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Journal articles on the topic 'Two-variable word'
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Ilie, Lucian, and Wojciech Plandowski. "Two-variable word equations." RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications 34, no. 6 (November 2000): 467–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ita:2000126.
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Nowotka, Dirk, and Aleksi Saarela. "One-Variable Word Equations and Three-Variable Constant-Free Word Equations." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 29, no. 05 (August 2018): 935–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054118420121.
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We prove connections between one-variable word equations and three-variable constant-free word equations, and use them to prove that the number of equations in an independent system of three-variable constant-free equations is at most logarithmic with respect to the length of the shortest equation in the system. We also study two well-known conjectures. The first conjecture claims that there is a constant [Formula: see text] such that every one-variable equation has either infinitely many solutions or at most [Formula: see text]. The second conjecture claims that there is a constant [Formula: see text] such that every independent system of three-variable constant-free equations with a nonperiodic solution is of size at most [Formula: see text]. We prove that the first conjecture implies the second one, possibly for a different constant.
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Rehman, Tayyeba, Sharifullah Khan, Gwo‐Jen Hwang, and Muhammad Azeem Abbas. "Automatically solving two‐variable linear algebraic word problems using text mining." Expert Systems 36, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): e12358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exsy.12358.
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Manea, Florin, Dirk Nowotka, and Markus L. Schmid. "On the Complexity of Solving Restricted Word Equations." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 29, no. 05 (August 2018): 893–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054118420108.
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We investigate the complexity of the solvability problem for restricted classes of word equations with and without regular constraints. The solvability problem for unrestricted word equations remains [Formula: see text]-hard, even if, on both sides, between any two occurrences of the same variable no other different variable occurs; for word equations with regular constraints, the solvability problems remains [Formula: see text]-hard for equations whose two sides share no variables or with two variables, only one of which is repeated. On the other hand, word equations with only one repeated variable (but an arbitrary number of variables) and at least one non-repeated variable on each side, can be solved in polynomial-time.
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Oushiro, Livia, and Ronald Beline Mendes. "Untangling syntactic and morphophonological effects on Brazilian Portuguese Wh-interrogatives." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 3 (April 8, 2012): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.613.
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From a corpus of 53 sociolinguistic interviews, this paper analyzes variation among four structures of Wh-interrogatives in Brazilian Portuguese (Onde você mora?, Onde que você mora?, Onde é que você mora?, Você mora onde? ‘Where do you live?’) and contrasts the results of multivariate analyses, focusing on two different envelopes of variation (Variable position of the wh-word and Variable que) and two factor groups (Wh-word and Syntactic function). We show that variable position of the wh-word is mostly conditioned by syntactic factors, whereas variable que is mostly conditioned by morphophonological factors.
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Zalavina, Tatyana Yu, Ludmila I. Antropova, Liliya S. Polyakova, and Yulia V. Yuzhakova. "SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH A COMMON NEGATIVE CONNOTATION IN NATIONAL LANGUAGES (BASED ON FRENCH)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/24107190_2019_5_2_18_27.
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This work reports the results of the study of the meaning of somatic phraseological units with negative connotations in the French language within the anthropocentric paradigm. We emphasize active character of forming somatic phraseological units characterized by the two-dimensional semantic structure. To compare the semantics of variable word combinations and the corresponding phraseological units the analysis of primary transposition results was used to map the semantics of variable word combinations and phraseological units - a method typically applied for such a purpose; another method used was the application of an idiom onto the corresponding variable word combination to determine the degree of the components semantic merging to create coherent meaning of the studied idioms. As a result of the analysis of French somatic phraseological units, we singled out a set of words belonging to the semantic field of negative meanings that express various feelings and are used to characterize actions or people.
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French, Ann. "The systematic acquisition of word forms by a child during the first-fifty-word stage." Journal of Child Language 16, no. 1 (February 1989): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900013441.
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ABSTRACTThis paper sets out to examine two findings reported in the literature: one, that during the one-word stage a child's word productions are highly phonetically variable, and two, that the one-word stage is qualitatively distinct from subsequent phonological development. The complete set of word forms produced by a child at the one-word stage were collected and analysed both cross-sectionally (month by month) and longitudinally (looking for changes over time). It was found that the data showed very little variability, and that phonological development during the period studied was qualitatively continuous with subsequent development. It is suggested that the phonologically principled development of this child's first words is related to his late onset of speech.
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Amplayo, Reinald Kim, Seung-won Hwang, and Min Song. "AutoSense Model for Word Sense Induction." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016212.
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Word sense induction (WSI), or the task of automatically discovering multiple senses or meanings of a word, has three main challenges: domain adaptability, novel sense detection, and sense granularity flexibility. While current latent variable models are known to solve the first two challenges, they are not flexible to different word sense granularities, which differ very much among words, from aardvark with one sense, to play with over 50 senses. Current models either require hyperparameter tuning or nonparametric induction of the number of senses, which we find both to be ineffective. Thus, we aim to eliminate these requirements and solve the sense granularity problem by proposing AutoSense, a latent variable model based on two observations: (1) senses are represented as a distribution over topics, and (2) senses generate pairings between the target word and its neighboring word. These observations alleviate the problem by (a) throwing garbage senses and (b) additionally inducing fine-grained word senses. Results show great improvements over the stateof-the-art models on popular WSI datasets. We also show that AutoSense is able to learn the appropriate sense granularity of a word. Finally, we apply AutoSense to the unsupervised author name disambiguation task where the sense granularity problem is more evident and show that AutoSense is evidently better than competing models. We share our data and code here: https://github.com/rktamplayo/AutoSense.
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Brown, Earl Kjar. "The Effect of Forms’ Ratio of Conditioning on Word-Final /s/ Voicing in Mexican Spanish." Languages 5, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040061.
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There is mounting evidence that words that occur proportionately more often in contexts that condition a phonetically-motivated sound change end up changing more rapidly than other words. Support has been found in at least modern-day Spanish, Medieval Spanish, bilingual English-Spanish, and modern-day English. This study tests whether there is support for this idea with regards to the variable voicing of word-final /s/ in Spanish. An analysis of 1431 tokens of word-final /s/ spoken by 15 female speakers of Mexican Spanish living in Salinas, California, USA is performed. The response variable is the percentage of the /s/ segment that is voiced, and the effect of a handful of predictor variables shown in the literature to condition /s/ voicing is investigated. The variable of interest is forms’ ratio of conditioning (FRC), or the proportion of times with which word types occur in the context that conditions voicing of word-final /s/. The results of a series of 40 beta regression models indicate that FRC significantly conditions the percentage of voicing of word-final /s/ in these data. Also, the effect of manipulating two aspects of FRC operationalization is analyzed. This study adds to the growing body of literature documenting the importance of cumulative contextual information in the mental representation of words.
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Al-Jarrah, Ahmad, Amer Albsharat, and Mohammad Al-Jarrah. "Word-based encryption algorithm using dictionary indexing with variable encryption key length." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp669-683.
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<p>This paper proposes a new algorithm for text encryption utilizing English words as a unit of encoding. The algorithm vanishes any feature that could be used to reveal the encrypted text through adopting variable code lengths for the English words, utilizing a variable-length encryption key, applying two-dimensional binary shuffling techniques at the bit level, and utilizing four binary logical operations with randomized shuffling inputs. English words that alphabetically sorted are divided into four lookup tables where each word has assigned an index. The strength of the proposed algorithm concluded from having two major components. Firstly, each lookup table utilizes different index sizes, and all index sizes are not multiples of bytes. Secondly, the shuffling operations are conducted on a two-dimensional binary matrix with variable length. Lastly, the parameters of the shuffling operation are randomized based on a randomly selected encryption key with varying size. Thus, the shuffling operations move adjacent bits away in a randomized fashion. Definitively, the proposed algorithm vanishes any signature or any statistical features of the original message. Moreover, the proposed algorithm reduces the size of the encrypted message as an additive advantage which is achieved through utilizing the smallest possible index size for each lookup table.</p>
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Biber, Douglas. "A corpus-driven approach to formulaic language in English." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 14, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 275–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.3.08bib.
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The present study utilizes a corpus-driven approach to identify the most common multi-word patterns in conversation and academic writing, and to investigate the differing pattern types in the two registers. The paper first surveys the methodological characteristics of corpus-driven research and then contrasts the linguistic characteristics of two types of multi-word sequences: ‘multi-word lexical collocations’ (combinations of content words) versus ‘multi-word formulaic sequences’ (incorporating both function words and content words). Building on this background, the primary focus of the paper is an empirical investigation of the ‘patterns’ represented by multi-word formulaic sequences. It turns out that the multi-word patterns typical of speech are fundamentally different from those typical of academic writing: patterns in conversation tend to be fixed sequences (including both function words and content words). In contrast, most patterns in academic writing are formulaic frames consisting of invariable function words with an intervening variable slot that is filled by content words.
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Escorsi-Rosset, Sara, Lauro Wichert-Ana, Marino Muxfeldt Bianchin, Tonicarlo Rodrigues Velasco, Américo C. Sakamoto, João Pereira Leite, Antonio Carlos Santos, and Dráulio Barros de Araújo. "Variable fMRI activation during two different language tasks in a patient with cognitive delay." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 65, no. 4a (December 2007): 985–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2007000600012.
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Functional MRI produces a more accurate localization of the language areas for epilepsy surgery purpose, but requires the patient cooperation. We report a 34 years-old woman with mental retardation who underwent two different verbal fluency tasks, category and word naming. We found a strong activation of the Broca’s area in the most difficult task. We suggest that a multi-task fMRI study could be successful in patients with cognitive delay.
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Altieri, Nicholas, Thomas Gruenenfelder, and David B. Pisoni. "Clustering coefficients of lexical neighborhoods." Mental Lexicon 5, no. 1 (June 18, 2010): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.5.1.01alt.
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High neighborhood density reduces the speed and accuracy of spoken word recognition. The two studies reported here investigated whether Clustering Coefficient (CC) — a graph theoretic variable measuring the degree to which a word’s neighbors are neighbors of one another, has similar effects on spoken word recognition. In Experiment 1, we found that high CC words were identified less accurately when spectrally degraded than low CC words. In Experiment 2, using a word repetition procedure, we observed longer response latencies for high CC words compared to low CC words. Taken together, the results of both studies indicate that higher CC leads to slower and less accurate spoken word recognition. The results are discussed in terms of activation-plus-competition models of spoken word recognition.
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Shibahara, Naoki, Marco Zorzi, Martin P. Hill, Taeko Wydell, and Brian Butterworth. "Semantic Effects in Word Naming: Evidence from English and Japanese Kanji." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 2 (February 2003): 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000369.
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Three experiments investigated whether reading aloud is affected by a semantic variable, imageability. The first two experiments used English, and the third experiment used Japanese Kanji as a way of testing the generality of the findings across orthographies. The results replicated the earlier findings that readers were slower and more error prone in reading low-frequency exception words when they were low in imageability than when they were high in imageability (Strain, Patterson, & Seidenberg, 1995). This result held for both English and Kanji even when age of acquisition was taken into account as a possible confounding variable, and the imageability effect was stronger in Kanji compared to English.
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Cocke, William. "Size of free groups in varieties generated by finite groups." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 29, no. 08 (October 24, 2019): 1419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196719500565.
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The number of distinct [Formula: see text]-variable word maps on a finite group [Formula: see text] is the order of the rank [Formula: see text] free group in the variety generated by [Formula: see text]. For a group [Formula: see text], the number of word maps on just two variables can be quite large. We improve upon previous bounds for the number of word maps over a finite group [Formula: see text]. Moreover, we show that our bound is sharp for the number of 2-variable word maps over the affine group over fields of prime order and over the alternating group on five symbols.
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Forget, Joachim, Marco Buiatti, and Stanislas Dehaene. "Temporal Integration in Visual Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 5 (May 2010): 1054–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21300.
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When two displays are presented in close temporal succession at the same location, how does the brain assign them to one versus two conscious percepts? We investigate this issue using a novel reading paradigm in which the odd and even letters of a string are presented alternatively at a variable rate. The results reveal a window of temporal integration during reading, with a nonlinear boundary around ∼80 msec of presentation duration. Below this limit, the oscillating stimulus is easily fused into a single percept, with all characteristics of normal reading. Above this limit, reading times are severely slowed and suffer from a word-length effect. ERPs indicate that, even at the fastest frequency, the oscillating stimulus elicits synchronous oscillations in posterior visual cortices, while late ERP components sensitive to lexical status vanish beyond the fusion threshold. Thus, the fusion/segregation dilemma is not resolved by retinal or subcortical filtering, but at cortical level by at most 300 msec. The results argue against theories of visual word recognition and letter binding that rely on temporal synchrony or other fine temporal codes.
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Chevrot, Jean-Pierre, Laurence Beaud, and Renata Varga. "Developmental data on a French sociolinguistic variable: Post-consonantal word-final /R/." Language Variation and Change 12, no. 3 (October 2000): 295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095439450012304x.
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To begin, we review three theoretical problem areas in the field of research into phonological variation in children. Next, we present the results of a cross-sectional study of two groups of children, aged 6 to 7 years and 10 to 12 years, relating to the deletion of post-consonantal word-final /R/ in French (production and judgments of acceptability). In an experimental study, we then examine the mechanism involved in the learning of words with a variable /R/. Finally, the interpretation of the results within the framework of a cognitive conception of variation leads us to four conclusions: (i) children have a tendency to copy adult surface forms rather than to encode a variable rule; (ii) orthography causes the late encoding of certain variable /R/s; (iii) the establishment of linguistic factors precedes that of social factors; and (iv) age-related changes are not guided by the sociolinguistic value that groups consciously attribute to the variables.
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Liu, I.-Hsin. "Supporting Word Retrieval From Memory." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 163 (January 1, 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.163.01liu.
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Abstract This study investigated the effect of two meaning-oriented communicative tasks on L2 learners’ consolidation of new vocabulary met in a reading text on a familiar topic, building on the premises underlying the Dreyfus and Tsamir (2004) ‘Recognising, Building-with, and Constructing’ (RBC) model. Students in four lower intermediate EFL classes participated in the pre-test (of vocabulary size) post-test experimental study. Some of them only read the new text before taking an immediate and a delayed word retention test (control group); others read the text and afterwards completed comprehension questions (meaning-oriented receptive task). Still others, in addition, wrote a text similar in structure and contents to the input text while using the target words (meaning-oriented productive task). The fourth student group completed all three tasks consecutively. Our results show the superiority of the guided writing task over the ‘reading + comprehension questions’ and the ‘reading only’ conditions. On a theoretical level, content familiarity is shown to be an important mediator variable in early stages of vocabulary processing and consolidation.
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Xu, Feng, Wenxia Niu, Shuaishuai Li, and Yuli Bai. "The Mechanism of Word-of-Mouth for Tourist Destinations in Crisis." SAGE Open 10, no. 2 (April 2020): 215824402091949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020919491.
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In an era of mobile internet, word-of-mouth marketing has become a powerful tool for optimizing tourist destination marketing. Extensive research studies on the mechanism of word-of-mouth have been carried out. However, there is little research on the mechanism of word-of-mouth concerning tourist destinations in crisis. This article focuses on the influence mechanism of word-of-mouth in the relationship between perceived images and behavioral intentions. A structural equation model was established, with “perceived image” as the independent variable, “word-of-mouth” and “psychological distance” as mediating variables, and “behavioral intention” as the dependent variable. Our study is based on a survey in Southern Xinjiang. The final results show that word-of-mouth plays a mediating role in the relationship between perceived image and behavioral intentions. The moderating effect of word-of-mouth plays two roles in the mechanism of the perceived image on the behavioral intention: the promotion mechanism and the repression mechanism. Tourists’ sense of psychological distance significantly mediates the relationship between perceived image and behavioral intention. The findings enrich word-of-mouth and the marketing theories for the destinations in crisis, which provide enlightening insights for the sustainable development of the destinations in crisis.
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Callegaro, Elena, Simon Clematide, Marianne Hundt, and Sara Wick. "Variable article use with acronyms and initialisms." Languages in Contrast 19, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 48–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.16021.cal.
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Abstract Shortening is a common type of word-formation in many languages. Crystal (2008) distinguishes two kinds of abbreviation: initialisms and acronyms. Article use in English is variable with both acronyms and initialisms used as proper names (e.g. (the) UKIP, at the UN vs. at MIT). The question is whether variability is largely dependent on the semantics of the underlying full form (i.e. whether this is derived from a proper name or common noun) or whether the two types of abbreviation show different behaviour with respect to variable article use. This paper uses data from CoStEP, a new, word-aligned version of EuroParl, and a data-driven approach to investigate variable article use with abbreviations and their full forms uttered by English native speakers and compares the findings to data from parallel German and Italian corpora. The results show higher article variability in English and a marked preference for and near categorical article use in German and Italian. Furthermore, our evidence confirms that acronyms tend towards the proper name end of the cline, while initialisms behave syntactically more like common nouns.
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Zheng, Lei, Fanchao Qi, Zhiyuan Liu, Yasheng Wang, Qun Liu, and Maosong Sun. "Multi-Channel Reverse Dictionary Model." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 01 (April 3, 2020): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i01.5365.
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A reverse dictionary takes the description of a target word as input and outputs the target word together with other words that match the description. Existing reverse dictionary methods cannot deal with highly variable input queries and low-frequency target words successfully. Inspired by the description-to-word inference process of humans, we propose the multi-channel reverse dictionary model, which can mitigate the two problems simultaneously. Our model comprises a sentence encoder and multiple predictors. The predictors are expected to identify different characteristics of the target word from the input query. We evaluate our model on English and Chinese datasets including both dictionary definitions and human-written descriptions. Experimental results show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance, and even outperforms the most popular commercial reverse dictionary system on the human-written description dataset. We also conduct quantitative analyses and a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our model. All the code and data of this work can be obtained on https://github.com/thunlp/MultiRD.
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Patra, Rakesh, and Sujan Kumar Saha. "A Novel Word Clustering and Cluster Merging Technique for Named Entity Recognition." Journal of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2016-0074.
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Abstract In this paper, we present a novel word clustering technique to capture contextual similarity among the words. Related word clustering techniques in the literature rely on the statistics of the words collected from a fixed and small word window. For example, the Brown clustering algorithm is based on bigram statistics of the words. However, in the sequential labeling tasks such as named entity recognition (NER), longer context words also carry valuable information. To capture this longer context information, we propose a new word clustering algorithm, which uses parse information of the sentences and a nonfixed word window. This proposed clustering algorithm, named as variable window clustering, performs better than Brown clustering in our experiments. Additionally, to use two different clustering techniques simultaneously in a classifier, we propose a cluster merging technique that performs an output level merging of two sets of clusters. To test the effectiveness of the approaches, we use two different NER data sets, namely, Hindi and BioCreative II Gene Mention Recognition. A baseline NER system is developed using conditional random fields classifier, and then the clusters using individual techniques as well as the merged technique are incorporated to improve the classifier. Experimental results demonstrate that the cluster merging technique is quite promising.
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Stein, Timo, Jan Zwickel, Maria Kitzmantel, Johanna Ritter, and Werner X. Schneider. "Irrelevant Words Trigger an Attentional Blink." Experimental Psychology 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000035.
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It has been argued that salient distractor items displayed during rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) trigger an attentional blink (AB) when they share features with the target item. Here we demonstrate that salient distractor words induce an AB independently of feature overlap with the target. In two experiments a color-highlighted irrelevant word preceded a target by a variable lag in an RSVP series of false font strings. Target identification was reduced at short relative to long temporal lags between the distractor word and the target, irrespective of feature sharing with the distractor word. When the target shared features with the distractor word, target accuracy was reduced across all lags. Accordingly, feature sharing between the distractor word and the target did not amplify the AB, but had an additive effect on attentional capture by the distractor word.
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Liu, Tzu-Ming. "Habit formation or word of mouth: What does lagged dependent variable in tourism demand models imply?" Tourism Economics 26, no. 3 (April 12, 2019): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816619843041.
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The effects of habit formation/persistence (HFP) and word of mouth (WOM) each play a critical role in influencing tourists’ decisions regarding whether to visit tourism destinations and therefore tourism policies and tourism management resource allocations. Nevertheless, in previous tourism demand studies, the two effects have been represented by the same time-lagged dependent variable, which makes the variable have an ambiguous meaning and biases the empirical results. The purpose of this study is to solve the ambiguity of a lagged dependent variable in tourism demand. We used economic theories regarding internal habits and external habits to clarify the meanings of HFP and WOM and revised the tourism demand model into a spatial dynamic panel model (SDPM). The empirical results suggested that an SDPM is a more accurate model for modeling tourism demand. The effects of variables in an SDPM are more consistent with theoretical expectations.
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Cocke, William. "Two characterizations of finite nilpotent groups." Journal of Group Theory 21, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 1111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jgth-2018-0029.
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Abstract In this note we give two characterizations of finite nilpotent groups. First, we show that a finite group G is not p-nilpotent if and only if it contains two elements of order {q^{k}} , for q a prime different than p, whose product has order p or possibly 4 if {p=2} . We also show that the set of words on two variables where the total degree of each variable is {\pm 1} can be used to characterize finite nilpotent groups. Using this characterization we show that if a finite group is not nilpotent, then there is a word map of specified form for which the corresponding probability distribution is not uniform.
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CIOBANU, LAURA. "POLYNOMIAL-TIME COMPLEXITY FOR INSTANCES OF THE ENDOMORPHISM PROBLEM IN FREE GROUPS." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 17, no. 02 (March 2007): 289–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196707003597.
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We say the endomorphism problem is solvable for an element W in a free group F if it can be decided effectively whether, given U in F, there is an endomorphism ϕ of F sending W to U. This work analyzes an approach due to Edmunds and improved by Sims. Here we prove that the approach provides an efficient algorithm for solving the endomorphism problem when W is a two-generator word. We show that when W is a two-generator word this algorithm solves the problem in time polynomial in the length of U. This result gives a polynomial-time algorithm for solving, in free groups, two-variable equations in which all the variables occur on one side of the equality and all the constants on the other side.
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van de Weijer, Jeroen, Marjoleine Sloos, and Weiyun Wei. "The role of word frequency in the L2 acquisition of variable patterns." Linguistics in the Netherlands 39 (November 4, 2022): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00074.weij.
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Abstract Second language acquisition often involves the acquisition of stable patterns in a target language. Here we investigate how the acquisition of a variable pronunciation pattern, viz. the pronunciation of the semisuffix -man in professional names in English (e.g. policeman, businessman) is related to the lexical frequency of the words concerned. The pronunciation of this suffix varies between a full vowel and a reduced one in a lexically unpredictable manner (i.e. some words with -man tend to have schwa, others a full vowel, and still others vary between the two). To test how the pronunciation of such words is acquired in a second language, we carried out a picture naming experiment in which Chinese subjects were asked to pronounce them. The results show that the pronunciation of this semisuffix is especially related to the educational status of subjects (major vs. non-major).
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Hartati, Yessy Nur. "Scaffolding untuk Mengatasi Kesalahan Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita Sistem Persamaan Linear Dua Variabel." Jurnal Matematika 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmat.2016.v06.i02.p75.
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The aims of the research is to describe the student’s errors in solving word problem about two variable linear equations system based Field Independence (FI) and Field Dependence (FD) cognitive style and describe the scaffolding used to solve student’s errors in solving word problem about two variable linear equations system based FI and FD cognitive style. This research uses qualitative research methods by giving test n interviewing on the subject of research. Results showed that students with FI cognitive style make errors in solving mathematical model and stating the final answer. Whereas FD cognitive style of students make errors in understanding the problem, making a mathematical model, completing mathematical model and stating the final answer. The scaffolding given to FI cognitive style student includes reviewing. Whereas the scaffolding given to FD cognitive style student include explaining, reviewing and restructuring
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Ninio, Anat. "Variables and Values in Children’s Early Word-Combinations." Psychology of Language and Communication 18, no. 2 (August 1, 2014): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plc-2014-0009.
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AbstractA model of syntactic development proposes that children’s very first word-combinations are already generated via productive rules that express in syntactic form the relation between a predicate word and its semantic argument. An alternative hypothesis is that they learn frozen chunks. In Study 1 we analyzed a large sample of young children’s early two-word sentences comprising of verbs with direct objects. A majority of objects were generated by pronouns but a third of children’s sentences used bare common nouns as objects. We checked parents’ twoword long sentences of verbs with objects and found almost no bare common nouns. Children cannot have copied sentences with bare noun objects from parents’ two-word long sentences as frozen chunks. In Study 2 we raised the possibility that children’s early sentences with bare nouns are rote-learned ‘telegraphic speech’, acquired as unanalyzed frozen chunks from longer input sentences due to perceptual problem to hear the unstressed determiners. To test this explanation, we tested the children’s speech corpus for evidence that they avoid determiners in their word-combinations. The results showed that they do not; in fact they generate very many determiner-common noun combinations as two-word utterances. The findings suggest that children produce their early word-combinations of the core-grammar type by a productive rule that maps the predicate-argument relations of verbs and their semantic arguments to headdependent syntax, and not as frozen word-combinations. Children mostly learn to use indexical expressions such as pronouns to express the variable semantic arguments of verbs as context dependent; they also employ bare common nouns to express specific values of the arguments. The earliest word-combinations demonstrate that children understand that syntax is built on the predicate-argument relations of words and use this insight to produce their early sentences.
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Kehoe, Margaret M., and Emilie Cretton. "Intraword Variability in French-Speaking Monolingual and Bilingual Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 2453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00558.
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Purpose This study examines intraword variability in 40 typically developing French-speaking monolingual and bilingual children, aged 2;6–4;8 (years;months). Specifically, it measures rate of intraword variability and investigates which factors best account for it. They include child-specific ones such as age, expressive vocabulary, gender, bilingual status, and speech sound production ability, and word-specific factors, such as phonological complexity (including number of syllables), phonological neighborhood density (PND), and word frequency. Method A variability test was developed, consisting of 25 words, which differed in terms of phonological complexity, PND, and word frequency. Children produced three exemplars of each word during a single session, and productions of words were coded as variable or not variable. In addition, children were administered an expressive vocabulary test and two tests tapping speech motor ability (oral motor assessment and diadochokinetic test). Speech sound ability was also assessed by measuring percent consonants correct on all words produced by the children during the session. Data were entered into a binomial logistic regression. Results Average intraword variability was 29% across all children. Several factors were found to predict intraword variability including age, gender, bilingual status, speech sound production ability, phonological complexity, and PND. Conclusions Intraword variability was found to be lower in French than what has been reported in English, consistent with phonological differences between French and English. Our findings support those of other investigators in indicating that the factors influencing intraword variability are multiple and reflect sources at various levels in the speech processing system.
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Dewi, Kristiana, and Ary Sutrischastini. "Pengaruh Motivasi Dan Gaya Kepemimpinan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Melalui Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Sebagai Variabel Intervening Di Pd Bpr Bkk Wonosobo." Jurnal Riset Manajemen Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Widya Wiwaha Program Magister Manajemen 3, no. 1 (January 22, 2016): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32477/jrm.v3i1.177.
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Motivation and leadership styles are variables that affect the performance of the employee, either directly or indirectly through intervening variables such as job satisfaction. Number of respondents in this study 78 people were taken from all employees PD . BPR BKK Wonosobo unless the Board of Directors. Methods of data collection is done by means of a questionnaire that the results are the primary data for further analysis using multiple regression analysis and regression analysis of two lines, using SPSS.17 program. The results of analysis show that the variable motivation and leadership styles, both individually and together, the positive and significant effect on performance. Variable motivation and leadership styles together positive and significant effect on job satisfaction. Variable motivation, leadership style and job satisfaction together positive and significant effect on performance. Variable motivation and leadership styles each have a positive and significant impact indirectly on performance, through the variable job satisfaction. Through the analysis of the results of the adjusted determination coefficient (adjusted R 2) of the analytical model regesi two pathways by which performance is affected by motivation, leadership style and job satisfaction, it is known that 62.1 % of the variation in performance can be explained by the variable employee motivation, leadership style and satisfaction work; while 37.9 % is explained by other factors outside the model.
Key word : Motivation, leadership style, job satisfaction, performance
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ROHLFING, KATHARINA J. "Facilitating the acquisition of UNDER by means of IN and ON – a training study in Polish." Journal of Child Language 33, no. 1 (February 2006): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000905007257.
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Forty Polish children aged between 1;8 and 2;3 were trained over two training sessions in the comprehension of the preposition POD [UNDER]. In the experiment, two variables were manipulated: a within subjects variable of SITUATION and a between subjects variable of LINGUISTIC INPUT. The effect of situation could be found in all trained groups, showing that children's understanding in familiar and transfer situations differed significantly from the performance of the control group in the post-test. The results further suggest that depending on the type of a situation, the linguistic task requires different word learning abilities from a child.
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Gong, Cihun-Siyong, Yung-Chang Chang, Li-Ren Huang, Chih-Jen Yang, Kung-Ming Ji, Kuen-Long Lu, and Jian-Chiun Liou. "Two Dimensional Parity Check with Variable Length Error Detection Code for the Non-Volatile Memory of Smart Data." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081211.
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This paper proposes a novel technology of memory protection for the Non-Volatile Memory (NVM), applied to smart sensors and smart data. Based on the asymmetry of failure rate between the statuses of bit-0 and bit-1 in the non-volatile memory, as a result of the pollution of the radiation of cosmic ray, a two-dimensional parity with variable length error detection code (2D-VLEDC) for memory protection is proposed. 2D-VLEDC has the feature of variable length of redundant bits varied with content of data word in the NVM. The experimental results show that the same error detection quality could be achieved with a 30% redundancy improvement by applying the proposed 2D-VLEDC. The proposed design is particularly suitable for the use of safety-related fields, such as the automotive electronics and industrial non-volatile memories involved in the industrial automation.
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LU, Bingfu, and Bingfu LU. "The parallelism between NPs and clauses in terms of pragmatic effects on word order." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 38, no. 2 (2009): v—219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602809x00018.
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This article argues that the two word order typologies at the clause level (V, S, O) and at the noun phrase level ([D]emonstrative, [A]djective, [N]oun) are both crucially motivated by the same two principles, that is, the principle of Semantic Head-Proximity (SHP) and the pragmatic Identifiability Precedence Principle (IPP). The interaction of the SHP and the IPP can explain several major left-right asymmetries of word order variation, such as the observation that the order of pre-nominal modifiers is usually fixed while that of post-nominal ones is fairly variable. In particular, to comprehensively account for the order of modifiers, an extended IPP is posited, which states that the higher the degree of identifiability (definiteness, etc.) a modifier contributes to its matrix NP, the stronger is its tendency to appear earlier.
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Sari, Tika Meliya. "Pengaruh Komunikasi Word OF Mouth Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen Pizza Hut di Kota Padang." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN DAN KELUARGA 10, no. 2 (March 6, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jpk/vol10-iss2/395.
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Abstract
This study aims to describe purchasing decisions and word of mouth communication and the influence between the two variables. This type of research is quantitative with causal associative methods. The population in this study were all consumers who had made a purchase at the Pizza Hut of Padang City where the amount was unknown. The sample in this study amounted to 96 people. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, where the researcher focused the sample of consumers who bought Pizza Hut in Padang City. Collecting data using a questionnaire based on the Likert Scale that tested its validity and reliability. F count is 35,111 with sig. 0,000 <0,05, the word of mouth communication variable has a significant influence on purchasing decisions..
Keywords: Purchasing Decision, Word of Mouth Communication
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Jin, Zheng, Junehee Lee, and Yang Lee. "The Phonological Process with Two Patterns of Simplified Chinese Characters." Research in Language 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2013-0005.
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Abstract This paper analyzed word recognition in two patterns of Chinese characters, cross referenced with word frequency. The patterns were defined as uni-part (semantic radical/component only) and bi-part (including the phonetic radical/component and the semantic radical/component) characters. The interactions of semantic and phonological access in both patterns were inspected. It was observed that in the naming task and the pronunciation-matching task, the subject performance involving the uni-part characters showed longer RT than the bi-part characters. However, with the lexical decision and meaning-matching tasks the uni-part characters showed shorter RT than the bi-part characters. It was also observed that the frequency, which is regarded as a lexical variable, displayed a strong influence. This suggests that Chinese characters require lexical access in all tasks. This study also suggested that the phonological process is primary in visual word recognition; as there is a significant phonological effect in processing the Chinese bi-part characters, resulting in either the facilitation or inhibition of phonology due to the differing demands of the two tasks
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Chang, Anna C.-S. "EFFECTS OF NARROW READING AND LISTENING ON L2 VOCABULARY LEARNING." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41, no. 04 (April 10, 2019): 769–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263119000032.
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AbstractSixty target words were selected from two sets of graded readers. One set contained three readers with the same title,The Railway Children, and the other set, three books about Sherlock Holmes. Students chose one of the two sets to read and were given a pretest, an immediate posttest, and a five-week delayed posttest on their acquisition of spelling, aural meaning, written meaning, and use. Five fixed factors (time, frequency of word occurrence, glossing, word frequency levels, and four dimensions of vocabulary knowledge) in vocabulary learning and a random variable (the participants) were analyzed with generalized linear mixed models. The results show that the odds of improvements in the knowledge of written and aural meanings were significantly better than those for the knowledge of spelling and use. Significant interaction effects were found between time and other fixed factors, except for glossing. Pedagogical implications of the results are discussed.
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Cortese, Michael J., Mark Yates, Jocelyn Schock, and Lizete Vilks. "Examining word processing via a megastudy of conditional reading aloud." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (January 1, 2018): 2295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817741269.
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Results from a megastudy on conditional reading aloud for 2,145 monosyllabic words are reported. In stepwise regression analyses, the predictor variables accounted for over 66% of the reaction time (RT) variance. Linear mixed effect modelling on log RT indicated that every variable that related to RT in either reading aloud or lexical decision also related to RT in conditional reading aloud. Notably, differences among tasks were observed. Specifically, lexical decision showed stronger reliance on semantic information than the other two tasks, but conditional reading aloud also showed strong reliance on semantic information. Interestingly, feedback consistency affected reading aloud and conditional reading but not lexical decision. Pairwise correlations revealed that conditional reading aloud performance showed moderately strong relationships to lexical decision and reading aloud performance, whereas reading aloud and lexical decision performance were weakly related to each other. Conditional reading aloud produces reliable data that can be used to examine word processing. Theoretical challenges moving forward include how to best conceptualise and model processes involved in this task.
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Soares, Aparecido J. C., Fernanda C. Sassi, Talita Fortunato-Tavares, Claudia R. F. Andrade, and Débora M. Befi-Lopes. "How Word/Non-Word Length Influence Reading Acquisition in a Transparent Language: Implications for Children’s Literacy and Development." Children 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10010049.
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Decoding skills are crucial for literacy development and they tend to be acquired early in transparent languages, such as Brazilian Portuguese. It is essential to better understand which variables may affect the decoding process. In this study, we investigated the processes of decoding as a function of age of children who are exposed to a transparent language. To this end, we examined the effects of grade, stimulus type and stimulus extension on the decoding accuracy of children between the ages of six and 10 years who are monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The study included 250 children, enrolled from the first to the fifth grade. A list of words and pseudowords of variable length was created, based on Brazilian Portuguese structure. Children assessment was conducted using the computer program E-prime® which was used to present the stimuli. The stimuli were programmed to appear on the screen in a random order and children were instructed to read them. The results indicate two important moments for decoding: the acquisition and the mastery of decoding skills. Additionally, the results highlight an important effect of the extent and type of stimuli and how it interacts with the school progress. Moreover, data indicate the multifactorial nature of decoding acquisition and the different interactions between variables that can influence this process. We discuss medium- and long-term implications of it, and possible individual and collective actions which can improve this process.
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Rahmani, Shinta, Rizal E. Halim, Gita Gayatri, and Asnan Furinto. "THE ROLE OF COMPANY REPUTATION IN MITIGATING NEGATIVE WORD OF MOUTH." Business: Theory and Practice 22, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.12983.
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The study aims to investigate whether a company reputation can be used to reduce the impact of negative electronic word of mouth (eWOM). We conducted experimental research in two studies along with 225 college students, who at least have two accounts in different social media, as participants. We use both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Qualitative research was carried out with focus group interviews to decide the number of high or low negative reviews as well as the level of credibility. Quantitative research used cross-sectional field design by pilot study and the main study. The model was tested and developed using data collected by questionnaires in paper surveys. The results of study 1 suggest that negative eWOM reduces purchase intentions mediated by the subjective norms and perceived behavior control. High negative eWOM reduces purchase intention more than low ones. Study 2 found out that in a condition of high negative eWOM, good company reputation’s perception affected purchase intention mediated by attitude. Furthermore, purchase intention is higher when a good company reputation’s perception is stronger. Therefor Organizations should convey its company reputation to their customer visually to get a good perception. Further research to investigate another variable that the company has is required.
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Maskikit-Essed, Raechel, and Carlos Gussenhoven. "No stress, no pitch accent, no prosodic focus: the case of Ambonese Malay." Phonology 33, no. 2 (August 2016): 353–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675716000154.
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Varieties of Malay, including Indonesian, have been variously described as having word stress on the penultimate syllable, as having variable word stress and as having a phrase-final pitch accent without word stress. In Ambonese Malay, the alignment of sentence-final pitch peaks fails to support the existence of either word stress or phrase-final pitch accents. Also, the shape of its pitch peaks fails to vary systematically with the information status of the phrase-final word. The two intonation melodies of the language include phrase-final boundary-tone complexes which do not associate with any syllables. The declarative rise-fall would appear to be timed so as to occur within the last word of the sentence. Minimal stress pairs presented in earlier descriptions show a contrast between /a/ and a segmentally distinct weak /ă/, a contrast that also appears in positions that have not been claimed to have stress. A preliminary phonological analysis concludes the account.
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Fajobi, Eunice O., and Akinmade T. Akande. "Patterns of Pronunciation of English Interdental Fricatives by Some Yoruba Speakers of English in a Nigerian University." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2018-0002.
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Abstract This paper is an investigation of the pronunciation patterns of English interdental fricatives by some Yoruba speakers of English at Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife. This was with a view to finding out the extent to which gender, the level of education, and the position in words of the interdental fricatives (i.e., the (th) variable as in think, pathetic, and path on the one hand, and the (dh) variable as in then, father, and clothe on the other hand) could affect the realisations of these two fricatives, otherwise known as (th) and (dh) variables. Data eventually used for this study were drawn from the reading performance of thirty-three informants who were of Yoruba origin. The thirty-three informants comprised 20 male and 13 female subjects with different levels of education ranging from undergraduate to doctoral. Our findings indicated that the (dh) variable was significantly affected by gender while the (th) variable was not. It was also demonstrated that while the (th) was significantly affected by the level of education of informants, the (dh) variable had no statistically significant association with the speakers’ level of education. Finally, the results of the study revealed that the position in a word (whether initial, medial, or final) of each of the variables affected the realisations of the two variables significantly. It was therefore concluded that sociolinguistic variables such as gender and the level of education were capable of affecting the rendition of linguistic variables significantly.
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Carreiras, Manuel, Marta Vergara, and Horacio Barber. "Early Event-related Potential Effects of Syllabic Processing during Visual Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 11 (November 2005): 1803–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892905774589217.
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A number of behavioral studies have suggested that syllables might play an important role in visual word recognition in some languages. We report two event-related potential (ERP) experiments using a new paradigm showing that syllabic units modulate early ERP components. In Experiment 1, words and pseudowords were presented visually and colored so that there was a match or a mismatch between the syllable boundaries and the color boundaries. The results showed color-syllable congruency effects in the time window of the P200. Lexicality modulated the N400 amplitude, but no effects of this variable were obtained at the P200 window. In Experiment 2, high-and low-frequency words and pseudowords were presented in the congruent and incongruent conditions. The results again showed congruency effects at the P200 for low-frequency words and pseudowords, but not for high-frequency words. Lexicality and lexical frequency effects showed up at the N400 component. The results suggest a dissociation between syllabic and lexical effects with important consequences for models of visual word recognition.
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Puspita, Veny. "PENGARUH EKUITAS MEREK DAN WORD OF MOUTH TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN NASABAH UNTUK MENABUNG DI BANK BRI CABANG S. PARMAN BENGKULU." Creative Research Management Journal 3, no. 1 (July 26, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32663/crmj.v3i1.1264.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of brand equity and word of mouth for customer decisions regarding deposit accounts at BRI Bank Parman Bengkulu. The nature of this research is associative. In accordance with the nature of this study, two types of qualitative data and quantitative data. Research data sources: primary data and secondary data. Respondents in this study are those who have savings at Bank BRI Parman Bengkulu. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire and the data obtained were analyzed using. Research Results The brand equity variable and Word of Mouth has influence both partial and simultaneous on the customer's decision to save. It should be like that
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Fisk, Gary D., and Steven J. Haase. "Unconscious Perception or Not? An Evaluation of Detection and Discrimination as Indicators of Awareness." American Journal of Psychology 118, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 183–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30039055.
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Abstract Most investigations of unconscious perception use a dissociation design in which an awareness’variable (e.g., detection) is compared with a perceptual processing variable (e.g., identification). Unconscious perception is inferred when the awareness variable lacks sensitivity to the stimulus but evidence of perceptual processing is still obtained. In two studies we examined the relationship between word identification and detection (Study 1) or discrimination (words vs. nonwords; Study 2) witlh a variety of techniques. In both studies, dissociations suggestive of unconscious perception occurred when the data were examined with subjective threshold approaches, but these differences disappeared when the variables were compared with techniques derived from signal detection theory (SDT). These results do not support unconscious perception in subjective threshold paradigms. In addition, detection appears to be the most sensitive and appropriate task for assessing stimulus awareness, provided that several SDT assumptions are met.
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Soler, María José, Juan Carlos Ruiz, Inmaculada Fuentes, and Pilar Tomás. "A Comparison of Implicit Memory Tests in Schizophrenic Patients and Normal Controls." Spanish Journal of Psychology 10, no. 2 (November 2007): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600006685.
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The objective of the current study was to compare the performance of schizophrenic patients and normal controls on implicit memory tests. Two neuropsychological tasks were administered to 29 patients and normal participant samples. The implicit tests were: Word fragment completion and Word production from semantic categories. The priming score was the variable of interest. Priming effects are obtained in normal subjects and schizophrenia patients, regardless of the implicit test used. However, a dissociation in priming between normal and patient groups was observed, depending on the test used. For word fragment test, priming was identical between the two groups. However, for word production, priming obtained in schizophrenics was lower than priming in normal controls. Results confirm a dissociation effect in implicit memory tests. These results could be explained in the context of the Roediger and Blaxton (1987) distinction between data-driven and conceptually-driven processing. This evidence suggests that a complete neuropsychological assessment of memory in schizophrenia should include different kinds of implicit memory tests (procedural, perceptual, and conceptual tasks).
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Yu, Chenghai, Shupei Wang, and Jiajun Guo. "Learning Chinese Word Segmentation Based on Bidirectional GRU-CRF and CNN Network Model." International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 15, no. 3 (July 2019): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthi.2019070104.
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Chinese word segmentation is the basis of the Chinese natural language processing (NLP). With the development of the deep learning, various neural network models are applied to the Chinese word segmentation. However, current neural network models have the characteristics of artificial feature extraction, nonstandard word-weight, inability to effectively use long-distance information and long training time of models in Chinese word segmentation. To solve a series of problems, this article presents a CNN-Bidirectional GRU-CRF neural network model (CNN Bidirectional GRU CRF Network, CBiGCN), which breaks through the limit of conventional method window, truly realizes end-to-end processing and applies to the neural network model by the five-Tag set method, bias-variable-weight greedy strategy and supplements by Goldstein-Armijo guidelines. Besides, this model, with simple structure, is easy to be operated. And it can automatically learn features, reduces large amounts of tasks on specific knowledge in the form of handcrafted features and data pre-processing, makes use of context information effectively. The authors set an experiment with two data corpuses for Chinese word segmentation to evaluate their system. The experiment verified their new model can obtain better Chinese word segmentation results and greatly reduce training time.
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Reese, Hayne W., Liang-Jei Lee, Stanley H. Cohen, and James M. Puckett. "Effects of intellectual variables, age, and gender on divergent thinking in adulthood." International Journal of Behavioral Development 25, no. 6 (November 2001): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250042000483.
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Divergent thinking was assessed in 400 adult women and men with tests of word association (associational ‘ uency) and alternate uses (production ‘ uency, ‘ exibility, and originality). The participants were from four age cohorts: young (17-22 years old), middle-aged (40-50), young-old (60-70), and old-old (75+). The test battery also included two intellectual “process” variables (inductive reasoning, memory span), one “dynamic resource variable” (intellectual speediness), one “structural resource variable” (vocabulary), and two moderator variables (depression, education). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that divergent thinking was significantly, linearly, positively, and moderately related to all of these variables except depression, which was not significantly related to divergent thinking. Effects of age group and gender were assessed in analyses of variance (alpha = .01). The age groups did not differ significantly in associational ‘ uency, but the middle-aged group was the best on production ‘ uency, ‘ exibility, and originality. Gender had a significant effect on only one variable: Women had higher depression scores than men.
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Bansal, Barkha, and Sangeet Srivastava. "Aspect context aware sentiment classification of online consumer reviews." Information Discovery and Delivery 48, no. 3 (April 18, 2020): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/idd-12-2019-0089.
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Purpose Aspect based sentiment classification is valuable for providing deeper insight into online consumer reviews (OCR). However, the majority of the previous studies explicitly determine the orientation of aspect related sentiment bearing word and overlook the aspect-context. Therefore, this paper aims to propose an aspect-context aware sentiment classification of OCR for deeper and more accurate insights. Design/methodology/approach In the proposed methodology, first, aspect descriptions and sentiment bearing words are extracted. Then, the skip-gram model is used to extract the first set of features to capture contextual information. For the second category of features, cosine similarity is used between a pre-defined seed word list and aspects, to capture aspect context sensitive sentiments. The third set of features includes weighted word vectors using term frequency-inverse document frequency. After concatenating features, ensemble classifier is used using three base classifiers. Findings Experimental results on two real-world data sets with variable lengths, acquired from Amazon.com and TripAdvisor.com, show that the advised ensemble approach significantly outperforms sentiment classification accuracy of state-of-the-art and baseline methods. Originality/value This method is capable of capturing the correct sentiment of ambiguous words and other special words by extracting aspect-context using word vector similarity instead of expensive lexical resources, and hence, shows superior performance in terms of accuracy as compared to other methods.
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Pettibone, Erin, Ana Teresa Pérez-Leroux, and Gabrielle Klassen. "Old Grammars New (?) Scope: Adjective Placement in Native and Non-Native Spanish." Languages 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010022.
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Prior studies have examined the association between modifying adjective placement and interpretation in second language (L2) Spanish. These studies show evidence of convergence with native speaker’s intuitions, which is interpreted as restructuring of the underlying grammar. Two issues deserve further study: (i) there are debates on the nature of native speaker’s interpretations; (ii) previous results could be explained by a combination of explicit instruction and access to the first language (L1). The present study re-examines native and non-native intuitions on the interpretation of variable order adjectives in pre-nominal and post-nominal positions, and extends the domain of inquiry by asking if L2 learners have intuitions about the order of two-adjective sequences, which appear in mirror image order in English and Spanish (faded blue pants vs. pantalones azules desteñidos). Two-adjective sequences are rare in the input, not typically taught explicitly, and have a different word order that cannot be [partially] derived from the L1 subgrammar. Two groups of non-native speakers (n = 50) and native speaker controls (n = 15) participated in the study. Participants completed a preference task, testing the interaction between word order and restrictive/non-restrictive interpretation, and an acceptability judgement task, testing ordering intuitions for two-adjective sequences. Results of the preference task show that the majority of speakers, both native and non-native, prefer variable adjectives in a post-nominal position independent of interpretation. Results of the acceptability judgement task indicate that both native and non-native speakers prefer mirror image order. We conclude that these results support underlying grammar reanalysis in L2 speakers and indicate that the semantic distribution of variable adjectives is not fully complementary; rather, the post-nominal position is unmarked, and generally preferred by both native and non-native speakers.