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1
Levchenko, Boris. Criteria for testing hypotheses about uniformity. Application manual. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/986695.
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The guide discusses the use of statistical criteria focused on the testing of hypotheses about uniformity of laws, which belong to the analyzed sample, of the homogeneous medium (about equality of the mathematical expectations), about the homogeneity of variance (equality of variances of compared samples). The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated, and the application of criteria in conditions of violation of standard assumptions is considered. Tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for the correct application of the criteria are provided.
This publication describes a broader set of criteria. Constructed models of marginal distributions of statistics for some sample criteria of law uniformity are proposed. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It is intended for specialists who are more or less faced with the issues of statistical data analysis, processing the results of experiments, and using statistical methods to analyze various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists in various fields (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.), University teachers, graduate students and students.
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Lemeshko, Boris, and Irina Veretel'nikova. Criteria for testing hypotheses about randomness and the absence of a trend. Application Guide. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1587437.
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The monograph discusses the application of statistical criteria aimed at testing hypotheses about the absence of a trend in the analyzed samples. The rejection of such a hypothesis gives grounds to consider the analyzed data as samples of independent equally distributed random variables. We consider a set of special criteria aimed at testing such hypotheses, as well as a set of criteria for the uniformity of laws, the uniformity of averages and the uniformity of variances, which can also be used for these purposes. The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are emphasized, the application of criteria in conditions of violation of standard assumptions is considered. Estimates of the power of the criteria are given, which allows you to navigate when choosing the most preferred criteria. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and increase the validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data.
It is intended for specialists who are interested in the application of statistical methods for the analysis of various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality and who are in contact with the processing of experimental results, the need for data analysis in their activities. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists of various profiles (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.) who face the need for statistical analysis of experimental results in their activities. It will also be useful for university teachers, graduate students and students.
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Paliy, Irina. Probability theory and mathematical statistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1065828.
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The tutorial is an introductory course in probability theory and mathematical statistics. Elements of combinatorics, basic concepts and theorems of probability theory, discrete random variables, continuous random variables, some limit theorems, one-dimensional and two-dimensional samples, point and interval estimation of parameters of the general population, testing of statistical hypotheses, elements of queuing theory are considered. The presentation of the theoretical material is accompanied by a large number of detailed examples of problem solving. For students of technical and economic fields of study and specialties, studying under the bachelor's and specialty programs.
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Lemeshko, Boris, and Pavel Blinov. Criteria for checking deviations from the exponential law. Application manual. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1097477.
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The monograph is intended for specialists who are more or less faced with the issues of statistical data analysis, processing of experimental results, and using statistical methods to analyze various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality. The guide discusses the application of statistical criteria aimed at testing the hypothesis that the analyzed sample belongs to the exponential (exponential) distribution law. The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated. Estimates of the power of the criteria and results of comparative analysis of the criteria are given, as well as tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for applying the criteria. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists in various fields (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.) who are faced with the need for statistical analysis of experimental results, as well as University teachers, graduate students and students.
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Lin, Wen-Ying. Robustness of two multivariate tests to variance-covariance heteroscedasticity and nonnormality when total-sample-size-to-variable ratio is small. 1991.
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Morgan, Douglas E. Point-of-Care Testing (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0030.
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Point-of-care testing (POCT) is defined as medical diagnostic testing performed outside the clinical laboratory in close proximity to where the patient is receiving care. POCT is typically performed by non-laboratory personnel and the results are used for clinical decision making. When used appropriately, point-of-care testing (POCT) is a valuable resource during the rapid response system (RRS) activation. Advantages include shortened time between acquiring a sample from the patient and analysis of that sample and a subsequent decrease in time to clinical decision making. Disadvantages revolve largely around the cost of POCT. Driving forces behind the movement towards POCT include care process optimization, improvement of patient outcomes, changing regulatory requirements, and changes in the face of the workforce.
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Cai, Zongwu. Functional Coefficient Models for Economic and Financial Data. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.6.
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This article discusses the use of functional coefficient models for economic and financial data analysis. It first provides an overview of recent developments in the nonparametric estimation and testing of functional coefficient models, with particular emphasis on the kernel local polynomial smoothing method, before considering misspecification testing as an important econometric question when fitting a functional (varying) coefficient model or a trending time-varying coefficient model. It then describes two major real-life applications of functional coefficient models in economics and finance: the first deals with the use of functional coefficient instrumental-variable models to investigate the empirical relation between wages and education in a random sample of young Australian female workers from the 1985 wave of the Australian Longitudinal Survey, and the second is concerned with the use of functional coefficient beta models to analyze the common stock price of Microsoft stock (MSFT) during the year 2000 using the daily closing prices.
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Arce, Michael. Laboratory Testing for Microbial Detection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0001.
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The approach to microbial detection in patients who present to acute settings should be focused and should aim to result in clinically significant findings while minimizing the chances of a missed diagnosis or missed complications related to a patient’s existing disease burden. Judicious selection of laboratory tests, efficient sample collection, and laboratory reporting are all important considerations. This chapter provides general guidelines for the initial evaluation of potential microbial infections in patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED). In some cases, the diagnosis will remain uncertain during the patient’s stay, but diagnostic testing initiated in the ED may be beneficial for the inpatient or outpatient team and the future care of the patient.
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Miksza, Peter, and Kenneth Elpus. Inferential Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391905.003.0005.
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Researchers often employ statistical techniques to test hypotheses and to express the relative certainty they have when making a claim about how statistics derived from their sample data might be representative of population parameters. This chapter illustrates the logic underlying inferential statistical tests. Inferential analyses involves a set of tools that music education researchers can use when posing scientific questions and seeking to refute their hypotheses. The chapter describes techniques that can be used for testing hypotheses and estimating population parameters on the basis of sample data. In doing so, the chapter emphasizes basic approaches to null hypothesis significance testing, interpreting effect sizes, and building confidence intervals. The chapter also provides a brief critique of null hypothesis significance testing as a tradition.
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Kotzer, Katrina E., and Sarah E. Kerr. Molecular Technologies and Test Issues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604929.003.0005.
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Molecular genetic testing has been around since the discovery and offering of clinical testing for the first gene sequenced. However, in recent years the methods and scope of molecular genetic testing have evolved significantly to encompass next-generation sequencing, multigene panels, and whole exome and genome testing. With this evolution in molecular methods, the nomenclature and variant evaluation and annotation processes are crucial for the systematic and standard interpretation of molecular test results. This chapter will provide the laboratory genetic counselor with information about the common sample types analyzed by molecular techniques for the purposes of genetic testing and the various methodologies available and their limitations. Guidelines are given for the standard approach to molecular variant reporting with respect to nomenclature and variant classification.
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Archer, Nick, and Nicky Manning. Other investigations. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230709.003.0017.
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Introduction 244Invasive testing 246Examination of sample 248Parental blood sampling 250Fetal electrocardiography 250Fetal magnetic resonance imaging 250• It is important to determine whether a cardiac lesion is:• Isolated or• Associated with non-cardiac abnormalities or• Part of a syndrome....
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Ashby, F. Gregory, and Fabian A. Soto. Multidimensional Signal Detection Theory. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.2.
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Multidimensional signal detection theory is a multivariate extension of signal detection theory that makes two fundamental assumptions, namely that every mental state is noisy and that every action requires a decision. The most widely studied version is known as general recognition theory (GRT). General recognition theory assumes that the percept on each trial can be modeled as a random sample from a multivariate probability distribution defined over the perceptual space. Decision bounds divide this space into regions that are each associated with a response alternative. General recognition theory rigorously defines and tests a number of important perceptual and cognitive conditions, including perceptual and decisional separability and perceptual independence. General recognition theory has been used to analyze data from identification experiments in two ways: (1) fitting and comparing models that make different assumptions about perceptual and decisional processing, and (2) testing assumptions by computing summary statistics and checking whether these satisfy certain conditions. Much has been learned recently about the neural networks that mediate the perceptual and decisional processing modeled by GRT, and this knowledge can be used to improve the design of experiments where a GRT analysis is anticipated.
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Buchanan, Tom. Personality testing on the internet. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0028.
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This article provides an overview of some of the key issues in online personality assessment, offers practical advice for people planning to use such tests in research or applied settings, and highlights some priorities for future research. As well as personality inventories, it considers other forms of self-report-questionnaire-based psychological assessment that may reflect relatively stable individual differences but not strictly fall into traditional models of personality. For example, these are considered in the discussion of equivalence between online and offline tests, because it is likely that any psychological processes affecting the completion of online personality tests (e.g., increased self-disclosure) will be shared with these instruments as well. In terms of methodology, if not the constructs being measured, there are strong similarities that will inform discussion of issues such as equivalence. The same is true of research on online survey methodology – again, there are valuable lessons to be learned from that body of literature.
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Thakore, Nimish J., and Erik P. Pioro. Clinical Presentations, Diagnostic Criteria, and Lab Testing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0023.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the protypical motor neuron disease, which is characterized by the simultaneous presence of upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) signs in the same extremity or in the cranial-bulbar region. UMN signs at spinal levels include spasticity, slowness of motor activation, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes and extensor plantar responses, whereas UMN signs at the cranial level include spastic dysarthia (slow, labored, nasal); slowness of tongue movements, and hyperactive jaw, gag, and facial reflexes. LMN signs at the spinal level include muscle atrophy, fasciculations, and weakness and LMN signs at the cranial level include tongue atrophy and weakness, facial weakness, tongue and facial fasciculations, palatal weakness, weak cough, and dysphonia. ALA is fatal in 2 to 4 years, and the only medication known to prolong tracheostomy-free survival
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Białowąs, Sylwester, ed. Experimental design and biometric research. Toward innovations. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-079-1.
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This e-book aims to present the most critical aspects of knowledge about using experiments in economics and practical tools for using them. The topic is extended to the more advanced and increasing in popularity area of biometric research. The book is divided into three parts mirroring experimentation. The first part provides theoretical background and tips about organising own research. The chapter is concluded with a guide focused on writing a research report in APA style. This part includes an example of the actual research report. The next part has two chapters, and both are guided tours allowing to plan and conduct eye-tracking research and electrodermal activity research (EDA). The chapters contain details about preparing experiments, conducting them, using the dedicated software to analyse collected data and interpreting the default charts. The last part is devoted to the data analysis and is universal, goes beyond the biometric experiments. There are three chapters in this part covering the standard procedures used in the analysis of experiments. The first part includes tests for one hypothesis: parametric t-test and One-Way ANOVA and non-parametric siblings: Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The next part describes tests allowing testing more hypotheses: ANOVA without repetition and ANOVA with repetitions. Furthermore, the last chapter deals with dependent samples, which are a popular approach in experiments. This part describes the dependent sample t-test and Wilcoxon test. The effect sizes calculations are included; each test is shown with screenshots from SPSS and some additional screenshots from Excel. This approach allows following the procedure step by step. The examples help easily understand procedures and interpretations; they were chosen from areas of sustainability and innovations to match the general idea of the e-books series prepared within the CENETSIE program. The book contains texts that can be useful in the teaching process. It can be helpful in graduate programs in economics and business schools. Programs of doctoral schools cab benefit from this book as well.
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Thermal Spray Technology. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.9781627084284.
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Thermal Spray Technology: Accepted Practices is a compendium of documents created by the ASM Thermal Spray Society to describe and explain accepted practices for testing and analysis of thermal spray coatings, with particular emphasis on sample preparation for metallographic examination. The Accepted Practice documentation is intended to provide practical guidance and to augment the information contained in ASTM and other balloted standards. The book also includes an overview of thermal spray processes and applications.
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Gelman, Andrew, and Deborah Nolan. Statistical inference. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785699.003.0009.
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This chapter begins with a very successful demonstration that illustrates many of the general principles of statistical inference, including estimation, bias, and the concept of the sampling distribution. Students each take a “random” sample of different size candies, weigh them, and estimate the total weight of all candies. Then various demonstrations and examples are presented that take the students on the transition from probability to hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and more advanced concepts such as statistical power and multiple comparisons. These activities include use an inflatable globe, short-term memory test, first digits of street addresses, and simulated student IQs.
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Bielska, Nataliia, Maryna Melnyk, and Maryna Novohorodska. Diagnosis of creativity in career guidance work. Institute of Gifted Children NAPS of Ukraine, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32405/978-617-7734-31-3-2021-72.
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The methodological recommendations cover approaches to assessing the creative potential of the individual and methods of diagnosing creativity. A modified Ukrainian-language version of F. Williams' method of creativity is presented, the testing procedure and the algorithm of experimental data processing are described. General statistical and normative indicators of the methodology, frequency catalog, catalog of standard and original answers are presented. The diagnostic technique was standardized. Normative data are formed on the modern Ukrainian sample. Methodical recommendations are addressed to teachers, psychologists, employees of educational institutions working with gifted children and young students, as well as researchers, graduate students, teachers of psychological and pedagogical disciplines.
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McKinlay Gardner, R. J., and David J. Amor. Chromosome Abnormalities Detected at Prenatal Diagnosis. Edited by R. J. McKinlay Gardner and David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0021.
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Prenatal diagnosis has given medical cytogenetics one of its major areas of application: from amniocentesis in the earliest days to the recent developments of noninvasive prenatal testing based upon a sample of maternal blood. This chapter explores in detail the specific diagnoses that may be made and the decisions, with particular reference to continuation or termination of pregnancy, that face those women/couples for whom a specific diagnosis has been made. The difficulties of decision inherent in a sex chromosome aneuploidy, a microarray-level rearrangement, and in the context of mosaicism are rehearsed. This discussion is offered on the background of a review of the applied embryology.
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Kirby, Lorne t., ed. DNA Fingerprinting. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780716770015.001.0001.
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DNA fingerprinting is a revolutionary technique that enables scientists to match minute tissue samples and facilitates scientific studies on the composition, reproduction, and evolution of animal and plant populations. As a tool for positive identification of criminals, it plays a particularly important role in forensic science. The first book to be published in the field, , DNA Fingerprinting is a practical guide to basic principles and laboratory methods as applied to a variety of fields including forensic analysis, paternity testing, medical diagnostics, animal and plant sciences, and wildlife poaching.
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Rosenberg, Michael. Open Doors and Accused Brides. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845896.003.0007.
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The Babylonian Talmud introduces an entirely new standard for testing a woman’s virginity—a groom’s subjective experience of his bride as an “open door” rather than “locked.” This standard places even greater power in the hands of men, thus diminishing the safety of new brides. At the same time, it generates a discourse of male sexuality that discourages aggressive sexual activity—a revolution in sexual ideals. The chapter then studies the series of six stories that follow the legal pericope concerning the “open door.” These stories undercut the ability of men to make claims against brides’ virginity, as they create a sustained attack on the idea of objectivity, using the two kinds of virginity test developed in the legal pericope and the assumption that the “open door” test is more “subjective” than blood claims to undermine the perceived objectivity of all virginity testing.
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Sobocan, Jan. Critical Thinking Education and Assessment, 2nd ed. University of Windsor, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wsia.12.2022.
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This second edition of CRITICAL THINKING EDUCATION AND ASSESSMENT: Can Higher Order Thinking be Tested? contains a series of important papers from the first edition and a new Introduction by Jan Sobocan. The essays are an important read for anyone interested in the issues raised by the teaching of critical thinking and consequent attempts to test its success. They discuss attempts to use testing to ensure educational accountability, the politics of testing regimes, and the shortcomings and the strengths of standard tests used to teach and assess students, courses, programs, and the tests themselves. The ebook can serve as a useful introduction to the questions that this raises, at the same time that it provides answers to these questions from the perspective of many different trends within contemporary argumentation theory.
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Rayment, George E., and David J. Lyons. Soil Chemical Methods - Australasia. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101364.
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Soil Chemical Methods – Australasia describes over 200 laboratory and field chemical tests relevant to Australasia and beyond. The information and methodology provided across 20 chapters is comprehensive, systematic, uniquely coded, up-to-date and designed to promote chemical measurement quality. There is guidance on the choice and application of analytical methods from soil sampling through to the reporting of results. In many cases, optional analytical ‘finishes’ are provided, such as flow-injection analysis, electro-chemistry, multiple flame technologies, and alternatives to chemical testing offered by near-range and mid-range infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
The book supersedes and updates the soil chemical testing section of the 1992 Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods of Rayment and Higginson, while retaining method codes and other strengths of that Handbook. Chapters cover soil sampling, sample preparation and moisture content; electrical conductivity and redox potential; soil pH; chloride; carbon; nitrogen; phosphorus; sulphur; gypsum; micronutrients; extractable iron, aluminium and silicon; saturation extracts; ion-exchange properties; lime requirements; total miscellaneous elements; miscellaneous extractable elements; alkaline earth carbonates and acid sulfate soils. In addition, there are informative Appendices, including information on the accuracy and precision of selected methods.
This book targets practising analysts, laboratory managers, students, academics, researchers, consultants and advisors involved in the analysis, use and management of soils for fertility assessments, land use surveys, environmental studies and for natural resource management.
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Baptista, Marlyse. Pidgins and Creoles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.13.
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This chapter offers an overview of the controversies surrounding the study of creole syntax while evaluating representative studies. This overview includes proposals that cast creoles as a “type” of languages, proposals that view creoles as interlanguages and resulting from second language acquisition, and proposals that consider them as hybrid grammars yielding innovative feature recombinations due to language contact. It also discusses the benefits of the Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Structures, as it lays out a promising new direction in the investigation of pidgins and creoles by offering systematic comparisons of a large sample of creoles and their source languages. This collaborative Atlas provides broad empirical coverage, testing the hypotheses reflected by the various positions and schools of thought discussed in this chapter while unveiling the rich diversity of creole syntactic features.
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Keane, Adrian, and Paul McKeown. 15. Adverse inferences from an accused’s silence or conduct. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811855.003.0015.
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This chapter discusses the adverse inferences that may be drawn against an accused, and why, from: his failure to testify; his failure, when questioned or charged, to mention facts which he could reasonably have been expected to have mentioned at that time and which he later relies on in his defence at trial; his failure or refusal, on arrest, to account for any object, substance or mark that the police reasonably believe may be attributable to his participation in the commission of an offence; his refusal to consent to the taking of an intimate sample, such as a sample of blood, semen, or urine; and his failure to provide advance disclosure of the defence case, the nature of his defence or the facts on which he takes issue with the prosecution.
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Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 45-Year-Old Male with Toxin Exposure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0004.
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A patient presents with a sensorimotor neuropathy and believes he has been poisoned. The approach to the differential diagnosis of arsenic toxicity is presented. Comparisons with mimics of this entity are made, and clinical clues to its early detection are provided. There are typical skin and nail changes with can occur with arsenic poisoning. Arsenic poisoning can appear similar to Guillain-Barre syndrome with gastrointestinal symptoms and later an ascending paralysis. Urine arsenic levels are more reliable than blood levels. Hair and nail samples are very useful in confirming the diagnosis. Electrodiagnostic testing confirmed an axonal polyneuropathy. Treatment of arsenic poisoning is discussed. The recent lead contamination in Flint Michigan points out that heavy metal poisoning still occurs despite public health awareness.
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Turner, Neil. Postural proteinuria (benign orthostatic proteinuria). Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0051.
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Postural proteinuria, synonymous with the condition known as benign orthostatic proteinuria, describes increased levels of protein excretion associated with normalization first thing in the morning. It is usually diagnosed in children, for whom it is the most common explanation for proteinuria picked up incidentally on dipstick testing. In children, it generally resolves with age and is thought to have a benign long-term prognosis, with the caveat that numbers with very long follow-up times are few. It is also seen in teenagers but becomes much less common in early adulthood. Its aetiology is not well understood, although patients with pathological causes for proteinuria and patients with physiological levels of total protein excretion have been shown to exhibit similar diurnal variation. Using currently published limits for daily protein excretion the diagnosis is common. Some examples have been attributed to nutcracker syndrome (compression of the left renal vein), although that is more commonly associated with macroscopic haematuria, and the association remains uncertain. The condition is best diagnosed by comparing first-in-morning urine samples paired with afternoon samples on several occasions. In childhood, if proteinuria levels are in the normal range in morning samples, and within moderately increased limits later in the day, probably no investigation beyond observation is required. Most will resolve; very few will evolve into serious renal disease. The simplest mode of long-term monitoring is to measure protein:creatinine or albumin:creatinine ratios in first-in-morning urine samples.
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Weaver, Sara, and John Turri. Personal Identity and Persisting as Many. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0010.
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Many philosophers hypothesize that our concept of personal identity is partly constituted by the one-person-one-place rule, which states that a person can only be in one place at a time. This hypothesis has been assumed by the most influential contemporary work on personal identity. This chapter reports a series of studies testing whether the hypothesis is true. In these studies, people consistently judged that the same person existed in two different places at the same time. This result undermines some widely held philosophical assumptions, supports others, and fits well with recent discoveries on identity judgments about inanimate objects and non-human animals.
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Nacke, Lennart E. Introduction to biometric measures for Games User Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794844.003.0016.
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This chapter presents the physiological metrics used in Games User Research (GUR). Aimed at GUR professionals in the games industry, it explains what methods are available to researchers to measure biometric data while subjects are engaged in play. It sets out when it is appropriate to use biometric measures in GUR projects, the kind of data generated, and the differing ways it can be analysed. The chapter also discusses the trade-offs required when interpreting physiological data, and will help games researchers to make informed decisions about which research questions can benefit from biometric methodologies. As the equipment needed to collect biometric data becomes more sophisticated as well as cheaper, physiological testing of players during a game’s development will become more common. At the same time, Games User Researchers will become more discriminating in its use. Where in the past professionals in the games industry have used biometric testing to generate quick, actionable feedback about player responses to elements of a game, and have been less concerned with the scientific robustness of their methodology, as GUR develops a new breed of games industry professionals are attempting to deploy good academic practice in their researches.
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Vigdor, Steven E. Randomness and Complexity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814825.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 describes the fundamental role of randomness in quantum mechanics, in generating the first biomolecules, and in biological evolution. Experiments testing the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox have demonstrated, via Bell’s inequalities, that no local hidden variable theory can provide a viable alternative to quantum mechanics, with its fundamental randomness built in. Randomness presumably plays an equally important role in the chemical assembly of a wide array of polymer molecules to be sampled for their ability to store genetic information and self-replicate, fueling the sort of abiogenesis assumed in the RNA world hypothesis of life’s beginnings. Evidence for random mutations in biological evolution, microevolution of both bacteria and antibodies and macroevolution of the species, is briefly reviewed. The importance of natural selection in guiding the adaptation of species to changing environments is emphasized. A speculative role of cosmological natural selection for black-hole fecundity in the evolution of universes is discussed.
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El Kenz, Hanane, and Philippe Van der Linden. The physiology of blood in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0011.
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Following the discovery of the ABO blood groups by Landsteiner in 1901, Albert Hustin described the first transfusion of a whole blood unit in 1914. The modern transfusion era really begins in 1916 with the discovery of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant by the same physician, allowing blood conservation in dedicated packs. Since that time, many advances have been made especially over the past two decades in the storage, the conservation, and the laboratory testing of blood components and in transfusion medicine practice. Transfusion of whole blood has been replaced by blood component therapy, which consists of the administration of packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, or platelets. Although blood transfusion is safer than ever, the risk of complications will never reach zero. The risk of infectious transfusion-transmitted diseases has been markedly reduced by the implementation of extensive infectious disease testing, donor selection, and pathogen-inactivation procedures. In countries with a high human development index, the leading causes of allogeneic blood transfusion-related deaths actually resulted from immunological and septic complications. The first section of this chapter describes the structure, function, and immunological aspects of the different blood components that are routinely transfused today. The second section details the composition of the different blood components, their indications, the pre-transfusion compatibility tests, and the main adverse effects associated with their transfusion.
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Douaihy, Antoine, Neeta Shenai, Kimberly Clinebell, and Mary Ann Cohen. HIV Discrimination, Stigma, and Gender-Based Violence. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0006.
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Stigma, discrimination, and gender-based violence complicate and perpetuate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Although remarkable strides have transformed AIDS from a rapidly fatal infectious illness to a chronic manageable illness, HIV-based stigma, discrimination, and gender-based violence, together known as AIDSism, still exist and have not been transformed in the same way as the illness itself. These barriers continue to have a negative impact on prevention and testing as well as in engagement, retention, and adherence to care. This chapter explores the role that clinicians can play in recognizing and ameliorating HIV stigma, discrimination, and gender-based violence in order to diminish both suffering and HIV transmission and lead to compassionate and competent approaches to care.
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Adams, Karen Ruth. The Causes of War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.323.
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The scientific study of war is a pressing concern for international politics. Given the destructive nature of war, ordinary citizens and policy makers alike are eager to anticipate if not outright avoid outbreaks of violence. Understanding the causes of war can be a complex process. Scholars of international relations must first define war, and then establish a universe of actors or conflicts in which both war and peace are possible. Next, they must collect data on the incidence of war in the entire universe of cases over a particular period of time, a random sample of relevant cases, a number of representative cases, or a set of cases relevant to independent variables in the theories they are testing. Finally, scholars must use this data to construct quantitative and qualitative tests of hypotheses about why actors fight instead of resolving their differences in other ways and, in particular, why actors initiate wars by launching the first attack. Instead of taking the inductive approach of inventorying the causes of particular wars and then attempting to find general rules, it is necessary for scholars to approach the problem deductively, developing theories about the environment in which states operate, deriving hypotheses about the incidence of war and attack, and using quantitative and qualitative methods to test these hypotheses.
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Balik, Martin. Perioperative cardiac care of the high-risk non-cardiac patient. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0076.
Full textAbstract:
Non-cardiac surgery conveys a cardiac risk related to the status of the patient’s cardiovascular system. Cardiac-related risk of surgery can be assessed by integrating the risk and urgency of the procedure with cardiovascular risk factors, which include age, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal dysfunction. An individual assessment can include simple multivariate scoring systems, developed with the aim of evaluating cardiac risk prior to non-cardiac surgery. Patient assessment can be extended for indicated additional tests. The indications for further cardiac testing and treatments are the same as in the non-operative setting, but their timing is dependent on the urgency of surgery, and patient-specific and surgical risk factors. A delay in surgery, due to the use of both non-invasive and invasive preoperative testing, should be limited to those circumstances in which the results of such tests will clearly affect patient management. In high-risk patients, the result of the cardiac assessment helps to choose adequate perioperative monitoring and to indicate for an intensive care unit stay perioperatively. Chronic medications can be adjusted, according to the current knowledge on perioperative management. Drugs with the potential to reduce the incidence of post-operative cardiac events and mortality include beta-blockers, statins, and aspirin. Chronic platelet anti-aggregation and anticoagulation therapies have to be adapted by weighing the risk of bleeding against the risk of thrombotic complications.
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Balik, Martin. Perioperative cardiac care of the high-risk non-cardiac patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0076_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Non-cardiac surgery conveys a cardiac risk related to the status of the patient’s cardiovascular system. Cardiac-related risk of surgery can be assessed by integrating the risk and urgency of the procedure with cardiovascular risk factors, which include age, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal dysfunction. An individual assessment can include simple multivariate scoring systems, developed with the aim of evaluating cardiac risk prior to non-cardiac surgery. Patient assessment can be extended for indicated additional tests. The indications for further cardiac testing and treatments are the same as in the non-operative setting, but their timing is dependent on the urgency of surgery, and patient-specific and surgical risk factors. A delay in surgery, due to the use of both non-invasive and invasive preoperative testing, should be limited to those circumstances in which the results of such tests will clearly affect patient management. In high-risk patients, the result of the cardiac assessment helps to choose adequate perioperative monitoring and to indicate for an intensive care unit stay perioperatively. Chronic medications can be adjusted, according to the current knowledge on perioperative management. Drugs with the potential to reduce the incidence of post-operative cardiac events and mortality include beta-blockers, statins, and aspirin. Chronic platelet anti-aggregation and anticoagulation therapies have to be adapted by weighing the risk of bleeding against the risk of thrombotic complications.
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Balik, Martin. Perioperative cardiac care of the high-risk non-cardiac patient. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0076_update_002.
Full textAbstract:
Non-cardiac surgery conveys a cardiac risk related to the status of the patient’s cardiovascular system. Cardiac-related risk of surgery can be assessed by integrating the risk and urgency of the procedure with cardiovascular risk factors, which include age, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal dysfunction. An individual assessment can include simple multivariate scoring systems, developed with the aim of evaluating cardiac risk prior to non-cardiac surgery. Patient assessment can be extended for indicated additional tests. The indications for further cardiac testing and treatments are the same as in the non-operative setting, but their timing is dependent on the urgency of surgery, and patient-specific and surgical risk factors. A delay in surgery, due to the use of both non-invasive and invasive preoperative testing, should be limited to those circumstances in which the results of such tests will clearly affect patient management. In high-risk patients, the result of the cardiac assessment helps to choose adequate perioperative monitoring and to indicate for an intensive care unit stay perioperatively. Chronic medications can be adjusted, according to the current knowledge on perioperative management. Drugs with the potential to reduce the incidence of post-operative cardiac events and mortality include beta-blockers, statins, and aspirin. Chronic platelet anti-aggregation and anticoagulation therapies have to be adapted by weighing the risk of bleeding against the risk of thrombotic complications.
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Arhipova, I. S., O. G. Olechnovich, O. U. Olshvang, A. V. Tikhomirova, and P. E. Shelegin. Basics of medical Latin terminology for foreign sudents of General Medicine. SIB-Expertise, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0472.12072021.
Full textAbstract:
Electronic educational resource ""Basics of medical Latin terminology for foreign sudents of General Medicine"" is created for successful mastering by students of the basic educational program of higher professional education 31.05.01 ""General Medicine"". The discipline is designed for 144 hours, including 72 hours of classroom studies and 72 hours of independent work. Each module contains exercises for independent work, exercises for self-check, samples of final control works and reference information of general cultural nature. The aim of the discipline is to form professional competencies in the field of Latin language and medical terminology, to develop and consolidate communicative skills, to expand general cultural erudition, as well as to introduce information technologies to ensure the interactivity of the educational process. The electronic form of the course provides not only the relevance and timely updating of training material, but also feedback from students (zone of comments and questions), which intensifies the development of the basic educational program. Electronic educational resource ""Basics of medical Latin terminology for foreign sudents of General Medicine"" is created according to the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the field of training 31.05.01 ""General Medicine"", as well as the Study Plan and the basic educational program for first-year medical students of the faculty ""General Medicine"". This electronic resource is a textbook on Latin language, which consists of 4 modules: phonetic, anatomical, clinical and pharmaceutical. Each module contains exercises for independent work, exercises for self-testing, samples of final tests and general cultural background information.
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Nutt, David J., and Liam J. Nestor. Appetite hormones and addiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797746.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Many of the same behavioural and brain disturbances observed in addiction are also seen in obesity and binge-eating disorder. This suggests that there are shared neural substrates between substance addiction and compulsive food consumption. Food intake and appetite are regulated by numerous appetite hormones that exert their effects through brain systems involved in reward sensitivity, stress, impulsivity, and compulsivity. There is now emerging evidence that appetite hormones (e.g. ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, orexin) can modulate addictive behaviours (e.g. craving) and the intake of alcohol and drugs. Therefore, there is an emerging shift into a new field of testing drugs that affect appetite hormones and their receptors in the brain, and their use in regulating the brain mechanisms that lead to relapse in addiction disorders.
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Todd, Stacy, and Nick Beeching. Fungal infection. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0315.
Full textAbstract:
Fungi, comprising yeasts, moulds, and higher fungi, have a worldwide distribution and are uncommon causes of disease in healthy individuals. However, over the last 20 years, invasive fungal disease (IFD) has become an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. This is probably due to the increasing numbers of patients with underlying host conditions, which predispose to opportunistic IFD (e.g. transplant and anti-tumour necrosis factor immunosuppression, HIV, or chronic lung disease), and to increased recognition of endemic IFD (e.g. histoplasmosis), which cause disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts in selected geographic locations. Diagnosis of IFD remains a challenge. Symptoms are often non-specific, and a definite diagnosis requires invasive sampling with appropriate laboratory testing of these samples. Non-invasive tests are being developed, but their positive and negative predictive values still need validation. Diagnostic criteria (‘proven, probable, and possible’) established primarily for use in research and clinical trials can also prove useful in clinical environments. However, the most important step in identifying patients with IFD is to consider the diagnosis in those at risk. This chapter will focus on the commonest causes of IFD (Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp., and histoplasmosis).
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Syrris, Petros, and Alexandros Protonotarios. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: genetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0359.
Full textAbstract:
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a disorder of the heart muscle which is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is believed to be familial in over 50% of cases. A recessive mode of inheritance has also been reported in syndromic cases with cardiocutaneous features. The classic form of the disorder is considered to be ‘a disease of the desmosome’ as pathogenic variants have been identified in five genes encoding key desmosomal proteins: plakoglobin, desmoplakin, plakophilin-2, desmoglein-2, and desmocollin-2. Mutations in these genes account for 30–50% of ARVC cases. A further eight non-desmosomal genes have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disorder but only account for rare cases. Studies of patients with ARVC-associated gene mutations have revealed marked genetic heterogeneity and very limited genotype–phenotype correlation. Disease expression often varies significantly amongst individuals carrying the same mutation. It has been proposed that the presence of more than one sequence variant is required to determine overt clinical disease and patients with multiple variants have a more severe phenotype compared to single variant carriers. Identification of a potentially pathogenic variant comprises a major criterion in the diagnosis of ARVC but informative integration of genetic testing into clinical practice remains challenging. Gene testing should be used to identify asymptomatic family members at risk and only aids diagnosis in cases of high suspicion for ARVC, along with other evident features of the disease already present. However, genetic findings should be used with caution in clinical practice and their interpretation must be performed in expert centres.
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Westreich, Daniel. Epidemiology by Design. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190665760.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
As the cornerstone science of public health, evidence-based medicine, and comparative effectiveness research, a clear understanding of study designs is central to the study of epidemiology. Causal inference is increasingly being understood as the theoretical foundation underlying epidemiologic study designs and the science as a whole. This textbook takes a causal approach to traditional introductory epidemiology, through the organizing principle of study designs and the lens of modern causal inference approaches (potential outcomes, counterfactuals, identification conditions). The intended audience is first-year graduate students and advanced undergraduates in epidemiology and allied fields more broadly. Section I introduces measures of prevalence and incidence (survival curves, risks, rates, odds) and measures of contrast (differences, ratios), the fundamentals of causal inference, and principles of diagnostic testing, screening, and surveillance. Section II describes three key study designs through the lens of causal inference: randomized trials, prospective observational cohort studies, and case-control studies. For each, the author discusses logistics and conduct, advantages and disadvantages including biases, basic approaches to analysis, and briefly reviews several additional study designs. Section III extends material in previous sections, moving from concerns about internal validity (within a sample) to questions of external validity and population impact. This book provides new students with a rigorous foundation in epidemiologic methods and an introduction to methods and thinking in causal inference, serving as an excellent foundation for further study of the field.
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Thevenot, Catherine, and Pierre Barrouillet. Arithmetic Word Problem Solving and Mental Representations. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.043.
Full textAbstract:
Arithmetic word problem solving is considered as a testing ground of mathematical achievement, but remains the area of mathematics in which students experience the greatest difficulties. In this chapter, we review recent theoretical and empirical work that could shed light on these difficulties. We first describe the most frequently used classifications of word problems and assess their psychological relevance. Then, we present the main hypotheses concerning the nature of the representations involved in word problems. Some theories assume that problem solving relies on the instantiation of schemas abstracted from recurrently encountered problems of the same relational structure, whereas other theories propose that ad hoc transient mental representations are constructed for each problem encountered. A third part is devoted to the impact of individual differences in calculation, reading comprehension, and more general factors, such as working memory capacity. Finally, we address the issue of enhancing performance in word problem solving.
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Kim, Youngmee, and Matthew J. Loscalzo. Next Steps in Gender-Oriented Psycho-Oncology Research and Practices (DRAFT). Edited by Youngmee Kim and Matthew J. Loscalzo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190462253.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter summarizes previous chapters in this book and provides suggestions for future directions of gender-oriented psycho-oncology research.First three chapters provide comprehensive overview and theories on the role of gender in the individual’s and in the patient-caregiver pair’s adjustment when dealing with cancer. Next four chapters illustrate how one’s gender plays a role in the adjustment processes of a patient versus a family caregiver whose gender is the same or opposite of one’s own, which are followed by additional three chapters that take consideration of age, generation, and sociocultural influence on the role of gender. Last two chapters present psychosocial interventions and programs that are focused on gender and cancer. Given the inherently complex biopsychosocial nature of gender, we strongly encourage future studies that are theory-driven and hypothesis-testing, which will help distinguishing the gender issue from that of patient-caregiver roles, lifespan/developmental phases, treatment phases, or culture and social movement.
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McCabe, Joshua T. The United Kingdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841300.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 5 examines how in the UK the Blair government’s promise to end child poverty translated into the introduction of the Working Families Tax Credit in 1998, which was subsequently split into the Working Tax Credit and the Child Tax Credit in 2001. The UK follows the Canadian case in terms of tracing the dominant logic of income supplementation to the cultural legacy of family allowances and ends up with the same combination of refundable tax credits. When the Labour government reached the limits of income-testing, the Treasury quietly turned to fiscalization as the solution to expand benefits in the face of pressures for austerity. The Family Income Supplement was simply converted into the Working Families Tax Credit. While its predecessor had been classified as spending, the Working Families Tax Credit was classified as revenues not collected. The limits of fiscalization were soon tested, as the Office of National Statistics called the government’s reclassification into question.
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Lee, Maurice S. Overwhelmed. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691192925.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
What happens to literature during an information revolution? How do readers and writers adapt to proliferating data and texts? These questions appear uniquely urgent today in a world of information overload, big data, and the digital humanities. But as this book shows, these concerns are not new—they also mattered in the nineteenth century, as the rapid expansion of print created new relationships between literature and information. Exploring four key areas—reading, searching, counting, and testing—in which nineteenth-century British and American literary practices engaged developing information technologies, the book delves into a diverse range of writings, from canonical works by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Charlotte Brontë, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Charles Dickens to lesser-known texts such as popular adventure novels, standardized literature tests, antiquarian journals, and early statistical literary criticism. In doing so, it presents a new argument: rather than being at odds, as generations of critics have viewed them, literature and information in the nineteenth century were entangled in surprisingly collaborative ways. The book illuminates today's debates about the digital humanities, the crisis in the humanities, and the future of literature.
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Kleiner, Susan M., and Maggie Greenwood-Robinson. The New Power Eating. Human Kinetics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718214101.
Full textAbstract:
Transform your body as you build muscle, lose fat, and maximize performance with The New Power Eating. Author Susan Kleiner delivers the proven strategies she’s used with male and female professional athletes and Olympians in one practical, effective resource that gives you the know-how to reach your personal goals. In The New Power Eating, Kleiner brings together the latest scientific research on nutrition planning and explains not just what to eat but also when and how to adjust eating plans for your body and specific energy needs. Whether it’s a heavy or light training day, in peak season or off-season, you’ll learn how to achieve your physique and performance goals safely, legally, and effectively. New recipes pack a nutritional punch into every meal or snack, and sample meal plans for each meal of the day help you easily put it all together―you’ll even find a food group template to help you customize your own menus. Plus, updated details on safe supplements guide you through the maze of marketing claims to help you select the best options in view of the scientific evidence. Dr. Kleiner also walks you through how she evaluates products and brands based on testing for purity, potency, digestibility, and absorption. Based on the author’s research, you’ll also find fascinating facts that explain how your relationship with food and the gut-to-brain axis can affect your physical and emotional health and performance. Both males and females will discover gender-specific guidance and strategies to help you take advantage of your body’s benefits and overcome unhealthy triggers or habits to create and maintain an effective power eating program. Incorporate The New Power Eating into your training and find out what thousands of athletes already know: The New Power Eating is more than a book. It’s your path to power excellence.
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Levine, Baruch A. Numbers 21–36. Doubleday, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780300261134.
Full textAbstract:
The Book of Numbers is an account of how the Israelites wandered in the wilderness after receiving the Ten Commandments of Mount Sinai. Through this time of testing, while facing an uncertain future, the people complained repeatedly to Moses and to God. Though fraught with tension and power struggles, their pilgrimage led to the discovery that God is indeed faithful to His promises, regardless of how people behave. In Numbers 21-36, world-renowned Bible scholar Baruch A. Levine unravels the complexity and confusing details in this Old Testament book. His lucid translation, based on thorough textual and linguistic research, including the ancient Deir Alla texts, opens the door for modern readers to understand and appreciate the richness of this intriguing book. Further, Levine examines the route of the wilderness wanderings, the ancient Near Eastern context of the laws, the social organization of early Israel, and the meaning of this biblical book for the contemporary world. Destined to become a classic and to share the same glowing reception that greeted Numbers 1-20 and its publication, Numbers 21-36 also completes the Anchor Bible series' first multivolume commentary on a book of the Torah.
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Marques, Teresa, and Åsa Wikforss, eds. Shifting Concepts. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803331.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Concepts stand at the centre of human cognition. We use concepts in categorizing objects and events in the world, in reasoning and action, and in social interaction. It is therefore not surprising that the study of concepts constitutes a central area of research in philosophy and psychology. Since the 1970s, psychologists have carried out intriguing experiments testing the role of concepts in categorizing and reasoning, and have found a great deal of variation in categorization behaviour across individuals and cultures. During the same period, philosophers of language and mind did important work on the semantic properties of concepts, and on how concepts are related to linguistic meaning and linguistic communication. An important motivation behind this was the idea that concepts must be shared, across individuals and cultures. However, there was little interaction between these two research programs until recently. With the dawn of experimental philosophy, the proposal that the experimental data from psychology lacks relevance to semantics is increasingly difficult to defend. Moreover, in the last decade, philosophers have approached questions about the tension between conceptual variation and shared concepts in communication from a new perspective: that of ameliorating concepts for theoretical or for social and political purposes. The volume brings together leading psychologists and philosophers working on concepts who come from these different research traditions.
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Charnavel, Isabelle. Locality and Logophoricity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190902100.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Anaphors such as English herself, French elle-même, and Mandarin ziji are usually claimed to obey locality requirements stated by Condition A of Binding Theory. But we observe that in various languages, the same anaphors can be exempt from these locality requirements under certain conditions. The goal of this book is to describe and explain this widespread dual behavior of anaphors on the basis of French, English, Mandarin, Korean, and Icelandic. First, several strategies are proposed for distinguishing between the two possible behaviors of anaphors. Plain instances of anaphors require local and exhaustive binding, as well as sloppy readings in ellipsis. Exempt instances of anaphors, however, only require a logophorical interpretation, that is, to occur in phrases expressing the first-personal, mental perspective of their antecedent. Second, a new theory of exempt anaphora is proposed, which consists in deriving all properties distinguishing exempt from plain anaphors to one: the presence of a silent, syntactically represented logophoric operator introducing a local, perspectival binder for superficially exempt anaphors. This hypothesis parsimoniously reduces exempt to plain anaphors obeying Condition A, thus directly accounting for the cross-linguistically widespread morphological identity of plain and exempt anaphors. Under this proposal, the reason why exempt anaphors appear to escape locality requirements is that their binder is implicit, and their mandatory logophoric interpretation derives from the nature of this binder. Finally, several diagnostics are provided for testing the hypothesis that so-called long-distance anaphors can be analyzed just like exempt instances of anaphors.
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Rosenmeyer, Patricia A. Sapphic Memnon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626310.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 5 concentrates on four epigrams by Julia Balbilla, comprising fifty-four lines of Greek elegiac verse—the largest corpus on the colossus by any single author. While most visitors chose to model their language on Homer’s, Balbilla’s style and Aeolic dialect are unmistakably Sapphic (although her elegiac meter is borrowed from epigram rather than lyric). This chapter assesses what it means for Julia Balbilla to imitate Sappho while at the same time honoring her royal patrons in the public context of dedicatory inscriptions. Previous scholars have derided the quality of Balbilla’s poetry, but this chapter recuperates her as a talented poet, a skilled diplomat, and a model for two other women who wrote on the colossus. This chapter argues that Balbilla’s poems testify to the power of the colossus to engage different segments of society: male and female visitors, of high and middle rank, and with varying degrees of literacy.