Academic literature on the topic 'Two-income families'
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Journal articles on the topic "Two-income families"
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Inami, Kazue, Kaori Shinozaki, and Tomoaki Tabata. "Work-life balance of two-income families (2)." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): 1EV—023–1EV—023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_1ev-023.
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Marotz-Baden, Ramona. "Income, economic satisfaction, and stress in two-generational farm families." Lifestyles Family and Economic Issues 9, no. 4 (1988): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00986750.
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Han, Wen-Jui, Chien-Chung Huang, and Irwin Garfinkel. "The Importance of Family Structure and Family Income on Family's Educational Expenditure and Children's College Attendance." Journal of Family Issues 24, no. 6 (September 2003): 753–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x03254518.
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Using the 1991-1998 Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, we analyzed the determinants of college attendance rates and educational expenditure among families with children in Taiwan, paying particular attention to the effects of family structure and family income. The findings indicate that higher family income is consistently associated with higher college attendance rates and spending on education. Children in single-parent families have lower college attendance rates than children in two-parent families. Furthermore, single-parent families spend less on education. When family income is taken into account, single-mother families are not significantly different from two-parent families on the outcome variables. Single-father families, however, are estimated to have significantly lower college attendance rates and educational expenditure after controlling for family income. These results suggest that improving the economic security of single-parent families will increase their children's attainment in single-mother families but will not eliminate the attainment gap between children in single-father and two-parent families.
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Broderick, Amanda V., Gina M. Brelsford, and Martha E. Wadsworth. "Interparental Relationships among Low Income, Ethnically Diverse, Two-Parent Cohabiting Families." Journal of Child and Family Studies 28, no. 8 (May 21, 2019): 2259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01442-4.
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Brisson, Daniel, Stephanie Lechuga Peña, Nicole Mattocks, Mark Plassmeyer, and Sarah McCune. "Effects of the Your Family, Your Neighborhood Intervention on Neighborhood Social Processes." Social Work Research 43, no. 4 (November 25, 2019): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/swr/svz020.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to ascertain whether participation in the Your Family, Your Neighborhood (YFYN) intervention, an intervention for families living in low-income neighborhoods, leads to improved perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion and informal neighborhood social control. Fifty-two families in three low-income, urban neighborhoods participated in the manualized YFYN intervention. In this quasi-experimental study treatment families (n = 37) in two low-income neighborhoods received YFYN and control families (n = 15) from one separate low-income neighborhood did not. Families receiving YFYN attended 10 two-hour skills-based curriculum sessions during which they gathered for a community dinner and participated in parent- and child-specific skills-based groups. Treatment families reported increases in both neighborhood social cohesion and informal neighborhood social control after receiving YFYN. However, families receiving YFYN did not experience statistically significant improvements in perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion or informal neighborhood social control compared with nontreatment families. In conclusion, the delivery of YFYN in low-income neighborhoods may improve perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion. Further testing, with randomization and a larger sample, should be conducted to provide a more robust understanding of the impact of YFYN.
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ELDER, GLEN H., RAND D. CONGER, E. MICHAEL FOSTER, and MONIKA ARDELT. "Families Under Economic Pressure." Journal of Family Issues 13, no. 1 (March 1992): 5–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251392013001002.
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Within a context of increasing economic pressure in rural America, this study assesses family responses to this change and their consequences from the perspective of the household economy in middle-class families. It draws on the findings of largely separate fields of inquiry, including those on income level and loss, unemployment, and economic adjustments. Using survey and observational data on two-parent families in a midwestern rural county, the analysis shows that (a) adverse income change increases economic pressures and hardship adaptations in ways that match the effect of income level and exceed the influence of unstable work, (b) economic pressures and adaptations mediate the negative effects of economic adversity on emotional health and family relationships, (c) father's negativity in the family represents a stronger link between economic conditions and child behavior than does mother's negativity, and (d) economic pressure and father's negativity increase the risk of aggressive behavior and depressed feelings among boys and girls, especially in the absence of maternal support.
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Bryant, M. Lynne. "Bringing Home the Bacon, Times Two: A Look at Dual-Income Families." Compensation & Benefits Review 52, no. 2 (November 4, 2019): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368719883170.
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The construct of dual-income families is a complex one. There is no simple cause. There is no simple outcome. Therefore, I wrote this to share my story. Statistics are important but they can be dry, manipulated, or confusing. Stories are also important and they share the richer, more robust side of an issue. We need both. I offer my story; with my story, I will share five lessons I’ve learned in my two dual-income lives. I also offer some generic take-aways for employers, society and women.
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Bird, Gerald A., and Gloria W. Bird. "Determinants of Mobility in Two-Earner Families: Does the Wife's Income Count?" Journal of Marriage and the Family 47, no. 3 (August 1985): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/352279.
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Gensler, Howard. "Welfare and the family size decision of low-income, two-parent families." Applied Economics Letters 4, no. 10 (October 1997): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758533283.
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Pritchard, Mary E. "The value of the second income to two-earner families with children." Lifestyles Family and Economic Issues 11, no. 2 (1990): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00987077.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Two-income families"
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Gudmundsson, Amanda Jayne, and n/a. "Balancing Work and Family: Perspectives of Australian Dual-Earner Parents." Griffith University. School of Applied Psychology, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040512.164321.
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In contemporary Australian workplaces there now exists many employed parents who are endeavouring to balance participation between the two central life domains of work and family. For parents living in dual-earner families, simultaneously occupying work and family roles can be difficult and has been associated with outcomes such as physical and psychological health problems and organisational behaviour deficits. In contrast, parents satisfied with their combination of work and family roles have shown positive organisational attitudes and increased psychological health. The purpose of this research was to investigate the work and family role accumulation experiences of parents living in dual-earner couple relationships, and to explore the strategies and processes used by these parents to combine their work and family roles. This research was conducted using a two-phase cross-sectional methodology, incorporating qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. In the first instance, 32 mothers and fathers from intact dual-earner couples employed in lower-level or blue-collar jobs were interviewed at length regarding their work and family role accumulation experiences. The perceptions offered by these parents illustrated the difficulties and tensions they encountered in combining their roles as well as the rewards and benefits they associated with their lifestyle choice. In finding that dual-earner parents perceived both conflict and enhancement to be associated with work and family role accumulation, these results appeared to be paradoxically explained by the two competing theories of role occupancy, the role scarcity (Goode, 1960) and role expansion hypotheses (Sieber, 1974). However, further scrutiny of the data revealed that the role scarcity and role expansion hypotheses alone were not sufficient for explaining the choices that parents made about how they distributed their time and commitment between their dual-domain responsibilities. The parents' interviews contained numerous descriptions of behaviours and thoughts that represented female care provision and male income provision. Accordingly, it was interpreted that the linkages that these dual-earner parents made between their work and family roles were entrenched within traditional gender role identities and values. This signified that these parents either valued and identified with traditional gender parental roles, or were at least willing to recognise and conform to customary gender parental role behaviour, adjusting their participation and commitment to each primary life domain accordingly. The implication of this finding was that role identity value and commitment was an underlying concept linking the conflict and enhancement outcomes. Drawing upon this grounded theoretical direction, a quantitative questionnaire was distributed to parents employed in a range of occupations. The responses from 286 dual-earner parents to measures of work and parental role identity, and their perception of work and family role occupancy demands (time and stressors), were cluster analysed. The analysis recovered a stable three-cluster typology, suggesting that dual-earner parents are not a homogeneous category of people and that different groups of parents construct their occupancy of work and family roles in substantially different ways. The parents clustered into the first group (compromisers) appeared to have reached a somewhat compromised balance between their dominant parental role identity and the demands associated with their occupation of work and family roles, reporting a moderate amount of work/family conflict and enhancement. In contrast, the parents in the second cluster group (jugglers) were described as finding it difficult to adequately balance high work and family demands and a dominant work role identity, reporting high conflict and low enhancement outcomes. The parents in the third cluster group (accommodators) were described as having achieved an accommodated balance between the meaning they derived from their work and family roles and the demands of their work and family roles, reporting significantly stronger levels of work/family enhancement and lower levels of work/family conflict in comparison with the parents in the other two groups. Further analysis of the similarities and differences between the parents in the three cluster groups revealed that significant differences occurred by group on the dependent variable systems of family environment, work and family affect, workplace and personal resources, and work and family social support. The parents clustered into the compromisers and accommodators groups, who appeared to have reached congruency between their salient role identity and role occupancy demands, demonstrated significantly stronger levels of family cohesion, higher levels of family and childcare satisfaction, and lower rates of emotional exhaustion in comparison with the parents in the jugglers group. These parents also reported access to a larger social support network, the perception of greater levels of social support, and were more satisfied with their social support network in comparison with the parents in the jugglers group. It is suggested that these findings offer support for the proposition by Kofodimos (1993) that employed parents can achieve a balanced work/family lifestyle by devoting an appropriate amount of time and energy into their work and family roles to compliment their individual needs and values. In summary, the results of this research suggest that it is fundamental for future conceptual models of 'work and family' to incorporate the measurement of an individual's personal role identity and value as well as the distributional dimension of role accumulation demands. This thesis has thus contributed to the theoretical development of work and family role accumulation research, provided an insight into coping strategies and support processes used by dual-earner parents to balance their dual-domain responsibilities, and extended the demographic and occupational scope of the work and family literature.
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Gudmundsson, Amanda Jayne. "Balancing Work and Family: Perspectives of Australian Dual-Earner Parents." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365185.
Full textAbstract:
In contemporary Australian workplaces there now exists many employed parents who are endeavouring to balance participation between the two central life domains of work and family. For parents living in dual-earner families, simultaneously occupying work and family roles can be difficult and has been associated with outcomes such as physical and psychological health problems and organisational behaviour deficits. In contrast, parents satisfied with their combination of work and family roles have shown positive organisational attitudes and increased psychological health. The purpose of this research was to investigate the work and family role accumulation experiences of parents living in dual-earner couple relationships, and to explore the strategies and processes used by these parents to combine their work and family roles. This research was conducted using a two-phase cross-sectional methodology, incorporating qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. In the first instance, 32 mothers and fathers from intact dual-earner couples employed in lower-level or blue-collar jobs were interviewed at length regarding their work and family role accumulation experiences. The perceptions offered by these parents illustrated the difficulties and tensions they encountered in combining their roles as well as the rewards and benefits they associated with their lifestyle choice. In finding that dual-earner parents perceived both conflict and enhancement to be associated with work and family role accumulation, these results appeared to be paradoxically explained by the two competing theories of role occupancy, the role scarcity (Goode, 1960) and role expansion hypotheses (Sieber, 1974). However, further scrutiny of the data revealed that the role scarcity and role expansion hypotheses alone were not sufficient for explaining the choices that parents made about how they distributed their time and commitment between their dual-domain responsibilities. The parents' interviews contained numerous descriptions of behaviours and thoughts that represented female care provision and male income provision. Accordingly, it was interpreted that the linkages that these dual-earner parents made between their work and family roles were entrenched within traditional gender role identities and values. This signified that these parents either valued and identified with traditional gender parental roles, or were at least willing to recognise and conform to customary gender parental role behaviour, adjusting their participation and commitment to each primary life domain accordingly. The implication of this finding was that role identity value and commitment was an underlying concept linking the conflict and enhancement outcomes. Drawing upon this grounded theoretical direction, a quantitative questionnaire was distributed to parents employed in a range of occupations. The responses from 286 dual-earner parents to measures of work and parental role identity, and their perception of work and family role occupancy demands (time and stressors), were cluster analysed. The analysis recovered a stable three-cluster typology, suggesting that dual-earner parents are not a homogeneous category of people and that different groups of parents construct their occupancy of work and family roles in substantially different ways. The parents clustered into the first group (compromisers) appeared to have reached a somewhat compromised balance between their dominant parental role identity and the demands associated with their occupation of work and family roles, reporting a moderate amount of work/family conflict and enhancement. In contrast, the parents in the second cluster group (jugglers) were described as finding it difficult to adequately balance high work and family demands and a dominant work role identity, reporting high conflict and low enhancement outcomes. The parents in the third cluster group (accommodators) were described as having achieved an accommodated balance between the meaning they derived from their work and family roles and the demands of their work and family roles, reporting significantly stronger levels of work/family enhancement and lower levels of work/family conflict in comparison with the parents in the other two groups. Further analysis of the similarities and differences between the parents in the three cluster groups revealed that significant differences occurred by group on the dependent variable systems of family environment, work and family affect, workplace and personal resources, and work and family social support. The parents clustered into the compromisers and accommodators groups, who appeared to have reached congruency between their salient role identity and role occupancy demands, demonstrated significantly stronger levels of family cohesion, higher levels of family and childcare satisfaction, and lower rates of emotional exhaustion in comparison with the parents in the jugglers group. These parents also reported access to a larger social support network, the perception of greater levels of social support, and were more satisfied with their social support network in comparison with the parents in the jugglers group. It is suggested that these findings offer support for the proposition by Kofodimos (1993) that employed parents can achieve a balanced work/family lifestyle by devoting an appropriate amount of time and energy into their work and family roles to compliment their individual needs and values. In summary, the results of this research suggest that it is fundamental for future conceptual models of 'work and family' to incorporate the measurement of an individual's personal role identity and value as well as the distributional dimension of role accumulation demands. This thesis has thus contributed to the theoretical development of work and family role accumulation research, provided an insight into coping strategies and support processes used by dual-earner parents to balance their dual-domain responsibilities, and extended the demographic and occupational scope of the work and family literature.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology (Health)
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Pancsofar, Nadya Leotia Vernon-Feagans Lynne. "Contributions of biological resident fathers to early language development in two-parent families from low-income rural communities." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1769.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Education." Discipline: Education; Department/School: Education.
Books on the topic "Two-income families"
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Caryl, Rivers, ed. She works/he works: How two-income families are happy, healthy, and thriving. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1998.
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Caryl, Rivers, ed. She works/he works: How two-income families are happier, healthier, and better-off. [San Francisco, Calif.]: HarperSanFrancisco, 1996.
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Maxwell, Kathryn. Richer than you dreamed: How to take control of your two-income family's finances. New York: Clarkson Potter, 1992.
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Morissette, R. Income instability of lone parents, singles and two-parent families in Canada, 1984 to 2004. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Analytical Studies Branch, 2007.
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1971-, Tyagi Amelia Warren, ed. The two-income trap: Why middle-class mothers and father are going broke. New York: Basic Books, 2003.
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Jasso, Guillermina. A new continuous distribution and two new families of distributions based on the exponential. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2007.
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Nova Scotia Advisory Council on the Status of Women. Where is the inequity?: A comparison of tax paid by two-earner families that use child care and one-earner families with pre-school children at home. Halifax, N.S: The Council, 1989.
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Tyagi, Amelia Warren, and Elizabeth Warren. Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Parents Are Going Broke. Basic Books, 2016.
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Phillips, Deborah. Child Care for Low-Income Families: Summary of Two Workshops. Diane Pub Co, 1995.
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1971-, Tyagi Amelia Warren, ed. The two-income trap: Why middle-class mothers and fathers are going broke. 2016.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Two-income families"
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Rogoz, Mădălina, and Martina Sekulova. "Labour Mobility from Eastern European Welfare States: Zooming in on Romania and Slovakia." In IMISCOE Research Series, 105–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67615-5_7.
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AbstractIn the last two decades, care deficits in Western Europe have been fuelled by demographic and social transformations, such as population ageing, changes in household structures, welfare programme reforms and an altogether lesser involvement of the state in care provision. These care deficits, particularly in high-income countries, have been addressed through migrant labour which, in turn, contributes to increasing care needs in the migrants’ sending countries. Through the example of Romanian and Slovak caregivers working in 2- and 4-week shifts in Austria, this chapter explores the linkages between care workers’ strategies to address the care deficits in their families, the features of relevant welfare provisions in their respective countries of origin and the workers’ mobility patterns. The chapter argues that existing (limited) care needs in their respective families allow carers to engage in transnational work, while extensive care needs at home are a hindrance for working abroad. In other words, there seems to be a tipping point in the care needs of workers’ families, which results in care workers no longer wanting to work abroad but needing to remain in their countries of origin and care for family members instead. Furthermore, the chapter argues that labour mobility patterns are also influenced by the ‘familialistic’ orientation of relevant welfare provisions in sending countries. As limited formal services put pressure on families to continue providing care informally, institutional frameworks for childcare and care for the elderly also influence care workers’ mobility strategies.
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Ribar, David C., and Clement Wong. "Emerging Adulthood in Australia: How is this Stage Lived?" In Family Dynamics over the Life Course, 157–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12224-8_8.
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AbstractThe period during which young people are financially and residentially dependent on their parents is lengthening and extending into adulthood. This has created an in-between period of “emerging adulthood” where young people are legal adults but without the full responsibilities and autonomy of independent adults. There is considerable debate over whether emerging adulthood represents a new developmental phase in which young people invest in schooling, work experiences, and life skills to increase their later lifetime chances of success or a reflection of poor economic opportunities and high living costs that constrain young people into dependence. In this chapter we examine the incidence of emerging adulthood and the characteristics and behaviours of emerging adults, investigating data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. We find that a majority of young Australians who are 22 years old or younger are residentially and financial dependent on their parents and thus, emerging adults. We also find that a substantial minority of 23- to 25-year-olds meet this definition and that the proportion of young people who are emerging adults has grown over time. Emerging adults have autonomy in some spheres of their lives but not others. Most emerging adults are enrolled in school. Although most also work, they often do so through casual jobs and with low earnings. Young people with high-income parents receive co-residential and financial support longer than young people with low-income parents. Similarly, non-Indigenous young people and young people from two-parent families receive support for longer than Indigenous Australians or young people from single-parent backgrounds. The evidence strongly supports distinguishing emerging adulthood from other stages in the life course.
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Pilyasov, Alexander Nickolaevich, and Valeriy Aleksandrovich Kibenko. "The Phenomenon of Entrepreneurship in Reindeer Husbandry in Yamal: Assessment of the Situation, Paradoxes, and Contradictions." In Reindeer Husbandry, 255–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17625-8_10.
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AbstractThe chapter considers the development of domestic reindeer herding in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Region over the past 30 years in terms of an entrepreneurial paradigm. Individual reindeer herding families own almost 60% of all domestic reindeer in the region. The chapter describes two types of nomadic entrepreneurs: economically independent and those relying on state support as well as differences in their behavior patterns, cultural values, and nomadic routes. Two reindeer herding models are presented: the ‘meat model’ of the Yamalsky district and the ‘antler model’ of the Tazovsky and Priuralsky districts in Yamal. Both models determine the differences in terms of size, dynamics and structure of the herd, length of nomadic routes, structure of production income. Unlike the dominant point of view blaming irresponsible reindeer herders for the depletion of pastures, the authors of the article see the problem as an institutional one – the result of public policies that created wrong incentives for reindeer herding entrepreneurs in recent decades. This policy transferred them to the position of hired herders equal to the state workers. The authors propose reforms in Yamal reindeer herding that will ensure a decisive transition to an entrepreneurial model in reindeer husbandry and an algorithm for the reforms in the state support system.
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Kraus, Blahoslav. "Socioeconomic Situation and Satisfaction in the Family Life." In Contemporary Family Lifestyles in Central and Western Europe, 49–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48299-2_3.
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AbstractIn this chapter, the attention is paid to two fields which are linked with family lifestyle. The first one concerns socioeconomic situations in a family and shows that the economic side of family functioning is actually very essential these days. The importance of family economic situation is affirmed also in the results of our international survey. We asked what was the main family income, experience with unemployment and whether our respondents had possibility to save some money. Furthermore, we were interested in expenditure items and in evaluation of an overall standard of living by respondents. The Germans and then Czechs evaluated it as the best, the worst was found in families in Latvia. The second part monitors life satisfaction as a subjective feeling of well-being and is understood as a part of quality of life. To the question “How do you imagine a satisfied family?”, the most frequent response was—harmonic coexistence without conflicts, well-being, good health of all family members and material security. For the question “What do you lack to your satisfaction?” respondents stated—financial security and lack of free time for the family. However, there were specific differences among individual surveyed countries.
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Khare, Sarth. "Gurgaon: Unfinished City, a photographic essay." In Embodying Peripheries, 258–73. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-661-2.12.
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As Gurgaon expands horizontally and vertically, it continues to transition from farms to urban villages to a concrete maze. This photographic project documents the growth of Gurgaon a city recently developed near India's capital, Delhi. It is a booming financial and industrial center, home to most Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and has third highest per-capita income in India. As its advocates often like to point out, Delhi’s booming neighbor has 1,100 high-rises, at least 30 malls and thousands of small and big industries. On the other hand, as its detractors unfailingly like to note, the dust bowl’s population has grown two and a half fold, it has 12-hour power blackouts, and its groundwater would probably not last beyond this decade. Gurgaon's transformation began sometime around 1996, with the advent of Genpact, then a business unit of General Electric. Other multinational companies followed it slowly thereafter. It helped that the city was a few kilometers away from Delhi. Two decades on, Gurgaon is already "on its deathbed." From 0.8 million in 2001, the city is expected to reach a population of 6.9 million in 2031. It is speckled with glass buildings with curtain walls, and swish apartment blocks with Greco-Roman influences, but there is little water or power for them. These numbers alone don’t capture the lived reality of Gurgaon, though. The skyline that its older residents were accustomed to has completely disappeared. And yet on the periphery, one sees the "Unfinished City" growing. The landscapes and flora shouting; their sentiments brutalized by evictions and concrete. Slaughtered farms now seem witness to monstrosity with desolate faces and fading memories. Set in 2014 the project explores the ephemerality of Gurgaon’s glamor and defective town planning. Families had been displaced, laborers’ children were growing up on heaps of cement, and farmlands had turned into things of memories.
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Watson, Debbie, Sue Cohen, Nathan Evans, Marilyn Howard, Moestak Hussein, Sophie Mellor, Angela Piccini, and Simon Poulter. "Life Chances: thinking with art to generate new understandings of low-income situations." In Imagining Regulation Differently, 105–26. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348016.003.0007.
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This chapter explores how contemporary social practice art materialises interactions between regulatory regimes and low-income families with children and enables disruptions of regulatory regimes in ways not possible using traditional social science approaches. It focuses on a research team that included artists Close and Remote. Here, the chapter explains how the team co-produced, with community members and academics, a socially engaged artwork — Life Chances — that aimed to generate new knowledges about the regulatory regimes that low-income families with children experience. Aiming towards a form of improvisational empathy, Life Chances worked with Thomas More's (1516) Utopia and Ruth Levitas's (2013) Utopia as Method as ‘a form of speculative sociology of the future’. By staging and troubling contradictory notions of ‘life chances’ through art, the chapter specifically asks how the regulatory services that families encounter in two urban settings — the Easton area of Bristol and Butetown, Riverside and Grangetown in Cardiff — shape, constrain, and enable the life chances of individual families and communities.
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Marston, Greg, Louise Humpage, Michelle Peterie, Philip Mendes, Shelley Bielefeld, and Zoe Staines. "Why Income Management?" In Compulsory Income Management in Australia and New Zealand, 20–45. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447361497.003.0002.
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The basic question this chapter seeks to answer is, how did Australia and New Zealand arrive at a moment where they felt it was necessary to introduce policy changes that are quite unique compared with other countries. The focus of the discussion centres around notions of welfare and income support recipient subjectivities, noting the differences and similarities between the two countries in relation to narratives around race and nationalism in settler colonial societies, and the construction of families and children in the justification for the introduction of compulsory income management. Concerns about the welfare of children were prominent features of the debate in both countries, and young people were positioned as ‘vulnerable’ and at risk of not making a successful transition to the workforce. The data drawn on for this chapter is an analysis of Hansard documents, media discourse and interviews with politicians to provider an ‘insider’ perspective on the politics of compulsory income management. The analytical approach draws on interpretative policy analysis, paying explicit attention to values, discourse and subjectivities in constructing the social problem that income quarantining and welfare conditionality purports to address.
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Okazaki, Sumie, and Nancy Abelmann. "Ben." In Korean American Families in Immigrant America, 62–85. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479804207.003.0004.
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This chapter features the Koh family, who lived in a modest home located within an affluent suburban school district. The parents had worked various jobs in the service sector (primarily as owners or workers at a dry cleaner, with the father driving school buses to supplement income) and moved from Chicago city proper to an affluent suburb for better educational opportunity for their two teen boys. The Koh family is notable for the parents’ (especially the mother’s) concern about their older son’s masculinity and racial identity, in light of what the parents felt they experienced as targets of racism in their work lives. She worried that her Asian American son was seen as a “doormat” by his affluent White peers and encouraged his athletic pursuits as a countermeasure. The chapter follows the family’s immigration experience and parenting strategies, which were colored by various racial indignities and injustices, taking note of the fact that this family’s central concerns were not about fostering high academic achievement but about fortifying their sons with social capital to navigate the racialized landscape of their adopted home.
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Brighouse, Harry, and Adam Swift. "Introduction." In Family Values. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691126913.003.0008.
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The family poses two challenges to any theory of social justice. The egalitarian challenge focuses on the distribution of goods and opportunities between children born into different families. We can conceive those goods in a variety of ways. Economists tend to focus on expected income over the life-course; sociologists investigate chances of social mobility; philosophers typically think in more abstract terms such as resources or opportunities for well-being. But however we frame or measure the inequality, it is clear that children born into different families face unequal prospects....
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Eichner, Maxine. "The Death of the Welfare State and the Rise of Free-Market Family Policy." In The Free-Market Family, 176–92. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055479.003.0009.
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This chapter shows how, in the last decades of the twentieth century, the United States abandoned its view that insulating families from harm by market forces was a basic function of government. This shift began in the early 1970s. At that time, it had looked like the government would move further toward protecting families by enacting two proposed pieces of legislation: a guaranteed income plan for families with children and universal daycare. Both plans ultimately failed, however. Their failure was partly a product of happenstance, but two other forces were also at work. The first of these was the growing—but false—belief that government support for families weakened them, whereas markets made them strong. The second was the rising racist—and equally false—belief that the majority of government benefits were going to undeserving African Americans. These forces coalesced in the passage of welfare reform in 1996 and gave rise to the free-market family policy we have today.
Conference papers on the topic "Two-income families"
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Varga, Erzsebet Terez. "COMPARISON OF SEPARATED FAMILIES’ STANDARD OF LIVING IN GERMANY Analyzing the Equalised Incomes in Simulated Families after Child Support and Child Benefit Paid." In 36th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2022-0084.
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In this paper, I describe the inequality in the standard of living in Germany after divorce and compare their risk of poverty. The one-parent families have the highest poverty risk everywhere in the world. In Germany, a directive is available for anybody to determine the child support geared to the non-custodial parent’s disposable income. Assuming that the non-custodial parent pays child support following this directive of düsseldorfer tables I found deep differences in the equalised incomes of the divorced households in simulated cases. Equalised incomes were determined by two types of the OECD scales to make comparable the different composed families’ incomes. Both methods result in fewer life standards for one-parent households in more than 83 % of the cases, however, the risk of poverty is not higher for the custodial parent’s household. This indicates some modification in the directive: the respect of the custodial parent’s income and/or correction of the amounts in the tables mainly on the higher income categories.
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Milacek, McKenna S., Joshua Schultz, and Mark Muszynski. "Revisiting Low Income Residential Construction Options in Spokane." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0241.
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<p>Affordable housing plays an important role in providing equal opportunity for individuals within most communities in the United States. In the area of eastern Washington State, in particular, there is currently a dearth of affordable housing options; especially for larger families. This lack of three- and four- bedroom residences presents a challenge for the City of Spokane, and the low-income residents seeking housing. This paper provides a preliminary look at certain alternate construction approaches for stand-alone houses with the end goal of optimizing taxpayer funding available, and to reduce living expenses for occupants. Two possible alternative approaches [structural insulated panels (SIPs) and straw bale wall construction] are compared to traditional wood frame construction; all in terms of cost and structural performance. Alternate foundation options are also currently under consideration. It appears that certain alternate construction techniques are worthy of a fresh look; particularly straw bale construction.</p>
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Conde Gómez, Ana Lucia, Ignasi de Bofarull Torrents, and María Cerrato Lara. "YOUNG CHILDREN AND SCREEN-TIME: SPANISH RESEARCH GAP AND FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS PROPOSALS." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v2end089.
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"Nowadays, technology and digital screens have become an essential part of our routine. At the same time, young children are being exposed to these screens at an earlier age. Literature suggests that there is a digital gap between those children who have been trained to use technology critically and effectively and those who have not. Considering the relevance of the topic in developed societies, we will analyze the current national (Spain) and international literature on the issue. The objective of the study is to recognize the needs and weaknesses of Spanish research with the aim to offer an effective data collection tool for future research. The literature review reveals that as a result of COVID-19 pandemic, several new articles have been produced with the aim of analyzing the situation, anticipating possible consequences and providing action strategies and healthy routines for families and schools. On the international scene, during the last 10 years the number of studies about experts' recommendations, health concerns and the benefits of educational Apps has increased consistently. Focusing on national research, most Spanish studies exclude young children (0-6 years) and those who include them, focus on a specific field or analyze a small sample. To cover the research gap from 0-6 years old, we have designed two surveys, one for caregivers and one for preschool teachers. Some semi-structured interviews are also being considered to complement the quantitative data with qualitative information related to the perceptions, experiences, beliefs and practices of parents and teachers. The sample is divided into the main caregivers of young children and early education tutors of preschools in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. To include different socioeconomic status (SES), should be conducted in at least 30 preschool education centers distributed as follows: 10 schools located in low-income neighborhoods, 10 schools located in middle-income neighborhoods and 10 schools located in high-income neighborhoods."
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Johnson, Nathan G., Arne Hallam, Stuart Conway, and Mark Bryden. "Sustainable and Market-Based Analyses of Cooking Technologies in Developing Countries." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15375.
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Over two billion persons worldwide use biomass as their primary form of energy in household cooking. This creates significant adverse consequences to families in developing nations that use stoves made without technical advancements commonly used in the industrialized world. The often simple, ad-hoc stoves lead to harmful side effects including disease, pollution, injury, and deforestation. Further negative consequences arise in household economics when considering losses in labor, time spent gathering fuel, and high fuel costs relative to income. Because of this much research over the past 10-20 years has been conducted with developing better household cooking methods. Findings from these efforts produced more effective stoves to accommodate the needs of impoverished families. Many of these projects began with philanthropic interests and grants to aid the world's poor. However outside of lump-sum funds for materials and labor there is often be little available to sustain the technical or human resources needed for continued stove utilization. One method to approach sustainability involves a market-based approach to better insure continuation of the benefits of improved cookstoves. This paper provides an assessment of the benefits of advanced cooking devices to both consumers and producers. Further investigations demonstrate consumer and producer impediments in collaborating for mutual benefit. Through realization of the interests and constraints facing both sides, plausible processes can be drawn for holistic improvement of communities in relation to household cooking. This paper also provides various options for intervention and start-up as potential methods in creating sustainable markets for safe, cost-effective, and efficient stoves.
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Faurote, Shawn, Carrol Curtis, Daniel Jones, Andrew Otterson, Kevin Meyer, Leia Guccione, Kristopher Lineberry, et al. "Design a Product That Can Stimulate a Developing Nation’s Economy: Grain Mill." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61319.
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The purpose of this project was to design a product that would improve the standard of living, as well as stimulate the economy of a developing nation. Increasing food production was determined to be one of the greatest needs in emerging economies. Initial market research of indigenous grinding methods and diets of several developing nations pointed to a need for grain mills in Central and South America. In order to design a grain mill to meet this need, grain mill machines currently available in industrialized nations were first analyzed in order to determine the technical aspects that would be needed to construct an appropriate grain mill. The initial grain mill designed as well as prototyped weighs 40 pounds and can be assembled without any tools. The grain mill is able to efficiently grind corn into fine flour using a two-step grinding process. Using the two-step process, 1.5 pounds of grain can be milled in an hour. In addition, the grain mill can be easily disassembled for cleaning and transportation when necessary. Through analysis of the potential market’s income as well as looking at the production process, the price per grain mill is expected to be $50, a cost that is within the budget of many families and communities in the Americas.
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Johnson, Nathan G., Mark Bryden, and Angran Xiao. "Risk Analysis and Safety Evaluation of Biomass Cookstoves." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82112.
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Combustion of biomass in open fires and ad hoc unventilated stoves is the primary form of household energy for two to three billion people worldwide. These cookstoves have significant health, social, and economic impacts on poor families in developing countries. These impacts include disease, injury, excess time spent gathering fuel, deforestation, and high fuel costs relative to income. In an attempt to address many of these problems numerous non-governmental organizations have developed several biomass cookstove designs in the past five to ten years. These designs have generally focused on increasing fuel efficiency, and to a lesser degree, reducing particulate emissions. This emphasis has been driven largely by the availability of relatively straight forward fuel efficiency tests for biomass cookstoves developed 10–20 years ago and the ability of researchers to adapt current air pollution testing methods for stoves. In contrast there are no safety standards or hazard evaluations available for biomass cookstoves. Because of this the safety of the cookstove is seldom explicitly considered as a part of the design process. This paper addresses the basic safety issues that should be considered in the design of biomass stoves used in developing countries, describes the reasoning behind these safety issues, and proposes a set of safety guidelines for testing and evaluating stove safety. These guidelines are intended for testing and evaluating in the field as well as in the design lab.
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Burleson, Grace, Brian Butcher, Brianna Goodwin, and Kendra Sharp. "Assisting Economic Opportunity for Women Through Appropriate Engineering Design of a Soap-Making Process in Uganda." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59715.
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TERREWODE, a non-governmental organization in Uganda, works to eradicate obstetric fistula in local communities and provide income-generating skills training to the affected women. Obstetric fistula is a traumatic childbirth injury caused by prolonged, obstructed labor and delayed intervention. The condition is preventable with proper medical attention, however, in rural areas women who suffer from the condition are typically disowned from their families and communities [1]. As part of their social reintegration program, TERREWODE provides training for women post-treatment in multiple income-generating skill areas; jewelry making, baking, cooking, sewing, and buying/selling produce. The soap-making idea originated within TERREWODE itself and is intended to create an income stream for the women participating. The scope of this senior capstone project, in collaboration with several organizations, is to increase efficiency, reliability, and repeatability of the soap-making process and explore potential avenues for powering the system in an off-grid setting. A weighted-design matrix was used to make engineering decisions throughout the project. The two primary engineering aspects of this project were the selection of soap-making process (hot vs. cold) and the selection of a mixing device and powering unit. Understanding of appropriate manufacturing technologies in Uganda was necessary as all materials and tools needed to be locally available for success for the project. The hot process requires maintaining the soap mixture at a constant temperature for roughly two hours or until the gel phase occurs. This process allows for a short curing time, permitting the soap to be ready for use sooner. Opposing this, the cold process requires little cook time but a lengthy curing time. Experimental data showed that maintaining a consistent temperature over an extended period of time while using a cookstove is nearly impossible, even in a controlled lab environment. The cold process was selected as a better suited solution for manufacturing due to field conditions and available resources. A mixing device is crucial to the soap-making process. Due to the unreliability of grid-based electricity in the region, the team considered both a human-powered mixing solution and a solar-powered mixing solution [2]. TERREWODE leadership steered the team away from creating a human powered bike mixer for fear of discouraging women to participate, due to potential health and comfort issues. The team selected a solar powered system and has tested a U.S. manufactured prototype. The ultimate goal of this soap-making project is to provide an opportunity for victims and survivors of obstetric fistula to earn a livelihood. The work done by the Oregon State (OSU) mechanical engineering design team, in conjunction with the OSU Anthropology department, University of Oregon College of Business, several private artists and entrepreneurs, and TERREWODE, will provide potential improvements to the process and implementation plan to more effectively and economically create soap.
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Ochoa, Jose M., Irene Marincic, Maria G. Alpuche, Sofia Canseco, and Ana C. Borbon. "Bioclimatic and Energy Efficiency Considerations for Social Housing: A Case Study in Hot Dry Climate." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54552.
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The development of social housing In Mexico during the last decade has been supported by the different levels of government (federal, state, and municipal) in order to assist low-income families. The accelerated construction that takes place in order to address the housing deficit causes a reduction in the quality of design and construction, which is also affected by rising building costs. Environmental comfort conditions inside the dwellings are reduced drastically when houses are constructed without considering climate conditions, especially in hot arid regions. This situation generates uncomfortable thermal conditions for users and high-energy costs due to the unavoidable need of air conditioning. User profiles, architectural program, comfort preferences and guidelines for design and construction of future dwellings in the city of Hermosillo, in northwest Mexico, were determined by surveying beneficiaries of government affordable housing programs. One survey measured the degree of satisfaction of inhabitants in a sample of over 370 households; a second survey sampled 200 households and was aimed at determining aspects of comfort. This paper describes the results of thermal simulations carried out on two housing models. The first model represents the type usually constructed by commercial developers, and the second is a proposal developed by the research team according to guidelines based on the results of the research project described before. This study is a preliminary step in the construction of a physical model for experimental research and demonstration.
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Breda, Thalles Vichiato. "Dinâmica socioespacial: novas tendências na periferia geográfica da cidade de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Maestría en Planeación Urbana y Regional. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6032.
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O presente artigo busca mostrar mudança do paradigma centro-periferia através da análise da dinâmica
ocorrida na periferia geográfica de São Carlos, cidade brasileira de porte médio. Este trabalho faz parte
de uma pesquisa maior que procura entender o atual processo de apropriação do espaço urbano das
cidades médias no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Com dados estatísticos georreferenciados, utilizou-se
como variáveis de análise a renda familiar, a densidade demográfica e a tipologia habitacional,
destacando-se especialmente dois movimentos – o da implantação dos conjuntos habitacionais de
interesse social, destinados à população de baixa renda, e o da implantação de loteamentos
habitacionais com controle de acesso, destinados à população de média-alta e alta rendas. Como
resultado da pesquisa, foram identificadas novas formas de segregação socioespacial. This article aims to show the paradigm change center-periphery through an analysis of the current
dynamics that occurred in the geographical periphery of Sao Carlos, Brazil midsize city. This work is part
of a larger research that seeks to understand the current process of appropriation of the urban space of
the medium-sized cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. With geo-referenced statistical data, it is used as
analysis variables household income, population density and housing typology, highlighting especially two
movements - the deployment of housing of social interest, for the low-income population, the deployment
and of housing developments with access control, to the population of medium-high and high rents. As a
result of the research, new forms of socio-spatial segregation were identified.
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Madariaga, Rafael, Joan Carles Martori, and Ramón Oller. "Un nuevo enfoque para medir la desigualdad espacial de la renta en el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7568.
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Este artículo expone un nuevo enfoque para estimar la distribución espacial de la renta en el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona (AMB). En vez de estimar datos para áreas pequeñas partiendo de datos agregados y usando técnicas de inferencia, se ha elaborado una nueva base de datos que proporciona una estimación diferente de la distribución espacial de la renta salarial. La nueva base de datos, se ha obtenido enlazando estimaciones de salarios provenientes de la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial (EES) con datos del padrón de habitantes (1996) y del Censo (2001) desagregados por secciones censales. El resultado es una matriz de ingresos salariales para cada sección censal de los 36 municipios pertenecientes a la AMB y para dos periodos (1996-2002). Se utiliza la familia de Índices de Entropía Generalizada para calcular la desigualdad y su variación. Se presentan los componentes inter e intra-municipales de la medida de la desigualdad. This article puts forward a new approach for the estimation of the spatial distribution of earnings in the BMA. Instead of estimate data for small spatial units leaving from aggregated data and using inferential techniques, we create a new database which provides a different estimation for the spatial distribution of wage income in Barcelona Metropolitan Area (BMA). The database is obtained by matching data from the Wage Structure Survey (WSS) with data from the Census disaggregated by census tracts. It contains data on wage incomes for every census track for 36 municipalities belonging to the BMA in two periods (1995-2002). We use the family of Generalised Entropy Indices to measure the inequality and its variation. Further, we decompose the inequality into inter and intra-municipality measures.
Reports on the topic "Two-income families"
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Bano, Masooda. Low-Fee Private-Tuition Providers in Developing Countries: An Under-Appreciated and Under- Studied Market—Supply-Side Dynamics in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/107.
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Although low-income parents’ dependence on low-fee private schools has been actively documented in the past decade, existing research and policy discussions have failed to recognise their heavy reliance on low-fee tuition providers in order to ensure that their children complete the primary cycle. By mapping a vibrant supply of low-fee tuition providers in two neighbourhoods in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan, this paper argues for understanding the supply-side dynamics of this segment of the education market with the aim of designing better-informed policies, making better use of public spending on supporting private-sector players to reach the poor. Contrary to what is assumed in studies of the private tuition market, the low-fee tuition providers offering services in the Pakistani urban neighbourhoods are not teachers in government schools trying to make extra money by offering afternoon tutorial to children from their schools. Working from their homes, the tutors featured in this paper are mostly women who often have no formal teacher training but are imaginative in their use of a diverse set of teaching techniques to ensure that children from low-income households who cannot get support for education at home cope with their daily homework assignments and pass the annual exams to transition to the next grade. These tutors were motivated to offer tuition by a combination of factors ranging from the need to earn a living, a desire to stay productively engaged, and for some a commitment to help poor children. Arguing that parents expect them to take full responsibility for their children’s educational attainment, these providers view the poor quality of education in schools, the weak maternal involvement in children’s education, and changing cultural norms, whereby children no longer respect authority, as being key to explaining the prevailing low educational levels. The paper presents evidence that the private tuition providers, who may be viewed as education entrepreneurs, have the potential to be used by the state and development agencies to provide better quality education to children from low-income families.
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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.
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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.
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Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.
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The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation: A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.
Full textAbstract:
“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.