Journal articles: 'Two-income families'

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Inami, Kazue, Kaori Shinozaki, and Tomoaki Tabata. "Work-life balance of two-income families (2)." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): 1EV—023–1EV—023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_1ev-023.

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Marotz-Baden, Ramona. "Income, economic satisfaction, and stress in two-generational farm families." Lifestyles Family and Economic Issues 9, no. 4 (1988): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00986750.

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Han, Wen-Jui, Chien-Chung Huang, and Irwin Garfinkel. "The Importance of Family Structure and Family Income on Family's Educational Expenditure and Children's College Attendance." Journal of Family Issues 24, no. 6 (September 2003): 753–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x03254518.

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Using the 1991-1998 Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, we analyzed the determinants of college attendance rates and educational expenditure among families with children in Taiwan, paying particular attention to the effects of family structure and family income. The findings indicate that higher family income is consistently associated with higher college attendance rates and spending on education. Children in single-parent families have lower college attendance rates than children in two-parent families. Furthermore, single-parent families spend less on education. When family income is taken into account, single-mother families are not significantly different from two-parent families on the outcome variables. Single-father families, however, are estimated to have significantly lower college attendance rates and educational expenditure after controlling for family income. These results suggest that improving the economic security of single-parent families will increase their children's attainment in single-mother families but will not eliminate the attainment gap between children in single-father and two-parent families.

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Broderick, Amanda V., Gina M. Brelsford, and Martha E. Wadsworth. "Interparental Relationships among Low Income, Ethnically Diverse, Two-Parent Cohabiting Families." Journal of Child and Family Studies 28, no. 8 (May 21, 2019): 2259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01442-4.

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Brisson, Daniel, Stephanie Lechuga Peña, Nicole Mattocks, Mark Plassmeyer, and Sarah McCune. "Effects of the Your Family, Your Neighborhood Intervention on Neighborhood Social Processes." Social Work Research 43, no. 4 (November 25, 2019): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/swr/svz020.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to ascertain whether participation in the Your Family, Your Neighborhood (YFYN) intervention, an intervention for families living in low-income neighborhoods, leads to improved perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion and informal neighborhood social control. Fifty-two families in three low-income, urban neighborhoods participated in the manualized YFYN intervention. In this quasi-experimental study treatment families (n = 37) in two low-income neighborhoods received YFYN and control families (n = 15) from one separate low-income neighborhood did not. Families receiving YFYN attended 10 two-hour skills-based curriculum sessions during which they gathered for a community dinner and participated in parent- and child-specific skills-based groups. Treatment families reported increases in both neighborhood social cohesion and informal neighborhood social control after receiving YFYN. However, families receiving YFYN did not experience statistically significant improvements in perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion or informal neighborhood social control compared with nontreatment families. In conclusion, the delivery of YFYN in low-income neighborhoods may improve perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion. Further testing, with randomization and a larger sample, should be conducted to provide a more robust understanding of the impact of YFYN.

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ELDER, GLEN H., RAND D. CONGER, E. MICHAEL FOSTER, and MONIKA ARDELT. "Families Under Economic Pressure." Journal of Family Issues 13, no. 1 (March 1992): 5–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251392013001002.

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Within a context of increasing economic pressure in rural America, this study assesses family responses to this change and their consequences from the perspective of the household economy in middle-class families. It draws on the findings of largely separate fields of inquiry, including those on income level and loss, unemployment, and economic adjustments. Using survey and observational data on two-parent families in a midwestern rural county, the analysis shows that (a) adverse income change increases economic pressures and hardship adaptations in ways that match the effect of income level and exceed the influence of unstable work, (b) economic pressures and adaptations mediate the negative effects of economic adversity on emotional health and family relationships, (c) father's negativity in the family represents a stronger link between economic conditions and child behavior than does mother's negativity, and (d) economic pressure and father's negativity increase the risk of aggressive behavior and depressed feelings among boys and girls, especially in the absence of maternal support.

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Bryant, M. Lynne. "Bringing Home the Bacon, Times Two: A Look at Dual-Income Families." Compensation & Benefits Review 52, no. 2 (November 4, 2019): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368719883170.

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The construct of dual-income families is a complex one. There is no simple cause. There is no simple outcome. Therefore, I wrote this to share my story. Statistics are important but they can be dry, manipulated, or confusing. Stories are also important and they share the richer, more robust side of an issue. We need both. I offer my story; with my story, I will share five lessons I’ve learned in my two dual-income lives. I also offer some generic take-aways for employers, society and women.

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Bird, Gerald A., and Gloria W. Bird. "Determinants of Mobility in Two-Earner Families: Does the Wife's Income Count?" Journal of Marriage and the Family 47, no. 3 (August 1985): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/352279.

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Gensler, Howard. "Welfare and the family size decision of low-income, two-parent families." Applied Economics Letters 4, no. 10 (October 1997): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758533283.

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Pritchard, Mary E. "The value of the second income to two-earner families with children." Lifestyles Family and Economic Issues 11, no. 2 (1990): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00987077.

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Berger, Lawrence M., and Sara S. McLanahan. "Income, Relationship Quality, and Parenting: Associations With Child Development in Two-Parent Families." Journal of Marriage and Family 77, no. 4 (April 7, 2015): 996–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12197.

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Parkin, Patricia C., Laura J. Spence, Xiaohan Hu, Katherine E. Kranz, Linda G. Shortt, and David E. Wesson. "Evaluation of a Promotional Strategy to Increase Bicycle Helmet Use by Children." Pediatrics 91, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.4.772.

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Bicycle-related head injuries are an important cause of death and disability, despite the availability of helmets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based bicycle helmet promotion program in increasing helmet use by children while controlling for secular trends. Two high-income and two low-income schools in an urban Canadian community were selected to receive a bicycle helmet promotion intervention, with the remaining 18 schools serving as controls. Approximately 1800 observations of bicycling children were made at randomly selected observational sites 2 to 5 months after the intervention to assess changes in behavior. Helmet use at all observation sites tripled from 3.4% (1990, preintervention) to 16% (1991, postintervention). In the high-income intervention area, observed helmet use rose dramatically from 4% to 36% in contrast to the more modest increase in the high-income control area from 4% to 15%. In the low-income intervention area, there was a modest increase from 1% to 7%, but it did not differ from the increase in the low-income control area from 3% to 13%. The program was highly successful in children of high-income families but not in children of low-income families. Developing strategies for low-income families remains a priority.

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LIU, ZHANGSHENG, and YUANYUAN GONG. "INCOME, SOCIAL SECURITY AND CHINESE FAMILIES’ “TWO-CHILD” DECISIONS: EVIDENCE FROM URBAN RESIDENTS’ FERTILITY INTENTIONS." Singapore Economic Review 65, no. 06 (August 8, 2020): 1773–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590820500101.

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The increase in income, the improvement of social security and the decline in the desire for fertility in urban residents have been extremely important social and economic phenomena in China over the past three decades. However, there have been few studies of China’s situations because of the use of long-term birth control. An analysis based on the framework of lifetime utility maximization for individuals indicated that income and social security have substitution effects on the number of births. This study conducts an empirical analysis with data extracted from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). The results show that an increase in income lowers the willingness for fertility, and the endowment insurance system with subsidies lowers beneficiaries’ fertility intentions. Similarly, an increase in income and the improvement of social security decrease urban residents’ “two-child” fertility intentions significantly. Thus, although the steady growth of the economy and the continuous improvement of the social security system have provided the opportunity to relax China’s population policies, the substitution effect of income and social security on fertility intentions also needs to be considered.

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Taylor, Sarah, and Chris Warburton Brown. "The Contribution of Gifts to the Household Economy of Low-Income Families." Social Policy and Society 10, no. 2 (February 24, 2011): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746410000515.

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Measurements of income at the household level have traditionally only recorded income received by household members. This has generally been reflected in qualitative research. However, using interview data from two studies of British mothers and children on low incomes, we find that for some, cash and in-kind transfers from family and friends outside the household form a significant proportion of household income. In some cases, income is doubled once gifts are included. Thus, gifts make a substantial contribution to living standards, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The implications of this finding for income measurement are discussed, and further research is recommended.

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Western, Bruce, Deirdre Bloome, and Christine Percheski. "Inequality among American Families with Children, 1975 to 2005." American Sociological Review 73, no. 6 (December 2008): 903–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300602.

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From 1975 to 2005, the variance in incomes of American families with children increased by two-thirds. In attempting to explain this trend, labor market studies emphasize the rising pay of college graduates, while demographers typically highlight the implications of family structural changes across time. In this article, we join these lines of research by conceiving of income inequality as the joint product of the distribution of earnings in the labor market and the pooling of incomes in families. We develop this framework with a decomposition of family income inequality using annual data from the March Current Population Survey. Our analysis shows that disparities in education and single parenthood contributed to income inequality, but rising educational attainment and women's employment offset these effects. Most of the increase in family income inequality was due to increasing within-group inequality, which was widely shared across family types and levels of schooling.

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Dussel, Veronica, Kira Bona, John A. Heath, Joanne M. Hilden, Jane C. Weeks, and Joanne Wolfe. "Unmeasured Costs of a Child's Death: Perceived Financial Burden, Work Disruptions, and Economic Coping Strategies Used by American and Australian Families Who Lost Children to Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 8 (March 10, 2011): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.8960.

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Purpose Financial concerns represent a major stressor for families of children with cancer but remain poorly understood among those with terminally ill children. We describe the financial hardship, work disruptions, income loss, and coping strategies of families who lost children to cancer. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional survey of 141 American and 89 Australian bereaved parents whose children died between 1990 and 1999 and 1996 to 2004, respectively, at three tertiary-care pediatric hospitals (two American, one Australian). Response rate: 63%. Results Thirty-four (24%) of 141 families from US centers and 34 (39%) of 88 families from the Australian center reported a great deal of financial hardship resulting from their children's illness. Work disruptions were substantial (84% in the United States, 88% in Australia). Australian families were more likely to report quitting a job (49% in Australia v 35% in the United States; P = .037). Sixty percent of families lost more than 10% of their annual income as a result of work disruptions. Australians were more likely to lose more than 40% of their income (34% in Australia v 19% in the United States; P = .035). Poor families experienced the greatest income loss. After accounting for income loss, 16% of American and 22% of Australian families dropped below the poverty line. Financial hardship was associated with poverty and income loss in all centers. Fundraising was the most common financial coping strategy (52% in the United States v 33% in Australia), followed by reduced spending. Conclusion In these US and Australian centers, significant household-level financial effects of a child's death as a result of cancer were observed, especially for poor families. Interventions aimed at reducing the effects of income loss may ease financial distress.

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Assari, Shervin, Shanika Boyce, Cleopatra H. Caldwell, Mohsen Bazargan, and Ron Mincy. "Family Income and Gang Presence in the Neighborhood: Diminished Returns of Black Families." Urban Science 4, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4020029.

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Background: Based on the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, indicators of high socioeconomic status, such as higher family income, show weaker protective effects on various developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes for Black than White families. As a result of these MDRs, Black families who access education and income still report high levels of depression, smoking, obesity, and chronic disease. Limited knowledge exists on MDRs of income on neighborhood quality. Aims: Built on the MDRs framework, this study tested the hypothesis of whether the effect of family income and maternal education at birth on neighborhood gang presence varies between Black and White families. The hypotheses were that: (1) higher income families would report lower gang presence in their neighborhood, and (2) compared to Whites, Blacks would show weaker protective effects of family income on gang presence in their neighborhood. Methods: The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study is a 15-year follow up study of a random sample of births in cities with larger than 200,000 population. Two thousand nine hundred and nineteen White or Black families were included and were followed from birth of their child for 15 years. The predictors were family income and maternal education at birth, treated as categorical variables. The outcome was gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Higher maternal education at birth was inversely associated with gang presence in the neighborhoods, while family income at birth did not show an effect on reducing gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15. Family income at birth and race interact, suggesting that the association between family income at birth and gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15 was weaker for Black than White families. Our race-stratified models also showed an inverse effect of family income at birth on gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15 in White but not Black families. Conclusions: Diminished returns of family income at birth on neighborhood safety and social disorder may be a mechanism that contributes to racial health disparities in higher socioeconomic status and also poor outcomes for Black families across socioeconomic status (SES) levels. That is, a smaller protective effect of family income on changing the real lives of Black compared to White families may be one of the mechanisms by which health is worse than expected in Black families, across the entire SES spectrum. The health, behavioral, and developmental disparities are not only due to the racial gap in SES but also diminishing returns of socioeconomic status indicators such as family income for racial minorities. Research should study contextual and structural factors that reduce Black families’ ability to mobilize their human capital and secure health outcomes in urban settings.

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Volk, Dinah. "Constructing Literacy Spaces in Low-Income Homes and Communities: A Study of Two Latino First Graders and Their Families." Urban Education 56, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085916677348.

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This article describes a research study using an ethnographic approach and sociocultural theory with a spatial perspective to explore the ways that two Latino children, with the mediation of their families, constructed literacy spaces in their homes and communities. The families lived in low-income neighborhoods, and their school district was identified as urban emergent. Challenging the profiling of children, families, and neighborhoods, the article details how the children and families expressed their agency by building on the affordances of their homes, neighborhoods, and city. Implications for practice include foregrounding children’s expertise and creating collaborations between schools and community settings.

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Widarjono, Agus, and Sarastri Mumpuni Rucbha. "HOUSEHOLD FOOD DEMAND IN INDONESIA: A TWO-STAGE BUDGETING APPROACH." Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business 31, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jieb.15287.

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A two-stage budgeting approach was applied to analyze the food demand in urban areas separated by geographical areas and classified by income groups. The demographically augmented Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) was employed to estimate the demand elasticity. Data from the National Social and Economic Survey of Households (SUSENAS) in 2011 were used. The demand system is a censored model because the data contains zero expenditures and is estimated by employing the consistent two-step estimation procedure to solve biased estimation. The results show that price and income elasticities become less elastic from poor households to rich households. Demand by urban households in Java is more responsive to price but less responsive to income than urban households outside of Java. Simulation policies indicate that an increase in food prices would have more adverse impacts than a decrease in income levels. Poor families would suffer more than rich families from rising food prices and/or decreasing incomes. More importantly, urban households on Java are more vulnerable to an economic crisis, and would respond by reducing their food consumption. Economic policies to stabilize food prices are better than income policies, such as the cash transfer, to maintain the well-being of the population in Indonesia Keywords: Urban, Two-Stage Budgeting, QUAIDS, Price and Income elasticity

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Assis, Simone Gonçalves de, Thiago Pires, Renata Pires Pesce, Joviana Quintes Avanci, and Raquel V. C. Oliveira. "Socioeconomic development, family income, and psychosocial risk factors: a study of families with children in public elementary school." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 27, suppl 2 (2011): s209—s221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2011001400009.

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This article aims to evaluate the effects of Brazil's recent economic growth on the monetary income, consumption patterns, and risk exposures of families with children enrolled in the public elementary school system in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The article analyzes the following information on families of 447 children that participated in two waves in a longitudinal study: social stratum, per capita family income, evolution in income over a three-year period, and psychosocial factors. The findings showed a 74.8% increase in the families' income, accompanied by an increase in the consumption of material assets and access to health services. This increase should not be interpreted as a guarantee of improved living and health conditions, since it was spent on basic products and needs that do not substantially affect the families' form of social inclusion. Psychosocial risk factors were frequent among the families, but decreased during the study period, which may either reflect the improved family situation or result from the later stage in child development.

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Misra, Kanishka, and Paolo Surico. "Consumption, Income Changes, and Heterogeneity: Evidence from Two Fiscal Stimulus Programs." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 84–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.6.4.84.

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Almost half of American families did not adjust their consumption following receipt of the 2001 or 2008 tax rebates. Another 20 percent, with low income and more likely to rent, spent a small but significant amount. Households with large spending propensity held high levels of mortgage debt. The heterogeneity is concentrated in a few nondurable categories and a handful of “new vehicle” purchases. The cumulated predictions of the heterogeneous response model tend to be smaller and more accurate than their homogeneous response model counterparts, offering new insights on the evaluation of the two fiscal stimulus programs. (JEL D12, D91, E21, E32, E62)

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Cassidy, Margaret L., Rosalind C. Barnett, and Caryl Rivers. "She Works/He Works: How Two-Income Families Are Happier, Healthier, and Better Off." Journal of Marriage and the Family 60, no. 1 (February 1998): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353458.

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Hotchkiss, Julie L., and Robert E. Moore. "Changes in the welfare of two-earner families across the income distribution, 1983-1993." Applied Economics Letters 9, no. 7 (June 2002): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850110096133.

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Gill, G. K. "The Strategic Involvement of Children in Housework: An Australian Case of Two-Income Families." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 39, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002071529803900303.

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Daly, Mary. "Money-Related Meanings and Practices in Low-Income and Poor Families." Sociology 51, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 450–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038515616355.

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This article focuses on the meanings and repertoires of action associated with money in low-income and poverty circumstances. Based on interviews with 51 people, the analysis reveals how people on a low income actively engage with money as a way of situating themselves in their complex worlds. Money is investigated at two levels: praxis and orientation regarding spending, and as part of self-identity. In regard to spending, people displayed two main repertoires: one was functional (viewing money as a way of meeting material need) and the second relational (with money interpreted in regard to relationships and upholding of personal and familial values). These repertoires in turn link into self-understanding and world view. For people in poverty and low income, money can be a disabler, detracting from a valued identity and sense of future but a counter, more positive, orientation normalises lack of money, by reference to skills and character development and core values and relationships. The research as a whole underlines the complexity of money in low-income or poverty settings, the agency and creativity which people bring to its use and the diverse meanings they invest it with.

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Jun, Shinyoung, Alexandra Cowan, Janet Tooze, Jaime Gahche, Johanna Dwyer, Heather Eicher-Miller, Anindya Bhadra, et al. "Dietary Supplement Use among U.S. Children by Family Income, Food Security Level, and Nutrition Assistance Program Participation Status in 2011–2014." Nutrients 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091212.

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This analysis characterizes use of dietary supplements (DS) and motivations for DS use among U.S. children (≤18 years) by family income level, food security status, and federal nutrition assistance program participation using the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. About one-third (32%) of children used DS, mostly multivitamin-minerals (MVM; 24%). DS and MVM use were associated with higher family income and higher household food security level. DS use was lowest among children in households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP; 20%) and those participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC; 26%) compared to both income-eligible and income-ineligible nonparticipants. Most children who used DS took only one (83%) or two (12%) products; although children in low-income families took fewer products than those in higher income families. The most common motivations for DS and MVM use were to “improve (42% or 46%)” or “maintain (34 or 38%)” health, followed by “to supplement the diet (23 or 24%)” for DS or MVM, respectively. High-income children were more likely to use DS and MVM “to supplement the diet” than middle- or low-income children. Only 18% of child DS users took DS based on a health practitioner’s recommendation. In conclusion, DS use was lower among children who were in low-income or food-insecure families, or families participating in nutrition assistance programs.

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Skinner, Christine, and Daniel R. Meyer. "After all the policy reform, is child support actually helping low-income mothers?" Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 14, no. 3 (October 2006): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/bdcx8345.

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The economic vulnerability of children in lone-parent families has drawn attention to child support policy. After 13 years of constant policy changes the child support system remains highly problematic and is currently undergoing an independent review. Given this, it is timely to question whether child support payments (from all types of agreements, not just Child Support Agency assessments) are actually helping lone-mother families. Or are most low-income mothers connected to men who have little capacity to pay, so that child support actually helps only moderate-income families? This article uses data from the UK Families and Children Study to examine the receipt of child support by lone mothers across the income distribution. It examines the amounts of child support received and the contribution it makes to total income packages across two major groupings: lone-mother quintile groups and poverty groups. We find that lone mothers who are already relatively better off (compared with other lone mothers in the survey) are more likely to receive child support. However, lone mothers who receive child support tend to receive similar median amounts, regardless of their income levels. Moreover, child support is a more important part of the income package for lone mothers with low incomes than for those with higher incomes.

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Ramel, Melissa, Denise Wilfley, and Rachel Tabak. "4499 A look at motivation and income level for families in obesity treatment." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (June 2020): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.366.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: An evidence-based approach for childhood obesity is family-based treatment (FBT). Research supports that motivation and income level may impact treatment success; however, the relationship between the two is understudied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine whether motivation for beginning FBT is associated with income levels. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 459 parent and child dyads from the PLAN (Pediatric, Learning, Activity, Nutrition) with Families multisite study were included in this study. PLAN consists of FBT through personalized health coaching over the course of two years, focusing on nutrition, physical activity, and parenting skills. Parent and child also attend height and weight assessments every 6 months in the study. Outcomes of the study include weight change and mastery of behavioral skills. Motivation and income level were provided by self-report at the beginning of the study. Motivation was based on a scale from 1-10 (1 = no motivation, 10 = high motivation). Income levels were grouped into one of three broader categories- low income ($80,000/year). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The mean level of motivation for the parent was 8.76 and for the child was 7.87. There was a significant difference in the mean level of motivation for the child and parent, t = 7.73, p = < .001. Post-hoc multiple comparisons using Tukey’s HSD test indicated that children in the high-income group had lower levels of motivation (M = 7.29, SD = 2.07) compared to children in the middle (M = 8.18) and low (M = 8.70) income groups. Level of motivation did not differ for children in the middle and low-income groups. Finally, parent motivation level did not differ significantly by income group. While there were significant differences between parent and child motivation levels, the motivation remained high for both groups. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The data suggests a significant difference in mean child motivation and income level. Child’s high motivation may be from the idea of participating in something new, a rare opportunity for low-income children. To improve the implementation and efficacy of FBT, further study into the relationship between motivation and income level should be done.

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Bang, So Young, Sun Hee Choi, Soo Hyun Lee, and Hye Jung Hwang. "Impact of Psychological and Behavioral Variables of Parents from Low Income Families upon Children's Problematic Behaviors : Comparison between Two-parent Families and Single-parent Families." Journal of Korean Child Care and Education 9, no. 5 (October 31, 2013): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14698/jkcce.2013.9.5.157.

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Ratto, Allison B., Bruno J. Anthony, Cara Pugliese, Rocio Mendez, Jonathan Safer-Lichtenstein, Katerina M. Dudley, Nicole F. Kahn, et al. "Lessons learned: Engaging culturally diverse families in neurodevelopmental disorders intervention research." Autism 21, no. 5 (June 15, 2016): 622–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316650394.

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Low-income and ethnic minority families continue to face critical disparities in access to diagnostic and treatment services for neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Despite the growing cultural diversity of the United States, ethnic minority children and families continue to be substantially underrepresented across research on neurodevelopmental disorders, and there is a particularly concerning lack of research on the treatment of these conditions in low-income and ethnic minority communities. Of note, there are currently no published studies on adapting autism spectrum disorder treatment for low-income Latino communities and relatively few studies documenting adapted treatments for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in these communities. This article describes methodological considerations and adaptations made to research procedures using a Diffusion of Innovation framework in order to effectively recruit and engage low-income, ethnic minority, particularly Latino, families of children with neurodevelopmental disorders, in a comparative effectiveness trial of two school-based interventions for executive dysfunction.

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Hennessy, Judith. "Welfare, Work, and Family Well-Being: A Comparative Analysis of Welfare and Employment Status for Single Female-Headed Families Post-Tanf." Sociological Perspectives 48, no. 1 (March 2005): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2005.48.1.77.

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Welfare reform's emphasis on employment and declining caseloads diverts attention from the lack of success experienced by formerly welfare reliant families who participate in paid work. Using data from the 1997 and 1999 National Survey of American Families, this article investigates the effects of participation in paid work for low-income single-parent female-headed families on three important aspects of family well-being: (1) the ability to pay for rent and utilities, (2) postponing needed medical care, and (3) food hardship. Results indicate that full-time employment does not “pay off” for families who have been off welfare for two or more years when compared to families who have never relied on welfare. These findings suggest that policy makers should pay greater attention to structural conditions and expand work supports in constructing welfare policies that work for all low-income families.

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Jin, Sang-Hyeon. "Fuel poverty and rebound effect in South Korea: An estimation for home appliances using the modified regression model." Energy & Environment 31, no. 7 (October 8, 2019): 1147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x19877529.

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Since the occurrence of oil shocks in the 1970s, a number of countries have introduced fuel poverty programs. However, rebound effects could be problematic even in these programs. In particular, there are two controversies surrounding rebound effects: the magnitude of rebound effects and the influence of income on these effects. This study attempts to resolve these issues by empirically estimating the rebound effects of individual home appliances for low-income households. Thereafter, it compares the rebound effects for low-income families with those for all-income families. Analyses results suggest that the magnitude of rebound effects highly depends on individual home appliances, and that these effects are usually larger for low-income households. Thus, the differences in rebound effects between all-income and low-income households also depend on individual appliances. Therefore, policy-makers should meticulously consider the rebound effects of individual home appliances when planning energy efficiency programs.

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Moffitt, Robert A. "The Great Recession and the Social Safety Net." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 650, no. 1 (September 25, 2013): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213499532.

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The social safety net responded in significant and favorable ways during the Great Recession. Aggregate per capita expenditures in safety net programs grew significantly, with particularly strong growth in the SNAP, EITC, UI, and Medicaid programs. The increase in transfers was widely shared across demographic groups, including families with and without children, and single-parent and two-parent families. Transfers grew as well among families with more employed members and with fewer employed members. In the low-income population, however, the increase in transfer amounts was not strongly progressive across income classes, with transfers to those just below or above the poverty line increasing slightly, compared to those at the bottom of the income distribution. This was mainly because of the EITC program, which provides greater benefits to those with higher family earnings. The expansions of SNAP and UI benefitted those at the bottom of the income distribution to a greater extent.

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Hick, Rod, and Alba Lanau. "Tax Credits and In-Work Poverty in the UK: An Analysis of Income Packages and Anti-Poverty Performance." Social Policy and Society 18, no. 2 (May 11, 2018): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746418000118.

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This article examines the relationship between tax credits and in-work poverty, drawing on the findings from a major national study on in-work poverty. We present an analysis of (i) the income packages of working families and (ii) the performance of tax credits in relation to anti-poverty objectives, drawing on data from the Households Below Average Income survey between 2004/5 and 2014/15. Our study generates five novel findings, including that tax credits reduce the poverty gap of recipient households by two-thirds; that tax credit cuts post-2010/11 have served to focus payments on single parent families and households with greater numbers of children; and that tax credits make up just one third of the social security income of working households. We argue that understanding in greater depth the interaction between tax credits and income adequacy amongst working families is necessary to provide a firmer foundation for an effective assault on in-work poverty.

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Marinovic, Goran Ivo. "THE GUIDELINE FOR CUSTOMISING INCREMENTAL HOUSING BASED ON TWO CHILEAN CASE STUDIES." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 44, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2020.12056.

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Incremental housing, supported by governmental funding, denotes a solution for low-income households where they can gradually customise their dwelling. The Chilean government officials and architects proposed phases of construction which fell short of addressing the households’ capabilities and motivation to finalise their units. Hereof, this article looks at two incremental housing projects: Lo Espejo condominium (2007) and Las Higueras (2006) in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile, to inquire capacities of government officials and architects’ comprehensive assistance to families’ housebuilding. The hypothesis holds that the greater responsibility of government officials and architects engaged with incremental housing will enhance motivation of low-income families to customise their house by self-building practice. Arguing for the importance of the self-building the author proposed the guideline for customising houses that comprises four phases: introducing the incremental construction design idea, discussing with families the possibilities for completing houses, connecting households’ construction plans with their financial resources, and presenting the customisation design template. This guideline structure is founded on extensive nine months fieldwork in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, carried out in close collaboration with low-income households from two neighbourhoods, the Ministry of Housing and Urbanism of Chile, the Architectural Office Elemental, and “Gubbins Arquitectos.”

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Horton, Sally E., and Jeanne L. Hafstrom. "Income Elasticities for Selected Consumption Categories: Comparison of Single Female-Headed and Two-Parent Families." Home Economics Research Journal 13, no. 3 (March 1985): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077727x8501300308.

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Yang, Xiaojun, Jun Li, Jintao Xu, and Yuanyuan Yi. "Household fuelwood consumption in western rural China: ethnic minority families versus Han Chinese families." Environment and Development Economics 25, no. 5 (June 22, 2020): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x20000200.

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AbstractThis paper examines ethnic differences in fuelwood consumption in rural households, using an original survey dataset from two western Chinese provinces with large ethnic minority populations. We use a Heckman two-stage selection model to explain the quantity of fuelwood consumed conditional on a decision to use fuelwood. We find that ethnic minority families are more likely than majority Han Chinese families to use fuelwood. We also find that a household's off-farm income has a stronger negative effect on the quantity of fuelwood consumed for the ethnic minority families than for the Han Chinese families. In addition, families owning a larger area of forestland are more likely to use fuelwood. Yet the quantity of fuelwood consumed, especially in ethnic minority families, does not increase with owned forestland. Finally, we find that coal, rather than electricity, is a substitute for fuelwood for residential cooking and heating.

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Dachner, Naomi, Laurie Ricciuto, Sharon I. Kirkpatrick, and Valerie Tarasuk. "Food Purchasing and Food Insecurity: Among Low-income Families in Toronto." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 71, no. 3 (September 2010): e50-e56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/71.3.2010.127.

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Purpose: Factors underlying food-purchasing decisions were examined among a sample of low-income Toronto families. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was completed among 485 families residing in high-poverty Toronto neighbourhoods. Food-security status was assessed using the Household Food Security Survey Module. Open-ended questions were included to examine respondents’ food selection and management practices and their purchasing decisions for six indicator foods. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between factors influencing food-purchasing decisions, perceived food adequacy, and severity of food insecurity. Results: Twenty-two percent of families had been severely food insecure in the past 30 days. Respondents engaged in thrifty food shopping practices, such as frequenting discount supermarkets and budgeting carefully. Price was the most salient factor influencing food-purchasing decisions; the likelihood that families would report this factor increased with deteriorating food security. Preference, quality, and health considerations also guided food-purchasing decisions, but generally to a lesser extent as food insecurity increased. Household food supplies reflected constraints on food purchasing, and they diminished with increasing food insecurity. Conclusions: Despite their resourcefulness, low-income families struggle to feed their families. Dietitians have an important role to play as advocates for adequate income supports to promote food security and nutritional health.

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Wu, Chi-Fang, Yu-Ling Chang, Emily Rhodes, Salma Musaad, and Woojin Jung. "Work-Hour Trajectories and Associated Socioeconomic Characteristics among Single-Mother Families." Social Work Research 44, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/swr/svz029.

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Abstract Although social work research has paid substantial attention to employment patterns among low-income single mothers after welfare reform, little is known about their work-hour trajectories over time. This study uses group-based trajectory modeling to analyze the work-hour trajectories among low-income single mothers in the United States (N = 870). Only approximately two-fifths (41.9 percent) of participants in the sample had stable employment. About 18 percent did not work throughout the study period. Yet several groups experienced changes in working patterns over time: increasing hours (20.7 percent), decreasing then increasing hours (11.3 percent), and decreasing hours (8.4 percent). This study uses a generalized linear mixed model to determine the factors associated with change in work hours over time. Significant factors include marital status, high school completion, race, citizenship, homeownership, child care arrangement, income support program participation, work disability, age of youngest child, age of the mother, state unemployment rate, and state minimum wage. These findings have important policy implications for targeting supports to diverse needs of low-income single-mother families to promote employment stability and economic improvement.

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Kim, Kisook, and Yoonyoung Lee. "Family-based child weight management intervention in early childhood in low-income families: A systematic review." Journal of Child Health Care 24, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367493519847036.

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Child obesity is more common in low-income families. Early childhood is highly influenced by the family-based environment that mostly includes parents. This systematic review synthesized and examined the effects of family-based intervention for early childhood (two to five years) weight management among low-income families. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, Cochrane electronic databases, and Google scholar databases) and published literature were searched for empirical studies and seven articles were included based on inclusion criteria. For each study, quality assessment, data extraction, and synthesis were conducted as guidelines Cochrane and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. In four randomized controlled trials, two before and two after intervention studies, and one quasi-experimental study, 890 participants were included in the family-based child weight management intervention. There was significant reduction in early childhood weight in four studies. The evidence for revealing the effect of family-based intervention was insufficient and inconsistent. However, the findings suggest limitations of family-based children weight management intervention in low-income families and could contribute as an indicator for future effective intervention development.

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Ovwigho, Bishop O. "Factors Influencing Involvement in Nonfarm Income Generating Activities Among Local Farmers: The Case of Ughelli South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria." Sustainable Agriculture Research 3, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v3n1p76.

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The study investigated the factors influencing the involvement of farm families in non farm income generating activities. Multi — stage and stratified simple random sampling procedures were used to compose the sample. The sample was made up of seventy two (72) heads of rural farm families. Data were collected by use of structured interview schedule and Focus Group Discussion. Data were analysed by simple percentage, Chi square test, multiple regression and correlation There was a significant relationship between number of non farm income generating activities and demographic characteristics (R2 = 0.870). Farm size (t = -2.386; p = 0.020), level of education (t = -4.227; p = 0.00), and household size (t = 5.404; p = 0.00) were significant and constant predictors of number of non farm income generating activities engaged in by the farm families. A significant relationship was found between involvement in non farm income generating activities and soil degradation due to infertility (X2 = 23.66, p < 0.01) and oil spillage (X2 = 26.01, p < 0.01). The study established a linear relationship between number of income generating activities and demographic characteristics. Extension workers should take into cognisance all rural income generating activities engaged in by the farm families when embarking on services and programmes aimed at improving their welfare.

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Wondimagegnhu, Beneberu Assefa. "Staying or Leaving? Analyzing the Rationality of Rural-Urban Migration Associated with Farm Income of Staying Households: A Case Study from Southern Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/617373.

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The research aims at analyzing the effect of rural-urban migration and remittances on farm income of rural households supported by a case study conducted in Southern Ethiopia. Using two-step estimations to measure the effect of outmigration, migrant sending families have gained higher farm income. In this regard, rural outmigration has been found to be a survival and income diversification strategy in the study area.

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López, Jane Lilly. "Redefining American Families: The Disparate Effects of IIRIRA's Automatic Bars to Reentry and Sponsorship Requirements on Mixed-Citizenship Couples." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 2 (June 2017): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500201.

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With passage of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), the goal of discouraging illegal immigration and the legal immigration of the poor triumphed over the longstanding goal of family unity in US immigration policy. This shift resulted in policy changes that prevent some mixed-citizenship families from accessing family reunification benefits for the immigrant relatives of US citizens. Two specific elements of IIRIRA — (1) the three- and 10-year bars to reentry, and (2) the minimum income thresholds for citizen sponsors of immigrants — have created a hierarchy of mixed-citizenship families, enabling some to access all the citizenship benefits of family preservation and reunification, while excluding other, similar families from those same benefits. This article details these two key policy changes imposed by IIRIRA and describes their impact on mixed-citizenship couples seeking family reunification benefits in the United States. Mixed-citizenship couples seeking family reunification benefits do not bear the negative impacts of these two policies evenly. Rather, these policies disproportionately limit specific subgroups of immigrants and citizens from accessing family reunification. Low-income, non-White (particularly Latino), and less-educated American families bear the overwhelming brunt of IIRIRA's narrowing of family reunification benefits. As a result, these policy changes have altered the composition of American society and modified broader notions of American national identity and who truly “belongs.” Most of the disparate impact between mixed-citizenship couples created by the IIRIRA would be corrected by enacting minor policy changes to (1) allow the undocumented spouses of US citizens to adjust their legal status from within the United States, and (2) include the noncitizen spouse's income earning potential toward satisfying minimum income requirements.

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Ruberry, Erika J., Liliana J. Lengua, Leanna Harris Crocker, Jacqueline Bruce, Michaela B. Upshaw, and Jessica A. Sommerville. "Income, neural executive processes, and preschool children's executive control." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 1 (January 28, 2016): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941600002x.

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AbstractThis study aimed to specify the neural mechanisms underlying the link between low household income and diminished executive control in the preschool period. Specifically, we examined whether individual differences in the neural processes associated with executive attention and inhibitory control accounted for income differences observed in performance on a neuropsychological battery of executive control tasks. The study utilized a sample of preschool-aged children (N = 118) whose families represented the full range of income, with 32% of families at/near poverty, 32% lower income, and 36% middle to upper income. Children completed a neuropsychological battery of executive control tasks and then completed two computerized executive control tasks while EEG data were collected. We predicted that differences in the event-related potential (ERP) correlates of executive attention and inhibitory control would account for income differences observed on the executive control battery. Income and ERP measures were related to performance on the executive control battery. However, income was unrelated to ERP measures. The findings suggest that income differences observed in executive control during the preschool period might relate to processes other than executive attention and inhibitory control.

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Nguyen, Jenny, Melanie Sberna Hinojosa, Sara Strickhouser Vega, Rameika Newman, Emily Strohacker, and Boniface Noyongoyo. "Family Predictors of Child Mental Health Conditions." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 4 (January 6, 2017): 935–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x16684891.

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Research suggests that minority children with one mental health condition are more likely than White children to have a secondary mental health condition. However, there are no current studies that test the interaction between race and family resources to examine this apparent racial difference in mental health conditions in children. Yet research suggests that family resources vary by race/ethnicity. This study examines the interaction between family structure and socioeconomic status by race and ethnicity to understand how it predicts the number of mental health conditions among children. Our findings are consistent with the existing literature that children in resource-poor families (single parent, step-parent families, and lower income families) have higher counts of mental health conditions. Yet we also found that children in resource-rich families (two-parent biological families with higher levels of income) in some cases also had higher counts of mental health conditions and this varied by race/ethnicity.

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Nelson, Michael, Katie Dick, and Bridget Holmes. "Food budget standards and dietary adequacy in low-income families." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, no. 4 (November 2002): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002193.

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Budget standards are specified baskets of goods and services which, when priced, can represent predefined living standards. ‘Low cost but acceptable’ (LCA) is a minimum income standard, adequate to provide warmth and shelter, a healthy and palatable diet, social necessities, social integration, avoidance of chronic stress and the maintenance of good health (physical, mental and social) in a context of free access to good-quality health care, good-quality education and social justice. The LCA food budget standard identifies a basket of foods and corresponding menus which provides (for a given household composition) a palatable diet that is consistent with prevailing cultural norms, and that satisfies existing criteria for health in relation to dietary reference values, food-based dietary guidelines and safe levels of alcohol consumption. Two previous studies that explored the relationship between diet and food expenditure in low-income households suggested that the amount spent on food was a good predictor of dietary adequacy, growth and health in children. The current paper will focus on diet and measures of deprivation in 250 low-income households in London. Households were screened for material deprivation (e.g. no car, no fixed line telephone, in receipt of Income Support) using a doorstep questionnaire. Diet was assessed using four 24 h recalls based on the ‘triple pass’ method. Expenditure on food and other aspects of household circumstances were assessed by face-to-face interview. Food expenditure in these households was characterized in relation to food budget standards. Further analyses explored the relationships between food expenditure and dietary adequacy, growth in children and measures of deprivation.

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Szendrey, Julie M., and Laci A. Fiala. "Family Communication, Resources, and Income in Adolescence and Financial Behaviors in Young Adulthood." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 32, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 464–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jfcp-19-00099.

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This research examined how parental communication and family resources provided during adolescence relate to domain-specific financial management behaviors for a sample of 1,245 young adults age 18–34. Using data collected by an online survey administration organization, bivariate analysis results indicated that higher levels of parental communication about proper consumer skills and tangible and intangible family resources were associated with better financial behaviors. Financial behaviors were also found to vary significantly across different levels of family income. Multivariate regression analyses revealed two noteworthy interactions in which intangible resources and financial behaviors varied by level of family income. Better financial behaviors in adulthood were associated with more intangible resources for middle- and upper-income families during adolescence. The reverse was indicated for young adults from lower income families. Control variables of education level, employment status, and gender also showed significance with financial behaviors.

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Barrett, Garry F., and Robert Conlon. "Health Care Spending, Family Structure and Family Health." Economic and Labour Relations Review 14, no. 1 (June 2003): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460301400111.

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We use data from the ABS National Health Surveys for 1989/95 and 1995 to examine differences in health care expenditures and health outcomes by family structure. We find that, on average, female single parents tend to experience poorer health outcomes, and exhibit more ‘risky’ health behaviours (particularly smoking), compared to adults in ‘two-parent’ families. Children in female single parent families tend to have more chronic health conditions than children in two-parent families. We also find that single parent families tend to spend a lower proportion of their income on health care, while receiving fewer indirect health care resources through government. Policies that may help reduce the economic and health disadvantages facing single parent families are considered.

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Al-Kharabsheh, Lina, Samer Al-Bazz, Mustafa Koc, Joe Garcia, Ginny Lane, Rachel Engler-Stringer, Judy White, and Hassan Vatanparast. "Household food insecurity and associated socio-economic factors among recent Syrian refugees in two Canadian cities." Border Crossing 10, no. 2 (November 14, 2020): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v10i2.1161.

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In Canada, the prevalence of food insecurity is high among low-income households, particularly recent refugees. We evaluated the prevalence of food security among recent Syrian refugees and the associated factors in two Canadian cities, Toronto and Saskatoon. We collected data using the Household Food ‎Security Model, sociodemographic and socioeconomic questionnaires from 151 families. 84% of the Syrian households were food insecure, with no significant difference in prevalence between Saskatoon and Toronto. The risk of food insecurity was four ‎times higher for households with the annual income below $40,000. Households with educated woman (high school or higher) had four times higher risk of household food insecurity compared to families with less-educated women. ‎Our findings indicate the high prevalence of food insecurity among recently resettled Syrian refugees in Canada. Higher-income directly associated with food security. The inverse association between education and food security in households with highly educated women warrants further investigation.

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Suchitra. "Livelihood income sources of landless and marginal rural households in Haryana." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/604-607.

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The present study was conducted in four districts two each from Eastern and Western zones of Haryana. Total 300 household from different landholding categories were selected from four villages of the selected districts. Finding revealed that majority of landless families was mainly through wages followed by livestock and in most of the cases it was less than 2.5 lakh per annum. As regards marginal land holding farmers, major source of income of both males and female was wages and private work. The income of large majority of marginal farm families was below Rs. 2.5 lakh per annum.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Two-income families'

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