Academic literature on the topic 'Two-party systems – United States'
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Journal articles on the topic "Two-party systems – United States"
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Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, and Martin P. Wattenberg. "Decaying Versus Developing Party Systems: A Comparison of Party Images in the United States and West Germany." British Journal of Political Science 22, no. 2 (April 1992): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400006311.
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This article examines citizens' attitudes towards the two major parties in the United States since 1952 and in West Germany since 1969 employing open-ended data from each country's National Election Study time series. Despite similar declining trends in party identification in the two countries, it is found that the patterns of change in party images are markedly different. In the United States it is shown that voters have become increasingly neutral towards the two parties as the focus has turned more and more towards the candidates. In contrast, in West Germany voters have come to have a more balanced view of the parties, seeing both positive and negative features of both. Thus in both cases there has been a decline in polarized strong partisanship (‘my party right or wrong’), but for different reasons. In the United States this decline can be seen as a sign of the decay of an ageing and outdated party system; in West Germany it can be seen as the development of realistic and balanced views of a party system which is just reaching full maturity. The implications for analysing party system development in Eastern Europe are discussed.
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Lee, Daniel J., and Michael Brady. "Coordination and Party Change in the United States." American Politics Research 48, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 807–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x20921370.
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The ability of American political parties to change issue positions is potentially hindered by problems of coordination. Research on parties since the 1990s has shown what tools party leadership can use to enforce discipline and cohesion among its ranks. We, however, question whether those theories of party control, which explain party stability, can straightforwardly explain party change. Oftentimes we think of parties strategically altering issue positions, but what is “the party?” Rather than a monolithic group, American parties are relatively decentralized, weak, and individualistic compared with other party systems. We present an evolutionary game theoretic example to illustrate the problem of coordination in party change. This theoretical framework suggests an empirical focus on individual-level behaviors to better understand the dynamics of party change. We analyze roll call voting of members of Congress on the environment and abortion to illustrate micro-level behaviors suggested by our theoretical discussion.
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Schofield, Norman, Christopher Claassen, Ugur Ozdemir, and Alexei Zakharov. "Estimating the effects of activists in two-party and multi-party systems: comparing the United States and Israel." Social Choice and Welfare 36, no. 3-4 (November 4, 2010): 483–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-010-0507-0.
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Desai, Radhika. "The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States." Canadian Journal of Political Science 38, no. 4 (December 2005): 1076–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423905289977.
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The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States, Pradeep K. Chhibber and Ken Kollman, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004, pp. xvi, 276.Mining electoral data to arrive at theories about the relationship between political party performance and party system determination and electoral and governmental institutions forms the main stream of political science. And one of its most enduring puzzles is the explanation of the patterns and diversities of party systems. With the famous “Duverger's Law” about single-member plurality systems and two-party political systems forming its point of departure, political scientists have attempted to substantiate their discipline's status as a “science” by producing theories about relationships between measurable political variables.
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Campbell, J. E. "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868-2004." Social Science History 30, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01455532-2006-002.
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Campbell, James E. "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868-2004." Social Science History 30, no. 3 (2006): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001350x.
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According to David Mayhew (2002: 58-59, 35), “Neither statistics nor stories bear out the canonical realignments calendar of 1860, 1896, and 1932,” and “no certifiable electoral realignment has occurred since 1932.” This study examines the national division of the U.S. presidential vote and House of Representatives seats from 1868 to 2004 to determine whether realignments occurred in 1896, 1932, and 1968 and whether other elections might be better designated as realignments. The analysis demonstrates the onset of realignments in the 1894-96 and 1930-32 elections and a staggered realignment in recent decades. Republicans registered significant durable gains in presidential voting starting in 1968 and in congressional elections in 1994. The analysis also finds evidence of a realignment favoring the Democrats in 1874-76.
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Borges, André, and Mathieu Turgeon. "Presidential coattails in coalitional presidentialism." Party Politics 25, no. 2 (April 6, 2017): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068817702283.
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Research on presidential coattails in elections has focused nearly exclusively on two-party systems like the United States. Much less is known, however, about presidential coattails in multiparty systems where electoral and governing coalitions are common currency. Under coalitional presidentialism, we argue that presidential coattails are diffused, benefiting the president’s party but also her coalition party members, especially those most strongly associated with the coalition itself. Using electoral data from Chile and Brazil, two widely studied but distinct cases of coalitional presidentialism, we find strong evidence supporting this claim. The results carry important implications for students of coalitional presidentialism, presidential coattails, and party systems, more generally.
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Struthers, Cory L., Christopher Hare, and Ryan Bakker. "Bridging the pond: measuring policy positions in the United States and Europe." Political Science Research and Methods 8, no. 4 (May 10, 2019): 677–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2019.22.
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AbstractRecent work has pioneered the use of expert surveys to estimate cross-national party positions in a common ideological space. In this paper, we report findings from an original dataset designed to evaluate bridging strategies between European and American party placements. Specifically, we compare the use of “anchoring vignettes” (fictional party platforms) with an alternative approach that asks comparativist scholars who live in the US (whom we call transatlantic or TA experts) to place parties and parties in their country of expertise on a series of issues scales. The results provide an optimistic assessment of the ability of TA experts to serve as valid bridges across the Atlantic. The resulting cross-comparable estimates of party positions show instances of both convergence and divergence between American and European party systems, including parallels between systems on the cross-cutting issue of international economic integration.
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Rae, Douglas W. "Using District Magnitude to Regulate Political Party Competition." Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.1.65.
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This is an essay about the use of districting systems to regulate electoral outcomes and the evolution of party systems. By changing the number of seats from each district, a balance can be struck between the often conflicting goals of minority representation and defractionalization. Defractionalization is the process of forming broad-based governing majorities. Special attention is given to the electoral systems of Italy, Spain, and the United States. In the case of the United States, the author recommends a proportional representation system that mixes high-magnitude districts that encourage minority representation and low-magnitude districts that promote defractionalization.
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Yeargain, Tyler. "Same-Party Legislative Appointments and the Problem of Party-Switching." Texas A&M Law Review 8, no. 1 (May 2020): 163–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v8.i1.5.
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For half of the states and almost every territory in the United States, legislative vacancies are filled by some system of temporary appointments rather than by special elections. Most of these systems utilize “same-party” appointments to ensure continuity of representation. But few states have anticipated the problem of state legislators switching parties. Though party-switching is rare, it happens frequently enough that several state supreme courts have already interpreted same-party appointment statutes as applied to party-switchers. This Article argues for a uniform approach to the problem of party-switchers in same-party appointment systems. First, this Article reviews the current legislative appointment schemes as they operate today and analyzes each statute or constitutional provision to determine how each of them might treat a vacancy caused by a party-switching state legislator, as well as the four state supreme court decisions addressing this question of statutory interpretation. It then argues that the principles underlying same-party appointment systems support statutory amendments to clarify how party-switching state legislators are replaced.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Two-party systems – United States"
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Hinds, Russell A. "The Avenger and SGT York : an examination of two air defense systems nondevelopmental item acquisition programs." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA297415.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 1995.Thesis advisor(s): Dillard, John T. ; Proctor, Michael D. "March 1995." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 22, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46).
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Hardy, David Earl. "A two-year college typology for the 21st century: Updating and utilizing the Katsinas-Lacey classification system." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4775/.
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This study had two primary purposes. The first goal was to bring the 1993/1996 Katsinas-Lacey two-year college classification system into the 21st century using data from the 2000 United States Census and the National Center for Education Statistics' Integrated Postsecondary Educational Data System (IPEDS) surveys for the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 academic years. The second goal was to create a descriptive portrait of the universe of two-year, publicly controlled institutions that primarily offer the associate's degree mapped against the updated classification system and to describe and discern similarities and differences within this particular population by class and subclass in terms of multiple measurable characteristics for which IPEDS data were available. The study, based upon classification theory utilized in social science and management sciences - particularly the work of Bailey and McKelvey - assessed the efficacy of a number of other recent proposed community college classification systems, the original Katsinas-Lacey system and the revised version of Katsinas-Lacey created through the current research. It found both the original Katsinas-Lacey system and the revised version to meet the criteria for a well-made classification model. The study includes directories of all colleges and universities in the United States that offer the associate's degree with geographic, census population data, number of campuses and 2000-2001 unduplicated enrollment data for publicly controlled, two-year colleges and districts. Also included are data tables illustrating similarities and differences between colleges and districts in the three major classes and seven subclasses of publicly controlled institutions drawn from IPEDS survey data and detailed profiles of each of these institutional types - Rural, Rural Small, Rural Medium, Rural Large, Suburban, Suburban Single Campus, Suburban Multi-Campus, Urban, Urban Single Campus, and Urban Multi-Campus. The study concludes with a review of implications for policy and practice, and 25 recommendations for further research related to the revised Katsinas-Lacey classification system.
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Rosenfeld, Sam Hoffmann. "A Choice, Not an Echo: Polarization and the Transformation of the American Party System." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11666.
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This dissertation offers an intellectual and institutional history of party polarization and ideological realignment in the postwar United States. It treats the construction of an ideologically sorted party system as a political project carried out by conscious actors within and around the Democratic and Republican parties. The work of these activists, interest groups, and political elites helped to produce, by the last decades of the twentieth century, an unpredicted and still-continuing era of strong, polarized partisanship in American politics. In tracking their work, the dissertation also account for changing ideas about the party system over time, starting with an influential postwar scholarly doctrine that cast bipartisanship as a problem for which polarization would provide the solution.History
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Middleton, Catherine M. "Opposition to Indian removal and the emergence of the Second Party System in the United States, 1828-1834." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365476.
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Rapkin, Jonathan D. "Out with the Old? Voting Behavior and Party System Change in Canada and the United States in the 1990's." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278907/.
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This study has attempted to explain the dramatic challenges to the existing party system that occurred in Canada and the United States in the early 1990s. The emergence of new political movements with substantial power at the ballot box has transformed both party systems. The rise of United We Stand America in the United States, and the Reform Party in Canada prompts scholars to ask what forces engender such movements. This study demonstrates that models of economic voting and key models of party system change are both instrumental for understanding the rise of new political movements.
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Eberlein, Valérie. "Hygienic status of camel milk in Dubai (United Arab Emirates) under two different milking management systems." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-76631.
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Bristow, Alexander. "The 1969 Summit within the Japan-US security treaty system : a two-level approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e25b695-def3-4854-a04a-033566034384.
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This thesis reviews the significance of the 1969 Japan-US Summit between Prime Minister Satii Eisaku and President Richard Nixon in light of official documents that have been disclosed in Japan since 2010 and in the United States since the 1990s. Based on newly available sources, this thesis shows that the 1969 Summit should be considered a Japanese-led initiative with two aims: firstly, to announce a deadline for Okinawa's return with all nuclear weapons removed; and secondly, to reform the Japan-US security treaty system without repeating the kind of outright revision concluded in 1960. The Japanese plan to reform the security treaty system involved simplifying the prior consultation formula by making a public commitment to the security of South Korea of sufficient strength that the United States would agree to the dissolution of the 1960 secret 'Korea Minute'. The Japanese Government achieved its first aim but only partially succeeded in its second. Whilst the return of Okinawa was announced, the status of US bases in Okinawa and mainland Japan continued to be governed by an elaborate web of agreements, public and secret, which damaged public confidence and hampered an improvement in relations between Japan and its neighbouring countries. This thesis shows that commonly held academic opinions about the 1969 Summit are incorrect. Firstly, there was no quid pro quo in which Japan linked its security to South Korea in exchange for Okinawa: both these outcomes were in fact Japanese objectives at the beginning of the summit preparations. Secondly, the success of the summit did not depend on 'backchannel' negotiations between Wakaizumi Kei and Henry Kissinger: it is likely that an announcement on Okinawa's reversion would have been achieved in 1969 even if preparations for the summit had been left to the Japanese Foreign Ministry and the US State Department. Word Limit: Approx. 98,000 words, excluding Bibliography
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Frank, Max Emile. "The United States of America and the European Union: a comparative study of two eco-political systems." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/7390.
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Esta tese tem por objeto investigar os sistemas capitalistas dos Estados Unidos da América
e da União Europeia nas suas vertentes tradicionais e contemporâneas.
O foco do trabalho é uma comparação entre os dois sistemas, nas suas diferenças, e em
especial as respetivas interferências governamentais existentes em cada um deles. Sublinhase
igualmente a conexão existente em ambos os sistemas entre o social e da esfera
económica. Além disso, um dos aspetos do trabalho é a eliminação de certos preconceitos
sobre o fosso aparente entre os sistemas comparados.
A pesquisa inclui informações detalhadas sobre os Estados Unidos da América e a União
Europeia, e em particular as gestões sociais diferentes, as mentalidades das populações, e os
factos históricos e político-económicos. A pesquisa produz um certo número de resultadoschave,
incluindo o facto de que os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia não diferem de
forma tão drástica como se poderia pensar nas suas posições relativamente às obrigações
sociais e no seu anseio pela competitividade. Ambos os sistemas sofrem as consequências
severas da crise financeira de 2007, levando-os para uma reestruturação económicopolítica.
As principais conclusões da pesquisa são que os Estados Unidos da América e a União
Europeia alteraram, nos últimos anos, os seus pontos de vista sobre como distribuir o
dinheiro com eficiência para manter ou construir um sistema capitalista sustentável. Uma
convergência progressiva das duas visões é observável nas ideias de reestruturação
promovidas de ambos os lados do Altântico. A pesquisa também mostra que os cidadãos
dos Estados Unidos da América e da União Europeia podem ou têm que estar pronto para
uma revolução histórica, que precisa de ser realizada para manter uma sociedade
responsável social e competitiva neste mundo globalizado.This thesis focuses on investigating the capitalistic systems of the United States of America and the European Union in the traditionally as in the contemporary sense. The main attention is stressed on a comparison of the two diverse systems and their governmental interferences, and the connection between the social and the economic sphere. Moreover, one of the aspects of the work is to eliminate some prejudices about the apparent discrepancy between the compared systems. The research includes detailed information about the US and the EU market, the different social managements, the population’s mentalities, and eco-political and historical facts. The research produces a number of key findings, including the fact that the USA and the EU do not differ so extremely in their opinion of social duty and longing for competiveness. Both systems suffer severely from the consequences of the financial crisis of 2007 leading them to an eco-political restructure. The main conclusions drawn from this research are that the USA and the EU lately altered their points of view about how to distribute money efficiently in order to maintain or build a sustainable eco-political capitalistic system. A certain progressive convergence of the two visions is observable in the restructuring of the promoted ideas of both sides of the Atlantic. The research also shows that the citizens of the USA and the EU might or have to be ready for a historical revolution, which needs to be undertaken in order to maintain a competitive and social responsible society in this globalized world.
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Eberlein, Valérie [Verfasser]. "Hygienic status of camel milk in Dubai (United Arab Emirates) under two different milking management systems / by Valérie Eberlein." 2007. http://d-nb.info/986731900/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Two-party systems – United States"
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Kayden, Xandra. The party goes on: Thepersistence of the two-party system in the United States. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
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1936-, Mahe Eddie, ed. The party goes on: The persistence of the two-party system in the United States. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
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Democracy unbound: Progressive challenges to the two party system. Boston: South End Press, 1997.
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1966-, Romance Joseph, ed. A republic of parties?: Debating the two-party system. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998.
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1945-, Maisel Louis Sandy, ed. Two parties-or more?: The American party system. 2nd ed. Boulder, Co: Westview Press, 2003.
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Noah, Berlatsky, ed. Does the U.S. two-party system still work? Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.
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Bibby, John F. Two parties--or more?: The American party system. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1998.
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There comes a time: A challenge to the two party system. New York: Praeger, 1986.
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1953-, Schoen Douglas E., ed. Mad as hell: How the Tea Party movement Is fundamentally remaking our two-party system. New York: Broadside Books, 2011.
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1953-, Schoen Douglas E., ed. Mad as hell: How the Tea Party movement is fundamentally remaking our two-party system. New York: Harper, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Two-party systems – United States"
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Scott, Bruce R. "The United States as “One Country, Two Systems”." In Capitalism, 309–31. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1879-5_9.
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Carlson, Brian G. "US-China Strategic Competition in Each Domestic Context." In China-US Competition, 53–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15389-1_3.
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AbstractThe U.S.-China strategic competition has grown increasingly intense in recent years. A large share of the explanation lies in the changing structure of the international system, as a rising China poses a challenge to the U.S. position as the established superpower. Domestic political factors in both countries also play important roles, however. The clash between the two countries’ political systems, pitting a liberal democracy against a one-party authoritarian state, intensifies the conflict. Moreover, recent political developments in both countries create pressure for increasingly intense competition. As the 2020 U.S. presidential election made clear, a strong bipartisan consensus has formed in the United States in favor of a more confrontational approach toward China than the engagement strategy pursued for the past few decades. In China, the combination of domestic political problems made worse by the coronavirus pandemic, the imperative to satisfy Chinese nationalism, and Xi Jinping’s consolidation of one-man rule could push China toward an increasingly assertive foreign policy. All of these domestic factors could further intensify the U.S.-China strategic competition.
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Kröger, Teppo. "Long-Term Care Systems and Care Poverty." In Care Poverty, 181–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97243-1_8.
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AbstractThis chapter discusses the relations between care poverty and long-term care systems of different countries. Comparative evidence on care poverty is still very weak, as reliable international datasets that have large enough samples of older respondents with care needs are not available. The few existing Europe-wide studies suggest high rates of care poverty especially in Eastern and Southern European countries, the evidence regarding Southern Europe being less consistent, though. A handful of two-country studies exist, and they support the importance of formal home care provisions in reducing care poverty, and this conclusion is echoed in local and national studies. Well-coordinated and well-resourced universal formal care systems (e.g. Sweden) seem to be the most effective way to eradicate care poverty. On the other hand, American studies show that the Medicaid programme has in the United States played a major role in cutting down care poverty, being targeted at older people who are at the highest risk. In the absence of a universal long-term care system, a targeted system can thus be a good second choice: it will not fully eradicate care poverty, but it can still succeed at substantially alleviating it.
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Arwine, Alan, and Lawrence Mayer. "Political Change in a Stable Two Party State: The United States." In The Changing Basis of Political Conflict in Advanced Western Democracies, 19–45. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137306654_2.
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Carlson, Brian G. "China-Russia Cooperation in Nuclear Deterrence." In Russia-China Relations, 141–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97012-3_8.
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AbstractNuclear issues have historically played an important role in the development of relations between Moscow and Beijing, acting as a source of both potential discord and emergent cooperation. From 1964, when China conducted its first nuclear test, until Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s tenure in the 1980s, nuclear relations between the Soviet Union and China were explicitly adversarial. The normalization of Sino-Soviet relations introduced an era of implicitly adversarial relations that lasted until the Ukraine crisis. During this phase, Russia’s concerns about China’s growing military power and its resulting determination to maintain nuclear deterrence of China remained apparent. Since the onset of the Ukraine crisis, Russia and China have built an increasingly close relationship, leading to a new phase of implicitly cooperative nuclear relations featuring coordinated efforts to maintain nuclear deterrence of the United States. The two countries jointly oppose US efforts to build missile defense systems and high-precision conventional weapons. They coordinate their positions on such issues as multilateral arms control and the post-INF strategic landscape. Russia is helping China to build a missile attack early warning system. Growing levels of defense cooperation raise the possibility of coordinated efforts to maintain nuclear deterrence of the United States in a crisis.
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Berbés-Blázquez, Marta, Nancy B. Grimm, Elizabeth M. Cook, David M. Iwaniec, Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson, Vivian Hobbins, and Darin Wahl. "Assessing Future Resilience, Equity, and Sustainability in Scenario Planning." In Resilient Urban Futures, 113–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63131-4_8.
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AbstractIn the absence of strong international agreements, many municipal governments are leading efforts to build resilience to climate change in general and to extreme weather events in particular. However, it is notoriously difficult to guide and activate processes of change in complex adaptive systems such as cities. Participatory scenario planning with city professionals and members of civil society provides an opportunity to coproduce positive visions of the future. Yet, not all visions are created equal. In this chapter, we introduce the Resilience, Equity, and Sustainability Qualitative (RESQ) assessment tool that we have applied to compare positive scenario visions for cities in the USA and Latin America. We use the tool to examine the visions of the two desert cities in the UrbanResilience to Extreme Events Sustainability Research Network (UREx SRN), which are Hermosillo (Mexico) and Phoenix (United States).
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Blais, André, Shaun Bowler, and Bernard Grofman. "Electoral and Party Systems." In The United States and Canada, 48–78. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870829.003.0003.
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Electoral laws are often regarded as the key factors structuring party competition. Yet, despite having very similar electoral systems, reflecting a shared colonial legacy, the United States (U.S.) and Canada have had very different party systems. For the past 100 years, the U.S. is perhaps the most consistently two-party system among the world’s major democracies, but during this same period Canada has experienced considerable variation in the number of parties represented in Parliament at the national level. This chapter addresses both the causes and consequences of this puzzling divergence in party systems in the two countries. We also compare a number of other features of the two nation’s electoral institutions, including campaign finance rules, rules for constituency boundary drawing, bicameralism, and the mechanism for the selection of the executive, with particular attention to the U.S. Electoral College and its alleged link with two-partyism. We also examine the policy consequences of the divergence in party systems and look at the way in which party competition in the two countries may affect voter turnout.
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"United States: California." In One Case - Two Systems: A Comparative View of American and German Criminal Justice Systems, 7–199. Brill | Nijhoff, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004478626_005.
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Malloy, Jonathan, and Paul J. Quirk. "Executive Leadership and the Legislative Process." In The United States and Canada, 79–112. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870829.003.0004.
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This chapter examines executive leadership and the legislative process in the United States (U.S.) and Canada. The U.S. has a separation-of-powers or presidential system while Canada has a parliamentary system. The constitutional differences do not produce predictable differences in policymaking performance, but they have crucial consequences in interaction with other political conditions. In particular, their effects depend heavily on variable conditions of the two countries’ electoral and political party systems. To explore these effects, the chapter distinguishes two major aspects of policymaking performance: (1) ideological direction and change and (2) policy competence. Over the long run, both systems have tended toward moderation and incrementalism. Canada has probably had an advantage with respect to competence. In recent years, developments in the respective party systems have challenged the long-term moderation of Canadian policymaking and have produced gridlock and episodes of serious incompetence in the U.S.
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Quirk, Paul J. "Lessons of Comparison." In The United States and Canada, 323–44. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870829.003.0013.
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This concluding chapter synthesizes the main lessons of the book. Overall, the book suggests that effects of institutions—including those of parliamentary versus presidential or separation-of-powers systems—are contingent on other political circumstances, especially the state of the political party system, and yet that these effects will often shape important outcomes. The chapter reviews the book’s comparisons between the United States (U.S.) and Canada on political values and culture; electoral and party systems; executive leadership and legislative processes; bureaucratic influence; and federalism. It then reviews the comparisons of several policy areas—economic policy, environmental policy (climate change); social policy (healthcare); morality policy (abortion and gay rights); and diversity and inclusion (immigration and civil rights)—and of selected societal outcomes. It discusses the Trump presidency as both an indication and a cause of deterioration in American political institutions, and closes by considering the challenges facing both the U.S. and Canadian political systems.
Conference papers on the topic "Two-party systems – United States"
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Cockle, John. "Risk Acceptance and Application of the Common Safety Method in the United States." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5747.
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The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that will require passenger rail operators in the United States to develop a System Safety Program using a risk-based hazard management approach. Identified as 49 CFR, Part 270 System Safety Rule [1], the NPRM describes the basic requirements for a system safety program plan, including the need for a method for accepting risk. The NPRM does not, however, identify how the responsible party should actually go about managing risk. That is left up to the railways themselves. In Europe, hazard management is applied in the railroad industry (including high-speed rail systems) under the regulatory authority of the European Union. European Commission Regulation 352/2009/EC [2] outlines a Common Safety Method (CSM) on Risk Evaluation and Assessment for Railways of the European Union, commonly known as the CSM Regulation and the heart of the railway safety program in Europe. The CSM Regulation includes the standard risk assessment process elements: identification of the hazards, corresponding risks, mitigation measures to reduce the risk, and the resulting safety requirements to be fulfilled by the system under assessment. What sets the CSM Regulation apart from other risk assessment programs is that it provides a methodology for determining when acceptable risk is achieved. The risk acceptability of the system under assessment is evaluated using one or more of the following risk acceptance principles: a) The application of relevant codes of practice; b) A comparison with similar systems (reference systems); c) Explicit risk estimation. In essence, the responsible party can accept risk that has either been regulated to an acceptable level by an authority having jurisdiction or a widely-accepted industry practice, or if the risk has been successfully addressed by a similar railway system through that railway’s engineering and operational controls. If neither of these cases applies the responsible party can estimate the risk and choose to accept it or not. A common approach, even internationally, is to develop an explicit risk estimation process based on the U.S. Department of Defense Military Standard 882E (MIL-STD-882E) [3]. Safety hazards are identified, analyzed for risk (severity and probability), and mitigations are progressively applied until a level of safety is achieved that is as low as reasonably practicable. The California High-Speed Rail Authority (CHSRA) has adopted a risk-based hazard management program to achieve an acceptable level of safety for the design, construction, implementation and operation of the California High-Speed Rail System. CHSRA has deliberately used both domestic and international guidance and standards in the development of this program in an effort to apply the most up-to-date processes and philosophies, and to draw upon the impressive safety legacy of international high-speed railway operators. This paper will describe the relevant regulations and guidance (both domestically and internationally), review the elements of a risk acceptance program based upon the CSM Regulation, and apply the program to a select set of hazards to demonstrate how appropriate mitigations can be determined and residual risk accepted. The paper will also identify potential future applications for the CSM Regulation here in the United States, and will challenge the reader to manage hazards using a risk-based approach that incorporates the basic framework of the CSM Regulation.
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Buonamici, Gianfranco. "Hybrid Electric Drive Systems in the United States Navy." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-03523.
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Abstract With an increasing instability and cost fluctuation in the world energy markets, it has become more important to increase the US Navy fleet’s overall fuel efficiency. The Navy’s Energy Program for Security and Independence sets forth goals to reduce its overall consumption of energy and decrease its reliance on petroleum. One way that helps accomplish these goals is through the use of hybrid electric drive systems to replace gas turbine engines to accomplish lower ship speeds. Although gas turbines are power dense and fairly efficient at full load, their fuel efficiency decreases drastically at the lower power levels used when slower speeds are required to accomplish the ship’s mission. It is in this lower speed range where operating gas turbine generators closer to their optimum efficiency levels and powering an electric motor saves a significant amount of fuel. This paper will discuss two in-service systems developed for various US Navy ships: the Hybrid Electric Drive (HED) system for DDG 103 and the Auxiliary Propulsion System (APS) for LHD 8 and LHA 7. It will describe each of the two configurations and their histories, how they are implemented and increase the capability of the ship, and the resulting fuel efficiencies that have been realized with their use.
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Inoue, Atsushi, and Duanning Zhou. "A modern, lean deployment of EHR systems: Two lessons from meaningful use in the United States." In 2016 International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciev.2016.7760186.
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Lyons, Sara, and Mohammad Modarres. "Understanding Risks: Natural Gas Distribution Piping in the United States." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9238.
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Abstract Two hundred sixty-nine regulated pipeline system accidents caused fatalities and/or injuries in the United States between 2010 and 2018, resulting in 106 fatalities and 599 injuries requiring hospitalization. About 84% of these serious accidents occurred on gas distribution systems, which primarily transport natural gas. This study adapts probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methods which are used predominantly in the space and nuclear industries to gas distribution systems in the U.S. Nationwide system and accident data are used to evaluate natural gas distribution system risks, estimate how many additional resources the public would be willing to dedicate to reduce or eliminate these risks, and determine which improvement areas warrant further evaluation. Recommendations regarding the overall PRA-based framework, as well as the scope, quality, and level of detail of the underlying data, are provided.
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Harvey, Edward, Joseph Kingsley, and Matthew Stauffer. "United States Navy (USN) Integrated Power System (IPS) Gas Turbine Generator Set Test Experience." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30260.
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Many Navies around the world have either committed to or are considering utilizing an integrated electric propulsion and ship service power system for their next generation of surface combatants. An integrated system provides for greater operational flexibility, efficiency, and survivability as described in Reference [1]. Two examples of this concept are the Type 45 Destroyer program for the Royal Navy and the DD (X) program for the US Navy. The machinery plant for the Type 45 will include both gas turbine and diesel generators sets, and although not determined yet, the DD (X) plant will undoubtedly include gas turbine prime movers. The US Navy has been evaluating a gas turbine generator based Integrated Power System (IPS) architecture at the Land Based Engineering Site (LBES) at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Ship Systems Engineering Station (NSWCCD-SSES) in Philadelphia, Pa since 1999. This paper will describe the IPS configuration, test program, gas turbine generators, gas turbine generator operational experience, and recommendations for future systems.
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Liou, Jim C. P. "Physical Basis of Software-Based Leak Detection Methods." In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2099.
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There are many causes for a pipeline to leak. Third party punctures usually result in sizable leaks. The onset of such leaks generates a sudden change in the pipeline pressure and flow. Methods exist that rely upon these sudden changes for leak detection. Leaks previously undetected are not detectable by such methods. These pre-existing leaks are usually small in size but can exist for long time. The cumulation of leaked products may pose a greater hazard then the larger and sudden leaks. The operational experience of major pipeline company in the United States has demonstrated that all leak detection methods have their limitations, and that complementary leak detection methods should be used simultaneously (Mears 1993). Hence, we propose a leak detection system that uses, simultaneously, two independent but complementary methodologies: mass balance and transient flow simulations.
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Hossain, Quazi A. "Performance Goal-Based Seismic Design Standards for Critical Facilities in the United States." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2110.
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For more than the last fifteen years, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) has been using a probabilistic performance goal-based seismic design method for structures, systems, and components (SSCs) in its nuclear and hazardous facilities. Using a graded approach, the method permits the selection of probabilistic performance goals or acceptable failure rates for SSCs based on the severity level of SSC failure consequences. The method uses a site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard curve as the basic seismic input motion definition, but utilizes the existing national industry consensus design codes for specifying load combination and design acceptance criteria in such a way that the target probabilistic performance goals are met. Recently, the American Nuclear Society (ANS) and the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) have undertaken the development of a number of national consensus standards that will utilize the performance goal-based seismic design experience base in the DOE complex. These standards are presently in various stages of development, some nearing completion. Once completed, these standards are likely to be adopted by various agencies and organizations in the United States. In addition to the graded approach of DOE’s method, these standards incorporate design provisions that permit seismic design of SSCs to several levels of functional performance. This flexibility of choosing a functional performance level in the design process results in an optimum, but risk-consistent design. The paper will provide an outline of two of these standards-in-progress and will present the author’s understanding of their basic philosophies and technical bases. Even though the author is an active member of the development committees for these two standards, the technical opinions expressed in this paper are author’s own, and does not reflect the views of any of the committees or the views of the organizations with which any member of the committees are affiliated.
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Scalzo, A. J., R. L. Bannister, M. DeCorso, and G. S. Howard. "Evolution of Heavy-Duty Power Generation and Industrial Combustion Turbines in the United States." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-488.
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This paper reviews the evolution of heavy-duty power generation and industrial combustion turbines in the United States from a Westinghouse Electric Corporation perspective. Westinghouse combustion turbine genealogy began in March of 1943 when the first wholly American designed and manufactured jet engine went on test in Philadelphia, and continues today in Orlando, Florida with the 160 MW, 501F Advanced Combustion Turbine. In this paper, advances in thermodynamics, materials, cooling, and unit size will be described. Many basic design features such as two-bearing rotor, cold-end drive, can-annular internal combustors, CURVIC2 clutched turbine discs, and tangential exhaust struts have endured successfully for over 40 years. Progress in turbine technology includes the clean coal technology and advanced turbine systems initiatives of the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Grover, S. Blaine, David A. Petti, and John T. Maki. "Mission and Status of the First Two Next Generation Nuclear Plant Fuel Irradiation Experiments in the Advanced Test Reactor." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30139.
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The United States Department of Energy’s Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification Program will be irradiating up to nine low enriched uranium (LEU) tri-isotopic (TRISO) particle fuel (in compact form) experiments in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) located at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The ATR has a long history of irradiation testing in support of reactor development and the INL has been designated as the United States Department of Energy’s lead laboratory for nuclear energy development. These irradiations and fuel development are being accomplished to support development of the next generation reactors in the United States, and the irradiations will be completed over the next five to six years to support demonstration and qualification of new TRISO coated particle fuel for use in high temperature gas reactors. The goals of the irradiation experiments are to provide irradiation performance data to support fuel process development, to qualify fuel for normal operating conditions, to support development and validation of fuel performance and fission product transport models and codes, and to provide irradiated fuel and materials for post irradiation examination (PIE) and safety testing. The experiments, which will each consist of multiple separate capsules, will be irradiated in an inert sweep gas atmosphere with individual on-line temperature monitoring and control of each capsule. The sweep gas will also have on-line fission product monitoring on its effluent to track performance of the fuel in each individual capsule during irradiation. The first experiment (designated AGR-1) started irradiation in December 2006 and completed a very successful irradiation in early November 2009. The second experiment (AGR-2) is currently being fabricated and assembled for insertion in the ATR in the early to mid calendar 2010. The design of test trains, the support systems and the fission product monitoring system used to monitor and control the experiment during irradiation will be discussed. In addition, the purpose and differences between the first two experiments will be compared, and updated information on the design and status of AGR-2 is provided. The preliminary irradiation results for the AGR-1 experiment are also presented.
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Smith, Amanda D., and Pedro J. Mago. "Economic, Emissions, and Energy Benefits From Combined Heat and Power Systems by Location in the United States Based on System Component Efficiencies." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64566.
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A graphical evaluation is performed for combined heat and power (CHP) systems using screening parameters for optimized performance with respect to operating costs, emissions, and energy consumption. CHP systems have the potential to reduce operating costs, emissions, and primary energy consumption when compared with electricity purchased from the grid and thermal energy produced from a boiler, and these benefits have been shown to depend on the location where the system is to be installed as well as the characteristics of the system itself. A CHP system is analyzed in 9 U.S. cities in different climate zones which differ in both the local electricity generation fuel mix and local electricity prices. Its potential to produce economic, emissions, and energy savings is quantified based on the concepts of required spark spread, emissions spark spread, and primary energy spark spread. The corresponding parameters for cost ratio, carbon dioxide emissions ratio, and primary energy ratio are plotted on a 3-dimensional graph which illustrates these potential benefits simultaneously. The location of each point on the 3-D graph indicates for a given geographical location whether the system falls within a region of multiple potential benefits from CHP technology. The results are unique to the efficiencies of the CHP system components and the alternate heating system. A simple sensitivity analysis is then conducted to examine the influence of electrical generation efficiency, the percentage of heat recovered, and the heating system on the cost, emissions, and energy savings potential of CHP systems. Of the 9 cities analyzed, Duluth, MN, is shown to have the greatest potential to provide these three types of benefits by using a CHP system. The results are most sensitive to the values of two input parameters: CHP electrical efficiency and CHP thermal efficiency. Changes in the input efficiency values are most influential when the electrical efficiency is low, and as the amount of recovered heat goes to 0, the electrical efficiency becomes the most important factor in whether a CHP shows the potential for cost, emissions, and energy benefits.
Reports on the topic "Two-party systems – United States"
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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Backstrom, Robert, and David Dini. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Systems Summary. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/kylj9621.
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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.
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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.
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Strange, W. E. Global positioning system measurements over a strain monitoring network in the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5148199.
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Hinrichs, Peter L. State Appropriations and Employment at Higher Education Institutions. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202232.
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This paper studies the impacts of state appropriations on staffing and salaries at public higher education institutions in the United States using employment and revenue data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, along with an instrumental variables strategy borrowed from Deming and Walters (2018) and Chakrabarti, Gorton, and Lovenheim (2020). The instrument sidesteps the potential endogeneity of state appropriations for a given institution in a given year by interacting an institution’s historical reliance on state appropriations with total state appropriations for all higher education institutions in a given year. The results suggest that higher state appropriations are associated with an increase in tenure-track assistant professors at four-year institutions. They are also associated with an increase in part-time instructional staff at both four-year and two-year institutions. However, they are not associated with a change in the number of tenured faculty. Appropriations are also positively related to salaries for a variety of employee groups, although notably not for instructional staff who are instructors, lecturers, or without an academic rank. Overall, the results show that public higher education institutions use state appropriations in a variety of ways, but I do not find evidence that they replace contingent faculty with tenured or tenure-track faculty when appropriations rise.
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Baron, Lisa. Post-Dorian shoreline change at Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 2019 report. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2282127.
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In 2018 and 2019 the Southeast Coast Network (SECN), with assistance from park staff, collected long-term shoreline monitoring data at Cape Hatteras National Seashore as part of the National Park Service (NPS) Vital Signs Monitoring Program. Monitoring was conducted following methods developed by the NPS Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network and consisted of mapping the high-tide swash line using a Global Positioning System unit in the spring of each year (Psuty et al. 2010). Shoreline change was calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS; Himmelstoss et al. 2018). Following the same field methods used for monitoring long-term shoreline change, geospatial data were collected as part of the Hurricane Dorian (or Dorian) Incident Response from September 12–16, 2019. This report summarizes the post-Dorian data and the previous two shoreline data collection efforts (spring 2019 and fall 2018).
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Kress, Marin, Patricia DiJoseph, Patrick Donohue, and Kenneth Mitchell. Automatic Identification System Analysis Package user guide. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44783.
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The Automatic Identification System Analysis Package (AISAP) enables acquisition, statistical analysis, and visualization of Automatic Identification System (AIS) data from historic vessel position reports. The web-based AISAP software allows the users to choose which data they want to examine for a specific geographic area, time period, and vessel type(s). Built-in features provide vessel characteristics, arrival and departure information within a geofenced area, vessel travel time between two locations, vessel track line plots, and relative density plots of AIS data reports. AISAP accesses the Nationwide Automatic Identification System database hosted by the United States Coast Guard. This user manual provides training exercises for users to follow to familiarize themselves with AISAP procedures and workflows. These training exercises also provide examples of AISAP products.
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Collington, Rosie, and William Lazonick. Pricing for Medicine Innovation: A Regulatory Approach to Support Drug Development and Patient Access. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp176.
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The United States represents the world’s largest market for pharmaceutical drugs. It is also the only advanced economy in the world that does not regulate drug prices. There is no upper threshold for the prices of medicines in the United States. List prices are instead set by manufacturers in negotiation with supply-chain intermediaries, though some federal programs have degrees of discretion in price determinations. In practice, this deregulated system means that drug prices in the United States are generally far higher than in other advanced economies, adversely affecting patient accessibility and system affordability. In this paper, we draw on the “theory of innovative enterprise” to develop a framework that provides both a critique of the existing pricing system in the United States and a foundation for developing a new model of pricing regulation to support safety and effectiveness through drug development as well as accessibility and affordability in the distribution of approved medicines to patients. We introduce a regulatory approach we term “Pricing for Medicine Innovation” (PMI), which departs dramatically from the market-equilibrium assumptions of conventional (neoclassical) economics. The PMI approach recognizes the centrality of collective investments by government agencies and business firms in the productive capabilities that underpin the drug development process. PMI specifies the conditions under which, at the firm level, drug pricing can support both sustained investment in these capabilities and improved patient access. PMI can advance both of these objectives simultaneously by regulating not just the level of corporate profit but also its allocation to reinvestment in the drug development process. PMI suggests that although price caps are likely to improve drug affordability, there remain two potential issues with this pricing approach. Firstly, in an innovation system where a company’s sales revenue is the source of its finance for further drug development, price caps may deprive a firm of the means to invest in innovation. Secondly, even with adequate profits available for investment in innovation, a firm that is run to maximize shareholder value will tend to use those profits to fund distributions to shareholders rather than for investment in drug innovation. We argue that, if implemented properly, PMI could both improve the affordability of medicines and enhance the innovative performance of pharmaceutical companies.
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation: A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.
Full textAbstract:
“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.
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Collins, Clarence O., and Tyler J. Hesser. altWIZ : A System for Satellite Radar Altimeter Evaluation of Modeled Wave Heights. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39699.
Full textAbstract:
This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) describes the design and implementation of a wave model evaluation system, altWIZ, which uses wave height observations from operational satellite radar altimeters. The altWIZ system utilizes two recently released altimeter databases: Ribal and Young (2019) and European Space Agency Sea State Climate Change Initiative v.1.1 level 2 (Dodet et al. 2020). The system facilitates model evaluation against 1 Hz1 altimeter data or a product created by averaging altimeter data in space and time around model grid points. The system allows, for the first time, quantitative analysis of spatial model errors within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Wave Information Study (WIS) 30+ year hindcast for coastal United States. The system is demonstrated on the WIS 2017 Atlantic hindcast, using a 1/2° basin scale grid and a 1/4° regional grid of the East Coast. Consistent spatial patterns of increased bias and root-mean-square-error are exposed. Seasonal strengthening and weakening of these spatial patterns are found, related to the seasonal variation of wave energy. Some model errors correspond to areas known for high currents, and thus wave-current interaction. In conjunction with the model comparison, additional functions for pairing altimeter measurements with buoy data and storm tracks have been built. Appendices give information on the code access (Appendix I), organization and files (Appendix II), example usage (Appendix III), and demonstrating options (Appendix IV).