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Journal articles on the topic 'Type 2 myocardial infarction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 September 2022

Last updated: 20 April 2024

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1

Smer, Aiman, Ray W. Squires, Ahmed Aboeata, Melissa J. Bowman, Kasara A. Mahlmeister, Jose R. Medina-Inojosa, Amanda R. Bonikowske, Apurva Patel, Michael Del Core, and Mark A. Williams. "Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 41, no. 3 (January 14, 2021): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hcr.0000000000000550.

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2

Radovanovic, Dragana, Thomas Pilgrim, Burkhardt Seifert, Philip Urban, Giovanni Pedrazzini, and Paul Erne. "Type 2 myocardial infarction." Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 18, no. 5 (May 2017): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/jcm.0000000000000504.

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3

Dahhan, Ali. "Type 2 myocardial infarction." Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 20, no. 8 (August 2019): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/jcm.0000000000000813.

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4

Nestelberger, Thomas, Jasper Boeddinghaus, and Christian Mueller. "Type 2 myocardial infarction." European Heart Journal 39, no. 42 (September 6, 2018): 3825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy535.

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5

Collinson, P. O. "Type 2 myocardial infarction." Heart 101, no. 2 (November 14, 2014): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306865.

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6

Sandoval, Yader, and Allan S. Jaffe. "Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 73, no. 14 (April 2019): 1846–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.018.

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7

Sandoval, Yader, and Allan S. Jaffe. "Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 81, no. 2 (January 2023): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.11.010.

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8

Strömbäck, Ulrica, Åsa Engström, Robert Lundqvist, Dan Lundblad, and Irene Vikman. "The second myocardial infarction: Is there any difference in symptoms and prehospital delay compared to the first myocardial infarction?" European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 17, no. 7 (May 11, 2018): 652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474515118777391.

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Background: Knowledge is limited concerning the type of symptoms and the time from onset of symptoms to first medical contact at first and second myocardial infarction in the same patient. Aim: This study aimed to describe the type of symptoms and the time from onset of symptoms to first medical contact in first and second myocardial infarctions in men and women affected by two myocardial infarctions. Furthermore, the aim was to identify factors associated with prehospital delays ≥2 h at second myocardial infarction. Methods: A retrospective cohort study with 820 patients aged 31–74 years with a first and a second myocardial infarction from 1986 through 2009 registered in the Northern Sweden MONICA registry. Results: The most common symptoms reported among patients affected by two myocardial infarctions are typical symptoms at both myocardial infarction events. Significantly more women reported atypical symptoms at the second myocardial infarction compared to the first. Ten per cent of the men did not report the same type of symptoms at the first and second myocardial infarctions; the corresponding figure for women was 16.2%. The time from onset of symptoms to first medical contact was shorter at the second myocardial infarction compared to the first myocardial infarction. Patients with prehospital delay ≥2 h at the first myocardial infarction were more likely to have a prehospital delay ≥2 h at the second myocardial infarction. Conclusions: Symptoms of second myocardial infarctions are not necessarily the same as those of first myocardial infarctions. A patient’s behaviour at the first myocardial infarction could predict how he or she would behave at a second myocardial infarction.

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9

London, Martin J. "Type 2 Perioperative Myocardial Infarction." Anesthesiology 128, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 1055–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002153.

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10

Sandoval, Yader, and Kristian Thygesen. "Myocardial Infarction Type 2 and Myocardial Injury." Clinical Chemistry 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.255521.

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Abstract BACKGROUND The development and implementation of sensitive and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays has not only expedited the early ruling in and ruling out of acute myocardial infarction, but has also contributed to the identification of patients at risk for myocardial injury with necrosis, as confirmed by the presence of cardiac troponin concentrations above the 99th percentile. Myocardial injury with necrosis may occur either in the presence of overt ischemia from myocardial infarction, or in the absence of overt ischemia from myocardial injury accompanying other conditions. Myocardial infarction type 2 (T2MI) has been a focus of attention; conceptually T2MI occurs in a clinical setting with overt myocardial ischemia where a condition other than an acute atherothrombotic event is the major contributor to a significant imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and/or demand. Much debate has surrounded T2MI and its interrelationship with myocardial injury. CONTENT We provide a detailed overview of the current concepts and challenges regarding the definition, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of T2MI, as well as the interrelationship to myocardial injury, and emphasize several critical clinical concepts for both clinicians and researchers moving forward. SUMMARY T2MI and myocardial injury are frequently encountered in clinical practice and are associated with poor outcomes in both the short term and long term. Diagnostic strategies to facilitate the clinical distinction between ischemic myocardial injury with or without an acute atheroma-thrombotic event vs non–ischemic-mediated myocardial injury conditions are urgently needed, as well as evidence-based therapies tailored toward improving outcomes for patients with T2MI.

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11

Dahhan, Ali. "Type 2 Myocardial Infarction and Injury." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 76, no. 3 (July 2020): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.088.

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12

Sandoval, Yader, Stephen W. Smith, Sarah E. Thordsen, and Fred S. Apple. "Supply/Demand Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 63, no. 20 (May 2014): 2079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.541.

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13

Motova, Anna V., Victoria N. Karetnikova, and Olga L. Barbarash. "TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A MODERN VIEW ON THE PROBLEM." Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases 12, no. 3 (September 25, 2023): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2023-12-3-192-199.

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HighlightsThe article describes the main differences between the types of myocardial infarction, in particular, differences between type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarction, the complexity of diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial infarction type 2, and summarizes data on the prevalence of patients with myocardial infarction type 2. The arguments supporting the need for further researches to differentiate various phenotypes of myocardial infarction are provided. AbstractDespite the high interest in the study of type 2 MI, many unresolved issues concerning diagnosis, criteria for diagnosis and, especially, therapeutic tactics remain unresolved. The available data regarding type 2 MI remain limited and inconsistent, and are based on sources that include the analysis of type 1 MI. According to various predictions, the prevalence of type 2 MI will increase even more. Type 2 MI management strategy should be patient-specific and in accordance with the etiology and pathogenesis, therefore, timely diagnosis, and MI differentiation according to universally accepted definitions is a relevant scientific topic and a practical necessity.Thus, summarizing all the above, we can say that type 2 myocardial infarction is a topic that encompasses many unresolved issues concerning diagnosis, patient management and further secondary prevention.

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14

Landes, Uri, Tamir Bental, Katia Orvin, Hana Vaknin-Assa, Eldad Rechavia, Zaza Iakobishvili, Eli Lev, Abid Assali, and Ran Kornowski. "Type 2 myocardial infarction: A descriptive analysis and comparison with type 1 myocardial infarction." Journal of Cardiology 67, no. 1 (January 2016): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.04.001.

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15

Hawatmeh, Amer, Mohammad Thawabi, Gautam Visveswaran, and Marc Cohen. "TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES OF TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION COMPARED WITH TYPE 1 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 73, no. 9 (March 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(19)30769-7.

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16

Sabatine, Marc S. "Differentiating Type 1 and Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." JAMA Cardiology 6, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.0693.

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17

Saaby, Lotte, Tina Svenstrup Poulsen, Susanne Hosbond, Torben Bjerregaard Larsen, Axel Cosmus Pyndt Diederichsen, Jesper Hallas, Kristian Thygesen, and Hans Mickley. "Classification of Myocardial Infarction: Frequency and Features of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." American Journal of Medicine 126, no. 9 (September 2013): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.029.

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18

Smilowitz, Nathaniel R., Pritha Subramanyam, Eugenia Gianos, Harmony R. Reynolds, Binita Shah, and Steven P. Sedlis. "Treatment and outcomes of type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury compared with type 1 myocardial infarction." Coronary Artery Disease 29, no. 1 (January 2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mca.0000000000000545.

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19

Kurhaluk, Natalia, Krzysztof Tota, Małgorzata Dubik-Tota, and Halyna Tkachenko. "LIPID PEROXIDATION IN THE BLOOD OF MALES AND FEMALES WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2." Biota. Human. Technology, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.58407/bht.2.22.5.

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Individuals with diabetes have a four-fold risk of developing coronary heart disease than those without diabetes. Dyslipidemia and hypertension associated with diabetes are additional risk factors for heart attack and myocardial infarctions. Oxidative stress induces many chronic diseases, especially diabetes and heart disease. Purpose: determination of lipid peroxidation markers in males and females with type 2 diabetes, individuals who have had myocardial infarctions, and individuals with type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarctions compared with healthy individuals. Methodology. The criteria for inclusion in the study were individuals with type 2 diabetes with a duration of at least 10 years, individuals with type 2 diabetes who had at least two myocardial infarcts, and healthy individuals (the control group of different genders), aged 35-71. In the obtained plasma, the level of lipid peroxidation (concentration of 2-thiobarbituric acid reacting substances) was assessed. Scientific novelty. Our study showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation biomarker levels in all subjects compared to the control group. Males had a higher level of lipid peroxidation compared to females, indicating that men with type 2 diabetes and/or myocardial infarctions were more exposed to the harmful effects of oxidative stress. An increase in lipid peroxidation markers in the plasma of individuals with myocardial infarctions and diabetes compared to healthy individuals was observed. This may indicate the key importance of oxidative stress in the pathology of diabetes and myocardial infarctions. Analysis of multifactorial variance among a group with type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction has shown the increase in the level of lipid peroxidation markers is influenced by the male gender. Conclusions. Increased plasma level of oxidative stress biomarkers was observed in both groups with myocardial infarctions and type 2 diabetes, as well as with diabetes and myocardial infarctions compared to the control group. In addition, a greater increase in lipid peroxidation in males compared to the female group was observed. The results obtained are another step in understanding the metabolic alterations in diabetes and myocardial infarction.

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20

Zhelnov, V. V., N. V. Dyatlov, and L. I. Dvoretsky. "MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION TYPE 2. MYTH OR REALITY?" Archive of internal medicine 6, no. 2 (May 4, 2016): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20514/2226-6704-2016-6-2-34-41.

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21

McCarthy, Cian P., James L. Januzzi Jr, and Hanna K. Gaggin. "Type 2 Myocardial Infarction ― An Evolving Entity ―." Circulation Journal 82, no. 2 (2018): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-17-1399.

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22

Baron, Tomasz, Kristina Hambraeus, Johan Sundström, David Erlinge, Tomas Jernberg, and Bertil Lindahl. "Type 2 myocardial infarction in clinical practice." Heart 101, no. 2 (October 20, 2014): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306093.

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23

Famularo, Giuseppe. "Status epilepticus and type 2 myocardial infarction." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 34, no. 8 (August 2016): 1735.e3–1735.e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.12.057.

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24

McCarthy, Cian P., Sean Murphy, Joshua A. Cohen, Saad Rehman, Maeve Jones-O'Connor, David Olshan, Avinainder Singh, Muthiah Vaduganathan, James Januzzi, and Jason Wasfy. "CARDIAC REHABILITATION FOR TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 73, no. 9 (March 2019): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(19)30773-9.

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25

Sandoval, Yader, Stephen W. Smith, and Fred S. Apple. "Ongoing Challenges with Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." American Journal of Medicine 129, no. 8 (August 2016): e155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.031.

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26

Alpert, Joseph S. "Further Insights into Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." American Journal of Medicine 133, no. 10 (October 2020): 1116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.006.

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27

Sandoval, Yader, Stephen W. Smith, and Fred S. Apple. "Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: The Next Frontier." American Journal of Medicine 127, no. 6 (June 2014): e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.02.027.

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28

BARBARASH, OLGA L., and VASILIY V. KASHTALAP. "FOURTH UNIVERSAL DEFINITION OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. FOCUS ON THE TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION." Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 3, no. 4 (December 2018): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2018-3-4-73-82.

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29

Saaby, L., T. S. Poulsen, S. Hosbond, A. C. P. Diederichsen, T. B. Larsen, O. Gerke, J. Hallas, K. Thygesen, and H. Mickley. "Mortality in type 1 vs. type 2 myocardial infarction." European Heart Journal 34, suppl 1 (August 2, 2013): P1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht308.p1331.

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30

Marshell, Ramey, Chad Colon, Christopher Roth, Ayman Farag, Ami Iskandrian, and Fadi Hage. "TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION RISK STRATIFICATION VIA MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 73, no. 9 (March 2019): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(19)32262-4.

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31

Kinash, V. I., A. S. Vorobev, I. A. Urvantseva, L. V. Kovalenko, and V. V. Kashtalap. "Controversial issues of type 2 myocardial infarction patients management." Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases 11, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2022-11-1-78-89.

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Highlights. The article presents relevant literary data on the epidemiology, main causes, approaches to the diagnostics and treatment of type 2 myocardial infarction patients. The authors emphasize an unfavorable prognosis in these patients due to comorbidity that leads to development of myocardial infarction. They highlight the need to improve and unify approaches to identifying this phenomenon, as well as the necessity to conduct observational and randomized studies to evaluate approaches to the treatment of type 2 myocardial infarction patients.Abstract. The article summarizes the available data from clinical trials and current guidelines, approaches to the definition and type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) differential diagnosis in clinical practice. The attention is focused on the fundamental difference between type 1 and type 2 MI and the need to consider the comorbidities for the identification of etiological factors type 2 MI development. The lack of evidencebased medical data regarding the prognosis and effective treatment of patients with type 2 MI is emphasized. Nevertheless, such patients are characterized with high rates of overall and cardiovascular mortality in hospital and long-term disease course, as well as a high rate of readmission. Thus, there is the need for multicenter observational studies of type 2 MI patients and the development of algorithms for treatment and rehabilitation of this category of patients.

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32

Mezhiievska, I. А. "The ratio of structural and functional status of myocardium to plasma level of stimulating growth factor expressed by gene 2 in patients with myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation." Biomedical and Biosocial Anthropology, no. 35 (May 5, 2019): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/bba35-2019-06.

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Coronary heart disease remains one of the leading causes of temporary and persistent disability, invalidization and mortality in economically developed countries and is one of the most pressing problems in cardiology. Myocardial infarction is the most common manifestation of coronary heart disease and one of the main causes of the disability and mortality of the working population. The aim is to evaluate the structural and functional status of the myocardium in patients with acute myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation, depending on the plasma level of growth factor-stimulating factor expressed by gene 2 (ST2). 90 patients with acute myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation from 38 to 79 years old were examined. Among them, 60 (66.7%) male patients. Echocardiography assessed the structural and functional status of the myocardium. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay determined ST2 levels in blood plasma. It has been determined that myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation is associated with more severe structural left ventricular remodeling, left atrial overload, and decreased left ventricular contractility. In patients, myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation is associated with an increase in cases of left ventricular concentric hypertrophy. Analysis of the nature of diastolic transmitral blood flow showed a significant increase in cases of blood flow by type of pseudonormalization (43.5% versus 8.7%). Therefore, the data obtained showed that in patients with myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation, ST2 elevation was associated with a more frequent manifestation of diastolic transmitral blood flow by type of pseudonormalization. Patients with myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation showed a predominance of systolic dysfunction in the group with relatively high levels of ST2 in the blood plasma, and no significant differences in remodeling types were found in all study groups.

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33

Dervisevic, Emina, Anes Jogunčić, Muamer Dervišević, Adis Salihbegović, Haris Vukas, Samra Kadić-Vukas, Subhija Prasko, and Ferid Krupić. "Increased mean platelet volume is associated with acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20221784.

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Background: The correlation between diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction is greater every day. The mean platelet volume (MPV), which is the determinant of platelet function, is an independent risk factor for the cardiovascular disease. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of each disease (hypothyroidism, hypertension, myocardial infarction) individually and combined on MPV in diabetic patients.Methods: The cross-sectional study included 102 patients who suffer from diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2), of both sexes (46 females, 56 males), with the average age of 58.91 (SD=12.93). All the patients were treated at the Primary Health Centre in Zenica from May to July 2017. All patients had diabetes mellitus and the disease had lasted for 10 years in both sexes.Results: Mean platelet volume was significantly higher in patients with myocardial infarction than in those without myocardial infarction. Age, sex, HbA1c, BMI, lipids and platelet count did not show any significance in either group of patients. Regression analysis showed that the prevalence of myocardial infarction had the highest predictive significance for MPV values, (predictor importance 0.49; coefficient 1.275, p<0.001).Conclusions: Mean platelet volume was significantly higher in patients with diabetes mellitus and myocardial infarction than in DM patients without myocardial infarction. Regression analysis showed correlation with acute myocardial infarction in patients with DMT2, but not with other chronic illnesses. The highest platelet volume indices were observed in patients with myocardial infarction. MPV can be used as a specific indicator in diabetic patients with myocardial infarction.

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34

Soylu, Ahmet, Kurtulus Ozdemir, Mehmet Akif Duzenli, Mehmet Yazici, and Mehmet Tokac. "Impact on Diabetes Mellitus on the Epicardial Coronary Flow Velocity Assessed by the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Frame Count." Angiology 60, no. 4 (September 15, 2008): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319708321187.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on epicardial coronary flow velocity assessed by the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count was measured in 272 coronary arteries from 101 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in 271 coronary arteries from 104 age- and gender-matched patients without type 2 diabetes mellitus referred for coronary angiography. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count was measured only in normal arteries or in arteries without significant lesion. By both univariate and multivariate analysis, the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count was not related with either type 2 diabetes mellitus or the duration and glycated hemoglobin levels in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count was significantly associated with body surface area, heart rate, and proximal coronary artery diameter. Type 2 diabetes mellitus did not affect epicardial coronary flow velocity assessed by the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count.

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35

Zharsky, S. L. "Type 2 myocardial infarction: Solved and unsolved issues." Russian Heart Journal 15, no. 6 (2016): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18087/rhj.2016.6.2285.

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36

Coscia, Tania, Thomas Nestelberger, Jasper Boeddinghaus, Pedro Lopez-Ayala, Luca Koechlin, Òscar Miró, Dagmar I. Keller, et al. "Characteristics and Outcomes of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." JAMA Cardiology 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2022.0043.

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37

Sateesh, K., Stitha Pragna, and Y. Raju. "Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in Acute Medical Care." Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women WINCARS 01, no. 04 (December 2016): 021–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1656498.

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AbstractBackground: Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as MI secondary to ischemia due to either increased oxygen demand or decreased supply. It is seen in conditions other than coronary artery disease (CAD) contributes to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and/or demand. Little is known about patient characteristics and clinical outcomes.Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in patients who were admitted in acute medical care with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia and enzymatic elevation from January 2015 to December 2015. Patients with slight elevation (above the upper limit of normal) of CK-MB were included in the study and compared the clinical and laboratory profile between men and women.Results: This survey includes a total of 54 patients, Out of which complete details were available in 41 patients (M:23; F:18). The mean age was 42.61. The common causes of type-II MI were Infectious (M:9 (39.1%), F:10 (55.6%) followed by haematological disorders (M:3 (13%), F:5 (27.7%). The mean CK-MB was 28.00. The mean CPK was 122.5. There was no hypotension, renal failure at the time of admission. One patient had in-hospital mortality out of all patients, whose primary diagnosis was septicaemia with shock who had normal CPK, elevated CK-MB and elevated NT pro BNP levels. Patients with type-II MI were not referred for coronary interventions and managed conservatively.Conclusions: There is no significant difference in the risk for type 2 MI between men and women. Clinical suspicion and diagnosis of type 2 MI is crucial in acute medical care setting, as the mortality can be reduced with adequate management of underlying condition. The threshold of biomarker levels should be low (above the upper limit of normal in symptomatic ischemia) to label type 2 MI contrary to the third universal definition of MI.

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38

Furie, Nadav, Ariel Israel, Lee Gilad, Gil Neuman, Fadia Assad, Ilan Ben-Zvi, and Chagai Grossman. "Type 2 myocardial infarction in general medical wards." Medicine 98, no. 41 (October 2019): e17404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000017404.

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39

Neumann, Johannes Tobias, Nils Arne Sörensen, Nicole Rübsamen, Francisco Ojeda, Thomas Renné, Vazhma Qaderi, Elena Teltrop, et al. "Discrimination of patients with type 2 myocardial infarction." European Heart Journal 38, no. 47 (August 13, 2017): 3514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx457.

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40

Collinson, Paul, and Bertil Lindahl. "Type 2 myocardial infarction: the chimaera of cardiology?" Heart 101, no. 21 (July 28, 2015): 1697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307122.

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41

McCarthy, Cian P., Sean Murphy, Saad Rehman, Maeve Jones-O'Connor, David Olshan, Joshua Cohen, Jinghan Cui, et al. "HEART FAILURE EVENTS AFTER TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 75, no. 11 (March 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(20)30752-x.

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42

Januzzi, James L., and Yader Sandoval. "The Many Faces of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 70, no. 13 (September 2017): 1569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.784.

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43

Rasla, Somwail, and Ramses Thabet. "The Prognostic Yield of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 76, no. 3 (July 2020): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.089.

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44

Chapman, Andrew R., and Nicholas L. Mills. "Refining the Diagnosis of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." JAMA Cardiology 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.3698.

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45

Sandoval, Yader, and Allan S. Jaffe. "Refining the Diagnosis of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." JAMA Cardiology 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.3717.

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46

McCarthy, Cian P., Muthiah Vaduganathan, and James L. Januzzi. "Type 2 Myocardial Infarction—Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment." JAMA 320, no. 5 (August 7, 2018): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.7125.

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47

Smilowitz, Nathaniel R. "Uncovering Sex Differences in Type 2 Myocardial Infarction." JACC: Advances 3, no. 2 (February 2024): 100788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100788.

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48

Paiva, Luis, Rui Providência, Sérgio Barra, Paulo Dinis, Ana C. Faustino, and Lino Gonçalves. "Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Clinical Insights." Cardiology 131, no. 1 (2015): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000371739.

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Aims: The universal definition of myocardial infarction (MI) classifies acute ischaemia into different classes according to lesion mechanism. Our aim was to perform a detailed comparison between these different types of MI in terms of baseline characteristics, management and prognosis. Methods and Results: An observational retrospective single-centre cohort study was performed, including 1,000 consecutive patients admitted for type 1 (76.4%) or type 2 MI (23.6%). Type 2 MI patients were older, had a higher prevalence of comorbidities and worse medical status at admission. In-hospital mortality did not differ significantly between the MI groups (8.8 vs. 9.7%, p = 0.602). However, mortality during follow-up was almost 3 times higher in type 2 MIs (HR 2.75, p < 0.001). Type 2 MI was an independent all-cause mortality risk marker, adding discriminatory power to the GRACE model. Finally, important differences in traditional risk score performances (GRACE, CRUSADE) were found between both MI types. Conclusions: Several important baseline differences were found between these MI types. Regarding prognosis, long-term survival is significantly compromised in type 2 MIs, potentially translating patients' higher medical complexity and frailty. Distinction between type 1 and type 2 MI seems to have important implications in clinical practice and likely also in the results of clinical trials.

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Helwani, Mohammad A., Amit Amin, Paul Lavigne, Srikar Rao, Shari Oesterreich, Eslam Samaha, Jamie C. Brown, and Peter Nagele. "Etiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome after Noncardiac Surgery." Anesthesiology 128, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 1084–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002107.

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Abstract Background The objective of this investigation was to determine the etiology of perioperative acute coronary syndrome with a particular emphasis on thrombosis versus demand ischemia. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, adult patients were identified who underwent coronary angiography for acute coronary syndrome within 30 days of noncardiac surgery at a major tertiary hospital between January 2008 and July 2015. Angiograms were independently reviewed by two interventional cardiologists who were blinded to clinical data and outcomes. Acute coronary syndrome was classified as ST–elevation myocardial infarction, non–ST–elevation myocardial infarction, or unstable angina; myocardial infarctions were adjudicated as type 1 (plaque rupture), type 2 (demand ischemia), or type 4b (stent thrombosis). Results Among 215,077 patients screened, 146 patients were identified who developed acute coronary syndrome: 117 were classified as non–ST–elevation myocardial infarction (80.1%); 21 (14.4%) were classified as ST–elevation myocardial infarction, and 8 (5.5%) were classified as unstable angina. After coronary angiography, most events were adjudicated as demand ischemia (type 2 myocardial infarction, n = 106, 72.6%) compared to acute coronary thrombosis (type 1 myocardial infarction, n = 37, 25.3%) and stent thrombosis (type 4B, n = 3, 2.1%). Absent or only mild, nonobstructive coronary artery disease was found in 39 patients (26.7%). In 14 patients (9.6%), acute coronary syndrome was likely due to stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Aggregate 30-day and 1-yr mortality rates were 7 and 14%, respectively. Conclusions The dominant mechanism of perioperative acute coronary syndrome in our cohort was demand ischemia. A subset of patients had no evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease, but findings were consistent with stress-induced cardiomyopathy.

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Hung, J., J. Harrington, F. Scott, and S. Verma. "Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: When Is It Really Type 1?" Heart, Lung and Circulation 25 (August 2016): S70—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.162.

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