Academic literature on the topic 'Two-component vector'
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Journal articles on the topic "Two-component vector"
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Adamashvili, G. T. "Two-Component Vector Breather." Technical Physics Letters 47, no. 7 (July 2021): 532–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378502106002x.
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Hong Li, Hong Li. "Propagation and interaction of two-component vector dark solitons in the defocusing nonlinear media." Chinese Optics Letters 11, s2 (2013): S21902–321905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.s21902.
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Lyuksyutov, I., and E. Bauer. "Uniaxial incommensurate overlayers with two-component displacement vector." Surface Science 223, no. 3 (December 1989): 424–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(89)90671-7.
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Lyuksyutov, I., and E. Bauer. "Uniaxial incommensurate overlayers with two-component displacement vector." Surface Science Letters 223, no. 3 (December 1989): A590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2584(89)90894-3.
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Duan, Yishi, and Hong Zhang. "Line defects of a two-component vector order parameter." Physical Review E 60, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 2568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.60.2568.
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Li, D. Y., and C. W. MacKinnon. "Indexing of incommensurate satellite reflections in X-ray powder diffraction pattern of (Bi, Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (2223) phase." Powder Diffraction 12, no. 3 (September 1997): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088571560000960x.
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X-ray powder diffraction data and refined unit cell parameters for the (Bi, Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (2223) superconducting phase, indexed using incommensurate modulation principles, are reported. Comparison of the results obtained with one- and two-component modulation wave vectors showed that the two-component modulation wave vector is superior for indexing the satellite reflections. A two-component wave vector indexing result seems likely when only the powder diffraction data are considered.
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Amarante Ribeiro, L. A., and P. R. Silva. "Solitary Waves in a Two-Component Classical Vector Field Model." physica status solidi (b) 175, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): K5—K8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221750128.
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Albanese, R., and G. Rubinacci. "Magnetostatic field computations in terms of two-component vector potentials." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29, no. 3 (March 1990): 515–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620290305.
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Ji, Yi, and Hong-Bo Xie. "Myoelectric signal classification based on S transform and two-directional two-dimensional principal component analysis." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 7 (May 8, 2017): 2387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217704035.
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Time-frequency representiation has been intensively employed for the analysis of biomedical signals. In order to extract discriminative information, time-frequency matrix is often transformed into a 1D vector followed by principal component analysis (PCA). This study contributes a two-directional two-dimensional principal component analysis (2D2PCA)-based technique for time-frequency feature extraction. The S transform, integrating the strengths of short time Fourier transform and wavelet transform, is applied to perform the time-frequency decomposition. Then, 2D2PCA is directly conducted on the time-frequency matrix rather than 1D vectors for feature extraction. The proposed method can significantly reduce the computational cost while capture the directions of maximal time-frequency matrix variance. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by classifying eight hand motions using 4-channel myoelectric signals recorded in health subjects and amputees.
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Kirwan, A. D., and Mehrdad Massoudi. "The Heat Flux Vector(s) in a Two Component Fluid Mixture." Fluids 5, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020077.
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Bulk kinematic properties of mixtures such as velocity are known to be the density weighed averages of the constituent velocities. No such paradigm exists for the heat flux of mixtures when the constituents have different temperatures. Using standard principles such as frame indifference, we address this topic by developing linear constitutive equations for the constituent heat fluxes, the interaction force between constituents, and the stresses for a mixture of two fluids. Although these equations contain 18 phenomenological coefficients, we are able to use the Clausius-Duhem inequality to obtain inequalities involving the principal and cross flux coefficients. The theory is applied to some special cases and shown to reduce to standard results when the constituents have the same temperature.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Two-component vector"
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Бараннік, Волод Віктор. "The Video Stream Encoding Method in Infocommunication Systems." Thesis, 2018. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/5878.
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This paper substantiates the shortcomings of the methods of intraframe syntactic coding of predicted frames for information technologies of video stream processing and transmission. Basic approaches for improving technologies for syntactical coding of transformants with the formation of the space of identifiers of discrete positions of a two-dimensional structural-spectral description are substantiated. An effective syntactic representation of the transformed P-type frame segments is developed on the basis of one-dimensional two-base
object-position coding under conditions of flexible pair-element inequality. The construction of the reconstruction method for the context-dependent nonuniform length of the ID vector of the compressed TSS space is described.
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Mohammadzade, Narges Hoda. "Two- and Three-dimensional Face Recognition under Expression Variation." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32773.
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In this thesis, the expression variation problem in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) face recognition is tackled. While discriminant analysis (DA) methods are effective solutions for recognizing expression-variant 2D face images, they are not directly applicable when only a single sample image per subject is available. This problem is addressed in this thesis by introducing expression subspaces which can be used for synthesizing new expression images from subjects with only one sample image. It is proposed that by augmenting a generic training set with the gallery and their synthesized new expression images, and then training DA methods using this new set, the face recognition performance can be significantly improved. An important advantage of the proposed method is its simplicity; the expression of an image is transformed simply by projecting it into another subspace. The above proposed solution can also be used in general pattern recognition applications.
The above method can also be used in 3D face recognition where expression variation is a more serious issue. However, DA methods cannot be readily applied to 3D faces because of the lack of a proper alignment method for 3D faces. To solve this issue, a method is proposed for sampling the points of the face that correspond to the same facial features across all faces, denoted as the closest-normal points (CNPs). It is shown that the performance of the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method, applied to such an aligned representation of 3D faces, is significantly better than the performance of the state-of-the-art methods which, rely on one-by-one registration of the probe faces to every gallery face. Furthermore, as an important finding, it is shown that the surface normal vectors of the face provide a higher level of discriminatory information rather than the coordinates of the points.
In addition, the expression subspace approach is used for the recognition of 3D faces from single sample. By constructing expression subspaces from the surface normal vectors at the CNPs, the surface normal vectors of a 3D face with single sample can be synthesized under other expressions. As a result, by improving the estimation of the within-class scatter matrix using the synthesized samples, a significant improvement in the recognition performance is achieved.
Books on the topic "Two-component vector"
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The wave vector of light. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0022.
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This chapter shows how simple world lines of zero length can describe an undulatory aspect of light—namely, its frequency. It first encodes the information about the frequency of a monochromatic light wave in the zeroth component of its wave vector. An alternative method of taking into account the wave nature of light is based on the fact that the emission of successive light corpuscles by the source also defines the period of a light signal. To illustrate, the chapter provides the example of a light source and a receiver moving along the X axis of a frame S. Finally, this chapter illustrates the idea of a particle horizon as well as the limits of validity of the spectral shift formulas introduced in the chapter by the example of two objects which exchange light signals.
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Boules, Adel N. Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868781.001.0001.
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Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis is a beginning graduate textbook on real and functional analysis, with a substantial component on topology. The three leading chapters furnish background information on the real and complex number fields, a concise introduction to set theory, and a rigorous treatment of vector spaces. Instructors can choose material from this part as their students’ background warrants. Chapter 4 is the spine of the book and is essential for an effective reading of the rest of the book. It is an extensive study of metric spaces, including the core topics of completeness, compactness, and function spaces, with a good number of applications. The remaining chapters consist of an introduction to general topology, a classical treatment of Banach and Hilbert spaces, the elements of operator theory, and a deep account of measure and integration theories. Several courses can be based on the book. The entire book is suitable for a two-semester course on analysis, and material can be chosen to design one-semester courses on topology, real analysis, or functional analysis. The book is designed as an accessible classical introduction to the subject, aims to achieve excellent breadth and depth, and contains an abundance of examples and exercises. The topics are carefully sequenced, the proofs are detailed, and the writing style is clear and concise. The only prerequisites assumed are a thorough understanding of undergraduate real analysis and linear algebra, and a degree of mathematical maturity.
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Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Principles of oncogenesis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0322.
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It is obvious that the process of developing cancer—oncogenesis—is a multistep process. We know that smoking, obesity, and a family history are strong independent predictors of developing malignancy; yet, in clinics, we often see that some heavy smokers live into their nineties and that some people with close relatives affected by cancer spend many years worrying about a disease that, in the end, they never contract. For many centuries scientists have struggled to understand the process that make cancer cells different from normal cells. There were those in ancient times who believed that tumours were attributable to acts of the gods. Hippocrates suggested that cancer resulted from an imbalance between the black humour that came from the spleen, and the other three humours: blood, phlegm, and bile. It is only in the last 100 years that biologists have been able to characterize some of the pathways that lead to the uncontrolled replication seen in cancer, and subsequently examine exactly how these pathways evolve. The rampant nature by which cancer invades local and distant tissues, as well its apparent ability to spread between related individuals led some, such as Peyton Rous in 1910, to suggest that cancer was an infectious condition. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1966 for the 50 years of work into investigating a link between sarcoma in chickens and a retrovirus that became known as Rous sarcoma virus. He had shown how retroviruses are able to integrate sequences of DNA coding for errors in cellular replication control (oncogenes) by introducing into the human cell viral RNA together with a reverse transcriptase. Viruses are now implicated in many cancers, and in countries where viruses such as HIV and EBV are endemic, the high incidence of malignancies such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma is likely to be directly related. There are several families of viruses associated with cancer, broadly classed into DNA viruses, which mutate human genes using their own DNA, and retroviruses, like Rous sarcoma virus, which insert viral RNA into the cell, where it is then transcribed into genes. This link with viruses has not only led to an understanding that cancer originates from genetic mutations, but has also become a key focus in the design of new anticancer therapies. Traditional chemotherapies either alter DNA structure (as with cisplatin) or inhibit production of its component parts (as with 5-fluorouracil.) These broad-spectrum agents have many and varied side effects, largely due to their non-specific activity on replicating DNA throughout the body, not just in tumour cells. New vaccine therapies utilizing gene-coding viruses aim to restore deficient biological pathways or inhibit mutated ones specific to tumour cells. The hope is that these gene therapies will be effective and easily tolerated by patients, but development is currently progressing with caution. In a trial in France of ten children suffering from X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and who were injected with a vector that coded for the gene product they lacked, two of the children subsequently died from leukaemia. Further analysis confirmed that the DNA from the viral vector had become integrated into an existing, but normally inactive, proto-oncogene, LM02, triggering its conversion into an active oncogene, and the development of life-threatening malignancy. To understand how a tiny change in genetic structure could lead to such tragic consequences, we need to understand the molecular biology of the cell and, in particular, to pay attention to the pathways of growth regulation that are necessary in all mammalian cell populations. Errors in six key regulatory pathways are known as the ‘hallmarks of cancer’ and will be discussed in the rest of this chapter.
Book chapters on the topic "Two-component vector"
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Ota, Nobuyuki, Hisashi Ishihara, and Minoru Asada. "Principal Component Analysis of Two-Dimensional Flow Vector Fields on Human Facial Skin for Efficient Robot Face Design." In Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems, 203–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42417-0_19.
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Devi, L. Nirmala, and A. Nageswar Rao. "Hybrid Feature Vector-Assisted Action Representation for Human Action Recognition Using Support Vector Machines." In Methodologies and Applications of Computational Statistics for Machine Intelligence, 1–22. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7701-1.ch001.
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Human action recognition (HAR) is one of most significant research topics, and it has attracted the concentration of many researchers. Automatic HAR system is applied in several fields like visual surveillance, data retrieval, healthcare, etc. Based on this inspiration, in this chapter, the authors propose a new HAR model that considers an image as input and analyses and exposes the action present in it. Under the analysis phase, they implement two different feature extraction methods with the help of rotation invariant Gabor filter and edge adaptive wavelet filter. For every action image, a new vector called as composite feature vector is formulated and then subjected to dimensionality reduction through principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, the authors employ the most popular supervised machine learning algorithm (i.e., support vector machine [SVM]) for classification. Simulation is done over two standard datasets; they are KTH and Weizmann, and the performance is measured through an accuracy metric.
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Brock, Fred V., and Scott J. Richardson. "Anemometry." In Meteorological Measurement Systems. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195134513.003.0009.
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The function of an anemometer (sometimes with a wind vane) is to measure some or all components of the wind velocity vector. It is common to express the wind as a two-dimensional horizontal vector since the vertical component of the wind speed is usually small near the earth’s surface. In some cases, the vertical component is important and then we think of the wind vector as being three-dimensional. The vector can be written as orthogonal components (u, v, and sometimes w] where each component is the wind speed component blowing in the North, East, or vertically up direction. Alternatively, the vector can be written as a speed and a direction. In the horizontal case, the wind direction is the direction from which the wind is blowing measured in degrees clockwise from North. The wind vector can be expressed in three dimensions as the speed, direction in the horizontal plane as above, and the elevation angle. Standard units for wind speed (a scalar component of the velocity) are m s-1 and knots (nautical miles per hour). Some conversion factors are shown in table 7-1. Wind velocity is turbulent; that is, it is subject to variations in speed, direction, and period. The wind vector can be described in terms of mean flow and gustiness or variation about the mean. The WMO standard defines the mean as the average over 10 minutes. The ideal wind-measuring instrument would respond to the slightest breeze yet be rugged enough to withstand hurricane-force winds, respond to rapidly changing turbulent fluctuations, have a linear output, and exhibit simple dynamic performance characteristics. It is difficult to build sensors that will continue to respond to wind speeds as they approach zero or will survive as wind speeds become very large. Thus a variety of wind sensor designs and, even within a design type, a spectrum of implementations have evolved to meet our needs.
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Thepkanjana, Kingkarn, and Satoshi Uehara. "Verbal complexes in Thai." In Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages, 499–520. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759508.003.0019.
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This chapter investigates the serial verb constructions (SVC) in Thai, where the predicate takes the structure [V1 NP1 V2 (NP2)]. Focusing on a type of two-component SVC in which one component verb is the head and the other the modifier, we attempt to pinpoint those SVCs that correspond semantically to the Indian-type vector compound verbs, differentiating them from the Chinese-type resultative serial verbs. The V2 verbs, which are drawn from a limited set of verbs, modify the main verbs in V1 in terms of grammatical aspectual meanings or pragmatic meanings. The grammatical aspectual meaning of V2 is a part of the propositional meaning of the verbal complex and is relatively easy to identify. Most V2s in Thai verbal complexes modify V1s in terms of pragmatic specifications, which are rather difficult to spell out, and can be omitted without affecting the propositional meaning. These V2s are considered analogous to vector verbs.
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Kraus, Eric B., and Joost A. Businger. "Basic Concepts." In Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195066180.003.0005.
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Both Cartesian tensor and vector notation will be used in this text. The notation xi means the i-component of the vector x = (x1 x2, x3). When used in the argument of a function [e.g., f(xi)], xi, represents the whole vector, so that f(xi) stands for f(xl,x2,x3). Repeated indices indicate summations over all coordinate directions, (uiui = u2i = u21 + u22 + u23). Two special and frequently used tensors are the unit tensor δij and the alternating tensor ∊ijk. The unit tensor has components equal to unity for i = j and zero for i ≠ j. The alternating tensor has components equal to +1 when the indices are in cyclical sequence 1, 2, 3 or 2, 3, 1 or 3, 1,2; equal to -1 when the indices are not cyclical; and equal to zero when two indices are the same. The vorticity vector is defined by the relation The symbol = is used throughout to represent a definition or identity. Conditions near the sea surface are usually very anisotropic. It is often desirable to distinguish between the horizontal and vertical directions. We shall do so by using an x, y, z coordinate system with the origin at mean sea level and the z -axis pointing upward. Unless otherwise specified, the x and y directions will be toward east and north. The vertical velocity will be denoted by W; the horizontal velocity by the vector U with components U and V. Unity vectors in the x, y, z directions are denoted by i, j, k. The usual vector operation symbols will be used only to represent operations within the horizontal plane. For example, In a fluid one has to distinguish between local changes and changes that are experienced by an individual fluid element as it moves about. The former can be recorded by a fixed sensor and is represented by the partial time differential. The individual change could only be recorded by a sensor that would float with the element. It is denoted by the total time differential In a treatise that covers such a variety of topics, some use of the same symbols for different properties is inevitable.
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Ahmad, Rauf, and Silvelyn Zwanzig. "On Total Least Squares Estimation for Longitudinal Errors-in-Variables Models." In Measurement Error in Longitudinal Data, 359–80. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859987.003.0015.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate the total least squares (TLS) estimator for the linear mixed model when the design matrix is subject to measurement errors, with special focus on models for longitudinal or repeated-measures data. We consider measurement errors only in the design matrix concerning the fixed part of the model and estimate its corresponding parameter vector under the TLS set up. After treating two variants of the general case, the random coefficient model is discussed as a special case. We evaluate conditions, on the design matrices as well as on variance component parameters, under which a reasonable TLS estimator can be expected in such models. Analysis of a real data example is also provided.
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Hernandez-Garcia, Miguel, and Mauricio Sanchez-Silva. "Learning Machines for Structural Damage Detection." In Intelligent Computational Paradigms in Earthquake Engineering, 158–87. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-099-8.ch008.
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The complexity of civil infrastructure systems and the need to keep essential systems operating after unexpected events such as earthquakes demands the development of reliable health monitoring techniques to detect the existence, location, and severity of any damage in real time. This chapter presents an overview of structural health monitoring techniques. Furthermore, it describes a methodology for damage detection based on extracting the dynamic features of structural systems from measured vibration time histories by using independent component analysis. Based on this analysis, statistical learning theory is used to determine and classify damage. In particular, an illustrative example is presented within which artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machines (SVMs) are compared. ANNs and SVMs are of important value in engineering classification problems. They are two applications of the principles of statistical learning theory, which provides a great variety of pattern recognition tools. The results show that data reduction from acceleration time histories using independent component analysis (ICA), followed by an implementation of learning machines applied to pattern recognition provide a grounded model for structural health monitoring.
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Sydorenko, Yuliia. "TERMS AS UNITS OF TRANSLATION." In European vector of development of the modern scientific researches. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-077-3-19.
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The purpose of the paper is to determine the features of the translation of technical terms from English into Ukrainian. A term is a word or phrase that expresses a clearly defined concept in a particular field of science, technology, art, socio-political life, and so on. Scientific and technical terminology is a wide layer of vocabulary that develops intensively and actively interacts with other layers of the vocabulary of the language, primarily with common vocabulary. Unlike commonly used words, terms are usually unambiguous, they are not characterized by expression. Some terms have lost a purely special character and are widely used in various parts of speech, while others retain a narrowly specialized use. Peculiarities of terms, as well as their translation into Ukrainian were studied by such linguists as G. Bezhenar, I. Beloded, I.Volkova, M.Volodina, B.Golovin, V.Danylenko, А. Dyakov, T Kiyak, R. Korobin, D Lotte, A. Naumenko, O. Oguy, E. Pirikov and others. Terms, as specific lexical units of language, are characterized by such features as accuracy, unambiguity, systematicity, objectivity and motivation. Translation of complex terms consists of two main procedures - analytical and synthetic. An important role in the translation of phrases is played by the analytical stage - the translation of its individual components. And for this it is necessary to correctly define the components of a complex term, because they can be not only words but also phrases that are part of a complex term. The main means of translating terms-phrases are descriptive method, transcription and tracing. The most difficult to translate are terms that have different meanings not only in different fields of science and technology, but even in one field. The main problem of translation of terms and terms-phrases is their ambiguity not only among different branches of science, but also within the technical field itself. Terms are units of language and professional knowledge that ensure the effectiveness of intercultural communication. For this reason, the greatest practical significance in the translation of scientific and technical texts is the equivalent translation of terminology. Differences in the lexical structure and morphosyntactic structure of terms have objective linguistic reasons: English terms, the structure of which includes a substantive defining component (noun or noun group), cannot be translated into Ukrainian without differences in morphosyntactic structure due to differences in the grammatical structure of languages.
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Zinn-Justin, Jean. "The non-linear σ-model near two dimensions: Phase structure." In Quantum Field Theory and Critical Phenomena, 458–88. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834625.003.0019.
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This chapter is devoted to the study of the non-linear σ-model, a quantum field theory (QFT) where the (scalar) field is an N-component vector of fixed length, mostly in dimensions close to 2. The model possesses a global, non-linearly realized symmetry, O(N) symmetry: under a group transformation, the transformed field is a non-linear function of the field itself. The non-linear σ-model belongs to a class of models constructed on special homogeneous spaces, symmetric spaces that, as Riemannian manifolds, admit a unique metric. Unlike what happens in a (ϕ2)2 -like field theory with the same symmetry, in the non-linear σ-model, in the tree approximation, the O(N) symmetry is always spontaneously broken: the action describes the interactions of (N−1) massless fields, the Goldstone modes. Since the fields are massless, in two dimensions infrared divergences appear in the perturbative expansion and an infrared regulator is required. To understand the phase structure beyond leading order, a renormalization group (RG) analysis is necessary. This requires understanding how the model renormalizes. Power counting shows that the model is renormalizable in two dimensions. Since the field then is dimensionless, although the degree of divergence of Feynman diagrams is bounded, an infinite number of counterterms is generated, because all correlation functions are divergent. A quadratic master equation satisfied by the generating functional of vertex functions is derived, which makes it possible to prove that the coefficients of all counterterms are related, and that the renormalized theory depends only on two parameters.
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Singhal, Vanika, and Preety Singh. "Selected Shape and Texture Features for Automatic Detection of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." In Biomedical Signal and Image Processing in Patient Care, 162–83. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2829-6.ch009.
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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is a cancer of blood caused due to increase in number of immature lymphocyte cells. Detection is done manually by skilled pathologists which is time consuming and depends on the skills of the pathologist. The authors propose a methodology for discrimination of a normal lymphocyte cell from a malignant one by processing the blood sample image. Automatic detection process will reduce the diagnosis time and not be limited by human interpretation. The lymphocyte images are classified based on two types of extracted features: shape and texture. To identify prominent shape features, Correlation based Feature Selection is applied. Principal Component Analysis is applied on the texture features to reduce their dimensionality. Support Vector Machine is used for classification. It is observed that 16 shape features are able to give a classification accuracy of 92.3% and that changes in the geometrical properties of the nucleus emerge as significant features contributing towards detecting a malignant lymphocyte.
Conference papers on the topic "Two-component vector"
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Zhang, Xiaoyu, Jiexin Pu, and Xinhan Huang. "Face Detection Based on Two Dimensional Principal Component Analysis and Support Vector Machine." In 2006 International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma.2006.257849.
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Schlitt, H. A., K. Rehm, W. J. Dallas, and W. H. Kullmann. "Extrapolation Of Two Vector Components Of A Biomagnetic Field From Measurements Of The Third Component." In 1989 Medical Imaging, edited by Samuel J. Dwyer III, R. Gilbert Jost, and Roger H. Schneider. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.953185.
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Chen-Chung Liu and Shiuan-You Chin. "A face identification algorithm using support vector machine based on binary two dimensional principal component analysis." In IET International Conference on Frontier Computing. Theory, Technologies and Applications. IET, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2010.0560.
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You, Lixin, and Hongtan Liu. "A Two-Phase and Multi-Component Model for the Cathode of PEM Fuel Cells." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/htd-24273.
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Abstract A two-dimensional, two-phase and multi-component flow and transport model has been developed to simulate the flow and transport phenomena in the cathodes of PEM fuel cells. First, the governing equations based on a “two-phase mixture model” are derived by using a unified approach that describes the flow and transport in the gas channel and gas diffuser simultaneously. Then, the detailed boundary conditions are discussed especially at the gas diffuser/catalyst layer interface, which couples the flow, transport, potential and current density in the anode, the catalyst layer and membrane. Next, the model is validated by comparing the modeling results with experimental data. Further, typical distributions of oxygen and water-mass fraction in the “two-phase mixture,” as well as water vapor mass fraction, liquid saturation and liquid velocity vector are presented. Finally, the model is used to study the influences of two of the most critical issues of PEM fuel cell operation: i.e., the water and the thermal management on the two-phase flow. It was found that the two-phase flow characteristics in the cathode depend on some of the following factors: current density, operating temperature, and cathode and anode humidification temperatures. The dependence of the formation and the distribution of the two-phase flow in the gas diffuser and gas channel on these factors is explored. By studying the effects of these parameters on the two-phase flow and the fuel cell performance, the model can be used to study a water and thermal management scheme.
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Kwon, Jaesung, Dohyun Kim, and Kang Y. Huh. "Analysis of Mean Orientation Vector and Mean Curvature in Statistically Steady Turbulent Premixed Combustion." In ASME/JSME/KSME 2015 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2015-06426.
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Formal governing equations are derived for the mean orientation vector, 〈n〉f, and the mean curvature, 〈∇ · n〉f, in turbulent premixed combustion. Balance is checked to evaluate all component terms and to understand their physical implications in DNS of two test flames. The terms involving ∇T(vn + Sd) and n″(vn + Sd)″ are dominant to determine 〈n〉f through a flame brush and at the leading edge. All listed terms are relevant to determine 〈∇·n〉f, while those involving ∇T2νn+SdΣ′f and (∇·n)″ (vn + Sd)″ become important at the edges. Different trends are observed on the dominant terms for thicker flamelets with the Karlovitz number greater than unity. Further investigation may be required to clarify relative importance of the component terms in different regimes of realistic flame conditions.
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Lee, B. J., and Z. M. Zhang. "Energy Streamlines in Near-Field Thermal Radiation." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52210.
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In the present paper, we investigate the energy propagation direction in near-field thermal radiation between two semi-infinite surfaces separated by a vacuum gap. Based on the fluctuational electrodynamics, we demonstrate in detail that Poynting vectors for each parallel wavevector component (β) are decoupled due to the randomness of thermal radiation. The results reveal that the spectral radiative energy is transferred in infinite directions. By separately tracing the Poynting vector for each given β, the energy propagation direction in the vacuum gap is visualized. Depending on β values, there exist considerable lateral shifts of the energy streamline. The range of β values dominantly contributing to the spectral energy flux is identified for different wavelengths. Furthermore, the effect of surface polaritons on the lateral shift is also discussed.
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Panton, Ronald L. "Wall-Pressure Fluctuations Under a Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0085.
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Abstract This paper gives a simple model of the pressure spectrum in wavenumber-phase velocity space for three-dimensional boundary layers. Equally as important is the definition proposed for a vector convection velocity and the method proposed for conversion of wavenumber-frequency variables into wavenumber-phase velocity variables. In three-dimensional flows one must define a phase speed that is a vector c = (c1, C3). A complete vector wave speed cannot be determined from pressure data, however, the component ck in the direction of k, ck ≡ Ω/k, can be defined and is found to be sufficient. Here k is the wave vector magnitude and α its direction. This allows the spectrum function to be well represented in the polar form Φ(k, α, ck). Moreover, for given k, a convection velocity may be defined as the point of maximum Φ(k, α, ck). Convection velocity is expressed in the form of a magnitude ck_max(k) and direction αmax(k). The three-dimensional spectrum model was produced as a generalization of Witting’s two-dimensional model. By splitting the boundary layer into two parts, the simplest generalization is formulated. Each part has its own transport velocity vector. Sample calculations are displayed as contour plots of Φ (ck, α) for fixed wavenumber k. On such plots the maximum is the convection velocity. The plots reveal an abrupt transition in the spectrum as the wavenumber increases; a result of the two layer assumption.
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Pan, Li, and Marek Niewczas. "Dynamic Relaxation and New Periodic Symmetry Technique for Simulating Interactions Between Dislocations." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93315.
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Studies of the interaction between two edge dislocations have been carried out by coupled Dynamic Relaxation (DR) technique, the Embedded Atom method (EAM) potential function and a newly developed periodic symmetry method. The effects of boundary conditions and external tractions are examined for the case of edge dislocations with the same or opposite Burgers vectors gliding on physically the same planes, and for dislocations with opposite Burgers vectors gliding on parallel planes. The results show that as expected, edge dislocations dissociate into Shockley partials to minimize their energy. Depending upon the sign of the Burgers vector of component dislocations, various defect configurations are obtained after the relaxation. A more stable defect configuration replaces the well-known structure of the perfect dipole when the distance between the slip planes decreases. This leads to the formation of faulted dipoles in Z configuration. The relaxation results depend upon parameters such as dipole height, initial dipole configuration and also external tractions applied to the system. These parameters together with the atomistic mechanism of transformation of perfect dipole into the Z dipole are studied. The suitability of the technique for simulating complex defect structures in crystalline material is discussed.
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Ramachandran, Madhumitha, Jon Keegan, and Zahed Siddique. "Degradation Assessment of Reciprocating Seal Using Support Vector Regression." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2820.
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Abstract Reciprocating seal located directly on the rod/piston of a reciprocating equipment is used for preventing leakage and reducing wear between two parts that are in relative motion. Degradation assessment of reciprocating seal is extremely important in the manufacturing industry to avoid fatal breakdown of reciprocating equipment and machines. In this paper, we have proposed a data-driven prognostics approach using friction force to predict the degradation of reciprocating seal using Support Vector Regression. Statistical time domain features are extracted from friction force signal to reduce the complexity of raw data. Principal Component Analysis is used to fuse the relevant features and remove the redundant features from the process. Based on the selected features, a Support Vector Regression model is then built and trained for the prediction of seal degradation. A Grid search method is used to tune the hyperparameters in the SVR model. Run-to-failure data collected from an experimental test set-up is used to validate the proposed methodology. The study findings indicate that a small set of relevant features which can represent the pattern related to degradation is sufficient to have a high prediction accuracy. The seal tested for this study comes from oil and gas industry, but the proposed method can be implemented in any industry with reciprocating equipment and machines.
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Dominguez-Ontiveros, Elvis E., Carlos Estrada-Perez, and Yassin A. Hassan. "Time and Spatial Pressure and Velocity Correlation in a Microbubble Laden Boundary Layer." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37291.
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Measurements of the velocity fields and wall pressure have been performed in a microbubble laden boundary layer in order to have a better understanding of the degree of correlation between these two parameters. Cross-correlation coefficients have been obtained from synchronized measurements of pressure and velocity at different distances from the wall in a channel flow. The results show a high correlation between pressure and both the streamwise and normal components of the velocity vector for the two-phase flow case. In contrast, the correlation coefficient between pressure and velocity is high only for the streamwise component of the velocity vector for single phase flow (no microbubbles in the flow). A practical application of these measurements is obtaining data and information to better describe the mechanism responsible for the microbubble drag reduction phenomenon, which has great potential for energy savings on different transport means.
Reports on the topic "Two-component vector"
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Pirone, Thomas P., Benjamin Raccah, and Nor Chejanovsky. Vector Specificity in Potyvirus Transmission: Role of the Helper Component. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586456.bard.
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Objectives: The overall objective of this research was to gain a better understanding of how potyviruses interact with their aphid vectors. The aim was to design new approaches for prevention of potyvirus spread by aphids. The sub-objectives included: (1). Determination of which of the HCs of different potyviruses effect efficient transmission by specific aphid vectors; (2). Determine regions in the HC that play a role in their compatibility with the vector; (3). Determine the factors within the aphid stylets that modify HC activity in transmission. Background of the topic: Background to the topic: Potyviruses are typical non persistent viruses. They are retained within the vector’s stylets and rapidly lost by the vector. Some potyviruses greatly differ in their ability to be transmitted by different aphid species. The present work centered on analyzing factors that may modify the interactions between the "helper component"(HC), the virions and the aphid species involved. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: It was established that specificity of transmission may depend on aphid species used. It was also shown that specificity may depend on the affinity between HC and virion. However, the attempts to create activechimericTEV/TuMVHCs or ZYMV/TuMVHCs to identify the regions that determine interaction with a specific vector(s), were not successful. More progress was attained in objective 3: In Kentucky, tests were conducted to ascertain retention tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) HC in the stylets of L. erysimicompared to that in M. persicae. Ultra-thin section of stylets of aphids that fed on either TuMVHC or TVMVHC antibodies were treated with gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibodies.TuMV was seen in 25% the stylets of L. erysimi when they acquired TuMVHC but not when they acquired TVMVHC. In M. persicae, TVMVHC was present in 30% of the stylets. . Transmission with TuMVHC was not affected by treatment with L. erysimi saliva whereas transmission with PVYHC (which also is not functional in L. erysimi) was consistently reduced by about half. Saliva from M. persicaehad essentially no effect on either HC. The possible role aphid cuticle proteins (which are found on the stylets surface) in the association with the potyviralHC was investigated in Israel. This was done adopting two approaches: (a) isolation of cuticular proteins from aphid cuticle; (b) screening for genes encoding cuticular proteins. In the first approach, we succeeded in extracting proteins from whole homogenized M. persicaeusing concentrated urea. The extracted protein served for preparation of anti cuticular antibodies. In overlay experiments it was found that cuticular proteins specifically bind to ZYMVHC. In addition, a cDNA library of M. persicae has been prepared. Genes encoding for cuticular proteins were ascertained using antibodies to cuticular proteins. This allowed reporting the sequence of the first cuticular gene of aphids and comparing it in six aphid species. Implications, scientific and agricultural: Achievements: (1) Proofs were provided for the role of the specificity of the aphid species to the HC of certain potyviruses; (2) aphid’s saliva was found to affects transmission efficiency; (3) cuticle protein genes were isolated for the first time from aphid species and an association of cuticle protein with the potyviralHC was discerned. Agricultural and/or economic impact of the research findings: At this stage of research, our finding do not bear an agricultural or economic impact.
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.
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The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.
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Bar-Joseph, Moshe, William O. Dawson, and Munir Mawassi. Role of Defective RNAs in Citrus Tristeza Virus Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575279.bard.
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This program focused on citrus tristeza virus (CTV), the largest and one of the most complex RNA-plant-viruses. The economic importance of this virus to the US and Israeli citrus industries, its uniqueness among RNA viruses and the possibility to tame the virus and eventually turn it into a useful tool for the protection and genetic improvement of citrus trees justify these continued efforts. Although the overall goal of this project was to study the role(s) of CTV associated defective (d)-RNAs in CTV-induced diseases, considerable research efforts had to be devoted to the engineering of the helper virus which provides the machinery to allow dRNA replication. Considerable progress was made through three main lines of complementary studies. For the first time, the generation of an engineered CTV genetic system that is capable of infecting citrus plants with in vitro modified virus was achieved. Considering that this RNA virus consists of a 20 kb genome, much larger than any other previously developed similar genetic system, completing this goal was an extremely difficult task that was accomplished by the effective collaboration and complementarity of both partners. Other full-length genomic CTV isolates were sequenced and populations examined, resulting in a new level of understanding of population complexities and dynamics in the US and Israel. In addition, this project has now considerably advanced our understanding and ability to manipulate dRNAs, a new class of genetic elements of closteroviruses, which were first found in the Israeli VT isolate and later shown to be omnipresent in CTV populations. We have characterized additional natural dRNAs and have shown that production of subgenomic mRNAs can be involved in the generation of dRNAs. We have molecularly cloned natural dRNAs and directly inoculated citrus plants with 35S-cDNA constructs and have shown that specific dRNAs are correlated with specific disease symptoms. Systems to examine dRNA replication in protoplasts were developed and the requirements for dRNA replication were defined. Several artificial dRNAs that replicate efficiently with a helper virus were created from infectious full-genomic cDNAs. Elements that allow the specific replication of dRNAs by heterologous helper viruses also were defined. The T36-derived dRNAs were replicated efficiently by a range of different wild CTV isolates and hybrid dRNAs with heterologous termini are efficiently replicated with T36 as helper. In addition we found: 1) All CTV genes except of the p6 gene product from the conserved signature block of the Closteroviridae are obligate for assembly, infectivity, and serial protoplast passage; 2) The p20 protein is a major component of the amorphous inclusion bodies of infected cells; and 3) Novel 5'-Co-terminal RNAs in CTV infected cells were characterized. These results have considerably advanced our basic understanding of the molecular biology of CTV and CTV-dRNAs and form the platform for the future manipulation of this complicated virus. As a result of these developments, the way is now open to turn constructs of this viral plant pathogen into new tools for protecting citrus against severe CTV terms and development of virus-based expression vectors for other citrus improvement needs. In conclusion, this research program has accomplished two main interconnected missions, the collection of basic information on the molecular and biological characteristics of the virus and its associated dRNAs toward development of management strategies against severe diseases caused by the virus and building of novel research tools to improve citrus varieties. Reaching these goals will allow us to advance this project to a new phase of turning the virus from a pathogen to an ally.