Academic literature on the topic 'Two-variable word'

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Journal articles on the topic "Two-variable word"

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Ilie, Lucian, and Wojciech Plandowski. "Two-variable word equations." RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications 34, no. 6 (November 2000): 467–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ita:2000126.

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Nowotka, Dirk, and Aleksi Saarela. "One-Variable Word Equations and Three-Variable Constant-Free Word Equations." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 29, no. 05 (August 2018): 935–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054118420121.

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We prove connections between one-variable word equations and three-variable constant-free word equations, and use them to prove that the number of equations in an independent system of three-variable constant-free equations is at most logarithmic with respect to the length of the shortest equation in the system. We also study two well-known conjectures. The first conjecture claims that there is a constant [Formula: see text] such that every one-variable equation has either infinitely many solutions or at most [Formula: see text]. The second conjecture claims that there is a constant [Formula: see text] such that every independent system of three-variable constant-free equations with a nonperiodic solution is of size at most [Formula: see text]. We prove that the first conjecture implies the second one, possibly for a different constant.
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Rehman, Tayyeba, Sharifullah Khan, Gwo‐Jen Hwang, and Muhammad Azeem Abbas. "Automatically solving two‐variable linear algebraic word problems using text mining." Expert Systems 36, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): e12358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exsy.12358.

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Manea, Florin, Dirk Nowotka, and Markus L. Schmid. "On the Complexity of Solving Restricted Word Equations." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 29, no. 05 (August 2018): 893–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054118420108.

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We investigate the complexity of the solvability problem for restricted classes of word equations with and without regular constraints. The solvability problem for unrestricted word equations remains [Formula: see text]-hard, even if, on both sides, between any two occurrences of the same variable no other different variable occurs; for word equations with regular constraints, the solvability problems remains [Formula: see text]-hard for equations whose two sides share no variables or with two variables, only one of which is repeated. On the other hand, word equations with only one repeated variable (but an arbitrary number of variables) and at least one non-repeated variable on each side, can be solved in polynomial-time.
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Oushiro, Livia, and Ronald Beline Mendes. "Untangling syntactic and morphophonological effects on Brazilian Portuguese Wh-interrogatives." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 3 (April 8, 2012): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.613.

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From a corpus of 53 sociolinguistic interviews, this paper analyzes variation among four structures of Wh-interrogatives in Brazilian Portuguese (Onde você mora?, Onde que você mora?, Onde é que você mora?, Você mora onde? ‘Where do you live?’) and contrasts the results of multivariate analyses, focusing on two different envelopes of variation (Variable position of the wh-word and Variable que) and two factor groups (Wh-word and Syntactic function). We show that variable position of the wh-word is mostly conditioned by syntactic factors, whereas variable que is mostly conditioned by morphophonological factors.
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Zalavina, Tatyana Yu, Ludmila I. Antropova, Liliya S. Polyakova, and Yulia V. Yuzhakova. "SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH A COMMON NEGATIVE CONNOTATION IN NATIONAL LANGUAGES (BASED ON FRENCH)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/24107190_2019_5_2_18_27.

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This work reports the results of the study of the meaning of somatic phraseological units with negative connotations in the French language within the anthropocentric paradigm. We emphasize active character of forming somatic phraseological units characterized by the two-dimensional semantic structure. To compare the semantics of variable word combinations and the corresponding phraseological units the analysis of primary transposition results was used to map the semantics of variable word combinations and phraseological units - a method typically applied for such a purpose; another method used was the application of an idiom onto the corresponding variable word combination to determine the degree of the components semantic merging to create coherent meaning of the studied idioms. As a result of the analysis of French somatic phraseological units, we singled out a set of words belonging to the semantic field of negative meanings that express various feelings and are used to characterize actions or people.
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French, Ann. "The systematic acquisition of word forms by a child during the first-fifty-word stage." Journal of Child Language 16, no. 1 (February 1989): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900013441.

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ABSTRACTThis paper sets out to examine two findings reported in the literature: one, that during the one-word stage a child's word productions are highly phonetically variable, and two, that the one-word stage is qualitatively distinct from subsequent phonological development. The complete set of word forms produced by a child at the one-word stage were collected and analysed both cross-sectionally (month by month) and longitudinally (looking for changes over time). It was found that the data showed very little variability, and that phonological development during the period studied was qualitatively continuous with subsequent development. It is suggested that the phonologically principled development of this child's first words is related to his late onset of speech.
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Amplayo, Reinald Kim, Seung-won Hwang, and Min Song. "AutoSense Model for Word Sense Induction." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016212.

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Word sense induction (WSI), or the task of automatically discovering multiple senses or meanings of a word, has three main challenges: domain adaptability, novel sense detection, and sense granularity flexibility. While current latent variable models are known to solve the first two challenges, they are not flexible to different word sense granularities, which differ very much among words, from aardvark with one sense, to play with over 50 senses. Current models either require hyperparameter tuning or nonparametric induction of the number of senses, which we find both to be ineffective. Thus, we aim to eliminate these requirements and solve the sense granularity problem by proposing AutoSense, a latent variable model based on two observations: (1) senses are represented as a distribution over topics, and (2) senses generate pairings between the target word and its neighboring word. These observations alleviate the problem by (a) throwing garbage senses and (b) additionally inducing fine-grained word senses. Results show great improvements over the stateof-the-art models on popular WSI datasets. We also show that AutoSense is able to learn the appropriate sense granularity of a word. Finally, we apply AutoSense to the unsupervised author name disambiguation task where the sense granularity problem is more evident and show that AutoSense is evidently better than competing models. We share our data and code here: https://github.com/rktamplayo/AutoSense.
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Brown, Earl Kjar. "The Effect of Forms’ Ratio of Conditioning on Word-Final /s/ Voicing in Mexican Spanish." Languages 5, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040061.

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There is mounting evidence that words that occur proportionately more often in contexts that condition a phonetically-motivated sound change end up changing more rapidly than other words. Support has been found in at least modern-day Spanish, Medieval Spanish, bilingual English-Spanish, and modern-day English. This study tests whether there is support for this idea with regards to the variable voicing of word-final /s/ in Spanish. An analysis of 1431 tokens of word-final /s/ spoken by 15 female speakers of Mexican Spanish living in Salinas, California, USA is performed. The response variable is the percentage of the /s/ segment that is voiced, and the effect of a handful of predictor variables shown in the literature to condition /s/ voicing is investigated. The variable of interest is forms’ ratio of conditioning (FRC), or the proportion of times with which word types occur in the context that conditions voicing of word-final /s/. The results of a series of 40 beta regression models indicate that FRC significantly conditions the percentage of voicing of word-final /s/ in these data. Also, the effect of manipulating two aspects of FRC operationalization is analyzed. This study adds to the growing body of literature documenting the importance of cumulative contextual information in the mental representation of words.
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Al-Jarrah, Ahmad, Amer Albsharat, and Mohammad Al-Jarrah. "Word-based encryption algorithm using dictionary indexing with variable encryption key length." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp669-683.

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<p>This paper proposes a new algorithm for text encryption utilizing English words as a unit of encoding. The algorithm vanishes any feature that could be used to reveal the encrypted text through adopting variable code lengths for the English words, utilizing a variable-length encryption key, applying two-dimensional binary shuffling techniques at the bit level, and utilizing four binary logical operations with randomized shuffling inputs. English words that alphabetically sorted are divided into four lookup tables where each word has assigned an index. The strength of the proposed algorithm concluded from having two major components. Firstly, each lookup table utilizes different index sizes, and all index sizes are not multiples of bytes. Secondly, the shuffling operations are conducted on a two-dimensional binary matrix with variable length. Lastly, the parameters of the shuffling operation are randomized based on a randomly selected encryption key with varying size. Thus, the shuffling operations move adjacent bits away in a randomized fashion. Definitively, the proposed algorithm vanishes any signature or any statistical features of the original message. Moreover, the proposed algorithm reduces the size of the encrypted message as an additive advantage which is achieved through utilizing the smallest possible index size for each lookup table.</p>
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Two-variable word"

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Hýl, Petr. "Slovinské národní divadlo v Lublani." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215582.

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Su, Jing-Rong, and 蘇健榮. "A Study of the Undercutting Conditions of the Variable Lead Screw Mechanism and Two Types of Worm Gear Sets." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26278483629423440553.

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碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
87
Mechanisms with line-contact conjugate spatial surfaces have been used in various machines. Although there exist methods to analyze whether there is undercutting, but the conditions of avoiding the undercutting for designing the mechanisms have not been find out yet. The main purpose of this study is to propose the conditions for designing the mechanisms with line-contact conjugate spatial surfaces, especially those for designing two types of worm gear sets and the variable lead screw mechanism (hereinafter VLSM). For designing ZE type worm gear set, the mathematical models for designing the gear surfaces and analyzing their curvatures are developed. Then, the conditions of avoiding undercutting when using a lathe tool to generate the worm and when using the worm to generate the worm gear are derived. Examples are given to show the usefulness of the conditions. Regarding the design of SG-71 type worm gear set, except the models for designing the gear surfaces and analyzing their curvatures are developed, the conditions of avoiding undercutting when using a grind wheel to generate the worm are derived. Examples are also given. For designing the VLSM, the models for the design of the surfaces of the screw and meshing elements and the analysis of their curvatures are developed. Consequently, the conditions of avoiding undercutting when using a conic milling cutter to generate the screw are derived. The spread contact line technique is adopted for using the screw to generate the (double-envelope) meshing elements. Examples are given to demonstrate the efforts spent on trying to overcome the undercutting of the VLSM with the double-envelope meshing elements, when the modified sinusoid is used as the kinematic curve between the screw and the meshing elements. When the curve is replaced by a cubic polynomial curve, the design of the VLSM with the double-envelope meshing elements without undercutting is achieved. A one-dimension search technique is applied for the further reduction of the mean relative normal curvature of the surfaces of the screw and meshing elements. According to the results of the study, not only the mathematical models for designing and analyzing two types of the worm gear sets and the VLSM are proposed, but also the conditions of avoiding undercutting for generating the gear and screw surfaces are derived. It is believed that the results are valuable in both of the academy and industrial applications.
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Books on the topic "Two-variable word"

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IBRA, Isma. Algebra 1 : Workbook with Answers : : Grade 8,linear Equation with One Variable , Graphing Linear Equation in Two Variable,slope,systyme of Two Linear Equation,word Problems,for Homeschool or Classroom Curriculum Because It Explains from the Beginnig. Independently Published, 2022.

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IBRA, Isma. Algebra 1 Workbook with Answers: For 8th Grade, Solving Linear Equations with One Variable, Graphing, Slope, System of Two Linear Equations, Word Problems. for Homeschool or Classroom Curriculum Because It Explains from the Beginning. Independently Published, 2022.

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Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. Tariana, an Arawak Language from North-West Amazonia. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.41.

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Tariana, the only Arawak language spoken in the Vaupés River Basin linguistic area, has developed numerous polysynthetic patterns, as a result of areal diffusion neighbouring East Tucanoan languages. Tariana is spoken in a situation of obligatory societal multilingualism, based on linguistic exogamy. Special features of Tariana shared with other polysynthetic languages include variable order of morphemes, ‘recursive affixing’ (similar to Eskimo-Aleut languages), templatic structures of nouns and verbs, and multiple serial verb constructions which behave as single word structures with respect to derivational processes. Most of these patterns are absent from Baniwa and other closely related Arawak languages, and also from one of the two extant dialects of Tariana under strong influence from Baniwa.
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Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 16. Patterns of Association. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses the principles of bivariate analysis as a tool for helping researchers get to know their data and identify patterns of association between two variables. Bivariate analysis offers a way of establishing whether or not there is a relationship between two variables, a dependent variable and an independent variable. With bivariate analysis, theoretical expectations can be compared against evidence from the real world to see if the theory is supported by what is observed. The chapter examines the pattern of association between dependent and independent variables, with particular emphasis on hypothesis testing and significance tests. It discusses ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and cross-tabulation, two of the most widely used statistical analysis techniques in political research. Finally, it explains how to state the null hypothesis, calculate the chi square, and establishing the correlation between the dependent and independent variables.
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Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa, and Michael Danquah. Ethnic diversity and informal work in Ghana. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/883-2.

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We present the first study that examines the effects of ethnic diversity on informal work. Using two waves of data from the Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey, we find that ethnic diversity is associated with a higher probability of engaging in informal work. Specifically, our instrumental variable estimates suggest that a unit increase in ethnic diversity is associated with up to a 26.3 percentage point increase in the probability of engaging in informal work. This result is robust to alternative estimation approaches and alternative ways of measuring ethnic diversity. Our results also show that trust, which is lower in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods, is an important channel through which ethnic diversity operates to increase the probability of engaging in informal work. Our results point to the need for policies that promote trust between diverse ethnic groups in heterogeneous societies.
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Reiter-Palmon, Roni, and Mackenzie Harms. Team Creativity and Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0001.

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For the past two decades, creativity and innovation have been viewed by researchers as critical to organizational success and survival. Understanding the factors that facilitate or inhibit creativity and innovation at the individual level has been the focus of much of the research in the area. In recent years, research in organizational psychology and management has focused on understanding creativity and innovation in teams. However, while earlier work on teams and creativity focused on the team as a context variable, and individual creativity as the outcome, more recent research emphasizes creativity as the outcome. This chapter provides an overview of the state of research and practice as it relates to team creativity and innovation in organizations.
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Nolan, Maura. Style. Edited by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212484.013.0022.

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Poetic style may be analyzed by starting with the smallest measurable units of poetry. Style has two aspects that are often contradictory: the particular and the general. The notion of style underwent numerous changes over the years between Geoffrey Chaucer and Thomas Wyatt. This article examines the question of style by juxtaposing three poets, three centuries, and two literary-historical periods. It considers the relationship between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance as well as embeddedness of Chaucer, Wyatt, and John Lydgate in those periods in stylistic terms and describes an alternative way of thinking about literary style that reveals the secretive manner that history works in art. It discusses the troublesome poetic terrain of stresses, absences of stress, feet, and meter as a way of scrutinizing the “styles” of Chaucer, Lydgate, and Wyatt in “Truth,” “The World is Variable,” and “What Vaileth Trouth,” respectively.
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Jackman, Simon. Measurement. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0006.

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This article shows that the words ‘behavioural’ and ‘behaviour’ turn out to be better measures as judged by tests of criterion and convergent validity. It specifically discusses measurement problems. Further, it pertains to statistical models that link latent variables and their observed indicators as measurement models. The success of measurement — the quality of the inferences provided by a measurement model — is usually assessed with reference to two key concepts: validity and reliability. The distinct uses of measures of latent variables are reported. The article then deals with the costs of ignoring measurement error. Additionally, a quick introduction to factor analysis, item-response models, and a very general class of latent variable models are briefly given. Moreover, it describes the inference for discrete latent variables and the measurement in a dynamic setting.
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Duvernoy, Russell J. Affect and Attention After Deleuze and Whitehead. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474466912.001.0001.

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The book develops a process metaphysical conception of subjectivity from the work of Gilles Deleuze and Alfred North Whitehead. This alters existential orientations towards affect and attention in ways described as ecological attunement. The study is guided by two methodological commitments: (i) demonstrating the importance and relevance of responsible speculative thinking and (ii) translating metaphysical ideas into their existential implications. Both commitments are motivated by a contemporary context of ecological crisis and paradigm transformation. In the course of its argument, the book relates the work of Deleuze and Whitehead to other speculative trends in recent philosophy, particularly posthumanisms and speculative realisms. Deleuze and Whitehead are read in a shared lineage of radical empiricism that emphasizes processes and events as metaphysically primary. A key theme is understanding subjectivity through dynamic processes of individuation at variable scales where feeling/affect and attention acquire metaphysical rather than psychological scope and status. Whitehead’s analysis of “feeling” as metaphysical operation is explored in relation to Deleuze and Guattari's Spinozist-inspired deployment of affect. Attending participates as a crucial bridge between the metaphysical and the existential in processes of consolidation of present real actual occasions. The book develops existential implications of these claims in the context of an expanded philosophical conception of ecology. These implications challenge dominant modes of subjectification under what Guattari calls “Integrated World Capitalism” (IWC). The book concludes with discussion of how speculative philosophy may contribute to alternative futures.
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Schumaker, Lyn. History of Medicine in Sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Mark Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546497.013.0015.

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This article aims to bring together two historiographical strands, one originating in the discipline of the history of medicine, and the other originating in African history. It begins with African medicine and its historical development and discusses colonial medicine, which is the subject of much recent scholarship. Africa's experience of colonial medicine has challenged the traditional view of colonial hegemony. It shows that valuable insights have come through study of the variable acceptance of colonial medicine in Africa and it has strengthened the racial cleavages of colonial societies. It discusses the historiography of medicine in Africa, pointing out its gaps and failures as well as its accomplishments. It directs attention to the underlying conditions of the production of research — funding priorities and publication targets that maintain the dominance of the history of Western medicine as a subject, while marginalizing the medical traditions of Africa and the developing world.
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Book chapters on the topic "Two-variable word"

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Ilie, Lucian, and Wojciech Plandowski. "Two-Variable Word Equations." In STACS 2000, 122–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46541-3_10.

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Da̧browski, Robert, and Wojtek Plandowski. "Solving Two-Variable Word Equations." In Automata, Languages and Programming, 408–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27836-8_36.

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Craven, Matthew J. "An Evolutionary Algorithm for the Solution of Two-Variable Word Equations in Partially Commutative Groups." In Recent Advances in Evolutionary Computation for Combinatorial Optimization, 3–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70807-0_1.

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Barbaglia, Luca, Sergio Consoli, and Sebastiano Manzan. "Exploring the Predictive Power of News and Neural Machine Learning Models for Economic Forecasting." In Mining Data for Financial Applications, 135–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66981-2_11.

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AbstractForecasting economic and financial variables is a challenging task for several reasons, such as the low signal-to-noise ratio, regime changes, and the effect of volatility among others. A recent trend is to extract information from news as an additional source to forecast economic activity and financial variables. The goal is to evaluate if news can improve forecasts from standard methods that usually are not well-specified and have poor out-of-sample performance. In a currently on-going project, our goal is to combine a richer information set that includes news with a state-of-the-art machine learning model. In particular, we leverage on two recent advances in Data Science, specifically on Word Embedding and Deep Learning models, which have recently attracted extensive attention in many scientific fields. We believe that by combining the two methodologies, effective solutions can be built to improve the prediction accuracy for economic and financial time series. In this preliminary contribution, we provide an overview of the methodology under development and some initial empirical findings. The forecasting model is based on DeepAR, an auto-regressive probabilistic Recurrent Neural Network model, that is combined with GloVe Word Embeddings extracted from economic news. The target variable is the spread between the US 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity and the 3-Month Treasury Constant Maturity (T10Y3M). The DeepAR model is trained on a large number of related GloVe Word Embedding time series, and employed to produce point and density forecasts.
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David, Claire, Leonid Libkin, and Tony Tan. "On the Satisfiability of Two-Variable Logic over Data Words." In Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Reasoning, 248–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16242-8_18.

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Kara, Ahmet, Thomas Schwentick, and Tony Tan. "Feasible Automata for Two-Variable Logic with Successor on Data Words." In Language and Automata Theory and Applications, 351–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28332-1_30.

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Gupta, Awadhesh, Juhi Afridi, Shikha Shriwastava, and Vandana Vikas Thakre. "A Two Variable Adjustable Window Function Approach to Design FIR Filter." In Intelligent Computing Applications for Sustainable Real-World Systems, 123–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44758-8_12.

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Loucks, Daniel P. "Linear Optimization Modeling." In International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 89–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93986-1_8.

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AbstractThe chapter introduces linear programming, arguably the most used optimization method applicable when all the model terms are linear. Graphical solution approaches to solve two-variable linear models are used to illustrate how linear programming algorithms solve models containing many more variables as are typical of most real-world problems.
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Reghunadhan, Rajesh. "Sharing Without Losing and Donation: Two New Operators for Evolutionary Algorithm with Variable Length Chromosome." In Proceedings of the 18th Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications (WSC18), 158–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00612-9_14.

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Calì, Michele, Salvatore Massimo Oliveri, and Marco Evangelos Biancolini. "Thread Couplings Stress Analysis by Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 114–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_19.

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AbstractTraditional analytical methods are approximate and need to be validated when it comes to predict the tensional behavior of thread coupling. Numerical finite element simulations help engineers come up with the optimum design, although the latter depends on the constraints and load conditions of the thread couplings which are often variable during the system functioning. The present work illustrates a new method based on Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing formulation to optimize the stress concentration in thread couplings which is subject to variable loads and constraints. In particular, thread root and fillet under-head drawings for metric ISO thread, which are the most commonly used thread connection, are optimized with Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing. In metric ISO threaded connection, the root shape and the fillet under the head are circular, and from shape optimization for minimum stress concentration it is well known that the circular shape becomes seldom optimal. The study is carried out to enhance the stress concentration factor with a simple geometric parameterization using two design variables. Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing formulation, performed with a simple geometric parameterization, has allowed to obtain a stress reduction of up to 12%; some similarities are found in the optimized designs leading to the proposal of a new standard. The reductions in the stress are achieved by rather simple changes made to the cutting tool.
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Conference papers on the topic "Two-variable word"

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Bakhmutsky, Michael. "High-performance variable length decoder with two-word bit-stream segmentation." In Advanced Imaging and Network Technologies, edited by Naohisa Ohta. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.251324.

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Bakhmutsky, Michael. "Pair-match Huffman transcoding to achieve a highly parallel variable-length decoder with two-word bit stream segmentation." In Electronic Imaging '97, edited by Sethuraman Panchanathan and Frans Sijstermans. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.263517.

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Camacho-Collados, Jose, Luis Espinosa-Anke, Shoaib Jameel, and Steven Schockaert. "A Latent Variable Model for Learning Distributional Relation Vectors." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/682.

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Recently a number of unsupervised approaches have been proposed for learning vectors that capture the relationship between two words. Inspired by word embedding models, these approaches rely on co-occurrence statistics that are obtained from sentences in which the two target words appear. However, the number of such sentences is often quite small, and most of the words that occur in them are not relevant for characterizing the considered relationship. As a result, standard co-occurrence statistics typically lead to noisy relation vectors. To address this issue, we propose a latent variable model that aims to explicitly determine what words from the given sentences best characterize the relationship between the two target words. Relation vectors then correspond to the parameters of a simple unigram language model which is estimated from these words.
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Piotrovsky, Dmitry D. "THE RHYME AND THE FORMULA IN POPULAR FAROESE POETRY." In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.26.

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The main means which organizes the verse in popular Faroese poetry is end rhyme. In four-line stanzas the rhyme connects the second and the fourth lines, in two-line ones both present lines. The Faroese rhyme is not strict. It is enough only to repeat the stressed vowel, the consonant following after might vary. The part of the word which follows the stressed vowel may undergo significant changes. The masculine ending sometimes rhymes with the feminine one. Even the stressed vowel might vary to some extent. The Faroese rhyme is often trivial. The ballads on the Faroese Isles were oral. So, some special formula technique was applied for their transition. The means of the formula technique are formulas and repetitions. The formulas are metrically conditioned reproducible word groups having the length of one line, meanwhile the repetitions are metrically non-conditioned sequences of different length. The formulas and repetitions, as well as they perform the same function of the building material for the oral poetic text, also possess the same structure. They both are composed from permanent end variable parts. In repetitions their entwinement takes different forms. They may follow one another, usually first comes the permanent part then the variable one. The permanent part sometimes occupies the second half of one stanza and then the first half of the following stanza. The permanent end variable parts might cross one another. In this case the permanent part occupies unpair lines and the variable part occupies pair ones. The distribution of these parts of both formulas and repetitions is tied to the rhyming places of the verse. The rhyming word is usually located in the variable part but sometimes it is found in the permanent part. This one more time proves that there is no impenetrable boundary between formulas and repetitions. Refs 8.
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Aotani, Noriko, and Shin’ya Takahashi. "EFFECTS OF INVOLVEMENT LOAD IN EXTENSIVE READING ON LEXICAL RELATIONS AMONG ALREADY KNOWN L2 WORDS." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end116.

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"The effects of task-induced involvement load, evaluation and need in particular, in extensive reading on a change of the lexical relations that EFL learners perceive were investigated. Fifty-two Japanese university students were assigned to one of three groups. All groups were given the same reading material (an English passage of 319 words including 12 target words) but with different tasks. MCQ group answered multiple-choice questions about the contents of the passage. MCQ+FB group answered fill-in-the-blank questions in the passage as well as the MCQ. MCQ+Com group did a composition task using the target words as well as the MCQ. In addition, all participants judged the degree of relationship between target words three times, a week before the task, immediately after the task, and a month after the task. The mean of relationship score was calculated for each participant each time, and was used as a dependent variable that indicates the degree of deepening of the lexical network. Participants also answered questions asking about their intrinsic motivation for the task. The results showed, contrary to our hypothesis, that evaluation manipulated by the tasks nor need compared by the degree of participant’s intrinsic motivation did not affect the dependent variable. Next, we analyzed the data by using AMISESCAL (Asymmetric von Mises Scaling), a statistical model that visualizes asymmetric relations among elements on a two-dimensional map, and found that the relations among target words largely depend on the main target word (keyword of the passage). Although the present findings were generally negative in terms of the Involvement Load Hypothesis (Laufer & Hulstijn, 2001), it was suggested that carefully choosing appropriate reading material with target words is important for the future studies."
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Niewerth, Matthias, and Thomas Schwentick. "Two-variable logic and key constraints on data words." In the 14th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1938551.1938571.

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7

Lou, Zheng David, Shao Wen, Jianhua Qian, Huaiping Xu, Guoming Zhu, and Ming Sun. "Camless Variable Valve Actuator with Two Discrete Lifts." In SAE 2015 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0324.

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8

McCoy, Michael, Christopher Isert, Douglas Jackson, and John Naber. "A Frequency Counter Based Analog-to-Digital Converter for a Low-Power RFID Biomedical Telemetry System." In ASME 2007 2nd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2007-38114.

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This paper describes a method for determining a digital representation of a remote sensing element using a novel and lower power method of analog to digital conversion [1]. This conversion process is most effective for low-frequency and very low current Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensing systems where the sensing element tags are powered by an inductively coupled carrier signal of fixed frequency. This method eliminates the need for a traditional, large and power-hungry Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). This approach is being developed for an orthopedic application that measures the invivo strain on titanium rods to help surgeons better understand the progress of fusion in spinal fusion surgery [2]. Previous work has been shown using the difference of two clocks for sending digital data from the reader to the tag [3], whereas this approach is optimized for sending digital data in the other direction, from tag to the reader. The sensor element may be a resistive or capacitive device integrated into an oscillator of variable frequency. This variable oscillation signal is then divided down and used as the time base to a frequency counter clocked by the recovered carrier signal. In recovering and using the carrier signal as an internal clock, an additional on chip oscillator is not necessary. The resultant value then undergoes additional post processing to add a unique identification string, a CRC check word, Manchester encoding, and Frequency-Shift Key (FSK) encoding for load modulation transmission [3,4].
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Arata, Taguchi, Nicola Novi, Kenji Ariga, Akira Yamashita, and Giacomo Armenio. "Development of a Two-Stage Variable Displacement Vane Oil Pump." In SAE 2012 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0408.

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10

Cooper, Kevin R., Miroslav Mokry, and Mark Gleason. "The Two-Variable Boundary-Interference Correction Applied to Automotive Aerodynamic Data." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1204.

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Reports on the topic "Two-variable word"

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Seginer, Ido, James Jones, Per-Olof Gutman, and Eduardo Vallejos. Optimal Environmental Control for Indeterminate Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1997.7613034.bard.

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Increased world competition, as well as increased concern for the environment, drive all manufacturing systems, including greenhouses, towards high-precision operation. Optimal control is an important tool to achieve this goal, since it finds the best compromise between conflicting demands, such as higher profits and environmental concerns. The report, which is a collection of papers, each with its own abstract, outlines an approach for optimal, model-based control of the greenhouse environment. A reliable crop model is essential for this approach and a significant portion of the effort went in this direction, resulting in a radically new version of the tomato model TOMGRO, which can be used as a prototype model for other greenhouse crops. Truly optimal control of a very complex system requires prohibitively large computer resources. Two routes to model simplification have, therefore, been tried: Model reduction (to fewer state variables) and simplified decision making. Crop model reduction from nearly 70 state variables to about 5, was accomplished by either selecting a subset of the original variables or by forming combinations of them. Model dynamics were then fitted either with mechanistic relationships or with neural networks. To simplify the decision making process, the number of costate variables (control policy parametrs) was recuced to one or two. The dry-matter state variable was transformed in such a way that its costate became essentially constant throughout the season. A quasi-steady-state control algorithm was implemented in an experimental greenhouse. A constant value for the dry-matter costate was able to control simultaneously ventilation and CO2 enrichment by continuously producing weather-dependent optimal setpoints and then maintaining them closely.
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Shaver, Greg, and Miles Droege. Develop and Deploy a Safe Truck Platoon Testing Protocol for the Purdue ARPA-E Project in Indiana. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317314.

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Hilly terrain poses challenges to truck platoons using fixed set speed cruise control. Driving the front truck efficiently on hilly terrain improves both trucks fuel economies and improves gap maintenance between the trucks. An experimentally-validated simulation model was used to show fuel savings for the platoon of 12.3% when the front truck uses long horizon predictive cruise control (LH-PCC), 8.7% when the front truck uses flexible set speed cruise control, and only 1.2% when the front truck uses fixed set speed cruise control. Purdue, Peloton, and Cummins have jointly configured two Peterbilt 579 trucks for relevant combinations of: (1) coordinated shifting, (2) constant or variable platoon gap controls, (3) flexible or constant speed setpoint cruise control of the front trucks, and (4) long-horizon predictive cruise control (LHPCC) of the front truck. Confirmation of this functionality during platooning was demonstrated at the Continental Test track in Uvalde, Texas. In Indiana, on-road experiments were limited to single truck operation with long-horizon predictive cruise control, flexible set speed cruise control, and constant setpoint cruise control. Data from all of the above was used to improve the fidelity of simulations used to arrive at the fuel savings and gap control findings for hilly terrain per what is summarized in the findings section. Additionally, in early summer 2020, Purdue submitted to, and received improvement from, INDOT for a safe truck platoon testing protocol (located in this report’s appendix), which could not be implemented in Indiana before the end of the project because of COVID-19. Presentations of the subject matter at COMVEC, MAASTO, Purdue Road School, and the Work Truck Show are listed in the appendix.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Evaluation of hanging-garden endemic-plant monitoring at Southeast Utah Group national parks, 2013–2020. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294868.

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Hanging gardens are the most common type of spring at Arches National Park (NP) and Natural Bridges National Monument (NM). They are also present at Canyonlands National Park, but hanging gardens are rare off the Colorado Plateau. Their cliffside setting provides stable access to water without flood disturbance. This combination provides unique habitat that is rich in endemic plant species. The diffuse, seeping emergence of water makes measuring springflow impossible at most sites. Park managers have an interest in monitoring hanging gardens—especially as the climate warms and aridity and water demand both increase. The Northern Colorado Plateau Net-work (NCPN) proposed methods for monitoring seven perennial endemic-plant species at hanging gardens as indicators of spring health and proxies for water availability. Because hanging gardens occur on bedrock outcrops, systematic or random sampling was not possible due to safety concerns and potential resource damage on steep, wet slopes. Examining eight years (2013–2020) of data, this report evaluates the suitability of endemic-plant count data at hanging gardens as a monitoring indicator. It also provides our first evaluation of status and trends at NCPN hanging gardens. The seven species included in monitoring were Rydberg’s thistle (Cirsium rydbergii), Kachina daisy (Erigeron kachinensis), alcove death camas (Zigadenus vaginatus), alcove bog orchid (Habenaria zothecina), cave primrose (Primula specuicola), alcove columbine (Aquilegia micrantha), and Eastwood’s monkeyflower (Mimulus eastwoodiae). Six of the seven species were found at each park. Up to 500 individuals of each species were counted at 42 hanging gardens in Arches NP, 14 hanging gardens in Natural Bridges NM, and 3 hanging gardens in Canyonlands NP. Larger populations were divided into count classes of 501–1,000, 1,001–10,000, and more than 10,000 individuals. Counts from two independent observers and from back-to-back years of sampling were compared for repeatability. Repeatability in count classes was less than 50% for Kachina daisy and Eastwood’s monkeyflower, which both propagate vegetatively via ramets and/or stolons. Repeatability was greater than 90% for only one species, Rydberg’s thistle. The remaining species were categorized in different classes between 15–40% of the time. Independent-observer comparisons were only available for 6.6% of the dataset, but these observations suggested that (1) observer bias was present and (2) the observer with more experience working in hanging gardens generally had higher counts than the observer with less experience in this system. Although repeatability was variable, it was within the range reported by other studies for most species. The NCPN, in discussion with park staff, has elected to make some modifications to the protocol but will continue using endemic plant counts as an indicator of hanging-garden health to maintain a biological variable as a complement to our physical-response data. This is due to their high value to park biodiversity and the difficulty of developing a more robust approach to monitoring in these sites. Endemic-plant monitoring will continue for the five species with the highest repeatability during pilot monitoring and will focus on detecting changes in smaller populations. Most hanging gardens have more than one endemic species present, so several populations can be tracked at each site. Our period of record is relatively brief, and the distribution of endemic-plant populations in different count classes at these sites has not yet shown any statistical trends over time. Be-cause of the large count classes, our methods are more sensitive to showing change in smaller populations (fewer than 500 individuals). Small populations are also of greatest concern to park managers because of their vulnerability to declines or extirpation due to drought. Over-all, more sites had endemic-plant populations of fewer than 100 individuals at the end...
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Steffens, John C., and Eithan Harel. Polyphenol Oxidases- Expression, Assembly and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571358.bard.

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Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) participate in the preparation of many plant products on the one hand and cause considerable losses during processing of plant products on the other hand. However, the physiological functions of plant PPO were still a subject of controversy at the onset of the project. Preliminary observations that suggested involvement of PPOs in resistance to herbivores and pathogens held great promise for application in agriculture but required elucidation of PPO's function if modulation of PPO expression is to be considered for improving plant protection or storage and processing of plant products. Suggestions on a possible role of PPO in various aspects of chloroplast metabolism were also relevant in this context. The characterization of plant PPO genes opened a way for achieving these goals. We reasoned that "understanding PPO targeting and routing, designing ways to manipulate its expression and assessing the effects of such modifications will enable determination of the true properties of the enzyme and open the way for controlling its activity". The objective of the project was to "obtain an insight into the function and biological significance of PPOs" by examining possible function(s) of PPO in photosynthesis and plant-pest interactions using transgenic tomato plants; extending our understanding of PPO routing and assembly and the mechanism of its thylakoid translocation; preparing recombinant PPOs for use in import studies, determination of the genuine properties of PPOs and understanding its assembly and determining the effect of PPO's absence on chloroplast performance. Results obtained during work on the project made it necessary to abandon some minor objectives and devote the effort to more promising topics. Such changes are mentioned in the 'Body of the report' which is arranged according to the objectives of the original proposal. The complex expression pattern of tomato PPO gene family was determined. Individual members of the family are differentially expressed in various parts of the plant and subjected to developmentally regulated turnover. Some members are differentially regulated also by pathogens, wounding and chemical wound signals. Wounding systemically induces PPO activity and level in potato. Only tissues that are developmentally competent to express PPO are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA. Down regulation of PPO genes causes hyper susceptibility to leaf pathogens in tomato while over expression regulation of PPO expression in tomato plants is their apparent increased tolerance to drought. Both the enhanced disease resistance conferred by PPO over expression and the increased stress tolerance due to down regulation can be used in the engineering of improved crop plants. Photosynthesis rate and variable fluorescence measurements in wild type, and PPO-null and over expressing transgenic tomato lines suggest that PPO does not enable plants to cope better with stressful high light intensities or reactive oxygen species. Rather high levels of the enzyme aggravate the damage caused under such conditions. Our work suggests that PPO's primary role is in defending plants against pathogens and herbivores. Jasmonate and ethylene, and apparently also salicylate, signals involved in responses to wounding and defense against herbivores and pathogens, enhance markedly and specifically the competence of chloroplasts to import and process pPPO. The interaction of the precursor with thylakoid membranes is primarily affected. The routing of PPO shows other unusual properties: stromal processing occurs in two sites, resulting in intermediates that are translocated across thylakoids by two different mechanisms - a DpH- and a Sec-dependent one. It is suggested that the dual pattern of processing and routing constitutes a'fail safe' mechanism, reflecting the need for a rapid and flexible response to defense challenges. Many of the observations described above should be taken into consideration when manipulation of PPO expression is contemplated for use in crop improvement.
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5

Johnson, Corey, Colton James, Sarah Traughber, and Charles Walker. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Implications in Neostigmine versus Sugammadex. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0005.

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Purpose/Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a frequent complaint in the postoperative period, which can delay discharge, result in readmission, and increase cost for patients and facilities. Inducing paralysis is common in anesthesia, as is utilizing the drugs neostigmine and sugammadex as reversal agents for non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers. Many studies are available that compare these two drugs to determine if neostigmine increases the risk of PONV over sugammadex. Sugammadex has a more favorable pharmacologic profile and may improve patient outcomes by reducing PONV. Methods: This review included screening a total of 39 studies and peer-reviewed articles that looked at patients undergoing general anesthesia who received non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers requiring either neostigmine or sugammadex for reversal, along with their respective PONV rates. 8 articles were included, while 31 articles were removed based on our exclusion criteria. These were published between 2014 and 2020 exclusively. The key words used were “neostigmine”, “sugammadex”, “PONV”, along with combinations “paralytic reversal agents and PONV”. This search was performed on the scholarly database MEDLINE. The data items were PONV rates in neostigmine group, PONV rates in sugammadex group, incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in neostigmine group, and incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in sugammadex group. Results: Despite numerical differences being noted in the incidence of PONV with sugammadex over reversal with neostigmine, there did not appear to be any statistically significant data in the multiple peer-reviewed trials included in our review, for not one of the 8 studies concluded that there was a higher incidence of PONV in one drug or the other of an y clinical relevance. Although the side-effect profile tended to be better in the sugammadex group than neostigmine in areas other than PONV, there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that one drug was superior to the other in causing a direct reduction of PONV. Implications for Nursing Practice: There were variable but slight differences noted between both drug groups in PONV rates, but it remained that none of the studies determined it was statically significant or clinically conclusive. This review did, however, note other advantages to sugammadex over neostigmine, including its pharmacologic profile of more efficiently reversing non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs and its more favorable pharmacokinetics. This lack of statistically significant evidence found within these studies consequentially does not support pharmacologic decision-making of one drug in favor of the other for reducing PONV; therefore, PONV alone is not a sufficient rationale for a provider to justify using one reversal over another at the current time until further research proves otherwise.
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Guy, Charles, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Gloria Moore, Doron Holland, and Yuval Eshdat. Common Mechanisms of Response to the Stresses of High Salinity and Low Temperature and Genetic Mapping of Stress Tolerance Loci in Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613013.bard.

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The objectives that were outlined in our original proposal have largely been achieved or will be so by the end of the project in February 1995 with one exception; that of mapping cold tolerance loci based on the segregation of tolerance in the BC1 progeny population. Briefly, our goals were to 1) construct a densely populated linkage map of the citrus genome: 2) map loci important in cold and/or salt stress tolerance; and 3) characterize the expression of genes responsive to cold land salt stress. As can be seen by the preceding listing of accomplishments, our original objectives A and B have been realized, objective C has been partially tested, objective D has been completed, and work on objectives E and F will be completed by the end of 1995. Although we have yet to map any loci that contribute to an ability of citrus to maintain growth when irrigated with saline water, our very encouraging results from the 1993 experiment provides us with considerable hope that 1994's much more comprehensive and better controlled experiment will yield the desired results once the data has been fully analyzed. Part of our optimism derives from the findings that loci for growth are closely linked with loci associated with foliar Cl- and Na+ accumulation patterns under non-salinization conditions. In the 1994 experiment, if ion exclusion or sequestration traits are segregating in the population, the experimental design will permit their resolution. Our fortunes with respect to cold tolerance is another situation. In three attempts to quantitatively characterize cold tolerance as an LT50, the results have been too variable and the incremental differences between sensitive and tolerant too small to use for mapping. To adequately determine the LT50 requires many plants, many more than we have been able to generate in the time and space available by making cuttings from small greenhouse-grown stock plants. As it has turned out, with citrus, to prepare enough plants needed to be successful in this objective would have required extensive facilities for both growing and testing hardiness which simply were not available at University of Florida. The large populations necessary to overcome the variability we encountered was unanticipated and unforeseeable at the project's outset. In spite of the setbacks, this project, when it is finally complete will be exceedingly successful. Listing of Accomplishments During the funded interval we have accomplished the following objectives: Developed a reasonably high density linkage map for citrus - mapped the loci for two cold responsive genes that were cloned from Poncirus - mapped the loci for csa, the salt responsive gene for glutathione peroxidase, and ccr a circadian rhythm gene from citrus - identified loci that confer parental derived specific DNA methylation patterns in the Citrus X Poncirus cross - mapped 5 loci that determine shoot vigor - mapped 2 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions in the BC1 population - mapped 3 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation paterns during salt sress - mapped 2 loci that control leaf Cl- accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions - mapped a locus that controls leaf Cl- accumulation patterns during salt stress Screened the BC1 population for growth reduction during salinization (controls and salinized), and cold tolerance - determined population variation for shoot/root ratio of Na+ and Cl- - determined levels for 12 inorganic nutrient elements in an effort to examine the influence of salinization on ion content with emphasis on foliar responses - collected data on ion distribution to reveal patterns of exclusion/sequestration/ accumulation - analyzed relationships between ion content and growth Characterization of gene expression in response to salt or cold stress - cloned the gene for the salt responsive protein csa, identified it as glutathione peroxidase, determined the potential target substrate from enzymatic studies - cloned two other genes responsive to salt stress, one for the citrus homologue of a Lea5, and the other for an "oleosin" like gene - cold regulated (cor) genes belonging to five hybridization classes were isolated from Poncirus, two belonged to the group 2 Lea superfamily of stress proteins, the others show no significant homology to other known sequences - the expression of csa during cold acclimation was examined, and the expression of some of the cor genes were examined in response to salt stress - the influence of salinization on cold tolerance has been examined with seedling populations - conducted protein blot studies for expression of cold stress proteins during salt stress and vice versa
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Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.
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