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Journal articles on the topic 'Two objects'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Skrzypulec, Błażej. "Two Types of Visual Objects." Studia Humana 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sh-2015-0014.

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Abstract While it is widely accepted that human vision represents objects, it is less clear which of the various philosophical notions of ‘object’ adequately characterizes visual objects. In this paper, I show that within contemporary cognitive psychology visual objects are characterized in two distinct, incompatible ways. On the one hand, models of visual organization describe visual objects in terms of combinations of features, in accordance with the philosophical bundle theories of objects. However, models of visual persistence apply a notion of visual objects that is more similar to that endorsed in philosophical substratum theories. Here I discuss arguments that might show either that only one of the above notions of visual objects is adequate in the context of human vision, or that the category of visual objects is not uniform and contains entities properly characterized by different philosophical conceptions.

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Piwowarczyk, Marek. "Two Structures in One Object." Grazer Philosophische Studien 97, no. 4 (September 21, 2020): 659–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-000115.

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Abstract In this article the author analyzes the problem stated by Ingarden in his ontology: under what conditions can the subject−properties structure and the whole−parts structure coexist in one object? After the presentation of Ingarden’s doctrines concerning both structures, the author argues that for Ingarden a whole is nothing over and above a plurality of objects linked by relations. However, Ingarden was convinced that a compound object is not identical with a whole which is associated with it. Then the author analyzes the difference between the two types of compound objects: higher-order objects and compound, primarily individual objects. The former are founded on parts while the latter are such that their parts are founded on them. Finally, the author considers Ingarden’s theory as an answer to the one–many problem. The author argues that Ingarden’s conception of a higher-order object cannot solve this problem, and he also points to some difficulties concerning primarily individual compound objects.

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Koning, Arno, and Johan Wagemans. "Detection of Symmetry and Repetition in One and Two Objects." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 1 (January 2009): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.1.5.

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Symmetry is usually easier to detect within a single object than in two objects (one-object advantage), while the reverse is true for repetition (two-objects advantage). This interaction between regularity and number of objects could reflect an intrinsic property of encoding spatial relations within and across objects or it could reflect a matching strategy. To test this, regularities between two contours (belonging to a single object or two objects) had to be detected in two experiments. Projected three-dimensional (3-D) objects rotated in depth were used to disambiguate figure-ground segmentation and to make matching based on simple translations of the two-dimensional (2-D) contours unlikely. Experiment 1 showed the expected interaction between regularity and number of objects. Experiment 2 used two-objects displays only and prevented a matching strategy by also switching the positions of the two objects. Nevertheless, symmetry was never detected more easily than repetition in these two-objects displays. We conclude that structural coding, not matching strategies, underlies the one-object advantage for symmetry and the two-objects advantage for repetition.

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Sapkota, Raju P., Shahina Pardhan, and Ian van der Linde. "Change Detection in Visual Short-Term Memory." Experimental Psychology 62, no. 4 (September 2015): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000294.

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Abstract. Numerous kinds of visual event challenge our ability to keep track of the objects that populate our visual environment from moment to moment. These include blinks, occlusion, shifting visual attention, and changes to object’s visual and spatial properties over time. These visual events may lead to objects falling out of our visual awareness, but can also lead to unnoticed changes, such as undetected object replacements and positional exchanges. Current visual memory models do not predict which visual changes are likely to be the most difficult to detect. We examine the accuracy with which switches (where two objects exchange locations) and substitutions (where one or two objects are replaced) are detected. Inferior performance for one-object substitutions versus two-objects switches, along with superior performance for two-object substitutions versus two-object switches was found. Our results are interpreted in terms of object file theory, trade-offs between diffused and localized attention, and net visual change.

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Smith, Phil. "Two Walks with Objects." Humanities 6, no. 3 (July 22, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h6030051.

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Gyulbudaghian, A. L. "Two Interesting Southern Objects." Astrophysics 59, no. 2 (June 2016): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10511-016-9431-z.

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GRAHAM, SUSAN A., JUANITA N. TURNER, and ANNETTE M. E. HENDERSON. "The influence of object pre-exposure on two-year-olds' disambiguation of novel labels." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 1 (February 2005): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090400666x.

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We investigated whether manipulating the perceived novelty of nameless objects would influence two-year-olds' tendency to map novel words to these objects. In Experiment 1, children who had been pre-exposed to target nameless objects were more likely to map novel words onto those objects than children who were not pre-exposed to the objects or children who were pre-exposed to non-target members of the nameless object categories. In Experiment 2, children who were pre-exposed to a nameless object were more likely to assign the novel label to that object than to either a familiar object or an unfamiliar object that had not been pre-exposed. The results of these studies suggest that reducing the novelty of nameless objects increases two-year-olds' tendency to map a novel word to a nameless object.

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Hulleman, Johan, and Frans Boselie. "Visual attention and objects: New tests of two-object cost." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 4, no. 3 (September 1997): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03210794.

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9

Baylis, Gordon C. "Visual attention and objects: Two-object cost with equal convexity." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20, no. 1 (February 1994): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.20.1.208.

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10

Ju, Ginny, and Irving Biederman. "Tests of a Theory of Human Image Understanding: Part I the Perception of Colored and Partial Objects." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 3 (September 1986): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000322.

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Object recognition can be conceptualized as a process in which the perceptual input is successfully matched with a stored representation of the object. A theory of pattern recognition, Recognition by Components(RBC) assumes that objects are represented as simple volumetric primatives (e.g., bricks, cylinders, etc.) in specifed relations to each other. According to RBC, speeded recognition should be possible from only a few components, as long as those components uniquely identify an object. Neither the full complement of an object's components, nor the object's surface characteristics (e.g., color and texture) need be present for rapid identification. The results from two experiments on the perception of briefly presented objects are offered for supporting the sufficiency of the theory. Line drawings are identified about as rapidly and as accurately as full color slides. Partial objects could be rapidly (though not optimally) identified. Complex objects are more readily identified than simple objects.

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Park, Ji Hun, and Sung Hun Park. "Object Movement Computation from Two Images." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 1085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.1085.

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This paper presents a new object movement computation method using ray vectors generated from two cameras. We compute camera's internal and external parameters of the input images using computed values from partially overlapping input image frames which has the same corresponding fixed feature points. This is achieved by computing fixed points in the environment, camera distortion values and internal and external parameters from stationary objects. Ray vectors cast from each camera to feature points keep camera external parameter values. Using computed camera external parameters, a tracked object's rigid object movement is estimated using maximum likelihood estimation by setting projected intersection points between ray vectors as a part of objective function. Our method is demonstrated and the results are compared to our another movement computation algorithm.

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Xia, H., N. Francois, H. Punzmann, and M. Shats. "Tunable diffusion in wave-driven two-dimensional turbulence." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 865 (February 27, 2019): 811–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.82.

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We report an abrupt change in the diffusive transport of inertial objects in wave-driven turbulence as a function of the object size. In these non-equilibrium two-dimensional flows, the turbulent diffusion coefficient $D$ of finite-size objects undergoes a sharp change for values of the object size $r_{p}$ close to the flow forcing scale $L_{f}$. For objects larger than the forcing scale ($r_{p}>L_{f}$), the diffusion coefficient is proportional to the flow energy $U^{2}$ and inversely proportional to the size $r_{p}$. This behaviour, $D\sim U^{2}/r_{p}$ , observed in a chaotic macroscopic system is reminiscent of a fluctuation–dissipation relation. In contrast, the diffusion coefficient of smaller objects ($r_{p}<L_{f}$) follows $D\sim U/r_{p}^{0.35}$. This result does not allow simple analogies to be drawn but instead it reflects strong coupling of the small objects with the fabric and memory of the out-of-equilibrium flow. In these turbulent flows, the flow structure is dominated by transient but long-living bundles of fluid particle trajectories executing random walk. The characteristic widths of the bundles are close to $L_{f}$. We propose a simple phenomenology in which large objects interact with many bundles. This interaction with many degrees of freedom is the source of the fluctuation–dissipation-like relation. In contrast, smaller objects are advected within coherent bundles, resulting in diffusion properties closely related to those of fluid tracers.

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Teeter, Emily. "Two Objects Inscribed for Djedhor." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3822033.

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Teeter, Emily. "Two Objects Inscribed for Djedhor." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76, no. 1 (August 1990): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751339007600131.

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15

Byott, N. P. "Two constructions with galois objects." Communications in Algebra 25, no. 11 (January 1997): 3513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927879708826066.

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16

Nierstrasz, O. M. "Two models of concurrent objects." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 24, no. 4 (April 1989): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/67387.67436.

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17

Li, Y., and N. W. Trammell. "When two objects are easier than one: effects of object occlusion." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 2, 2010): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.181.

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18

Hötter, Michael. "Object-oriented analysis-synthesis coding based on moving two-dimensional objects." Signal Processing: Image Communication 2, no. 4 (December 1990): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-5965(90)90027-f.

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19

Krupa, Tadeusz. "Dynamics of Potential Functionality of Objects." Foundations of Management 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fman-2019-0010.

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AbstractThis article guides the reader through the seemingly simple issues of the assessment, protec-tion and transfer of the potentials of an object’s functionality through its internal and external buffers, by employing Cartesian multiplication and signatures. The change in the potentials of buffers and the functionality of objects is the focus of this research, guaranteeing the correct use of potentials in relation to the whole “shell” of the object. In order to avoid any collision in the transport of functional potentials, each proper buffer is, by definition, connected to one and only one object. On the probability scale ∑ [0..1], the potential of the object’s functionality is expressed as the system sum [0..1] of all the potentials of its proper buffer components. A practical and important part of the article contains two methodologically important examples of tabular construction and analysis: an example of the dynamics of the potentials of an object with two buffers, together with a table of the potentials of a two-buffer object; and an example of the Cartesian product of graphs with lost determinism together with the table of potentials of a two-buffer object with an extensive option structure.

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20

Sullivan, Denis J. "Two-channel Photometry of Cataclysmic Variables." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 2 (1991): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000024255.

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AbstractHigh-speed photometry of two cataclysmic variables is presented. The observations were made using a two-channel photometric system and the Mt John 0.6 or 1-m telescopes at Lake Tekapo in New Zealand. Both objects have only recently been identified as cataclysmic variables. One of the objects is a high inclination system featuring a deep eclipse in the light curve and a 5.5 hour period, while the other object, despite being relatively faint, clearly exhibits a 2.5 hour period and out of eclipse variability. Simultaneous monitoring of a nearby comparison star for this latter object was particularly beneficial, even during good photometric conditions.

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Pacheco-Sánchez, J. H., R. D. Vera-Torres, and R. Alejo. "Bayesian Learning on Discrete Systems of Two Classes." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 32, no. 01 (October 9, 2017): 1860013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001418600133.

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Bayesian learning is applied on two class systems. Partitioning a big sample made up of many elements of two classes of indistinguishable objects, we indistinctly pursue from 2 to 5 training sets called hypotheses in the probability field, with a plausible rate of object from each hypothesis. Objects are taken one by one from the sample. The basic aim faced is to predict one type of objects in the following occasion in which an agent takes one of them from the original sample to test it. We obtain the graph of a posteriori probability for each hypothesis of one of the objects. A prediction that the following object is specifically one of them is acquired in one probability curve by means of training previously accomplished. This methodology is applied on manufacture of glass bottles of two classes: good or crash. The main interest is to predict which machine produced one detected crash bottle because bottles turn to be indistinguishable when they are reviewed. This is solved by fixing a priori probabilities and taking into account all possible probability distribution combinations in the classes.

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22

Zhou, Yun Cheng. "Research on Method of CIM-Based Data Exchange for Electric Power Enterprise." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 2151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.2151.

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A novel CIM-based approach is proposed to realize power enterprise data exchange under heterogeneous IT circumstance. CIM objects encoding specification by XML is introduced in this paper. The object is expressed by XML complex element, and the object’s properties are encoded by simple elements embedded in complex one. In order to solve some data interchange problems, a CIM/XSD schema which applies on CIM data syntax and data validation verification is established by using XML Schema Definition (XSD) technology, and an attribute group “AssociationAttributeGroup” is designed to serialize complex relationships of CIM objects. The attribute group provides syntax support for marshaling linkages of objects in certain two methods: “embedding” and “referring”. The two operators: serialization and deserialization are added to each CIM class. By this way, the CIM objects can make quickly and bidirectional alternation between memory objects and CIM/XML document. The algorithms of the two operators are designed in detail, which can implement complex object set bidirectional conversion efficiently. The case study shows that the CIM object encoding specification, the CIM/XML schema and the algorithms of serialization functions can be applied to exchange and share CIM data in electric power enterprise.

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23

TEO, L. P. "MODE SUMMATION APPROACH TO CASIMIR EFFECT BETWEEN TWO OBJECTS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 27, no. 25 (October 10, 2012): 1230021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x12300219.

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In the last few years, several approaches have been developed to compute the exact Casimir interaction energy between two nonplanar objects, all lead to the same functional form, which is called the TGTG formula. In this paper, we explore the TGTG formula from the perspective of mode summation approach. Both scalar fields and electromagnetic fields are considered. In this approach, one has to first solve the equation of motion to find a wave basis for each object. The two T's in the TGTG formula are [Formula: see text]-matrices representing the Lippmann–Schwinger T-operators, one for each of the objects. Each [Formula: see text]-matrix can be found by matching the boundary conditions imposed on the object, and it is independent of the other object. However, it depends on whether the object is interacting with an object outside it, or an object inside it. The two G's in the TGTG formula are the translation matrices, relating the wave basis of an object to the wave basis of the other object. These translation matrices only depend on the wave basis chosen for each object, and they are independent of the boundary conditions on the objects. After discussing the general theory, we apply the prescription to derive the explicit formulas for the Casimir energies for the sphere–sphere, sphere–plane, cylinder–cylinder and cylinder–plane interactions. First the [Formula: see text]-matrices for a plane, a sphere and a cylinder are derived for the following cases: the object is imposed with Dirichlet, Neumann or general Robin boundary conditions; the object is semitransparent; and the object is a magnetodielectric object immersed in a magnetodielectric media. Then the operator approach developed by R. C. Wittman [IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.36, 1078 (1988)] is used to derive the translation matrices. From these, the explicit TGTG formula for each of the scenarios can be written down. On the one hand, we have summarized all the TGTG formulas that have been derived so far for the sphere–sphere, cylinder–cylinder, sphere–plane and cylinder–plane configurations. On the other hand, we provide the TGTG formulas for some scenarios that have not been considered before.

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Pertiwi, Endang, Bambang Nurcahyo Prastowo, and Lukman Awaluddin. "Pertautan Citra Tampak Atas dengan Metode Stereoskopik untuk Menghilangkan Distorsi Perspektif." IJEIS (Indonesian Journal of Electronics and Instrumentation Systems) 9, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijeis.50019.

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Stitching citra with different object’s depth and disposed close to the camera willing caused panoramic citra with distortion perspective (caused double or disappear object) because the camera see in two dimension with large horizontal disparity by each camera. For solve that problem, stereoscopic method purpose to give depth perception of three dimension from two images with same background so information of depth by the object be able to get with intuitive way.This research presented system with ROI segmentation for any static objects, stitching for each objects and combine them become a panoramic image then shown in citra panoramic. SIFT descriptor used for detect and extract feature from the images. The result of this system successful presented combination for stitching by the static objects.

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Drozdek, Adam. "Object-Oriented Programming and Representation of Objects." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0014.

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Abstract In this paper, a lesson is drawn from the way class definitions are provided in object-oriented programming. The distinction is introduced between the visible structure given in a class definition and the hidden structure, and then possible connections are indicated between these two structures and the structure of an entity modeled by the class definition.

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Miclet, L., S. Bayoudh, and A. Delhay. "Analogical Dissimilarity: Definition, Algorithms and Two Experiments in Machine Learning." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 32 (August 21, 2008): 793–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2519.

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This paper defines the notion of analogical dissimilarity between four objects, with a special focus on objects structured as sequences. Firstly, it studies the case where the four objects have a null analogical dissimilarity, i.e. are in analogical proportion. Secondly, when one of these objects is unknown, it gives algorithms to compute it. Thirdly, it tackles the problem of defining analogical dissimilarity, which is a measure of how far four objects are from being in analogical proportion. In particular, when objects are sequences, it gives a definition and an algorithm based on an optimal alignment of the four sequences. It gives also learning algorithms, i.e. methods to find the triple of objects in a learning sample which has the least analogical dissimilarity with a given object. Two practical experiments are described: the first is a classification problem on benchmarks of binary and nominal data, the second shows how the generation of sequences by solving analogical equations enables a handwritten character recognition system to rapidly be adapted to a new writer.

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Fernandes, Alexandra M., and Pedro B. Albuquerque. "Working memory span for pictures, names, and touched objects." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646433.

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Through an immediate serial recall task, working memory for objects’ pictures, objects’ names and touched objects was evaluated with and without a simultaneous articulatory suppression task. Each group performed the task in one modality: seeing object pictures presented on a computer screen, reading out loud two-syllabic object names presented in a computer screen, or touching real objects without sight. The task was performed twice by the participants, once with articulatory suppression and once without articulatory suppression. The objects were presented sequentially for three seconds each, starting with lists of two items and progressively increasing the number of items by one, according to the participant’s performance, until a maximum of 10 items. The results showed that span values were similar in the three modalities, with an average of five items being recalled without articulatory suppression and about four items being recalled with articulatory suppression. This study suggests similar performance in immediate serial recall tasks regardless of presentation modality. Articulatory suppression presented an equivalent effect in all groups, impairing recall performance in average by one item. Results are discussed attending to the verbal nature of the task, which implies the recall of the object’s name, and the impact of articulatory suppression in common object’s encoding.

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Moreno, H., A. Gutiérrez-Moreno, and G. Cortés. "Two Southern Low Excitation Planetary Nebulae." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 131 (1989): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900137507.

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Within a spectroscopic study of some southern planetary nebulae, we have observed 32 objects. Some of them are symbiotic or suspected symbiotic stars, and one (He 2-61) is evidently not an emission object.

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29

GERSHKOFF-STOWE, LISA, BRENDA CONNELL, and LINDA SMITH. "Priming overgeneralizations in two- and four-year-old children." Journal of Child Language 33, no. 3 (August 2006): 461–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000906007562.

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Overgeneralization occurs when a child uses the wrong word to name an object and is often observed in the early stages of word learning. We develop a method to elicit overgeneralizations in the laboratory by priming children to say the names of objects perceptually similar to known and unknown target objects. Experiment 1 examined 18 two-year-old children's labelling of familiar and unfamiliar objects, using a name that was previously produced. Experiment 2 compared the labelling of 30 two-year-olds and 39 four-year-olds when presented with completely novel objects. The findings suggest that the retrieved word is a blend of previous activation from the prior retrieval and activation engendered by the similarity of the test object to instances of the target category. We put forward a theoretical account of overgeneralization based on current models of adult language processing. The account suggests a common mechanism of activation and retrieval, which may explain not only momentary lapses in the correct selection of words, but other types of naming errors traditionally thought to reflect differences in children's underlying category representations or, perhaps, gaps in their knowledge of words.

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Bielecki, Andrzej, and Piotr Śmigielski. "Graph representation for two-dimensional scene understanding by the cognitive vision module." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2016): 172988141668269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881416682694.

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In this article, the cognitive vision module of an autonomous flying robot is studied. The problem of the scene understanding by the robot, which flies on the high altitude, is analyzed. In such conditions, the examined scene can be regarded as two-dimensional. It is assumed that the robot operates in the urban-type environment. The scene representation is stored in the neighborhood graph that collects data about the objects locations, shapes, and their spatial relations. The fragments of the scene are understood by the robot in the context of neighborhoods of the objects. It is shown that such information can be effectively used for recognition of the object, while many objects of similar shape exist in the scene. In the proposed recognition process, not only the information about the shape of the object is utilized but also the spatial relations with other objects in its close neighborhood are examined.

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Kahn, L. E., and S. L. Franconeri. "Encoding a spatial relationship between two objects requires selection of each object." Journal of Vision 11, no. 11 (September 23, 2011): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.224.

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32

Gensler, Orin D. "Object ordering in verbs marking two pronominal objects: Non-explanation and explanation." Linguistic Typology 7, no. 2 (January 4, 2003): 187–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lity.2003.015.

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Francia, Guillermo A. "A Tale of Two Learning Objects." Journal of Educational Technology Systems 31, no. 2 (December 2002): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qvcw-ae58-6ru7-cp82.

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Learning Objects are digital or non-digital entities, which can be used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning. These Learning Objects include multimedia segments, interactive learning systems, instructional software tools, course contents, and course management systems. The challenge for education is to design these learning objects. These objects will draw both from knowledge about human cognition and from practical applications of how technology can facilitate complex learning and teaching tasks. This article describes the design and the implementation of two learning objects: the Web Enabled Basic Knowledge Accessibility Program (WEBKAP) and the Web Enabled Automated Test Generation and Management System (WEATGAMS). These tools are created with a common thread: to ameliorate the learning experiences of students.

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Kalogera, V. "Close Binaries with Two Compact Objects." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 177 (2000): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100060668.

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AbstractThe coalescence of close binary systems with two compact objects (neutron stars and black holes) are considered to be promising sources of gravitational waves for the currently built laser interferometers. Here, I review the current Galactic coalescence estimates derived both theoretically and empirically. I discuss the uncertainties involved as well as ways of obtaining an upper limit to the coalescence rate of two neutron stars.

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Bagieu, M., and D. Maystre. "Diffraction by nearly two-dimensional objects." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 1, no. 4 (January 1, 1999): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/1/4/321.

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36

Sarabandi, K., and P. F. Polatin. "Electromagnetic scattering from two adjacent objects." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 42, no. 4 (April 1994): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.286219.

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37

Cho, Y. M., and P. M. Zhang. "Topological objects in two-gap superconductor." European Physical Journal B 65, no. 2 (September 2008): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2008-00343-2.

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38

Pshenichnyi, B. N., and N. B. Shishkina. "Pursuit problems with two moving objects." Cybernetics 25, no. 4 (1990): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01070368.

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39

SZENTES, BALÁZS. "TWO-OBJECT TWO-BIDDER SIMULTANEOUS AUCTIONS." International Game Theory Review 09, no. 03 (September 2007): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198907001552.

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Symmetric equilibria are constructed for a class of symmetric auction games. The games all have two identical bidders bidding in two simultaneous sealed-bid auctions for identical objects. Information is complete and the objects are either complements or substitutes. In both cases a continuum of mixed-strategy equilibria are identified. All these equilibria have a surprising structure: The supports of all the mixtures that generate equilibria are two one-dimensional curves, and they surround a two-dimensional set of pure best responses.

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YAMADA, Takayoshi, Toshinori OOBA, Tomoya YAMAMOTO, Nobuharu MIMURA, and Yasuyuki FUNAHASHI. "Grasp Stability Analysis of Two Objects in Two Dimensions." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 72, no. 714 (2006): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.72.478.

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Paulun, Vivian C., Gavin Buckingham, Melvyn A. Goodale, and Roland W. Fleming. "The material-weight illusion disappears or inverts in objects made of two materials." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 996–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00199.2018.

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The material-weight illusion (MWI) occurs when an object that looks heavy (e.g., stone) and one that looks light (e.g., Styrofoam) have the same mass. When such stimuli are lifted, the heavier-looking object feels lighter than the lighter-looking object, presumably because well-learned priors about the density of different materials are violated. We examined whether a similar illusion occurs when a certain weight distribution is expected (such as the metal end of a hammer being heavier), but weight is uniformly distributed. In experiment 1, participants lifted bipartite objects that appeared to be made of two materials (combinations of stone, Styrofoam, and wood) but were manipulated to have a uniform weight distribution. Most participants experienced an inverted MWI (i.e., the heavier-looking side felt heavier), suggesting an integration of incoming sensory information with density priors. However, a replication of the classic MWI was found when the objects appeared to be uniformly made of just one of the materials ( experiment 2). Both illusions seemed to be independent of the forces used when the objects were lifted. When lifting bipartite objects but asked to judge the weight of the whole object, participants experienced no illusion ( experiment 3). In experiment 4, we investigated weight perception in objects with a nonuniform weight distribution and again found evidence for an integration of prior and sensory information. Taken together, our seemingly contradictory results challenge most theories about the MWI. However, Bayesian integration of competing density priors with the likelihood of incoming sensory information may explain the opposing illusions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report a novel weight illusion that contradicts all current explanations of the material-weight illusion: When lifting an object composed of two materials, the heavier-looking side feels heavier, even when the true weight distribution is uniform. The opposite (classic) illusion is found when the same materials are lifted in two separate objects. Identifying the common mechanism underlying both illusions will have implications for perception more generally. A potential candidate is Bayesian inference with competing priors.

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Shen, Mowei, Wenjun Yu, Xiaotian Xu, and Zaifeng Gao. "Building Blocks of Visual Working Memory: Objects or Boolean Maps?" Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 5 (May 2013): 743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00348.

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The nature of the building blocks of information in visual working memory (VWM) is a fundamental issue that has not been well resolved. Most researchers take objects as the building blocks, although this perspective has received criticism. The objects could be physically separated ones (strict object hypothesis) or hierarchical objects created from separated individuals (broad object hypothesis). Meanwhile, a newly proposed Boolean map theory for visual attention suggests that Boolean maps may be the building blocks of VWM (Boolean map hypothesis); this perspective could explain many critical findings of VWM. However, no previous study has examined these hypotheses. We explored this issue by focusing on a critical point on which they make distinct predictions. We asked participants to remember two distinct objects (2-object), three distinct objects (3-object), or three objects with repeated information (mixed-3-object, e.g., one red bar and two green bars, green bars could be represented as one hierarchical object) and adopted contralateral delay activity (CDA) to tap into the maintenance phase of VWM. The mixed-3-object condition could generate two Boolean maps, three objects, or three objects most of the time (hierarchical objects are created in certain trials, retaining two objects). Simple orientations (Experiment 1) and colors (Experiments 2 and 3) were used as stimuli. Although the CDA of the mixed-3-object condition was slightly lower than that of the 3-object condition, no significant difference was revealed between them. Both conditions displayed significantly higher CDAs than the 2-object condition. These findings support the broad object hypothesis. We further suggest that Boolean maps might be the unit for retrieval/comparison in VWM.

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Du, Yonghui, and Gary M. Bone. "OBJECT SHAPE EXPLORATION AND RECOGNITION IN 2D USING A TWO-FINGERED ROBOTIC HAND." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 27, no. 4 (December 2004): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2003-0021.

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Exploration with a robotic hand is a method for measuring the shape and location of objects. This information may be used to recognize the object from a given set, or to generate a model of the object. A novel two-dimensional exploration method employing multiple wrapping grasps without tactile sensors is presented. An object shape model is produced from the finger position information. An efficient procedure for recognizing the object from a given reference set is presented. Experiments are conducted with a two-fingered robotic hand with five degrees-of-freedom. Objects with circular, square and triangular cross-sections are explored, modeled and recognized using as few as six grasps.

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Landau, Barbara, and Ray Jackendoff. "“What” and “where” in spatial language and spatial cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 2 (June 1993): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00029733.

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AbstractFundamental to spatial knowledge in all species are the representations underlying object recognition, object search, and navigation through space. But what sets humans apart from other species is our ability to express spatial experience through language. This target article explores the language ofobjectsandplaces, asking what geometric properties are preserved in the representations underlying object nouns and spatial prepositions in English. Evidence from these two aspects of language suggests there are significant differences in the geometric richness with which objects and places are encoded. When an object is named (i.e., with count nouns), detailed geometric properties – principally the object's shape (axes, solid and hollow volumes, surfaces, and parts) – are represented. In contrast, when an object plays the role of either “figure” (located object) or “ground” (reference object) in a locational expression, only very coarse geometric object properties are represented, primarily the main axes. In addition, the spatial functions encoded by spatial prepositions tend to be nonmetric and relatively coarse, for example, “containment,” “contact,” “relative distance,” and “relative direction.” These properties are representative of other languages as well. The striking differences in the way language encodes objects versus places lead us to suggest two explanations: First, there is a tendency for languages to level out geometric detail from both object and place representations. Second, a nonlinguistic disparity between the representations of “what” and “where” underlies how language represents objects and places. The language of objects and places converges with and enriches our understanding of corresponding spatial representations.

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Hauk, O., K. Patterson, A. Woollams, E. Cooper-Pye, F. Pulvermüller, and T. T. Rogers. "How the Camel Lost Its Hump: The Impact of Object Typicality on Event-related Potential Signals in Object Decision." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 8 (August 2007): 1338–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.8.1338.

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Using an object decision task, event-related potentials (ERPs), and minimum norm current source estimates, we investigated early spatiotemporal aspects of cortical activation elicited by line drawings that were manipulated on two dimensions: authenticity and typicality. Authentic objects were those that match real-world experience, whereas nonauthentic objects were “doctored” by deletion or addition of features (e.g., a camel with its hump removed, a hammer with two handles). The main manipulation of interest for both authentic and nonauthentic objects was the degree of typicality in the object's structure: typical items are composed of parts that have tended to co-occur across many different objects in the perceiver's experience. The ERP pattern revealed a significant typicality effect at 116 msec after stimulus onset. Both atypical authentic objects (e.g., a camel with its hump) and atypical nonauthentic objects (e.g., a jackal with a hump) elicited stronger brain activation than did objects with typical structure. A significant effect of authenticity was observed at 480 msec, with stronger activation for the nonauthentic objects. The factors of typicality and authenticity interacted at 160 and 330 msec. The most prominent source of the typicality effect was the bilateral occipitotemporal cortex, whereas the interaction and the authenticity effects were mainly observed in the more anterior bilateral temporal cortex. These findings support the hypothesis that within the first few hundred milliseconds after stimulus presentation onset, visual-form-related perceptual and conceptual processes represent distinct but interacting stages in object recognition.

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Rashid, Abdulmuttalib, Wael Zayer, and Mofeed Rashid. "Design and Implementation of Locations Matching Algorithm for Multi-Object Recognition and Localization." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.14.1.2.

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A new algorithm for multi-object recognition and localization is introduced in this paper. This algorithm deals with objects which have different reflectivity factors and distinguish color with respect to the other objects. Two beacons scan multi-color objects using long distance IR sensors to estimate their absolute locations. These two beacon nodes are placed at two corners of the environment. The recognition of these objects is estimated by matching the locations of each object with respect to the two beacons. A look-up table contains the distances information about different color objects is used to convert the reading of the long distance IR sensor from voltage to distance units. The locations of invisible objects are computed by using absolute locations of invisible objects method. The performance of introduced algorithm is tested with several experimental scenarios that implemented on color objects.

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Dutta, D., and C. M. Hoffmann. "On the Skeleton of Simple CSG Objects." Journal of Mechanical Design 115, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919330.

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The skeleton (medial-axis surface) of an object is the locus of all points in the object’s interior that have equal minimum distance from at least two distinct parts of the boundary. The skeleton can be used in blending, motion planning, medical tomography, computer vision, and in mesh generation. We discuss some simple but frequently encountered shape elements of the skeleton of CSG objects, and investigate properties of trimming surfaces delimiting the faces of skeletons.

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Zelinsky, Gregory J., and Gregory L. Murphy. "Synchronizing Visual and Language Processing: An Effect of Object Name Length on Eye Movements." Psychological Science 11, no. 2 (March 2000): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00227.

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Are visual and verbal processing systems functionally independent? Two experiments (one using line drawings of common objects, the other using faces) explored the relationship between the number of syllables in an object's name (one or three) and the visual inspection of that object. The tasks were short-term recognition and visual search. Results indicated more fixations and longer gaze durations on objects having three-syllable names when the task encouraged a verbal encoding of the objects (i.e., recognition). No effects of syllable length on eye movements were found when implicit naming demands were minimal (i.e., visual search). These findings suggest that implicitly naming a pictorial object constrains the oculomotor inspection of that object, and that the visual and verbal encoding of an object are synchronized so that the faster process must wait for the slower to be completed before gaze shifts to another object. Both findings imply a tight coupling between visual and linguistic processing, and highlight the utility of an oculomotor methodology to understand this coupling.

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Ciaramitaro, Vivian M., Jude F. Mitchell, Gene R. Stoner, John H. Reynolds, and Geoffrey M. Boynton. "Object-based attention to one of two superimposed surfaces alters responses in human early visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 3 (March 2011): 1258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00680.2010.

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Faced with an overwhelming amount of sensory information, we are able to prioritize the processing of select spatial locations and visual features. The neuronal mechanisms underlying such spatial and feature-based selection have been studied in considerable detail. More recent work shows that attention can also be allocated to objects, even spatially superimposed objects composed of dynamically changing features that must be integrated to create a coherent object representation. Much less is known about the mechanisms underlying such object-based selection. Our goal was to investigate behavioral and neuronal responses when attention was directed to one of two objects, specifically one of two superimposed transparent surfaces, in a task designed to preclude space-based and feature-based selection. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure changes in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals when attention was deployed to one or the other surface. We found that visual areas V1, V2, V3, V3A, and MT+ showed enhanced BOLD responses to translations of an attended relative to an unattended surface. These results reveal that visual areas as early as V1 can be modulated by attending to objects, even objects defined by dynamically changing elements. This provides definitive evidence in humans that early visual areas are involved in a seemingly high-order process. Furthermore, our results suggest that these early visual areas may participate in object-specific feature “binding,” a process that seemingly must occur for an object or a surface to be the unit of attentional selection.

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Micó, Vicente, Carlos Ferreira, and Javier García. "Lensless object scanning holography for two-dimensional mirror-like and diffuse reflective objects." Applied Optics 52, no. 25 (August 30, 2013): 6390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.52.006390.

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