Academic literature on the topic 'Type 1Diabete'

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is outlined by mistreatment of continual hyperglycemia and proteins, weakened sugars, and lipids digestion as a result of overall or incomplete inadequacy of hypoglycemic agent discharge or doubtlessly hypoglycemic agent hobby. Two types of Diabetes mellitus less common "INSULIN DEPENDENT" and most common "NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT". Vaccines constitute a useful contribution to the branch of biotechnology as they supply protection in opposition to numerous sicknesses. All organisms are liable to one or greater styles of infectious and noninfectious sicknesses throughout their lifestyles. To save you those infection researchers discovered plant-primarily based vaccine which is an immune-biological substance, used for particular protection in opposition to each infectious and noninfectious illnesses. Use of vaccines for the diabetic patient will reduce the inflectional disease caused by diabetes, but it not prevents diabetes. Because the polygenic disease is of unconventional immune mechanisms, and vaccines act with the help of making a defence to numerous pathogens and some vaccines (in specific BCG) had been studied to seem if they supply safety in opposing to polygenic disease. In animal experiments, BCG will appear to be protecting con to polygenic disorder, but researchers have not been able to translate this profit to humans. The establishment of an Institution was initiated by the Australian Government Department of the diabetes institution.

Scientific publications can be misinterpreted in newsletters and the popular press. Some misinterpretations could lead to inappropriate choices related to health, and thus create serious risks. Who should correct misinterpretations? This editorial raises the question with an example related to infant feeding practices and the risk of type 1diabetes. A major study found no difference in diabetes risk with using two different types of infant formula. Many people mistakenly interpreted that study as meaning that all infant formula has no impact on diabetes risk. That is not what the study showed

Diabetes is becoming a global epidemic. Type1 diabetes (T1DM) accounts for 3-5% of all the diabetics. As T1DMis diagnosed in childhood and adolescence, it is associated with more complications because of longer life span ofindividuals with this condition. The main objective of the study was to find out attitudes of people with type 1diabetes especially with regards to their follow up. A cross-sectional study was planned and a total of 97 people withtype 1 diabetes were included for a period of one year. To analyze the data SPSS 20.0 version was used. Resultsshowed that out of 97 people, 48 (49.5%) were male and 49 (50.5%) were female. The mean age of total type 1diabetics were 17.03±6.54 years. Mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 10.59±3.09. The results revealed that45% of people showed positive attitude and 55% showed negative behavior towards follow-up. It was concludedthat overall follow up of people with type 1 diabetes was poor. It was observed that they wanted a complete cure andthis contribute to missed follow up.

Abstract Objectives: The aim of the study was to calculate the prevalence rates and risk ofappearance of cutaneous lesions in diabetic patients with both type-1 and type-2diabetes. Material and Method: 384 patients were analysed, of which 47 had type-1diabetes (T1DM), 140 had type-2 diabetes (T2DM) and 197 were non-diabeticcontrols. Results: The prevalence of the skin lesions considered markers of diabeteswas 57.75% in diabetics, in comparison to 8.12% in non-diabetics (p<0.01). The riskof skin lesion appearance is over 7 times higher in diabetic patients than in nondiabetics.In type-1 diabetes the prevalence of skin lesions was significantly higherthan in type-2 diabetes, and the risk of skin lesion appearance is almost 1.5 timeshigher in type-1 diabetes than type-2 diabetes compared to non-diabetic controls.Conclusions: The diabetic patients are more susceptible than non-diabetics todevelop specific skin diseases. Patients with type-1 diabetes are more affected.

Abstract Objectives: Optimal glycemic control is mandatory in diabetic children andadolescents for the prevention of diabetes complications, but it is difficult to beobtained due to a series of factors, including the limited availability of blood glucoseself-monitoring tests. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationshipbetween the number of daily self-monitoring tests and quality of glycemic control.Material and method: We enrolled 783 individuals previously diagnosed with Type 1Diabetes Mellitus and investigated the significance of differences in HbA1c valuesbetween groups with distinct number of blood glucose measurements at home foreach age group. Results: We found significant improvements of glycemic controlwith the increase in the number of daily tests, with some particularities among thegroups. Conclusions: Among other intrinsic and external factors, blood glucose selfmonitoringhas an important role in obtaining a good glycemic control.

Parte 1. La cardiomiopatia diabetica (DCM) è una malattia caratterizzata da una precoce disfunzione diastolica (DD). I meccanismi che possono ripristinare il rilassamento cardiaco, migliorando la dinamica intracellulare di Ca2+, rappresentano un promettente approccio terapeutico per le malattie cardiovascolari associate alla DD. Istaroxime è un inibitore di NaK-ATPase (NKA) e stimolatore del recupero di Ca2+ nel reticolo sarcoplasmatico (SR) attraverso la pompa del SR per il Ca2+ (SERCA2a). Il progetto mira a caratterizzare gli effetti di Istaroxime a una concentrazione che minimamente influenza NKA per isolare i suoi effetti dipendenti da SERCA2a in un modello di diabete di tipo 1. I ratti trattati con streptozotocina (STZ) sono stati valutati a 9 settimane dopo l'iniezione di STZ rispetto ai controlli (CTR). I ratti STZ hanno mostrato una riduzione del livello e dell'attività della proteina SERCA2a e un aumento del rapporto PLNmonomerico/SERCA2a. Le dinamiche del Ca2+ intracellulare e l'attività elettrica sono state valutate in miociti ventricolari isolati. Nei miociti STZ, la downregulation di SERCA ha causato 1) aumento di Ca2+ diastolico 2) riduzione del contenuto di Ca2+ nel SR e dell’ampiezza del transiente di Ca2+, 3) ricarica del SR più lenta con inibito lo scambiatore Na/Ca, 4) stabilità del SR e numero di sparks di Ca2+ invariati. I potenziali d'azione (AP) sono stati significativamente prolungati, con conseguente aumento della short-term variability (STV) dell'APD. Istaroxime (100 nM) ha stimolato in modo significativo l'attività di SERCA2a ripristinando gli effetti indotti da STZ 1) riducendo Ca2+ diastolico, 2) aumentando l’ampiezza del transiente e il contenuto del SR di Ca2+ e 3) accelerando il recupero di Ca2+ nel SR nel gruppo STZ. Inoltre, Istaroxime, stimolando SERCA2a, ha parzialmente ripristinato le caratteristiche delle sparks di Ca2+. La stimolazione di SERCA2a da parte di Istaroxime ripristina le anomalie delle dinamiche del Ca2+ intracellulare indotte da STZ. Pertanto, la stimolazione SERCA2a può essere considerata un promettente approccio terapeutico per il trattamento della DD. Parte 2. L'automaticità cardiaca è generata nel nodo seno-atriale (SAN) attraverso i canali ionici della membrana plasmatica e il rilascio di Ca2+ dipendente dal recettore intracellulare della rianodina (RyR). Le cellule del SAN sono caratterizzate dall'espressione dei canali Cav1.3 di tipo L e Cav3.1 di tipo T (Cav). Per studiare il significato dell'espressione di Cav nell'automaticità cardiaca abbiamo usato topi mutanti con delezione genetica individuale o concomitante di Cav1.3 e Cav3.1. La delezione del CaV ha ridotto in modo additivo la frequenza cardiaca nei topi. Le registrazioni ECG dei cuori intatti di Cav1.3-/-/Cav3.1-/- hanno mostrato una dissociazione del ritmo atrioventricolare e una ritmicità prevalentemente giunzionale, anziché del SAN. La mappatura ottica dell'automatismo ha mostrato l'interruzione dell'automaticità primaria in SAN Cav1.3- -/Cav3.1-/- e uno spostamento dei principali siti di pacemaker al di fuori dell'area SAN. Abbiamo anche studiato il ruolo dei canali f- (HCN) attivati dall'iperpolarizzazione e dei canali Na+ (Nav) sensibili al TTX nell'automaticità residua dei topi mutanti. L'inibizione farmacologica concomitante dei canali Nav sensibili a f-HCN e TTX ha rallentato l'automaticità atriale in wild-type e Cav3.1- -, mentre è stata arrestata in alcuni Cav1.3-/- e Cav1.3- /-/Cav3.1- -. Gli stessi risultati sono stati confermati in cellule di pacemaker SAN Cav1.3-/-/Cav3.1-/- isolate. L'eliminazione dei canali Cav1.3 e Cav3.1 interrompe la normale automaticità cardiaca inducendo bradicardia e alterando la conduzione cardiaca. Inoltre, con la doppia delezione dei Cav1.3 e Cav3.1, i canali f-HCN e i canali Nav sensibili al TTX sono i meccanismi predominanti a sostegno dell'attività del pacemaker.
Part 1. Aim. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a multifactorial disease characterized by an early onset of diastolic dysfunction (DD). Mechanisms that can restore cardiac relaxation (lusitropic effect) improving intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, represent a promising therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases associated to DD. Istaroxime is a NaK ATPase (NKA) inhibitor with the property of accelerating Ca2+ re-uptake into sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through the SR Ca2+ pump (SERCA2a) stimulation. The project aims to characterize Istaroxime effects at a concentration mostly unaffecting NKA to isolate its effects dependent on SERCA2a only in a model of mild diabetes (type 1). Methods and results. Streptozotocin (STZ) treated rats were evaluated at 9 weeks after STZ injection in comparison to control (CTR) ones. SERCA2a-dependent Istaroxime effects were evaluated in cell-free system and in isolated left ventricular (LV) myocytes. STZ animals showed reduced SERCA2a protein level and activity and increased monomeric PLN/SERCA2a ratio. Intracellular Ca2+ handling and electrical activity were evaluated in isolated ventricular myocytes. In STZ myocytes, SERCA downregulation caused 1) increased diastolic Ca2+, 2) reduction in SR Ca2+ content and Ca2+ transient amplitude following control of membrane potential, 3) slower SR reloading process under Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) inhibition, 4) unchanged SR stability and Ca2+ sparks rate. Action potentials (APs) were significantly prolonged, resulting in an increased short-term variability (STV) of APD. Istaroxime (100 nM) significantly stimulated SERCA2a activity and reverted STZ-induced effects by 1) reducing diastolic Ca2+, 2) increasing Ca2+ transient amplitude and SR Ca2+ content, and 3) accelerating SR Ca2+ reuptake in STZ group. Moreover, Istaroxime, by stimulating SERCA2a, partially restored Ca2+ sparks characteristics and significantly accelerated Ca2+ sparks decay. Conclusions. SERCA2a stimulation by Istaroxime restores STZ-induced intracellular Ca2+ handling anomalies. Thus, SERCA2a stimulation can be considered a promising therapeutic approach for DD treatment. Part 2. Aim. Heart automaticity is generated in the sino-atrial node (SAN) by a functional interplay between ion channels of the plasma membrane and intracellular ryanodine receptor (RyR)-dependent Ca2+ release. SAN cells are characterized by the expression of voltage-gated L-type Cav1.3 and T-type Cav3.1 Ca2+ (Cav) channels in addition to L-type Cav1.2 channels, which are ubiquitously expressed in the heart. To investigate the significance of Cav expression for heart automaticity we used mutant mice carrying individual or concomitant genetic ablation of Cav1.3 and Cav3.1. Methods and results. Cav ablation additively reduced heart rate in mice. ECG recordings of intact Cav1.3-/-/Cav3.1-/- hearts showed atrioventricular rhythm dissociation and predominantly junctional, rather than SAN driven rhythmicity. Optical mapping of automaticity showed disruption of primary automaticity in Cav1.3-/-/Cav3.1-/- SAN and a shift of the leading pacemaker sites outside the SAN area. We also investigated the role of hyperpolarization-activated f-(HCN) channels, and TTX-sensitive Na+ (Nav) channels in residual automaticity of mutant mice. Concomitant pharmacologic inhibition of f-HCN and TTX-sensitive Nav channels slowed atrial automaticity in wild-type and Cav3.1-/-, while arrested it in 4/6 of Cav1.3-/-, 3/6 of Cav1.3-/-/Cav3.1-/-. Same results were confirmed in isolated Cav1.3-/-/Cav3.1-/- SAN pacemaker cells. Conclusions. Cav1.3 and Cav3.1 Ca2+ channels deletion disrupts normal heart automaticity by inducing bradycardia and altering cardiac conduction. Moreover, in the concomitant absence of Cav1.3 and Cav3.1 channels, f-HCN channels and TTX-sensitive Nav channels are the predominant mechanisms sustaining pacemaker activity.

碩士
長庚大學
護理學研究所
92
Type 1 diabetes is an endocrine-related disease commonly seen among children and adolescents. The complicated treatment and its requirement of lifetime use of insulin have made it difficult for the patients to sick with the regiments, which may lead to a worse condition and increasing the possibility of complications. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the treatment adherence behaviors among children who suffer from the disease. The purpose of this study is: (1) to understand the behaviors of medical treatment adherence among 69 children who had Type 1 diabetes; (2) to explore the relationship between treatment adherence and the children’s social demographics (sex and age), disease characteristics (age when diagnosed and years since diagnosed), and the social demographics of their primary caregivers (education attainment and socio-economic status); (3) to examine the association between HbA1c and treatment adherence behaviors. Sixty-nine children, aged 10 to 18, were recruited through the outpatient department of a child hospital in northern Taiwan. The subjects’ treatment adherence behaviors were measured by using a semi-structural questionnaire, containing the 24-hour interview recall scale. Information regarding the subjects’ inject-meal timing, exercise frequency, exercise duration, calories consume, percentage of calories from carbohydrates, percentage of calories from fat, eating frequency, and glucose-testing frequency were collected. In addition to the questionnaire, the subjects’ medical charts were reviewed to obtain information regarding their rate of attending the follow-up visits during the past 6 months and their HbA1c readings. The results show: (1) that, in terms of the subjects’ treatment adherence behaviors, they were doing better in their rate of attending the follow-up visits and percentage of calories from fat, however, they were performing poorly on the measures of inject-meal timing, exercise frequency, calories consume, percentage of calories from carbohydrates, eating frequency, and glucose-testing frequency; (2) The mean HbA1c was 10.43mg/dl and 49% of the subjects’ HbA1c measures were over 10 mg/dl, indicating that these children did not have a good control on HbA1c; (3) although most of the subjects did not adhere to the treatment well, no significant associations were found, except the one between glucose-testing frequency and HbA1c; (4) The longer the subjects were diagnosed with Type1 diabetes, the more likely they would deviate from their treatment regiments. Based on the results, it is suggested that, in order to improve type 1 diabetes patients’ adherence behavior, medical staff should conduct comprehensive evaluations on all aspects of treatment adherence behaviors. Besides, more studies are needed to further investigate the potential factors that lead to the children’s poor performance on the HbA1c measures.