Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Two-phase flow modeling'
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1
Sharma, Yugdutt. "Modeling transient two-phase slug flow /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1985. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8605319.
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2
Sankaran, Vaidyanathan. "Sub-grid Combustion Modeling for Compressible Two-Phase Flows." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5274.
Full textAbstract:
A generic formulation for modeling the sub-grid combustion in
compressible, high Reynolds number, two-phase, reacting flows has
been developed and validated. A sub-grid mixing/combustion model
called Linear Eddy Mixing (LEM) model has been extended to
compressible flows and used inside the framework of Large Eddy
Simulation (LES) in this LES-LEM approach. The LES-LEM approach is
based on the proposition that the basic mechanistic distinction
between the convective and the molecular effects should be
preserved for accurate prediction of the complex flow-fields such
as those encountered in many combustion systems. In LES-LEM, all
the physical processes such as molecular diffusion, small and
large scale turbulent convection and chemical reaction are modeled
separately but concurrently at their respective time scales. This
multi-scale phenomena is solved using a two-scale numerical
approach, wherein molecular diffusion, small scale turbulent
convection and chemical reaction are grouped as small scale
processes and the convection at the (LES grid) resolved scales are
deemed as the large scale processes. Small-scale processes are
solved using a hybrid finite-difference Monte-carlo type approach
in a one-dimensional domain. Large-scale advection on the
three-dimensional LES grid is modeled in a Lagrangian manner that
conserves mass.
Liquid droplets (represented by computational parcels) are tracked
using the Lagrangian approach wherein the Newton's equation of
motion for the discrete particles are integrated explicitly in the
Eulerian gas field.
Drag effects due to the droplets on the gas phase and the heat
transfer between the gas and the liquid phase are explicitly
included. Thus, full coupling is achieved between the two phases
in the simulation.
Validation of the compressible LES-LEM approach is conducted by
simulating the flow-field in an operational General Electric
Power Systems' combustor (LM6000). The results predicted using
the proposed approach compares well with the experiments and a
conventional (G-equation) thin-flame model.
Particle tracking algorithms used in the present study are
validated by simulating droplet laden temporal mixing layers.
Comparison of the energy growth in the fundamental and
sub-harmonic mode in the presence and absence of the droplets
shows excellent agreement with spectral DNS.
Finally, to test the ability of the present two-phase LES-LEM in
simulating partially premixed combustion, a LES of freely
propagating partially premixed flame in a droplet-laden isotropic
turbulent field is conducted. LES-LEM along with the spray models
correctly captures the flame structure in the partially premixed
flames. It was found that most of the fuel droplets completely
vaporize before reaching the flame, and hence provides a
continuous supply of reactants, which results in an intense
reaction zone similar to a premixed flame. Some of the droplets
that did not evaporate completely, traverse through the flame and
vaporize suddenly in the post flame zone. Due to the strong
spatial variation of equivalence ratio a broad flame similar to a
premixed flame is realized. Triple flame structure are also
observed in the flow-field due to the equivalence ratio
fluctuations.
3
Al-sarraf, Hayder Hasan Jaafar. "Modeling Two Phase Flow Heat Exchangers for Next Generation Aircraft." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1503935509157319.
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4
Thiele, Roman. "Modeling of Direct Contact Condensation With OpenFOAM." Thesis, KTH, Reaktorteknologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-49825.
Full textAbstract:
Within the course of the master thesis project, two thermal phase change models for direct contact conden-sation were developed with different modeling approaches, namely interfacial heat transfer and combustionanalysis approach.After understanding the OpenFOAM framework for two phase flow solvers with phase change capabilities,a new solver, including the two developed models for phase change, was implemented under the name ofinterPhaseChangeCondenseTempFoam and analyzed in a series of 18 tests in order to determine the physicalbehavior and robustness of the developed models. The solvers use a volume-of-fluid (VOF) approach withmixed fluid properties.It has been shown that the approach with inter-facial heat transfer shows physical behavior, a strong timestep robustness and good grid convergence properties. The solver can be used as a basis for more advancedsolvers within the phase change class.
5
Xu, Wenyue. "Towards numerical modeling of two-phase flow in seafloor hydrothermal systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26014.
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6
Omurlu, Cigdem. "Mathematical Modeling Of Horizontal Two-phase Flow Through Fully Eccentric Annuli." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607243/index.pdf.
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iv
The primary objective of this study is to understand the mechanism, the
hydraulics and the characteristics, of the two-phase flow in horizontal annuli.
While achieving this goal, both theoretical and experimental works have been
conducted extensively. The METU-PETE-CTMFL (Middle East Technical
University, Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department, Cuttings
Transport and Multiphase Flow Laboratory) multiphase flow loop consists of
4.84 m long eccentric horizontal acrylic pipes having 0.1143m inner diameter
(I.D) acrylic casing - 0.0571m outer diameter (O.D) drillpipe and 0.0932m I.D
acrylic casing - 0.0488m O.D drillipipe geometric configurations. During each
experiment, differential pressure loss data obtained from digital and analog
pressure transmitters at a given liquid and gas flow rate were recorded. The
flow patterns were identified visually. Meanwhile a mechanistic model has been
developed. The flow pattern identification criteria proposed originally for twophase
flow through pipes by Taitel and Dukler1 has been inherited and modified
for the eccentric annular geometry. The complex geometry of eccentric annuli
has been represented by a new single diameter definition, namely
representative diameter dr. The representative diameter has been used while
calculating the pressure losses. A computer code based on the algorithm of the
proposed mechanistic model has been developed in Matlab 7.0.4. Both the flow
pattern prediction and the frictional pressure loss estimation are compared with
the gathered experimental data. Moreover, friction factor correlations have
been developed for each flow pattern using experimental data and statistical
methods. The performance of the proposed model and the friction factor
correlations has been evaluated from experimental data. The mechanistic
model developed in this study accurately predicts flow pattern transitions and
frictional pressure losses. The model&rsquos pressure loss estimations are within ±
30% for two different annular flow geometries.
7
Biswas, Souvik. "Direct numerical simulation and two-fluid modeling of multi-phase bubbly flows." Link to electronic thesis, 2007. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050307-224407/.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation (Ph.D.) -- Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Keywords: Multiphase flow; Two-fluid modeling; Direct numerical simulation; Two fluid modeling. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-119).
8
Rochette, Bastien. "Modeling and simulation of two-phase flow turbulent combustion in aeronautical engines." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0059.
Full textAbstract:
De nos jours, plus de 80% de l'énergie consommée sur Terre provient de la combustion de combustibles fossiles. Des solutions alternatives à la combustion sont en cours de développement mais les contraintes spécifiques liées au transport aérien ne permettent pas actuellement d'alimenter des moteurs sans introduire de rupture technologique. Ces résultats expliquent les activités de recherche visant à améliorer les connaissances et le contrôle des processus de combustion afin de concevoir des moteurs aéronautiques plus propres et plus efficaces. Dans ce cadre, les Simulations aux Grandes Echelles ("Large Eddy Simulation" LES) sont devenues un outil puissant pour mieux comprendre les processus de combustion et les émissions de polluants. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans ce contexte et se focalise sur les modèles et stratégies de calcul afin de simuler avec plus de précision les écoulements réactifs turbulents gazeux et diphasiques dans la chambre de combustion des moteurs aéronautiques. Tout d'abord, une méthode générique et automatique pour la détection et l'épaississement du front de flamme a été développée pour le modèle TFLES, et validée pour plusieurs configurations académiques de complexité croissante. Cette approche générique est ensuite évaluée dans une simulation LES d'un brûleur de laboratoire et comparée à la méthode d'épaississement classique. Les résultats montrent un épaississement plus précis dans les régions post-flammes. Dans un second temps, à partir de l'analyse de flammes laminaires 1D diphasiques homogènes où la phase dispersée a une vitesse relative comparée à la phase porteuse, deux formulations analytiques pour la vitesse de propagation de ces flammes ont été proposées et validées. La concordance entre les vitesses de flammes mesurées et estimées démontre que le modèle et ses paramètres prennent correctement en compte les principaux mécanismes physiques contrôlant ces flammes diphasiques. Enfin, les modèles TFLES les plus récents ont été testés sur des configurations de flamme turbulente gazeuse/diphasique complexes. Les avantages et les inconvénients de ces modèles ont été étudiés afin de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes liés à la combustion turbulente et de proposer une stratégie de modélisation par LES pour améliorer la fidélité des simulations réactivesNowadays, more than 80% of the energy consumed on Earth is produced by burning fossil fuels. Alternative solutions to combustion are being developed but the specific constraints related to air transport do not make it possible to currently power engines without introducing a technological breakthrough. These findings explain the research activity to improve the knowledge and the control of combustion processes to design cleaner, and more efficient aeronautical engines. In this framework, Large Eddy Simulations (LES) have become a powerful tool to better understand combustion processes and pollutant emissions. This PhD thesis is part of this context and focuses on the models and numerical strategies to simulate with more accuracy turbulent gaseous and two-phase reacting flows in the combustion chamber of aeronautical engines. First, a generic and self-adapting method for flame front detection and thickening has been developed for the TFLES model, and validated on several academic configurations of increasing complexity. This generic approach is then evaluated in the LES of a laboratory-scale burner and compared to the classical thickening method. Results show a more accurate thickening in post-flame regions. Second, from the analysis of 1-D homogeneous laminar spray flames where the dispersed phase has a relative velocity compared to the carrier phase, two analytical formulations for the spray flame propagation speed have been proposed and validated. The agreement between the overall trend of both the measured/estimated spray flame speeds demonstrates that the model and its parameters correctly take into account the main physical mechanisms controlling laminar spray flames. Finally, the state-of-the-art TFLES models were tested on complex turbulent gaseous and two-phase reacting configurations. The pros and cons of these models were investigated to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms related to turbulent combustion, and to propose a LES modeling strategy to improve the fidelity of reactive simulations
9
Lewis, Kayla Christine. "An approach to modeling two-phase flow of seawater near an igneous dike." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25709.
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10
Shao, Zhiyu S. "TWO-DIMENSIONAL HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING OF TWO-PHASE FLOW FOR UNDERSTANDING GEYSER PHENOMENA IN URBAN STORMWATER SYSTEM." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/5.
Full textAbstract:
During intense rain events a stormwater system can fill rapidly and undergo a transition from open channel flow to pressurized flow. This transition can create large discrete pockets of trapped air in the system. These pockets are pressurized in the horizontal reaches of the system and then are released through vertical vents. In extreme cases, the transition and release of air pockets can create a geyser feature.
The current models are inadequate for simulating mixed flows with complicated air-water interactions, such as geysers. Additionally, the simulation of air escaping in the vertical dropshaft is greatly simplified, or completely ignored, in the existing models.
In this work a two-phase numerical model solving the Navier-Stokes equations is developed to investigate the key factors that form geysers. A projection method is used to solve the Navier-Stokes Equation. An advanced two-phase flow model, Volume of Fluid (VOF), is implemented in the Navier-Stokes solver to capture and advance the interface.
This model has been validated with standard two-phase flow test problems that involve significant interface topology changes, air entrainment and violent free surface motion. The results demonstrate the capability of handling complicated two-phase interactions. The numerical results are compared with experimental data and theoretical solutions. The comparisons consistently show satisfactory performance of the model.
The model is applied to a real stormwater system and accurately simulates the pressurization process in a horizontal channel. The two-phase model is applied to simulate air pockets rising and release motion in a vertical riser. The numerical model demonstrates the dominant factors that contribute to geyser formation, including air pocket size, pressurization of main pipe and surcharged state in the vertical riser. It captures the key dynamics of two-phase flow in the vertical riser, consistent with experimental results, suggesting that the code has an excellent potential of extending its use to practical applications.
11
Ficicilar, Berker. "Electrocatalyst Development And Modeling Of Nonisothermal Two-phase Flow For Pem Fuel Cells." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613276/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
A macro-homogeneous, nonisothermal, two-phase, and steady state mathematical model is developed to investigate water and thermal management in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. An original two-phase energy balance approach is used to catch the thermal transport phenomena in cases when there is a signicant temperature
dierence between the fuel cell temperature and the reactants inlet temperatures like during cold start-up. Model considers in depth electrode kinetics for both anode and cathode reactions. External and internal mass transfer resistances on fuel cell performance are accounted by means of a thin-film and agglomerate approach.
Developed model accounts for all substantial transport phenomena including diffusion of multi-component gas mixtures in the porous media, electrochemical reactions in the
catalytic regions, water and proton transport through the solid polymer electrolyte, transport of electrons within the solid matrix, heat transport in the gas and solid phases, phase change and transport of water through porous diffusion media and catalyst layers. In this study, it is truly shown how significant heat and water transport are to overall fuel cell performance. Model predictions are validated by comparison
with experimental data, involving polarization curves, saturation and temperature gradients.
For optimal electrode kinetics purposes, an alternative novel hollow core mesoporous shell (HCMS) carbon supported Pt and Pt-Pd electrocatalysts were synthesized by microwave irradiation. HCMS carbon spheres were produced by two different carbon precursors with the template replication of solid core mesoporous shell (SCMS) silica spheres. Compared to Pt/VX and ETEK electrocatalysts, HCMS carbon based Pt
and Pt-Pd electrocatalysts showed promising cathode and anode electrodics performance in the fuel cell environment.
12
Miller, Ryan Michael. "Continuum Modeling of Liquid-Solid Suspensions for Nonviscometric Flows." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4864.
Full textAbstract:
A suspension flow model based on the "suspension balance" approach has been developed. This work modifies the model to allow the solution of suspension flows under general flow conditions. This requires the development of a frame-invariant constitutive model for the particle stress which can take into account the spatially-varying local kinematic conditions. The mass and momentum balances for the bulk suspension
and particle phase are solved numerically using a finite volume method. The particle stress is based upon the computed rate of strain and the local kinematic conditions. A nonlocal stress
contribution corrects the continuum approximation of the particle phase for finite particle size effects. Local kinematic conditions are accounted through the local ratio of rotation to extension in the flow field. The coordinates for the stress definition are the local principal axes of the rate of strain field.
The developed model is applied to a range of problems. (i) Axially-developing conduit flows are computed using both the full two-dimensional solution and the more computationally
efficient "marching" method. The model predictions are compared to experimental results for cross-stream particle concentration profiles and axial development lengths. (ii) Model
predictions are compared to experiments for wide-gap circular Couette flow of a concentrated suspension in a shear-thinning liquid. With minor modification, the suspension flow model predicts the major trends and results observed in this flow. (iii) Comparisons are made to experiments for an axisymmetric contraction-expansion. Model predictions for a two-dimensional planar contraction flow test the influence of model formulation. The variation of the magnitude of an isotropic particle normal stress with local kinematic conditions and anisotropy in the
in-plane normal stresses are both explored. The formulation of the particle phase stress is found to have significant effects on the solid fraction and velocity. (iv) Finally, for a rectangular
piston-driven flow and an obstructed channel flow, a "computational suspension dynamics" study explores the effect of particle migration on the bulk flow field, system pressure drop
and particle phase composition.
13
Collin, Félix. "Modeling and numerical simulations of two-phase ignition in gas turbine." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0053.
Full textAbstract:
Afin de répondre aux nouvelles réglementations environnementales internationales tout en maintenant une forte compétitivité économique, des technologies innovantes de chambres de combustion aéronautiques sont développées. Ces technologies doivent garantir un rallumage rapide en cas d’extinction, qui est un des aspects les plus critiques et complexes de la conception moteur. La maîtrise de cette phase implique une compréhension approfondie des phénomènes physiques mis en jeu. Dans cette thèse la séquence d’allumage diphasique de moteur aéronautique a été étudiée dans son intégralité, du claquage de la bougie à la propagation de la flamme dans le moteur complet. Dans cet objectif, des Simulations aux Grandes Échelles (SGE) utilisant une description détaillée de la phase liquide (formalisme Euler-Lagrange) et du processus de combustion (Chimie Analytiquement Réduite) ont été réalisées. Les résultats ont également permis de développer un modèle simplifié pour la prédiction de carte de probabilité d’allumage, particulièrement utile pour le dimensionnement et la conception des chambres de combustionIn order to meet the new international environmental regulations while maintaining a strong economic competitiveness, innovative technologies of aeronautical combustion chambers are developed. These technologies must guarantee fast relight in case of extinction, which is one of the most critical and complex aspects of engine design. Control of this phase involves a thorough understanding of the physical phenomena involved. In this thesis the full two-phase ignition sequence of an aeronautical engine has been studied, from the breakdown of the spark plug to thepropagation of the flame in the complete engine. For this purpose, Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) using a detailed description of the liquid phase (Euler-Lagrange formalism) and of the combustion process (Analytically Reduced Chemistry) were performed. The results also led to the development of a simplified model for the prediction of ignition probability map, which is particularly useful for the design of combustion chambers
14
Clark, Randy Raymond. "Modeling Two-Phase Flow in the Downcomer of a Once-Through Steam Generator using RELAP5/MOD2." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76861.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to develop an accurate model of the downcomer of the once-through steam generator (OTSG) developed by Babcock & Wilcox, using RELAP5/MOD2. While the physical model can be easily developed, several parameters are left to be adjusted to optimally model the downcomer and match data that was retrieved in a first-of-a-kind (FOAK) study conducted at Oconee Unit I in Oconee, South Carolina. Once the best-fit set of parameters has been determined, then the model must be tested for power levels exceeding that for which the steam generator was originally designed, so as to determine the power level at which a phenomenon known as flood-back becomes a concern.
All known previous studies that have been conducted using RELAP5/MOD2 have shown that RELAP over-predicts interphase friction. However, all of those studies focused on heated two-phase upflow, whereas the downcomer is modeled as adiabatic two-phase downflow. In this study, it is found that the original slug drag model for RELAP5/MOD2 developed by Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) under-predicts the interphase friction between the liquid and vapor phase within the downcomer. Using a modified version of the original slug drag model created by Babcock & Wilcox (B&W), an optimum multiplier is found for each power level. An increase of 1181% in interphase friction over the INEL slug drag model, which equals an increase of 4347% for the default B&W model provides the most accurate results for all power levels studied.
Emphasis is also placed on modeling the orifice plate of the OTSG downcomer which has been added to stabilize pressure fluctuations between the downcomer and tube bundle of the OTSG. While several different schemes are explored for modeling the orifice plate, a branch connection with an inlet area 14.22% of that of the downcomer is used to model the orifice plate along with the volume that transitions the two-phase downflow to horizontal flow into the tube nest of the OTSG.
Power levels exceeding that for which the steam generator was designed are tested in RELAP using the slug drag multiplier to determine at which power level a liquid level would occur and would flood-back become a concern. In this study, it is determined that a liquid level would form at 135% power and that at any higher power level, flood-back would be of concern for any user of the steam generator.Master of Science
15
Studley, Allison F. "Numerical Modeling of Air-Water Flows in Bubble Columns and Airlift Reactors." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36380.
Full textAbstract:
Bubble columns and airlift reactors were modeled numerically to better understand the hydrodynamics and analyze the mixing characteristics for each configuration. An Eulerian-Eulerian approach was used to model air as the dispersed phase within a continuous phase of water using the commercial software FLUENT. The Schiller-Naumann drag model was employed along with virtual mass and the standard k-e turbulence model. The equations were discretized using the QUICK scheme and solved with the SIMPLE coupling algorithm. The flow regimes of a bubble column were investigated by varying the column diameter and the inlet gas velocity using two-dimensional simulations. The typical characteristics of a homogeneous, slug, and heterogeneous flow were shown by examining gas holdup. The flow field predicted using two-dimensional simulations of the airlift reactor showed a regular oscillation of the gas flow due to recirculation from the downcomer and connectors, whereas the bubble column oscillations were random and resulted in gas flow through the center of the column. The profiles of gas holdup, gas velocity, and liquid velocity showed that the airlift reactor flow was asymmetric and the bubble column flow was symmetric about the vertical axis of the column. The average gas holdup in a 10.2 cm diameter bubble column was calculated and the results for the two-dimensional simulation of varying inlet gas velocities were similar to published experimental results. The average gas holdup in the airlift reactor for the three-dimensional simulations compared well with the experiments, and the two-dimensional simulations underpredicted the average gas holdup.Master of Science
16
Magnini, Mirco <1982>. "CFD modeling of two-phase boiling flows in the slug flow regime with an interface capturing technique." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4437/1/Magnini_Mirco_tesi.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this thesis was to improve the commercial CFD software Ansys Fluent to obtain a tool able to perform accurate simulations of flow boiling in the slug flow regime. The achievement of a reliable numerical framework allows a better understanding of the bubble and flow dynamics induced by the evaporation and makes possible the prediction of the wall heat transfer trends.
In order to save computational time, the flow is modeled with an axisymmetrical formulation. Vapor and liquid phases are treated as incompressible and in laminar flow. By means of a single fluid approach, the flow equations are written as for a single phase flow, but discontinuities at the interface and interfacial effects need to be accounted for and discretized properly. Ansys Fluent provides a Volume Of Fluid technique to advect the interface and to map the discontinuous fluid properties throughout the flow domain. The interfacial effects are dominant in the boiling slug flow and the accuracy of their estimation is fundamental for the reliability of the solver. Self-implemented functions, developed ad-hoc, are introduced within the numerical code to compute the surface tension force and the rates of mass and energy exchange at the interface related to the evaporation. Several validation benchmarks assess the better performances of the improved software.
Various adiabatic configurations are simulated in order to test the capability of the numerical framework in modeling actual flows and the comparison with experimental results is very positive. The simulation of a single evaporating bubble underlines the dominant effect on the global heat transfer rate of the local transient heat convection in the liquid after the bubble transit. The simulation of multiple evaporating bubbles flowing in sequence shows that their mutual influence can strongly enhance the heat transfer coefficient, up to twice the single phase flow value.Questa tesi si è posta l'obiettivo di migliorare il codice commerciale CFD Ansys Fluent, per ottenere un solutore in grado di compiere simulazioni accurate di flussi in ebollizione nel regime slug flow. Un codice numerico affidabile permette una miglior comprensione della dinamica della bolla causata dall'evaporazione, rendendo possibile la stima dello scambio termico alla parete. Per limitare il costo computazionale delle simulazioni, il problema è modellato con una formulazione assialsimmetrica. Le fasi liquido e vapore sono incomprimibili ed in moto laminare. Attraverso un approccio di tipo single fluid, le equazioni che governano il moto sono scritte come per un flusso a fase singola, tuttavia discontinuità ed effetti di interfaccia vanno introdotti e discretizzati propriamente. Fluent dispone di una tecnica di tipo Volume-of-Fluid per l'avvezione dell'interfaccia e per mappare le discontinue proprietà del fluido su tutto il dominio. Nello slug flow gli effetti di interfaccia sono dominanti, di conseguenza l'accuratezza con cui essi sono calcolati è fondamentale per la veridicità del solutore. A tale scopo, sono state introdotte nel codice numerico delle funzioni esterne, sviluppate appositamente per il calcolo della tensione superficiale e dello scambio di massa ed energia all'interfaccia come conseguenza dell'evaporazione. Le migliori prestazioni del codice modificato rispetto a quello originale sono dimostrate attraverso numerosi casi test. Per provare la validità del nuovo codice numerico nella riproduzione di reali configurazioni di flusso, sono stati simulati diversi flussi adiabatici ed il confronto con i risultati sperimentali è molto positivo. La simulazione dell'evaporazione di una bolla singola evidenzia che la convezione transitoria nel liquido, successivamente al passaggio della bolla, ha un effetto dominante sul coefficiente di scambio termico globale. La simulazione di bolle multiple che evaporano in sequenza mostra che la loro influenza reciproca migliora notevolmente il coefficiente di scambio, fino a due volte il valore a fase singola.
17
Magnini, Mirco <1982>. "CFD modeling of two-phase boiling flows in the slug flow regime with an interface capturing technique." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4437/.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this thesis was to improve the commercial CFD software Ansys Fluent to obtain a tool able to perform accurate simulations of flow boiling in the slug flow regime. The achievement of a reliable numerical framework allows a better understanding of the bubble and flow dynamics induced by the evaporation and makes possible the prediction of the wall heat transfer trends.
In order to save computational time, the flow is modeled with an axisymmetrical formulation. Vapor and liquid phases are treated as incompressible and in laminar flow. By means of a single fluid approach, the flow equations are written as for a single phase flow, but discontinuities at the interface and interfacial effects need to be accounted for and discretized properly. Ansys Fluent provides a Volume Of Fluid technique to advect the interface and to map the discontinuous fluid properties throughout the flow domain. The interfacial effects are dominant in the boiling slug flow and the accuracy of their estimation is fundamental for the reliability of the solver. Self-implemented functions, developed ad-hoc, are introduced within the numerical code to compute the surface tension force and the rates of mass and energy exchange at the interface related to the evaporation. Several validation benchmarks assess the better performances of the improved software.
Various adiabatic configurations are simulated in order to test the capability of the numerical framework in modeling actual flows and the comparison with experimental results is very positive. The simulation of a single evaporating bubble underlines the dominant effect on the global heat transfer rate of the local transient heat convection in the liquid after the bubble transit. The simulation of multiple evaporating bubbles flowing in sequence shows that their mutual influence can strongly enhance the heat transfer coefficient, up to twice the single phase flow value.Questa tesi si è posta l'obiettivo di migliorare il codice commerciale CFD Ansys Fluent, per ottenere un solutore in grado di compiere simulazioni accurate di flussi in ebollizione nel regime slug flow. Un codice numerico affidabile permette una miglior comprensione della dinamica della bolla causata dall'evaporazione, rendendo possibile la stima dello scambio termico alla parete. Per limitare il costo computazionale delle simulazioni, il problema è modellato con una formulazione assialsimmetrica. Le fasi liquido e vapore sono incomprimibili ed in moto laminare. Attraverso un approccio di tipo single fluid, le equazioni che governano il moto sono scritte come per un flusso a fase singola, tuttavia discontinuità ed effetti di interfaccia vanno introdotti e discretizzati propriamente. Fluent dispone di una tecnica di tipo Volume-of-Fluid per l'avvezione dell'interfaccia e per mappare le discontinue proprietà del fluido su tutto il dominio. Nello slug flow gli effetti di interfaccia sono dominanti, di conseguenza l'accuratezza con cui essi sono calcolati è fondamentale per la veridicità del solutore. A tale scopo, sono state introdotte nel codice numerico delle funzioni esterne, sviluppate appositamente per il calcolo della tensione superficiale e dello scambio di massa ed energia all'interfaccia come conseguenza dell'evaporazione. Le migliori prestazioni del codice modificato rispetto a quello originale sono dimostrate attraverso numerosi casi test. Per provare la validità del nuovo codice numerico nella riproduzione di reali configurazioni di flusso, sono stati simulati diversi flussi adiabatici ed il confronto con i risultati sperimentali è molto positivo. La simulazione dell'evaporazione di una bolla singola evidenzia che la convezione transitoria nel liquido, successivamente al passaggio della bolla, ha un effetto dominante sul coefficiente di scambio termico globale. La simulazione di bolle multiple che evaporano in sequenza mostra che la loro influenza reciproca migliora notevolmente il coefficiente di scambio, fino a due volte il valore a fase singola.
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Puig, Montellà Eduard. "Modeling capillarity and two-phase flow in granular media: from porescale to network scale." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667809.
Full textAbstract:
Numerical simulations at the pore scale are a way to study the behavior of multiphase flows encountered in many natural processes and industrial applications. In this work, liquid morphology and capillary action are examined at the pore-scale by means of the multicomponent Shan-Chen lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The accuracy of the numerical model is first contrasted with theoretical solutions. The numerical results are extended to complex microstructures beyond the pendular regime.
The LBM has been employed to simulate multiphase flow through idealized granular porous media under quasi-static primary drainage conditions. LBM simulations provide an excellent description of the fluid-fluid interface displacement through the grains. Additionally, the receding phase trapped in the granular media in form of pendular bridges or liquid clusters is well captured. Unfortunately, such simulations require a significant computation time. A 2D model (Throat-Network model) based on analytical solutions is proposed to mimic the multiphase flow with very reduced computation cost, therefore, suitable to replace LBM simulations when the computation resources are limited. The approach emphasizes the importance of simulating at the throat scale rather than the pore body scale in order to obtain the local capillary pressure - liquid content relationships. The Throat-Network model is a starting point for a hybrid model proposed to solve 3D problems. The hybrid model combines the efficiency of the pore-network approach and the accuracy of the LBM at the pore scale to optimize the computational resources. The hybrid model is based on the decomposition of the granular assembly into small subsets, in which LBM simulations are performed to determine the main hydrostatic properties (entry capillary pressure, capillary pressure - liquid content relationship and liquid morphology for each pore throat). Despite the reduction of computation time, it is still not negligible and not affordable for large granular packings. Approximations by the Incircle and the MS-P method, which predict hydrostatic properties, are contrasted with the results provided by LBM and the hybrid model. Relatively accurate predictions are given by the approximations.Per tal d’estudiar els fluxos multifàsics presents a molts processos naturals i industrials és indispensable entendre les propietats físiques dels sistemes multifàsics a escala microscòpica. La morfologia dels fluids i les forces capil·lars s’investiguen a l’escala del porus mitjançant el ”multicomponent Shan-Chen lattice Boltzmann method (LBM)”. La precisió del model numèric ha estat contrastada amb solucions teòriques. Els resultats numèrics s’han estès a microestructures líquides complexes més enllà del règim pendular. El LBM ha estat emprat per simular fluxos multifàsics a través de medis porosos sota condicions quasi-estàtiques de drenatge. Les simulacions dutes a terme mitjançant el LBM proporcionen una descripció excel·lent del moviment de la interfície entre fluids a través de les partícules sòlides. Durant el drenatge, les simulacions numèriques són capaces de reproduir l’efecte del fluid atrapat dins el medi granular en forma de ponts o estructures líquides complexes. Malauradament, aquestes simulacions requereixen un temps de computació molt elevat. Per tal d’optimitzar els recursos de computació, proposem un model 2D (model Throat-Network) basat en solucions analítiques que permet reproduir fluxos multifàsics a través d’un conjunt de discs amb un temps de computació molt reduït. Per tant, aquest mètode és una alternativa que pot substituir les simulacions LBM quan els recursos de computació són escassos. El model Throat-Network destaca la importància de tractar el problema a l’escala de la gola del porus per tal d’obtenir les relacions pressió capil·lar - volum locals. Aquest enfocament és un punt de partida pel model híbrid que es presenta per resoldre els problemes en 3D. El model híbrid combina l’eficàcia del model ”Pore-Network” i la precisió del LBM a l’escala del porus. El model híbrid es basa en la descomposició d’una mostra granular en subdominis més petits, els quals corresponen a les goles dels porus (la gola dels porus és l’espai que connecta dos porus adjacents). Les simulacions LBM s’executen per a cada un dels subdominis per tal de determinar les propietats hidroestàtiques més rellevants (pressió capil·lar d’entrada, la corba de pressió capil·lar - grau de saturació i la morfologia líquida per cada una de les goles del porus). Malgrat la reducció significativa en el cost computacional del model híbrid, els temps de càlcul no són menyspreables i poc realistes per mostres granulars de grans dimensions. Les aproximacions donades pels mètodes de l’”Incircle” i el MS-P, que permeten estimar les propietats hidroestàtiques, han estat contrastades amb els resultats obtinguts amb LBM i el model híbrid.
Les simulations numériques à l’échelle du pore sont fréquemment utilisées pour étudier le comportement des écoulements multiphasiques largement rencont des structures liquides et l’actiorés dans phénomènes naturels et applications industrielles. Dans ce travail, la morphologien capillaire sont examinées à l’échelle des pores par la méthode de Boltzmann sur réseau (LBM) à plusieurs composants selon le modèle de Shan-Chen. Les résultats numériques obtenus sont en bon accord avec les solutions théoriques. Les simulations numériques sont étendues à microstructures complexes au-delà du régime pendulaire. La LBM a été utilisée pour modéliser l’écoulement multiphasique à travers un milieu poreux idéalisé dans des conditions de drainage primaire quasi-statique. Les simulations LBM ont fourni une excellente description du déplacement de l’interface fluide-fluide à travers les grains. Pendant le drainage, les simulations LBM sont capables de reproduire la déconnexion d’une phase dans le milieu granulaire sous la forme de ponts pendulaires ou structures liquides complexes. Malheureusement, le temps de calcul nécessaire pour ce type de simulations est assez élevé. Afin d’optimiser les ressources de calcul, nous présentons un modèle 2D (modèle Throat-Network) basé sur des solutions analytiques pour décrire l’écoulement biphasique à travers un ensemble de disques dans un temps de calcul très réduit, donc le modèle 2D est susceptible de remplacer les simulations LBM lorsque les ressources de calcul sont limitées. L’approche souligne l’importance de simuler le problème a l’échelle de la gorge du pore pour obtenir les relations volume - pression capillaire locales. Le modèle Throat-Network est un point de départ pour le modèle hybride proposé pour résoudre les problèmes en 3D. Le modèle hybride combine l’efficacité de l’approche réseau de pores et la précision du LBM à l’échelle des pores. Le modèle hybride est basé sur la décomposition de l’échantillon en petits sous-domaines, dans lesquels des simulations LBM sont effectuées pour déterminer les propriétés hydrostatiques principales (pression capillaire d’entrée, courbe de drainage primaire et morphologie du liquide pour chaque gorge du pore). Malgré la réduction significative des temps de calcul obtenus avec le modèle hybride, le temps n’est pas négligeable et les modélisations numériques d’échantillons de grandes tailles ne sont pas réalistes. Les approximations données par les méthodes Incircle et MS-P, qui prédisent les propriétés hydrostatiques, sont comparées à celles de LBM et du modèle hybride.
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Yang, Weiwei. "Mathematical modeling of two-phase mass transport in liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cells /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202009%20YANG.
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Ghrist, Melissa Renee. "Zero gravity two-phase flow regime transition modeling compared with data and relap5-3d predictions." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2353.
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Puig, Montellà Eduard. "Modeling capillarity and two-phase flow in granular media : from pore-scale to network scale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI046/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les simulations numériques à l'échelle du pore sont fréquemment utilisées pour étudier le comportement des écoulements multiphasiques largement rencontrées dans phénomènes naturels et applications industrielles. Dans ce travail, la morphologie de structures liquides et l'action capillaire sont examinées à l'échelle des pores par la méthode de Boltzmann sur réseau (LBM) à plusieurs composants selon le modèle de Shan-Chen. Les résultats numériques obtenus sont en bon accord avec les solutions théoriques. Les simulations numériques sont étendues à microstructures complexes au-delà du régime pendulaire.La LBM a été utilisée pour modéliser l'écoulement multiphasique à travers un milieu poreux idéalisé dans des conditions de drainage primaire quasi-statique. Les simulations LBM ont fourni une excellente description du déplacement de l'interface fluide-fluide à travers les grains. Pendant le drainage, les simulations LBM sont capables de reproduire la déconnexion d'une phase dans le milieu granulaire sous la forme de ponts pendulaires ou structures liquides complexes. Malheureusement, le temps de calcul nécessaire pour ce type de simulations est assez élevé. Afin d’optimiser les ressources de calcul, nous présentons un modèle 2D (modèle Throat-Network) basé sur des solutions analytiques pour décrire l'écoulement biphasique à travers un ensemble de disques dans un temps de calcul très réduit, donc le modèle 2D est susceptible de remplacer les simulations LBM lorsque les ressources de calcul sont limitées. L'approche souligne l'importance de simuler le problème a l'échelle de la gorge du pore pour obtenir les relations volume - pression capillaire locales. Le modèle Throat-Network est un point de départ pour le modèle hybride proposé pour résoudre les problèmes en 3D. Le modèle hybride combine l’efficacité de l’approche réseau de pores et la précision du LBM à l’échelle des pores. Le modèle hybride est basé sur la décomposition de l’échantillon en petits sous-domaines, dans lesquels des simulations LBM sont effectuées pour déterminer les propriétés hydrostatiques principales (pression capillaire d'entrée, courbe de drainage primaire et morphologie du liquide pour chaque gorge du pore). Malgré la réduction significative des temps de calcul obtenus avec le modèle hybride, le temps n’est pas négligeable et les modélisations numériques d'échantillons de grandes tailles ne sont pas réalistes. Les approximations données par les méthodes Incircle et MS-P, qui prédisent les propriétés hydrostatiques, sont comparées à celles de LBM et du modèle hybrideNumerical simulations at the pore scale are a way to study the behavior of multiphase flows encountered in many natural processes and industrial applications. In this work, liquid morphology and capillary action are examined at the pore-scale by means of the multicomponent Shan-Chen lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The accuracy of the numerical model is first contrasted with theoretical solutions. The numerical results are extended to complex microstructures beyond the pendular regime.The LBM has been employed to simulate multiphase flow through idealized granular porous media under quasi-static primary drainage conditions. LBM simulations provide an excellent description of the fluid-fluid interface displacement through the grains. Additionally, the receding phase trapped in the granular media in form of pendular bridges or liquid clusters is well captured. Unfortunately, such simulations require a significant computation time. A 2D model (Throat-Network model) based on analytical solutions is proposed to mimic the multiphase flow with very reduced computation cost, therefore, suitable to replace LBM simulations when the computation resources are limited. The approach emphasizes the importance of simulating at the throat scale rather than the pore body scale in order to obtain the local capillary pressure - liquid content relationships. The Throat-Network model is a starting point for the a hybrid model proposed to solve 3D problems. The hybrid model combines the efficiency of the pore-network approach and the accuracy of the LBM at the pore scale to optimize the computational resources. The hybrid model is based on the decomposition of the granular assembly into small subsets, in which LBM simulations are performed to determine the main hydrostatic properties (entry capillary pressure, capillary pressure - liquid content relationship and liquid morphology for each pore throat). Despite the reduction of computation time, it is still not negligible and not affordable for large granular packings. Approximations by the Incircle and the MS-P method, which predict hydrostatic properties, are contrasted with the results provided by LBM and the hybrid model. Relatively accurate predictions are given by the approximations
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Kamboj, Brij Kumar. "Modeling of once-through steam generator thermal-hydraulics during a loss of coolant accident." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16660.
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Ashari, Alireza. "Dual-Scale Modeling of Two-Phase Fluid Transport in Fibrous Porous Media." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2326.
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The primary objective of this research is to develop a mathematical framework that could be used to model or predict the rate of fluid absorption and release in fibrous sheets made up of solid or porous fibers. In the first step, a two-scale two-phase modeling methodology is developed for studying fluid release from saturated/unsaturated thin fibrous media made up of solid fibers when brought in contact with a moving solid surface. Our macroscale model is based on the Richards’ equation for two-phase fluid transport in porous media. The required constitutive relationships, capillary pressure and relative permeability as functions of the medium’s saturation, are obtained through microscale modeling. Here, a mass convection boundary condition is considered to model the fluid transport at the boundary in contact with the target surface. The mass convection coefficient plays a significant role in determining the release rate of fluid. Moreover the release rate depends on the properties of the fluid, fibrous sheet, the target surface as well as the speed of the relative motion, and remains to be determined experimentally. Obtaining functional relationships for relative permeability and capillary pressure is only possible through experimentation or expensive microscale simulations, and needs to be repeated for different media having different fiber diameters, thicknesses, or porosities. In this concern, we conducted series of 3-D microscale simulations in order to investigate the effect of the aforementioned parameters on the relative permeability and capillary pressure of fibrous porous sheets. The results of our parameter study are utilized to develop general expressions for kr(S) and Pc(S). Furthermore, these general expressions can be easily included in macroscale fluid transport equations to predict the rate of fluid release from partially saturated fibrous sheets in a time and cost-effective manner. Moreover, the ability of the model has been extended to simulate the radial spreading of liquids in thin fibrous sheets. By simulating different fibrous sheets with identical parameters but different in-plane fiber orientations has revealed that the rate of fluid spread increases with increasing the in-plane alignment of the fibers. Additionally, we have developed a semi-analytical modeling approach that can be used to predict the fluid absorption and release characteristics of multi-layered composite fabric made up of porous (swelling) and soild (non-swelling) fibrous sheets. The sheets capillary pressure and relative permeability are obtained via a combination of numerical simulations and experiment. In particular, the capillary pressure for swelling media is obtained via height rise experiments. The relative permeability expressions are obtained from the analytical expressions previously developed with the 3-D microscale simulations, which are also in agreement with experimental correlations from the literature. To extend the ability of the model, we have developed a diffusion-controlled boundary treatment to simulate fluid release from partially-saturated fabrics onto surfaces with different hydrophilicy. Using a custom made test rig, experimental data is obtained for the release of liquid from partially saturated PET and Rayon nonwoven sheets at different speeds, and on two different surfaces. It is demonstrated that the new semi-empirical model redeveloped in this work can predict the rate of fluid release from wet nonwoven sheets as a function of time.
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Burkholder, Michael B. "Nonlinear Analysis, Control, and Modeling of the Two-Phase Flow Dynamics in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/618.
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Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) generate clean, renewable power from hydrogen and oxygen with a byproduct of water. When the liquid water produced at the cathode is improperly removed, PEFCs experience unstable operation and power loss. Current techniques for cathode water removal result in excessive parasitic loads on the PEFC that contribute to high system costs. This thesis explores ways to improve the efficiency of PEFC cathode water management by developing a fundamental understanding of the dynamical stability of two-phase air and water ow in parallel cathode microchannels through experiments, analysis, and modeling. The dynamics of an experimental PEFC under varying degrees of cathode water removal were characterized by nonlinear invariants indicative of dynamical complexity and stability, the correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy. It was found that low-current operating conditionsm suffer from chaotic instability and performance loss due to cathode flooding. In order to detect and control dynamical instability in real time, a computationally-efficient reduced order Lyapunov exponent was formulated to indicate stability related to cathode water content. A stabilizing control algorithm was developed using feedback from real-time computation of the reduced order Lyapunov exponent of the PEFC voltage to trigger lowcost cathode pressure pulses. The control was demonstrated to stabilize flooding conditions with minimal parasitic expense for water removal. Two-phase air-water ow structures were visualized and pressure drops were measured in ex-situ microchannels under varying levels of transience. The pressure drops and their fluctuations were characterized with average values and fractal statistics, respectively, across air and water ow rates and ow regimes of relevance in PEFC operation. Dynamic pressure drop hysteresis was observed and measured, most likely for the first time. The statistical experimental results were used to develop a dynamical model of a PEFC cathode flow field with two-phase ow in parallel microchannels. The model included experimental values for two-phase pressure drops, a 1D + 1 PEFC model for water generation, and fractional Brownian motion for two-phase pressure uctuations. The model was used to understand ow maldistribution and Ledinegg instability in PEFC cathod flow fields, and to highlight methods for optimizing PEFC water management.
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Kourakos, Vasilios. "Experimental study and modeling of single- and two-phase flow in singular geometries and safety relief valves." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209827.
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This research project was carried out at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI), in Belgium, in collaboration and with the funding of Centre Technique des Industries Mécaniques (CETIM) in France.The flow of a mixture of two fluids in pipes can be frequently encountered in nuclear, chemical or mechanical engineering, where gas-liquid eactors, boilers, condensers, evaporators and combustion systems can be used. The presence of section changes or more generally geometrical singularities in pipes may affect significantly the behavior of twophase flow and subsequently the resulting pressure drop and mass flow rate. Therefore, it is an important subject of investigation in particular when the application concerns industrial safety valves.
This thesis is intended to provide a thorough research on two-phase (air-water) flow phenomena under various circumstances. The project is split in the following steps. At first, experiments are carried out in simple geometries such as smooth and sudden divergence and convergence singularities. Two experimental facilities are built; one in smaller scale in von Karman Institute and one in larger scale in CETIM. During the first part of the study, relatively simple geometrical discontinuities are investigated. The characterization and modeling of contraction and expansion nozzles (sudden and smooth change of section) is carried out. The pressure evolution is measured and pressure drop correlations are deduced. Flow visualization is also performed with a high-speed camera; the different flow patterns are identified and flow regime maps are established for a specific configuration.
A dual optical probe is used to determine the void fraction, bubble size and velocity upstream and downstream the singularities.
In the second part of the project, a more complex device, i.e. a Safety Relief Valve (SRV), mainly used in nuclear and chemistry industry, is thoroughly studied. A transparent model of a specific type of safety valve (1 1/2" G 3") is built and investigated in terms of pressure evolution. Additionally, flow rate measurements for several volumetric qualities and valve openings are carried out for air, water and two-phase mixtures. Full optical access allowed identification of the structure of the flow. The results are compared with measurements performed at the original industrial valve. Flowforce analysis is performed revealing that compressible and incompressible flowforces in SRV are inversed above a certain value of valve lift. This value varies with critical pressure ratio, therefore is directly linked to the position at which chocked flow occurs during air valve operation. In two-phase flow, for volumetric quality of air=20%, pure compressible flow behavior, in terms of flowforce, is remarked at full lift. Numerical simulations with commercial CFD code are carried out for air and water in axisymmetric 2D model of the valve in order to verify experimental findings.
The subject of modeling the discharge through a throttling device in two-phase flow is an important industrial problem. The proper design and sizing of this apparatus is a crucial issue which would prevent its wrong function or accidental operation failure that could cause a hazardous situation. So far reliability of existing models predicting the pressure drop and flow discharge in two-phase flow through the valve for various flow conditions is questionable. Nowadays, a common practice is widely adopted (standard ISO 4126-10 (2010), API RP 520 (2000)); the Homogeneous Equilibrium Method with the so-called !-method, although it still needs further validation. Additionally, based on !-methodology, Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium model has been proposed by Diener and Schmidt (2004) (HNE-DS), introducing a boiling delay coefficient. The accuracy of the aforementioned models is checked against experimental data both for transparent model and industrial SRV. The HNE-DS methodology is proved to be the most precise among the others. Finally, after application of HNE-DS method for air-water flow with cavitation, it is concluded that the behavior of flashing liquid is simulated in such case. Hence, for the specific tested conditions, this type of flow can be modeled with modified method of Diener and Schmidt (CF-HNE-DS) although further validation of this observation is required.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Blake, Kevin. "Experimental Characterization and Modeling of Wettability in Two Phase Oil/Water Flow in the Annular Flume Apparatus." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1547060617833221.
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Law, Deify. "Computational Modeling and Simulations of Hydrodynamics for Air-Water External Loop Airlift Reactors." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27991.
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External loop airlift reactors are widely used for biochemical applications such as syngas fermentation and wastewater treatment. To further understand the inherent gas-liquid flow physics within the reactors, computational modeling and simulations of hydrodynamics for air-water external loop airlift reactors were investigated. The gas-liquid flow dynamics in a bubble column were simulated using a FORTRAN code developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory, CFDLib, which employs an Eulerian-Eulerian ensemble averaged method. A two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system was used to conduct an extensive grid resolution study; it was found that grid cells smaller than the bubble diameter produced unstable solutions. Next, closure models for drag force and turbulent viscosity were investigated for a simple bubble column geometry. The effects of using a bubble pressure model and two drag coefficient models, the White model and the Schiller-Naumann model, were investigated. The bubble pressure model performed best for homogeneous (low velocity) flows and the Schiller-Naumann model was best for all flow regimes. Based on the studies for bubble column flows, an external loop airlift reactor was simulated using both two- and three-dimensional coordinates and results for gas holdup and riser velocity agreed better with experimental data for the 3D simulations. It was concluded that when performing 2D and 3D simulations, care must be taken when specifying the effective bubble diameter size, especially at high flow rates.
Population balance models (PBM) for bubble break-up and coalescence were implemented into CFDLib, validated with experiments, and simulated for the external loop airlift reactor at high inlet superficial gas velocities. The PBM predictions for multiple bubble sizes were comparable with the single bubble size simulations; however, the PBM simulations better predicted the formation of the gas bubble in the downcomer. The 3D PBM simulations also gave better predictions for the average bubble diameter size in the riser. It was concluded that a two-dimensional domain is adequate for gas-liquid flow simulations of a simple bubble column geometry, whereas three-dimensional simulations are required for the complex airlift reactor geometry. To conclude, a two-fluid Eulerian-Eulerian model coupled with a PBM is needed for quantitative as well as physical predictions of gas-liquid external loop airlift reactor flows at high inlet superficial gas velocities.Ph. D.
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Deza, Grados Mirka. "Modeling the Hydrodynamics of a Fluidized Bed." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37554.
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Biomass is considered a biorenewable alternative energy resource that can potentially reduce the use of natural gas and provide low cost power production or process heating needs. Biomass hydrodynamics in a fluidized bed are extremely important to industries that are using biomass material in gasfication processes to yield high quality producer gas. However, biomass particles are typically difficult to fluidize due to their peculiar shape and a second inert material, such as sand, is typically added to the bed. The large differences in size and density between the biomass and inert particles lead to nonuniform distribution of the biomass within the fluidized bed, and particle interactions and mixing become major issues. The main goal of this research was to use CFD as a tool for modeling and analyzing the hydrodynamic behavior of biomassas a single material or as part of a mixture in a fluidized bed.
The first part of this research focused on the characterization of biomass particles in a fluidized bed and validation of a numerical model with experimental results obtained from pressure measurements and CT and X-ray radiograph images. For a 2D fluidized bed of glass beads, the pressure drop, void fraction and mean bed height expansion were in quantitative agreement between the experiments and simulations using Syamlal-O'Brien and Gidaspow drag models. It was encouraging that the Gidaspow model predictions were in close agreement because the model does not require knowing the minimum fluidization as an input. Ground walnut shells were used to represent biomass because the material fluidizes uniformly and is classified as a Geldart type B particle. Two-dimensional simulations of ground walnut shells were analyzed to determine parameters that cannot easily be measured experimentally. The parametric study for ground walnut shell indicated that the material can be characterized with a medium sphericity (~0.6) and a relatively large coefficient of restitution (~0.85).
In the second part of this work numerical simulations of a ground walnut shell fluidizing bed with side air injection were compared to CT data for the gas-solid distribution to demonstrate the quantitative agreement for bed fluidization. The findings showed that 2D simulations overpredicted the fluidized bed expansion and the results did not demonstrate a uniformly fluidizing bed. The 3D simulations compared well for all cases. This study demonstrates the importance of using a 3D model for a truly 3D flow in order to capture the hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed for a complicated flow and geometry.
Finally, CFD modeling of pressure fluctuations was performed on sand and cotton-sand fluidized beds operating at inlet velocities ranging from 1.0-9.0Umf with the objective of predicting characteristic features of bubbling, slugging, and turbulent fluidization regimes. It was determined that the fluidized bed can be modeled using MUSCL discretization and the Ahmadi turbulence model. Three-dimensional sand fluidized beds were simulated for different fluidization regimes. Fluidized beds for all the regimes behaved as second-order dynamic systems. Bubbling fluidized beds showed one broad peak with a maximum at 2.6 Hz while slugging and turbulent showed two distinct peaks. It was observed that the peak at low frequency increased in magnitude as the flow transitioned from a slugging to a turbulent fluidization regime. CFD simulations of fluidized beds with the purpose of studying pressure fluctuations have demonstrated to be a useful tool to obtain hydrodynamic information that will help determine the fluidization regime. Prediction of slugging and turbulent fluidization regimes using CFD have not been reported to date. The work presented here is the first of its kind and can be an important advantage when designing a reactor and evaluating different operation conditions without the need to test them in a pilot plant or a prototype.Ph. D.
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Kanholy, Santhip Krishnan. "Eulerian-Eulerian Modeling of Fluidized Beds." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50626.
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Fluidized bed reactor technology has been widely adopted within the industry as vital component for numerous manufacturing, power generation and gasification processes due to its enhanced mixing characteristics. Computational modeling of fluidized bed hydrodynamics is a significant challenge that has to be tackled for increasing predictive accuracy.
The distributor plate of a fluidized bed is typically modeled using a uniform inlet condition, when in reality the inlet is non-uniform inlet. The regions of bed mass that do not fluidize because of the non-uniform inlet conditions form deadzones and remain static between the jets. A new model based on the mass that contributes to the pressure drop is proposed to model a fluidized bed, and has been investigated for a cylindrical reactor for glass beads, ceramic single solids particles, and glass-ceramic, and ceramic-ceramic binary mixtures. The adjusted mass model was shown to accurately predict fluidization characteristics such as pressure drop and minimum fluidization velocity.
The effectiveness of the adjusted mass model was further illustrated by applying it to fluidized beds containing coal, switchgrass, poplar wood, and cornstover biomass particles and coal-biomass binary mixtures. The adjusted mass model was further analyzed for bed expansion heights of different mixtures, and for solids distribution by analyzing the solids volume fraction. The effect of increasing the percent biomass in the mixture was also investigated.
To further model the non-uniform inlet condition, two different distributor configurations with 5 and 9 jets was considered for a quasi-2D bed, and simulations were performed in both 2D and 3D. Fluidization characteristics and mixing of the bed were analyzed for the simulation. Furthermore, the deadzones formed due to multiple jet configurations of the distributor are quantified and their distributions over the plate were analyzed.Ph. D.
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Lewis, Kayla Christine. "Numerical Modeling of Two-Phase Flow in the Sodium Chloride-Water System with Applications to Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19810.
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In order to explain the observed time-dependent salinity variations in seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids, quasi-numerical and fully numerical fluid flow models of the NaCl-H2O system are constructed. For the quasi-numerical model, a simplified treatment of phase separation of seawater near an igneous dike is employed to obtain rough estimates of the thickness and duration of the two-phase zone, the amount of brine formed, and its distribution in the subsurface. For the fully numerical model, the equations governing fluid flow, the thermodynamic relations between various quantities employed, and the coupling of these elements together in a time marching scheme is discussed. The fully numerical model is benchmarked against previously published heat pipe and Elder problem simulation results, and is shown to be largely in agreement with those results. A number of simulation results are presented in the context of two-phase flow and phase separation within the framework of the single pass model. It is found that a quasi-stable two-phase (liquid + vapor) zone at depth below the hydrothermal discharge outlet gives rise to vent fluid with lower than normal seawater salinity. Additionally, it is shown that increasing the spatial extent of the two-phase zone can lower vent fluid salinity. The numerical approach used in this thesis is able to generate salinity patterns predicted by a widely held conceptual model of vent fluid salinity variation, and may be able to explain the vent fluid salinities and temperatures found at the Main Endeavour Vent Field on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, as this approach is able to produce simulated vent fluid salinities that match observed values from the Endeavour Field vents Dante and Hulk.
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Zhou, Xinquan. "Measurement and Modeling of the Liquid-phase Turbulence in Adiabatic Air-water Two-phase Flows with a Wide Range of Void Fractions." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406210359.
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Ortiz-Arroyo, Arturo. "Contribution to the modeling of packed bed reactors under plugging conditions in single and two phase trickle flow." Doctoral thesis, Québec : Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21789/21789.pdf.
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Shaik, Abdul Qaiyum. "Numerical modeling of two-phase flashing propellant flow inside the twin-orifice system of pressurized metered dose inhalers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6161.
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Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) are the most widely-prescribed inhaler devices for therapeutic aerosol delivery in the treatment of lung diseases. In spite of its undoubted therapeutic and commercial success, the propellant flow mechanics and aerosol formation by the pMDIs is poorly understood. The process involves a complex transient cavitating turbulent fluid that flashes into rapidly evaporating droplets, but details remain elusive, partly due to the difficulty of performing experiments at the small length scales and short time scales. The objective of the current work is the development of a numerical model to predict the internal flow conditions (pressure, temperature, velocity, void fraction, quality, etc.) and provide deeper insight into the atomization process and fluid mechanics involved in the twin-orifice of pMDIs. The main focus is propellant metastability, which has been identified by several past authors as a key element that is missing in accounts of pMDI performance. First the flashing propellant flow through single orifice systems (both long and short capillary tubes) was investigated using three different models : homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM), delayed equilibrium model (DEM) and improved delayed equilibrium model (IDEM). Both, the pure propellants and the propellant mixtures were used as working fluid. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data. For long capillary tubes the three models gave reasonable predictions, but the present results showed that DEM predicts the mass flow rate well for pure propellants and IDEM predicts the mass flow rate well for propellant mixtures. For short capillary tubes, the present results showed that DEM predicts the mass flow rate and pressure distribution along the short tube better compared to HEM and IDEM. The geometry of the twin-orifice system of a pMDI is complex and involves several singularities (sudden enlargements and sudden contractions). Various assumptions were made to evaluate their effect on the vaporisation process and to evaluate the flow variables after the shock at the exit of the spray orifice when the flow is choked. Also, three different propellant flow regimes were explored at the inlet of the valve orifice. A specific combination of assumptions, which offers good agreement with the experimental data was selected for further computations. Numerical investigations were carried out using delayed equilibrium model (DEM) with these new assumptions to validate the two-phase metastable flow through twin-orifice systems with continuous flows of various propellants studied previously by Fletcher (1975) and Clark (1991). A new correlation was developed for the coefficient in the relaxation equation. Along with this correlation a constant coefficient was used in the relaxation equation to model the metastability. Both the coefficients showed good agreement against the Fletcher's experimental data. The comparison with the Clark s experimental data showed that the new correlation coefficient predicted the mass flow rate well in compare to that of the constant coefficient, but over predicted the expansion chamber pressure. The DEM with both the coefficients for continuous discharge flows were applied to investigate the quasi-steady flashing flow inside the metered discharge flows at various time instants. The DEM results were compared with the Clark s metered discharge experimental data and the well established homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM). The comparison between the HEM and DEM with Clark s (1991) experimental data showed that the DEM predicted the mass flow well in compare to that of HEM. Moreover, both the models underpredicted the expansion chamber pressure and temperature. The findings of the present thesis have given a better understanding of the role played by the propellant metastability inside the twin-orifice system of pMDIs. Also, these have provided detailed knowledge of thermodynamic state, void fraction and critical velocity of the propellant at the spray orifice exit, which are essential step towards the development of improved atomisation models. Improved understanding of the fluid mechanics of pMDIs will contribute to the development of next-generation pMDI devices with higher treatment efficacy, capable of delivering a wider range of therapeutic agents including novel therapies based around.
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Byers, Ashley. "Numerical Modeling of Capillary Flow in a Novel Micropillar Geometry for Applications in Passive Two-Phase Cooling Systems." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10000329.
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Microstructures have become an increasingly popular method for two phase heat removal in electronics. Maximizing capillary pressure and thermal conductivity are the most direct methods for increasing heat removal in capillary-driven, two-phase cooling systems. It is well known that closely packed wicking structures produce a higher capillary pressure. However, this adversely affects the permeability of the fluid inhibiting its ability to flow, thus reducing heat removal capability. This research aims to address this issue. A numerical model is implemented with a novel micropillar structure to increase capillary pressure while maintaining necessary permeability. These novel micropillar structures have a larger spacing at the base of the micropillar to provide a higher liquid permeability and mushroom-like structure on the top surface of the micropillars with a smaller spacing to provide a greater capillary pressure. The results indicate that the liquid column rise of the mushroom-like structures is 6 times higher than standard micropillar arrays for a contact angle of 50°.
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Alp, Doruk Ayala Luis F. "Numerical modeling of natural gas two-phase flow split at branching T-junctions with closed-loop network applications." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2008. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/PSUonlyIndex/ETD-4688/index.html.
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Gustavsson, Katarina. "Mathematical and Numerical Modeling of 1-D and 2-D Consolidation." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, NADA, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3497.
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A mathematical model for a consolidation process of a highlyconcentrated, flocculated suspension is developed.Thesuspension is treated as a mixture of a fluid and solidparticles by an Eulerian two-phase fluid model.W e characterizethe suspension by constitutive relations correlating thestresses, interaction forces, and inter-particle forces toconcentration and velocity gradients.This results in threeempirically determined material functions: a hystereticpermeability, a non-Newtonian viscosity and a non-reversibleparticle interaction pressure.P arameters in the models arefitted to experimental data.
A simulation program using finite difference methods both intime and space is applied to one and two dimensional testcases.Numer ical experiments are performed to study the effectof different viscosity and permeability models. The effect ofshear on consolidation rate is studied and it is significantwhen the permeability hysteresis model is employed.
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Wolff, Markus [Verfasser], and Rainer [Akademischer Betreuer] Helmig. "Multi-scale modeling of two-phase flow in porous media including capillary pressure effects / Markus Wolff. Betreuer: Rainer Helmig." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044294337/34.
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Laín, Beatove Santiago [Verfasser]. "On modeling and numerical computation of industrial disperse two-phase flow with the Euler-Lagrange approach / Santiago Laín Beatove." Aachen : Shaker, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1120863953/34.
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Dessirier, Benoît. "Numerical modeling of groundwater and air flow between compacted bentonite and fractured crystalline rock." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-124428.
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The geological repository for final storage of spent nuclear fuel, envisioned by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Management Company (SKB), relies on several barriers: copper canisters deposited in holes in the floor of underground tunnels in deep bedrock, embedded in a buffer of compacted bentonite. The initially unsaturated buffer would take up water from the surrounding rock mass and swell to seal any potential gap. This initial two-phase (gas and liquid) regime with two components (air and water) may impact the final density, swelling pressure and biogeochemical conditions in the buffer. A main objective of this work is to identify factors and mechanisms that govern deposition hole inflow and bentonite wetting under the prevailing two-phase flow conditions in sparsely fractured bedrock. For this purpose, we use the numerical code TOUGH2 to perform two-phase flow simulations, conditioned by a companion field experiment (the Bentonite Rock Interaction Experiment or BRIE) performed in a 417 m deep tunnel of the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in southeastern Sweden. The models predict a significant de-saturation of the rock wall, which was confirmed by field data. To predict the early buffer wetting rates and patterns, the position of local flowing fractures and estimates of local rock matrix permeability appear more important than the total open hole groundwater inflow. A global sensitivity analysis showed that the buffer wetting time and the persistence of unsaturated conditions over extended periods of time in the rock depend primarily on the local fracture positions, rock matrix permeability, ventilation conditions in the tunnel and pressure far in the rock. Dismantling photographs from BRIE were used to reconstruct a fine-scale snapshot of saturation at the bentonite/rock interface, showing tremendous spatial variability. The high level of heterogeneity in the rock generates complex two-phase flow phenomena (air trapping, dissolution), which need to be accounted for in buffer design and rock suitability criteria. In particular, results suggest that uncertainties regarding two-phase flow behavior are relatively high close to residual air saturation, which may also have important implications for other applications involving two-phase flows, such as geological storage of carbon dioxide.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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MAMELI, Mauro. "Pulsating heat pipes. Numerical Modelling and Experimental Assessment." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/222122.
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The present thesis is the result of a three year research study on the developing and experimental validation of a numerical model for the thermal-hydraulic simulation of Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes. The project has been carried out in the framework of the PRIN-2009 and put the basis for a fruitful collaboration between the University of Bergamo and the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK, India). The first two years were mainly devoted to improve the theoretical model and to the subsequent implementation of new subroutines. During this first stage the model has been validated by means of experimental data available from the literature. In the last year an actual CLPHP test-rig has been designed, built and tested. The outcome of the proprietor experimental apparatus provided new data on the heat transfer capability of two phase flows in mini-channels and allowed to perform a more accurate quantitative comparison with the simulation results. Although the final version of the numerical model is able to satisfactorily reproduce many trends of actual PHP devices, further work is needed in order to understand some open issues related to the physics and to release a reliable software tool for the PHP design.
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Mameli, Mauro. "Pulsating heat pipes. Numerical Modelling and Experimental Assessment." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/26720.
Full textAbstract:
The present thesis is the result of a three year research study on the developing and experimental validation of a numerical model for the thermal-hydraulic simulation of Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes. The project has been carried out in the framework of the PRIN-2009 and put the basis for a fruitful collaboration between the University of Bergamo and the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK, India).
The first two years were mainly devoted to improve the theoretical model and to the subsequent implementation of new subroutines. During this first stage the model has been validated by means of experimental data available from the literature. In the last year an actual CLPHP test-rig has been designed, built and tested. The outcome of the proprietor experimental apparatus provided new data on the heat transfer capability of two phase flows in mini-channels and allowed to perform a more accurate quantitative comparison with the simulation results.
Although the final version of the numerical model is able to satisfactorily reproduce many trends of actual PHP devices, further work is needed in order to understand some open issues related to the physics and to release a reliable software tool for the PHP design.
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Han, Liang. "Exploring two-phase hydrothermal circulation at a seafloor pressure of 25 MPa: Application for EPR 9°50′N." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45440.
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We present 2-D numerical simulations of two phase flow in seafloor hydrothermal systems using the finite control volume numerical scheme FISHES. The FISHES code solves the coupled non-linear equations for mass, momentum, energy, and salt conservation in a NaCl-H2O fluid to model the seafloor hydrothermal processes. These simulations use homogeneous box geometries at a fixed seafloor pressure of 25 MPa with constant bottom temperature boundary conditions that represent a sub-axial magma chamber to explore the effects of permeability, maximum bottom temperature and system depth on the evolution of vent fluid temperature and salinity, and heat output. We also study the temporal and spatial variability in hydrothermal circulation. The two-phase simulation results show that permeability plays an important role in plume structure and heat output of hydrothermal systems, but it has little effect on vent fluid temperature and salinity, given the same bottom temperature. For some permeability values, multiple plumes can vent at the seafloor above the simulated magma chamber. Temporal variability of vent fluid temperature and salinity and the complexity of phase separation suggest that pressure and temperature conditions at the top of the axial magma chamber cannot be easily inferred from vent fluid temperature and salinity alone. Vapor and brine derived fluids can vent at the seafloor simultaneously, even from neighboring locations that are fed by the same plume.Master of Science
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Khallahle, Jack Buckhill. "Numerical Simulation of Flow Parameters in Stratified Gas-Liquid Flow in a Horizontal Pipe." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29931.
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The transportation of gas-liquid mixtures in horizontal pipes as two-phase stratified flow is examined using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The design of these pipelines requires accurate prediction of flow parameters such as pressure drop and liquid holdup. Many empirical correlations have been developed in the last 70 years and are well documented in the literature to obtain these parameters using experimental, analytical and numerical methods.
In this investigation, the numerical method based on CFD code-FLUENT is used as an alternative to the experimental method to obtained numerical data such as gas wall shear stress, liquid holdup and pressure drop in order to calculate interfacial shear stress using semi-mechanistic flow model for stratified-smooth and stratified-wavy flow based on the 3D CFD models developed in FLUENT DesignModeler. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) model and k-ω SST turbulence model were used to obtain numerical data from the CFD models for validations.
In the 3D CFD model for gas flow over stationary liquid surface, the average gas velocities and corresponding liquid heights from the experimental data were validated in the two-phase flow domain. The interfacial friction factor correlation proposed was in good agreement against the existing two-phase friction factors using conventional two-phase flow calculation method, while the mathematical formulations involving hydrostatic force for the interfacial and gas wall shear stresses were poorly correlated against existing correlations.
In the co-current gas-liquid flow 3D CFD model, the pressure drop, gas wall shear stress, interfacial shear stress and liquid holdups were in excellent agreement and the interfacial friction factor correlations proposed were in good agreement with the published correlations. The flow patterns were correctly predicted as stratified-smooth and wavy flow on the flow map.
A design procedure involving both 3D CFD models was proposed and presented in Appendix D.
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Maggiolo, Dario. "Numerical modeling and fluid-dynamic optimisation of fuel cells and flow batteries systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424775.
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Nowadays, the energy challenge is one of the largest driving forces behind many research efforts. Future energy strategies include smart ways to store and convert energy on demand. On this exciting perspective, fuel cells and flow batteries play a key role, the former in converting energy into propulsion, the latter in storing renewable energy surplus. Nevertheless, some main technological issues still must be overcome, such as limited peak performances often caused by poor fluid-mechanic efficiency. The fluid-dynamic optimisation of fuel cells and flow batteries systems is the main aim of the present thesis work. To this end, the focus is set on studying liquid-vapour two-phase flows and dispersion dynamics in fibrous porous media, by means of Lattice-Boltzmann numerical models, in order to catch the effects of microscale phenomena on macroscale features of both technologies. Present findings offer new insights into understanding fundamental physical behaviours in fuel cells and flow batteries, and give a guideline for good and innovative design practice.Al giorno d'oggi, la sfida energetica è una delle più importanti spinte alla ricerca scientifica. Le strategie energetiche future includono vie alternative ed efficienti per stoccare e convertire l'energia su richiesta. In questa prospettiva entusiasmante, le celle a combustibile e le batterie a flusso svolgono un ruolo chiave, le prime nella conversione dell'energia in propulsione, le seconde nello stoccaggio dei surplus derivanti da energia rinnovabile. Tuttavia, rimangono ancora da superare alcuni importanti aspetti tecnologici, come ad esempio le limitate prestazioni di picco spesso causate da una scarsa efficienza fluido-meccanica. L'obiettivo principale della presente tesi è l'ottimizzazione fluidodinamica delle celle a combustibile e delle batterie a flusso. A tal fine, la ricerca si focalizza sullo studio dei flussi bifase liquido-vapore e delle dinamiche di dispersione in mezzi porosi, mediante modelli numerici Lattice-Boltzmann, al fine di studiare gli effetti dei fenomeni microscopici sulle caratteristiche macroscopiche di entrambe le tecnologie. I risultati di questo studio forniscono nuove interpretazioni nella comprensione dei comportamenti fisici fondamentali nelle celle a combustibile e nelle batterie di flusso, ed offrono linee guida per una buona e innovativa pratica di progettazione.
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Lema, Rodríguez Marcos. "Multiphase fluid hammer: modeling, experiments and simulations." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209540.
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This thesis deals with the experimental and numerical analysis of the water hammer phenomenon generated by the discharge of a pressurized liquid into a pipeline kept under vacuum conditions. This flow configuration induces several multiphase phenomena such as cavitation and gas desorption that cannot be ignored in the water hammer behavior.The motivation of this research work comes from the liquid propulsion systems used in spacecrafts, which can undergo fluid hammer effects threatening the system integrity. Fluid hammer can be particularly adverse during the priming phase, which involves the fast opening of an isolation valve to fill the system with liquid propellant. Due to the initial vacuum conditions in the pipeline system, the water hammer taking place during priming may involve multiphase phenomena, such as cavitation and desorption of a non-
condensable gas, which may affect the pressure surges produced in the lines. Even though this flow behavior is known, only few studies model the spacecraft hardware configuration, and a proper characterization of the two-phase flow is still missing. The creation of a reliable database and the physical understanding of the water hammer behavior in propulsion systems are mandatory to improve the physical models implemented in the numerical codes used to simulate this flow configuration.
For that purpose, an experimental facility modeling a spacecraft propulsion system has been designed, in which the physical phenomena taking place during priming are generated under controlled conditions in the laboratory using inert fluids. An extended experimental campaign was performed on the installation, aiming at analyzing the effect of various working parameters on the fluid hammer behavior, such as the initial pressure in the line, liquid saturation with the pressurant gas, liquid properties and pipe configuration. The influence of the desorbed gas during water hammer occurrence is found to have a great importance on the whole process, due to the added compressibility and lower speed of sound by an increasing amount of non-condensable gas in the liquid + gas mixture. This results in lower pressure levels and faster pressure peaks attenuation, compared to fluids without desorption. The two-phase flow was characterized by means of flow visualization of the liquid front at the location where the fluid hammer is generated. The front arrival was found to be preceded by a foamy mixture of liquid, vapor and non-condensable gas, and the pressure wave reflected at the tank may induce the liquid column separation at the bottom end. While column separation takes place, the successive pressure peaks are generated by the impact of the column back against the bottom end.
The resulting experimental database is then confronted to the predictions of the 1D numerical code EcosimPro/ESPSS used to assess the propulsion system designs. Simulations are performed with the flow configuration described before, modeling the experimental facility. The comparison of the numerical results against the experimental data shows that aspects such as speed of sound computation with a dissolved gas and friction modeling need to be improved.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Yang, Songzhi. "Modeling of Diesel injection in subcritical and supercritical conditions." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC045/document.
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Pour satisfaire aux dernières réglementations en matière d'émissions, des progrès importants sont encore attendus des moteurs à combustion interne. De plus, améliorer l'efficacité du moteur pour réduire les émissions et la consommation de carburant est devenu plus essentiel qu'auparavant. Mais, de nombreux phénomènes complexes restent mal compris dans ce domaine, tels que le processus d'injection de carburant. Nombreux logiciels pour la dynamique des fluides numérique (CFD) prenant en compte le changement de phase (comme la cavitation) et la modélisation de l’injection ont été développés et utilisés avec succès dans le processus d’injection. Néanmoins, il existe peu de codes CFD capables de simuler avec précision des conditions d’injection transcritiques, à partir d'une condition de température de carburant sous-critique vers un mélange supercritique dans la chambre de combustion. En effet, la plupart des modèles existants peuvent simuler des écoulements à phase unique, éventuellement dans des conditions supercritiques, ou des écoulements diphasiques dans des conditions sous-critiques. Par conséquent, il manque un modèle complet capable de traiter les conditions transcritiques, y compris la transition de phase possible entre les régimes souscritiques et supercritiques, ou entre les écoulements monophasiques et diphasiques, de manière dynamique. Cette thèse a pour objectif de relever ce défi.Pour cela, des modèles d'écoulement diphasique compressible de fluide réel basés sur une approche eulérienne-eulérienne avec prise en compte de l'équilibre de phase ont été développés et discutés dans le présent travail. Plus précisément, un modèle à 6-équation entièrement compressibles incluant les équations de bilan des phases liquide et gazeuse résolues séparément ; et un modèle à 4-équation qui résout les équations des bilans liquide et gazeux en équilibre mécanique et thermique sont proposés dans ce manuscrit. L’équation d’état Peng-Robinson EoS est sélectionné pour fermer les deux systèmes et pour faire face aux éventuels changements de phase et à la transition ou à la séparation des phases. En particulier, un solveur d'équilibre de phase a été développé et validé. Ensuite, une série de tests académiques 1D portant sur les phénomènes d'évaporation et de condensation effectués dans des conditions sous-critiques et supercritiques a été simulée et comparée aux données de la littérature et aux résultats académiques disponibles. Ensuite, les modèles d'écoulement en deux phases entièrement compressibles (systèmes à 6-équation et à 4- équation) ont été utilisés pour simuler les phénomènes de cavitation dans une buse 3D de taille réelle afin d'étudier l'effet de l’azote dissous sur la création et le développement de la cavitation. Le bon accord avec les données expérimentales prouve que le solveur proposé est capable de gérer le comportement complexe du changement de phase dans des conditions sous-critiques. Enfin, la capacité du solveur à traiter l’injection transcritique à des pressions et températures élevées a été validée par la modélisation réussie de l’injecteur Spray A du réseau de combustion moteur (ECN)To satisfy latest stringent emission regulations, important progress is still be expected from internal combustion engines. In addition, improving engine efficiency to reduce the emission and fuel consumption has become more essential than before. But many complex phenomena remain poorly understood in this field, such as the fuel injection process. Numerous software programs for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) considering phase change (such as cavitation) and injection modelling, have been developed and used successfully in the injection process. Nevertheless, there are few CFD codes able to simulate correctly transcritical conditions starting from a subcritical fuel temperature condition towards a supercritical mixture in the combustion chamber. Indeed, most of the existing models can simulate either single-phase flows possibly in supercritical condition or two-phase flows in subcritical condition; lacking therefore, a comprehensive model which can deal with transcritical condition including possible phase transition from subcritical to supercritical regimes, or from single-phase to two-phase flows, dynamically. This thesis aims at dealing with this challenge. For that, real fluid compressible two-phase flow models based on Eulerian-Eulerian approach with the consideration of phase equilibrium have been developed and discussed in the present work. More precisely, a fully compressible 6-equation model including liquid and gas phases balance equations solved separately; and a 4-equation model which solves the liquid and gas balance equations in mechanical and thermal equilibrium, are proposed in this manuscript. The Peng-Robinson equation of state (EoS) is selected to close both systems and to deal with the eventual phase change or phase transition. Particularly, a phase equilibrium solver has been developed and validated. Then, a series of 1D academic tests involving the evaporation and condensation phenomena performed under subcritical and supercritical conditions have been simulated and compared with available literature data and analytical results. Then the fully compressible two-phase flow models (6-Equation and 4-Equation systems) have been employed to simulate the cavitation phenomena in a real size 3D nozzle to investigate the effect of dissolved N2 on the inception and developing of cavitation. The good agreement with experimental data proves the solver can handle the complex phase change behavior in subcritical condition. Finally, the capability of the solver in dealing with the transcritical injection at high pressure and temperature conditions has been further validated through the successful modelling of the engine combustion network (ECN) Spray A injector
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Colombano, Stéfan. "Improvement of the recovery of heavy chlorinated organic compounds in saturated porous media by thermal and chemical enhancements : experimental and two-phase flow modeling approaches." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2032.
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La pollution des eaux souterraines par des composés organochlorés constitue un problème majeur. En effet, ces polluants, particulièrement toxiques, dégradent durablement les sols et les eaux souterraines. Leur dispersion (par solubilisation et volatilisation) à partir des sources de pollution peut générer des panaches de contamination importants. La récupération de ces composés sous forme de produit pur (DNAPL) est principalement basée sur les techniques de pompage/traitement. Pour autant, cette technique est lente et ne permet pas de récupérer le DNAPL de manière efficace. Une quantité de DNAPL reste piégée dans le sol sous forme de saturation résiduelle (Srn). L’objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer le rendement et la vitesse de récupération du DNAPL en utilisant les soutiens chimiques et thermiques au cours du pompage. L’augmentation de la température vise à diminuer la viscosité du DNAPL (et donc à augmenter sa mobilité) alors que l’ajout de surfactant vise à diminuer les forces capillaires qui piègent le DNAPL. Des expérimentations à l’échelle du laboratoire (basées notamment sur des suivis de permittivités, résistivités électriques et densités optiques) et une modélisation multiphasique ont été réalisées afin de pouvoir quantifier les effets de ces soutiens. Le chauffage du DNAPL, réalisé jusqu’à 50 °C (afin d’éviter la volatilisation), diminue la viscosité par un facteur 2. L’ajout d’un surfactant, le Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate-SDBS, à sa Concentration Micellaire Critique (afin d’éviter la solubilisation du DNAPL) diminue la tension interfaciale par un facteur 12. Les essais de drainage-imbibition ont été réalisés dans des cellules 1D afin d’obtenir les courbes de rétention du système diphasique (pression capillaire en fonction de la saturation en eau). Les diminutions des Srn obtenues avec le SDBS sont de 28% pour les billes de verre (BV) de 0,5 mm de diamètre et 46% pour les BV de 0,1 mm. Aucune amélioration significative du rendement épuratoire a été obtenue avec le chauffage. Les courbes ont été calées avec le modèle de van Genuchten - Mualem dans le but de fournir les données pour la modélisation. Les expériences de drainage-imbibition ont été réalisées dans des colonnes 1D pour caractériser les écoulements diphasiques (notamment le déplacement de l'interface DNAPL-eau en fonction des pressions appliquées). Le modèle d'écoulement diphasique a été réalisé avec la formulation de pression-pression (à l'aide de COMSOL Multiphysics®). La modélisation des volumes récupérés et du déplacement de l’interface sont en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. Les rendements épuratoires avec les soutiens chimiques et thermiques étaient du même ordre de grandeur que pour les cellules 1D. Des essais de pompage ont été effectués dans un bac 2D à différents débits avec les BV de 0,5 mm et 0,1 mm. Les expériences ont également été réalisées avec et sans soutien. Les modélisations ont été comparées à l'interprétation d'images (basée sur l'étalonnage de la densité optique). Les valeurs expérimentales sont en adéquation avec les valeurs modélisées. Les rapports VDNAPL,chimique/VDNAPL, référence pour des débits lents et élevés, étaient en moyenne respectivement de 2,90 et 1,40 pour les BV de 0,5 mm et, de 1,37 et 1,18 pour les BV de 0,1 mm. Le chauffage n'a aucun effet bénéfique sur la récupération du DNAPL. Les mesures indirectes des saturations en eau (Sw) pour les expériences 1D ou 2D aboutissent aux résultats suivants: i. les permittivités mesurées sont très proches des valeurs modélisées avec le modèle de CRIM ; ii. les modélisations des résistivités électriques avec la loi d’Archie sont moins probantes ; iii. les densités optiques permettent d’estimer Sw avec précision. A l’échelle terrain, la combinaison des suivis avec la résistivité électrique (qui permet d’avoir une vision intégratice) et la permittivité (qui fournit des données précises mais spatialement limitées), permettrait de mieux quantifier les SrnGroundwater pollution by chlorinated organic compounds is a major problem. Actually, these particularly toxic pollutants, permanently degrade soil and groundwater quality. Their dispersion (by solubilization and volatilization) from the pollution source zone can generate large contaminants plumes.Chlorinated organic compounds are recovered as pure product (Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids-DNAPL) mainly using pump/treat technologies. However, these technologies are time-consuming and do not recover the pure product in an efficient way. A significant amount of DNAPL remains trapped in soil as residual saturation (Srn). The objective of this PhD project was to enhance DNAPL recovery rate and yield using chemical and thermal enhancements during the pumping process. Temperature increases aimed to reduce the viscosity of DNAPL (and therefore to increase its mobility) while the addition of surfactant aimed to reduce the capillary forces that trap the DNAPL. Experiments at the laboratory scale (based on monitoring of permittivities, electrical resistivities and optical densities) and two-phase flow modeling were performed to quantify the effects of these enhancements. Heating the DNAPL up to 50 °C (to avoid volatilization) decreases the viscosity by a factor of two. The addition of surfactant, Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate-SDBS, at its Critical Micelle Concentration (to prevent DNAPL solubilization) decreases interfacial tensions by a factor of 12. Drainage-imbibition experiments were carried out in 1D cells to obtain the retention curves of the two-phase system (capillary pressure as a function of water saturation). The decreases of Srn obtained with SDBS were 28% for 0.5 mm glass beads (GB) diameter and 46% for 0.1 mm GB. We reported no significant improvement in the remediation yield with thermal enhancement. The curves were fitted with the van Genuchten – Mualem model to generate data for modeling.Drainage-imbibition experiments were carried out in 1D columns to characterize two-phase flow (and in particular the displacement of the DNAPL-water interface according to the pressures applied). The two-phase flow model used a pressure-pressure formulation (using COMSOL Multiphysics®). The modeling of recovered volumes and the displacement of the interface agreed with the experimental results. The remediation yields with chemical and thermal enhancements were of the same order of magnitude as those reported in 1D cells. For 2D tank experiments, pumping was performed at different flow rates with 0.5 mm and 0.1 mm GB. The experiments were also performed with and without enhancement. Models were compared with image interpretation (based on the optical density calibration). Comparing experimental and modeled values shows that the model fitted well with the experiments. The VDNAPL, chemical/VDNAPL, reference ratios were for low and high flow rates on average respectively 2.90 and 1.40 for 0.5 mm GB and 1.37 and 1.18 for 0.1 mm GB. Thermal enhancement had no beneficial effect on DNAPL recovery rate or yield.Indirect measurements of water saturations (Sw) for 1D or 2D experiments yielded the following results: i. the measured permittivities were very similar to the values modeled with the CRIM model; ii. modeling of electrical resistivities with Archie's Law was less accurate; iii. optical densities allow accurate Sw estimation. At field scale, the combination of monitoring both electrical resistivities (which provide a global picture) and permittivities (which provide precise but spatially limited data), is expected to provide Srn data
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Danés, Leandro Henschel 1986. "Mediação de parâmetro de escoamento bifásico gás-líquido utiizando sensores de impedância." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263023.
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Orientador: Niederauer MastelariDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Uma mistura de gás e liquido escoando em um tubo em diferentes faixas de vazões se comporta como diferentes padrões de escoamento, em que interações cinemáticas e dinâmicas especificas de cada padrão, ocorrem entre gás e liquido. A estimação de dados sobre a velocidade media de deslocamento e a vazão de ambas as fases depende da aplicação de estratégias estatísticas de e de modelos de escoamento para calcular estas informações. Neste trabalho, um sensor de impedância que, se devidamente calibrado, possui sinal proporcional ao nível de liquido na seção transversal do duto, foi utilizado para a obtenção destes dados sendo desenvolvidas técnicas e estratégias para alcançar este objetivo. O estudo foi desenvolvido no regime de escoamento horizontal água-ar nos regimes de bolhas alongadas, estratificado intermitente. Foram utilizadas técnicas para a obtenção da velocidade media de deslocamento do escoamento bifásico a partir de um arranjo de dois sensores de impedância em serie. Foi utilizada a técnica da correlação cruzada e foram elaboradas e apresentadas como opção, uma técnica baseada no calculo numérico e outra na covariância entre os sinais como alternativa. As técnicas foram testadas e comparadas. Foram utilizados modelos de escoamento e levantadas hipóteses para a estimativa das vazões de gás e liquido. Foram realizadas estimativas para o padrão de bolhas alongadas, estratificado e intermitente. Para o regime intermitente, considerado foco do estudo, foram obtidas respectivamente para gás e liquido, margens de erro de 24.4% e 28% considerando um perfil de escoamento constante e margens de 12.5% e 20.5% para um perfil laminar
Abstract: A gas-liquid moisture flowing in a tube at different flow rates , behaves as different flow patterns, which cinematic and dynamic interactions occurs between the gas and liquid phases. The estimation of average displacement rate data and flow data for both phases depends of the application of statistical strategies and floe models for calculating the information. In this work, a impedance sensor which, is correctly calibrated, has a proportional out to the liquid level of the tube cross section, was used for obtaining these data with techniques and strategies developed to achieve this goal. The study was developed for horizontal air-water flow at the bubbles, stratified and slug patterns. It was used techniques for obtaining the average displacement speed of the flow between the two sensors. The cross-correlation technique was used and a numeric calculus based technique and a covariance based technique were elaborated and presented as an option. The techniques were tested and compared. Flow-models were used and hypothesis were take in order to make estimations of gas and liquid flow magnitude. Estimatives were done for the elongated bubbles , stratified and slug patterns. For the slug pattern ,focus of the work, it was obtained respectively for the gas and the liquid phase, error margins of 24,4% and 28% considering a constant flow profile and 12.5% and 20.5% margins considering a laminar flow profile
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Ozturk, Onur Can. "Contribution expérimentale à l'amélioration des modèles de transition de régime en écoulement diphasique horizontal." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI113.
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Plusieurs régimes d’écoulement diphasiques adiabatiques eau/air horizontaux (écoulements dispersés àbulles et intermittents) et leur développement axial ont été étudiés dans l'expérience METERO,constituée d’une conduite circulaire horizontale de 100 mm de diamètre interne. Différentes techniques d’instrumentation ont été améliorées et utilisées pour mesurer les grandeurs caractéristiques de l’écoulement afin d’apporter une description locale et l'évolution axiale des écoulements. Les mécanismes physiques responsables des régimes d’écoulement et de leurs transitions, notamment la compétition entre forces turbulente et de flottabilité ont été explicités. Les différences entre les régimes à bulles et intermittent ont été mises en évidence et les processus physiques à l’origine de ces différences ont été expliqués. Deux nouvelles cartes de régime d’écoulement adimensionnelles ont été proposées: la première apporte une amélioration à la représentation de Taitel & Dukler (1976) et propose un nouveau critère de transition. La deuxième, novatrice, quantifie les effets des forces de turbulence et de flottabilité en fonction du taux de videSeveral horizontal water-air two-phase adiabatic flows (dispersed bubbly flows and intermittent flows)and their axial evolutions have been studied in the METERO experiment which is consisted of ahorizontal circular test section with an internal diameter of 100 mm. Different measurement techniqueshave been improved and utilized to measure the flow characteristics in order to bring a localdescription and axial evolution of the flows. The responsible physical mechanisms of the flow regimesand their transitions, particularly the competition between turbulent force and buoyancy force havebeen explained. The differences between dispersed bubbly flows and intermittent flows have beenhighlighted and the physical process at the origin of these differences has been explained. Two newdimensionless flow regime maps have been proposed: the first one brings an improvement to therepresentation of Taitel & Dukler (1976) and proposes new transition criteria. The second novel maptakes into account the effects of turbulent and buoyancy forces and the void fraction
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Printsypar, Galina [Verfasser], and Oleg [Akademischer Betreuer] Iliev. "Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media with Application to the Pressing Section of a Paper Machine / Galina Printsypar. Betreuer: Oleg Iliev." Kaiserslautern : Universitätsbibliothek Kaiserslautern, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1022804308/34.
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