent.

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Procházka, Lukáš, and Jana Boháčová. "The Effect of Fibers on the Basic Physical-Mechanical Properties of the Alkali-Activated Systems." Solid State Phenomena 296 (August 2019): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.296.118.

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Fiber concrete is a specific kind of concrete which is enriched by suitable type of fibers during its manufacturing process. Due to this fact, better physical and mechanical properties are achieved according to the requirements. To achieve the best quality of the concrete it is necessary to choose the most suitable type of fibers and determine their exact dosage. Alkali-activated systems have been significantly developed in recent years. These are composites that could at least partly replace the Portland cement based materials in the future. This paper deals with the determination of the influence of the type of fibers used on the basic physical-mechanical properties of prepared mixtures and their comparison with the reference mixture. In particular, two types of activators of sodium water glass and anhydrous disodium silicate were used as activator in the experiment. In the experiment, a blast furnace slag was used as a binder. Flexural and compressive strengths were tested and the bulk density, deflection and dynamic modulus of elasticity were determined.

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Heczko, Oleg, Vít Kopecký, Jan Drahokoupil, Marek Vronka, Oleksiy Perevertov, and Jaromír Kopeček. "Magnetic Shape Memory Effect in Ni-Mn-Ga Single Crystal." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 738–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.738.

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Magnetic shape memory effect is general name for several effects in which the most visible feature is huge strain induced by magnetic field. Magnetic field-induced structure reorientation (MIR) occurs due to motion of twin boundaries in single phase. As the magnetic field is a relatively weak force compared with mechanical stress, very high mobility of twin boundaries is crucial. Here we study the properties of martensite relevant for this effect using X-ray diffraction, optical and electron microscopy, magnetic observation and mechanical testing. In 10M modulated martensite, two types of mobile twin boundary (type I and type II) are observed with complex layered microstructures consisting of a hierarchy of twinning systems. We search for analogue with non-magnetic Cu-Ni-Al shape memory alloy.

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Tůmová, E., M. Skřivan, M. Englmaierová, and L. Zita. "The effect of genotype, housing system and egg collection time on egg quality in egg type hens." Czech Journal of Animal Science 54, No. 1 (February 3, 2009): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1736-cjas.

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The effect of egg collection time, genotype and housing system on egg quality characteristics was evaluated in an experiment with laying hens of ISA Brown, Hisex Brown and Moravia housed on litter and in conventional cages. The experiment was conducted from 20 to 64 weeks of age. Eggs were collected and recorded daily at 06:00, 10:00 and 14:00 h. Once every four weeks, two days in row, all eggs laid from each pen or cage at each oviposition time were used for egg quality analyses (total 1 694 eggs). Egg collection time was dependent on genotype. Significantly more eggs were laid at 06:00h by ISA Brown while Moravia laid eggs mainly at 10:00 and 14:00 h. Housing on litter postponed the time of oviposition. The highest egg weight (62.09 g) was recorded in Hisex Brown genotype placed in cages and at 06.00 h. Interactions of all factors were determined also in Haugh units (P ≤ 0.041). Eggshell strength was affected by housing system, genotype and egg collection time (P ≤ 0.049). It was higher in cages than on litter, and lower in the Moravia genotype in comparison with the other two strains.

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Behnisch, J., M. Schwarz, J. Trippel, M. Engelhart, and M. Wagner. "Improving aeration systems in saline water (part II): effect of different salts and diffuser type on oxygen transfer of fine-bubble aeration systems." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 11 (May 11, 2021): 2778–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.185.

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Abstract The objective of the present study is to investigate the different effects on the oxygen transfer of fine-bubble aeration systems in saline water. Compared to tap water, oxygen transfer increases due to the inhibition of bubble coalescence. In Part I of the present study, we investigated in laboratory-scale experiments the effect of design of diffuser membrane. The objective of Part II is the assessment of effects of different salts, diffuser type and diffuser density. We measured the concentration of various salts (MgCl2; CaCl2; Na2SO4; NaCl; KCl) above which coalescence is fully inhibited and oxygen transfer reaches its maximum (referred to as the critical coalescence concentration; CCC). For this purpose, we developed a new analytical approach, which enables investigation of the coalescence behaviour of any aeration system and (mixed) salt solution quickly and easily by evaluating the results of oxygen transfer tests. To investigate the transferability to large scale and the effect of diffuser type and density, we repeated lab-scale experiments in a 17,100 L pilot-scale test tank and carried out additional tests with tube and plate diffusers at different diffuser densities. The results show that despite the higher pressure drop, diffusers with dense slit density and smaller slits are to be recommended in order to improve efficiency of aeration systems in saline water.

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Kim, Sun-Jin, Myeong-Lok Seol, Byun-Young Chung, Dae-Sic Jang, Jong-Hwan Kim, and Young-Chul Choi. "Patch-Type Vibration Visualization (PVV) Sensor System Based on Triboelectric Effect." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21123976.

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Self-powered wireless sensor systems have emerged as an important topic for condition monitoring in nuclear power plants. However, commercial wireless sensor systems still cannot be fully self-sustainable due to the high power consumption caused by excessive signal processing in a mini-electronic computing system. In this sense, it is essential not only to integrate the sensor system with energy-harvesting devices but also to develop simple data processing methods for low power schemes. In this paper, we report a patch-type vibration visualization (PVV) sensor system based on the triboelectric effect and a visualization technique for self-sustainable operation. The PVV sensor system composed of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/Al/LCD screen directly converts the triboelectric signal into an informative black pattern on the LCD screen without excessive signal processing, enabling extremely low power operation. In addition, a proposed image processing method reconverts the black patterns to frequency and acceleration values through a remote-control camera. With these simple signal-to-pattern conversion and pattern-to-data reconversion techniques, a vibration visualization sensor network has successfully been demonstrated.

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Chauret, C., L. Stover, C. Volk, T. S. Dykstra, G. A. Gagnon, and R. C. Andrews. "Effect of disinfectants on microbial ecology in model distribution systems." Journal of Water and Health 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2005.050.

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This research was conducted to assess the impact of various disinfectants on bacterial water quality within model distribution systems (i.e. annular reactors). After colonization with non-disinfected water, annular reactors were treated with relatively low doses of chlorine (0.4 mg/l), chlorine dioxide (0.15 mg/l), or chloramines (0.9 mg/l). Under the tested conditions, bacterial inactivation varied as a function of disinfectant type (ranking by efficiency per mg of oxidant: ClO2 > Cl2 > ClNH2) and sample type (bulk water vs. biofilm). Depending on the disinfectant, the log inactivation of suspended and attached bacteria were 0.7–1.2 and 0.5–1.0, respectively. The characterization of microbial communities in drinking water can be performed using biochemical and/or molecular methods. In this study, biochemical tests were used, showing that pseudomonad and pseudomonad-like bacteria, as in other studies, were the most predominant micro-organisms (e.g. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Brevundimonas vescularis). The ratio Gram-positive to Gram-negative organisms was 1 to 3. No drastic differences were observed between the non-treated and disinfected pipes. Based on the bacteriological data presented in these experiments, chlorine dioxide represents an alternative to chlorine for certain distribution systems.

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Gupta, Neha, Chhavi Sharma, Mahesh Kumar, and Rachana Kumar. "Synthesis and comparative charge transfer studies in porphyrin–fullerene dyads: mode of attachment effect." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 22 (2017): 13276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj01613a.

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Two types of dyads having different modes of attachment i.e. cyclopropanation vs. pyrrolidine type in porphyrin–fullerene linked systems are compared for their photophysical properties. Dyad II with pyrrolidine type of linkage shows faster charge separation and generation of long lived charge separated states. It also shows a new property of thermally activated electrical conductivity which makes it potential candidate for organic electronic devices.

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Zeffane, Rachid, Bruce Cheek, and Paul Meredith. "Does user involvement during information systems development improve data quality?" Human Systems Management 17, no. 2 (April 17, 1998): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1998-17205.

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This paper reports on a survey of 308 IT managers and non IT managers from large organisations operating in Australia which examined the impact of end-user participation during information system development on the perceived quality of the data produced from the resultant systems. Degree of end-user involvement was found to have a significant effect upon the managers’ perception of data quality. Correlation of specific types of user involvement against aspects of data quality such as accuracy, timeliness and completeness revealed that these effects are not uniform. Based upon these findings strategies for optimising level and type of user participation throughout the systems development process are suggested.

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Béda, Peter B. "On Dynamical Systems at the Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.301.

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This paper studies Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect as a form of dynamic material instability. In such phenomenon negative rate dependence is coupled with the appearance of a selfsustained oscillatory behavior in solid bodies. The tools of the investigation are of the theory of dynamical system. By selecting a proper form of the constitutive equation of the rate dependent material, a dynamical system will be constructed from the basic equations of continua. Then the birth of a self-sustained oscillation is detected at the conditions of a dynamic material instability mode. This results show an interpretation of PLC as a flutter type of loss of material stability.

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Meerts, W. L., I. Ozier, and J. T. Hougen. "Anomalous transitions in two-level systems driven by the ac Stark effect." Canadian Journal of Physics 79, no. 2-3 (February 1, 2001): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p00-103.

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An unusual type of nonresonant absorption signal produced by the ac Stark effect has been observed in a two-level avoided-crossing system. The theory for these anomalous transitions has been developed. The nonresonant signals have been shown to be caused by the perturbation by the oscillating field of the dephasing of the two-level system at the avoided crossing. A series of measurements of these anomalous transitions has been carried out using the avoided-crossing molecular-beam electric-resonance technique. In addition, different types of resonant multiphoton transitions have been investigated. Results are reported for the AE-barrier anticrossing with J = 1 in CH3SiH3. The experimental findings are in good agreement with the theory developed. PACS Nos.: 33.20Bx, 33.80Be, 42.50Hz

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GHOLAMI, SHAHRZAD, ARIA ALASTY, HASSAN SALARIEH, and MEHDI HOSSEINIAN-SARAJEHLOU. "ON THE CONTROL OF TUMOR GROWTH VIA TYPE-1 AND INTERVAL TYPE-2 FUZZY LOGIC." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 15, no. 05 (October 2015): 1550083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519415500839.

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This paper deals with growth control of cancer cells population using type-1 and interval type-2 fuzzy logic. A type-1 fuzzy controller is designed in order to reduce the population of cancer cells, adjust the drug dosage in a manner that allows normal cells re-grow in treatment period and maintain the maximum drug delivery rate and plasma concentration of drug in an appropriate range. Two different approaches are studied. One deals with reducing the number of cancer cells without any concern about the rate of decreasing, and the other takes the rate of malignant cells damage into consideration. Due to the fact that uncertainty is an inherent part of real systems and affects controller efficacy, employing new methods of design such as interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems for handling uncertainties may be efficacious. Influence of noise on the system is investigated and the effect of altering free parameters of design is studied. Using an interval type-2 controller can diminish the effects of incomplete and uncertain information about the system, environmental noises, instrumentation errors, etc. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods on tumor growth control.

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Laichaoui, Ahmed, Ablam Zidol, Ratiba Mitiche-Kettab, Abderrahim Bali, and Arezki Tagnit-Hamou. "Effect of the type of superplasticizer on the properties of cementitious systems incorporating slag." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (November 13, 2018): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2018.1527671.

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Galkin, N. G., D. L. Goroshko, A. V. Konchenko, E. S. Zakharova, and S. Ts Krivoshchapov. "The hall effect in Fe submonolayer systems on n-and p-type Si(111)." Semiconductors 34, no. 7 (July 2000): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1188076.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Type and effect systems'

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