Relevant bibliographies by topics / Two-Color Ratio Pyrometry

Academic literature on the topic 'Two-Color Ratio Pyrometry'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Two-Color Ratio Pyrometry"

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Bhattacharjee, S., M. King, W. Cobb, R. A. Altenkirch, and K. Wakai. "Approximate Two-Color Emission Pyrometry." Journal of Heat Transfer 122, no. 1 (August 2, 1999): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.521431.

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Approximate methods for the determination of a temperature field using pure emission pyrometry applied to a two-dimensional nonoptically thin flame without variation along a line of sight are presented. In the absence of an absorption measurement, emission pyrometry depends on theoretical spectral information. Limitations of existing techniques stem from the fact that spectral information is a function of temperature only for the optically thin situation, by and large the situation to which current techniques apply, and temperatures above 1000 K. Through extensive narrow-band calculation using a simulated flame over polymethylmethacrylate, we show that the spectral information contained in the equivalent bandwidth ratio is approximately a constant for the 2.8 μm/1.8 μm band pair and appropriate bandwidths. The constant can be evaluated from emission measurements at a point where the temperature is known or can be estimated using, e.g., the maximum flame temperature of a simulated flame and the peak band intensities. The temperature field evaluated with this approximately constant value of the equivalent bandwidth ratio, Ar, is accurate to within five percent for temperatures down to 450 K. [S0022-1481(00)02601-3]
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Khosravi, Mahdiar, and Patrick Kirchen. "Refinement of the two-color pyrometry method for application in a direct injection diesel and natural gas compression-ignition engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 14 (March 11, 2019): 3787–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019832774.

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The soot emissions from internal combustion engines have significant health and environmental impacts and, as such, are subject to increasingly stringent regulations. Two-color pyrometry provides the in-cylinder soot cloud temperature and soot volume fraction and can provide insight to the in-cylinder soot formation and oxidation processes to guide research for reducing engine-out soot emissions. This work demonstrates improvements to the two-color pyrometry methodology, with a focus on low-temperature, low-soot regimes such as low-temperature combustion or combustion of direct injected natural gas. Through selection of a fast and robust numerical algorithm, characterizing and increasing the detection envelope, performing static and dynamic perspective adjustments, accounting for non-uniform and non-linear system response, as well as localized signal-to-noise ratio enhancement through image filtering, the performance of the pyrometric method was improved by a 40% increase in the resolved signal fraction. The refined two-color method was evaluated for both direct injected diesel and natural gas fueling strategies using a pilot-ignited direct injected natural gas fuel system and facilitated evaluation of local temperatures and soot concentrations in pilot-ignited direct injected natural gas combustion, despite the generally low soot levels in this combustion strategy.
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Deep, Sneh, and Gopalan Jagadeesh. "Spatially resolved solid-phase temperature characterization in a sillimanite tube furnace using a broadband two-color ratio pyrometry." Review of Scientific Instruments 90, no. 7 (July 2019): 074903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5088149.

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Deep, Sneh, Yedhu Krishna, and Gopalan Jagadeesh. "Temperature characterization of a radiating gas layer using digital-single-lens-reflex-camera-based two-color ratio pyrometry." Applied Optics 56, no. 30 (October 19, 2017): 8492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.56.008492.

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Shim, Hanseul, Sanghoon Lee, Jae Gang Kim, and Gisu Park. "CO2 number density measurement in a shock tube with preheated carbon surface." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 6 (June 2022): 067105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0095517.

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The interaction between a heated carbon-based material and high-temperature air may produce ablation gas species such as CO2, affecting heat transfer onto the surface of a thermal protection system. The prediction of ablation gas production is critical for heat flux prediction and the design of a thermal protection system. In this study, we present a system that measures the number density of CO2 formed by the gas–surface interaction between a hot carbon surface and high-temperature gas. The heated carbon wall is exposed to high-temperature air by using a shock tube and surface heating model. The surface temperature of the carbon wall is measured using two-color ratio pyrometry. The number density of CO2 is predicted by performing numerical calculations for the shock tube flow with gas–surface interaction modeling. The number density of CO2 molecules is measured using infrared emission spectroscopy. The measured CO2 number density is 9.60 × 1023 m−3 at an area-weighted average surface temperature of 1212 K. The measured number density matches the predicted value within an error of 6%. The proposed system is applicable for CO2 number density measurement under various gas–surface interaction conditions, and it can be used for the investigation of ablative gas production and numerical research on gas–surface interactions.
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Ngo Huu, Manh, Anh Nguyen Van, Tuan Nguyen Van, Dang Tran Hai, Thanh Nguyen Van, Dung Nguyen Tien, and Thanh-Hai Nguyen. "Material Flow Behavior on Weld Pool Surface in Plasma Arc Welding Process Considering Dominant Driving Forces." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 3569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103569.

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In this study, the effect of oxygen in the shielding gas on the material flow behavior of the weld pool surface was discussed to clarify the dominant driving weld pool force in keyhole plasma arc welding (KPAW). To address this issue, the convection flow on the top surface of weld pool was observed using a high-speed video camera. The temperature distribution on the surface along keyhole wall was measured using the two-color pyrometry method to confirm the Marangoni force activity on the weld pool. The results show that the inclination angle of the keyhole wall (keyhole shape) increased especially near the top surface due to the decrease in the surface tension of weld pool through surface oxidation when a shielding gas of Ar + 0.5% O2 was used. Due to the change in the keyhole shape, the upward and backward shear force compositions created a large inclination angle at the top surface of the keyhole. From the temperature measurement results, the Marangoni force was found to alter the direction when 0.5% O2 was mixed with the shielding gas. The shear force was found to be the strongest force among the four driving forces. The buoyant force and Lorentz force were very weak. The Marangoni force was stronger than the Lorentz force but was weaker than shear force. The interaction of shear force and Marangoni force controlled the behavior and speed of material flow on the weld pool surface. A strong upward and backward flow was observed in the case of mixture shielding gas, whereas a weak upward flow was observed for pure Ar. The heat transportation due to the weld pool convection significantly changed when only a small amount of oxygen was admixed in the shielding gas. The results can be applied to control the penetration ratio in KPAW.
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Valke, A. A., D. G. Lobov, and A. G. Shkaev. "Color sensor application in high-temperature spectral ratio pyrometer." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1211, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1211/1/012022.

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Abstract Contactless thermal control tools play an important role in solving the high-temperature technological processes improving energy efficiency problems. In order to create such controls, the authors analyzed the developing possibility of spectral ratio high-temperature pyrometer using a multispectral radiation receiver (color sensor) TCS34725. In the paper this receiver application coefficients are determined, signals ratio graphs in different spectral intervals on temperature are given for two applications: without additional filtration of the control object radiation infrared component and using an opaque in the infrared spectrum part external filter.
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Zhukov, Leonid, and Dmytro Petrenko. "TWO-COLOR COMPENSATIVE THERMOMETRY WITH CORRECTED ADJUSTMENT USING NONLINEARITY EQUATION OF EMISSIVITY SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 82, no. 3 (2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2021.03.018.

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The article is directed on metrological characteristics increase and extension of the optical thermometry field of use, including two-color compensative thermometry with a priori averaged adjustment. The investigations have been performed for the tungsten. This metal studied in thermometry and metal optics has tabulated quantitative estimations of emissivity which are similar to the most widespread in metallurgy iron-carbon alloys. To increase the reliability and extend the field of use of obtained results, approximated and linearized spectral distributions of tungsten, as well as their mirror representations with decreasing and increasing, convex, linear, and concave distributions of emissivity have been researched. The influence of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the spectral distributions of emissivity on their nonlinearity coefficient has been studied. The equation of nonlinearity has been obtained. This equation connects the nonlinearity coefficient at the middle wave with the emissivity value at one of the boundary waves through the measured one-color radiation temperatures at 3 operating waves. With a priori knew quantitative estimates of the nonlinearity coefficient at the middle wave and measured onecolor radiation temperatures, the obtained equation can be used for the calculation of emissivity values at the boundary waves. For example, in the linear spectral distributions of emissivity, the nonlinearity coefficient is equal to 0. The number of solutions for linear distributions of emissivity varies from 1 to 2, and for nonlinear – from 1 to 3. The influence of measurement errors of one-color radiation temperatures at operating waves on the errors of emissivity determination by nonlinearity equation is established. The metrological advantages of two-color compensative thermometry using the emissivity values, corrected by the nonlinearity equation, are proved. It was found, that at the nonselective distribution of measurement errors of one-color radiation temperatures, measurement errors of the object temperature for two-color compensative, spectral ratio, and energy thermometry are insignificant for technical measurements. Under conditions of selective distribution of measurement errors of one-color radiation temperatures, these errors respectively are 0.04-0.25 %; 1.66-9.30 %; 0.18-0.34 %. For nonlinear emissivity spectral distributions, real for tungsten and iron-carbon alloys, the methodical component due to the nonlinearity doesn’t exceed 0.48 %, which is also acceptable for technical measurements. The method has been developed for practically acceptable conditions of primary pyrometric information obtaining.
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Schwarzkopf, Karen, Richard Rothfelder, Michael Rasch, and Michael Schmidt. "Two-Color-Thermography for Temperature Determination in Laser Beam Welding of Low-Melting Materials." Sensors 23, no. 10 (May 19, 2023): 4908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104908.

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Spatial and temporal knowledge of temperature evolution is crucial in laser beam welding of low-melting materials such as aluminum alloys. Current temperature measurements are restricted to (i) one-dimensional temperature information (e.g., ratio-pyrometers), (ii) a priori knowledge of emissivity (e.g., thermography), and (iii) high-temperature regions (e.g., two-color-thermography). This study presents a ratio-based two-color-thermography system that enables acquiring spatially and temporally resolved temperature information for low-melting temperature ranges (<1200 K). The study demonstrates that temperature can be accurately determined despite variations in signal intensity and emissivity for objects emitting constant thermal radiation. The two-color-thermography system is further transferred into a commercial laser beam welding set-up. Experiments with varying process parameters are conducted, and the ability of the thermal imaging method to measure dynamic temperature behavior is assessed. Image artifacts presumably caused by internal reflections inside the optical beam path limit the direct application of the developed two-color-thermography system during dynamic temperature evolution.
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Ishii, Naoto, Ryutaro Tanaka, Yuto Kojima, Katsuhiko Sekiya, Keiji Yamada, and Shuho Koseki. "Influence of the Cutting Fluid on Tool Edge Temperature in End Milling of Titanium Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.296.

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In this study, tool edge temperature was measured by a two-color pyrometer with an optional fiber and the novel method to evaluate the cooling effect of cutting fluid was proposed. After one cut, the tool edge passes over the fine hole at workpiece where inserted into an optical fiber so that the one peak signal can be obtained by each of two detectors with different spectral sensitivities in the pyrometer. The tool edge temperature can be calculated by taking the ratio of outputs from these two detectors. In previous research dealing with the cutting temperature in end milling obtained by a two-color pyrometer with an optional fiber, the average temperature calculated from some large peak values was used for an index as cutting temperature. However, this method was not suitable to estimate the tool edge temperature in wet milling. In the proposed method, the tool edge temperature was calculated only by the peak signals just after full length cut and used for an index as cutting temperature. The frequency distribution of tool edge temperature was made by the obtained temperature data. Comparing dry cutting to wet cutting, there was almost no difference in maximum temperature but obvious difference in the frequency distribution. The temperature range in wet cutting was wider than that in dry cutting.
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Conference papers on the topic "Two-Color Ratio Pyrometry"

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Bisson, J. F., M. Lamontagne, C. Moreau, L. Pouliot, J. Blain, and F. Nadeau. "Ensemble In-Flight Particle Diagnostics Under Thermal Spray Conditions." In ITSC2001, edited by Christopher C. Berndt, Khiam A. Khor, and Erich F. Lugscheider. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2001p0705.

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Abstract The Accuraspray is a new in-flight particle sensor that provides information on the average in-flight particle temperature, using two-color pyrometry, and velocity, using a cross-correlation calculation. Various aspects influencing the reliability of the sensor estimates are studied. First, the sensitivity of the temperature and velocity estimates to the positioning of the sensor with respect to the particle jet, such as the angular orientation of the fibers and the working distance to the spray plume, is evaluated. Then, the influence of the plasma radiation on the temperature measurement is estimated. This influence can be reduced significantly by filtering out the low frequency components of the pyrometric signals, which contain most of the plasma fluctuations. Finally, a lower limit in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), for which an acceptable temperature estimate is obtained, is evaluated. A valid velocity estimate can still be obtained with a lower SNR. All these studies were performed under various spraying conditions, including plasma spraying and HVOF, using various feedstock materials (YSZ, Al-Si, cermets).
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Bourque, G., M. Lamontagne, and C. Moreau. "A New Sensor for On-Line Monitoring the Temperature and Velocity of Thermal Spray Particles." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0045.

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Abstract In this paper, we describe a new sensor for monitoring inflight particles in thermal spray processes. The sensor can measure simultaneously and in real-time, the mean velocity and mean temperature of the particle jet for a very broad range of powder feed rates. The thermal radiation emitted by the hot particles is collected by a lens and focused on two optical fibers. Knowing the distance between the optical fibers and the magnification of the optics, the mean particle velocity is computed by measuring the time delay between the signals collected in the two fibers by cross-correlation. The signals are band-pass filtered to prevent spurious reflection, equipment movement and noise from disturbing the measurement. Using the same signals filtered at two specific wavelengths, the mean temperature of the particle jet is obtained by the two-color pyrometry technique. In this technique, the temperature is computed from the ratio of the light intensity detected at two different wavelengths.
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Ai, Weiguo, Nathan Murray, Thomas H. Fletcher, Spencer Harding, and Jeffrey P. Bons. "Effect of Hole Spacing on Deposition of Fine Coal Flyash Near Film Cooling Holes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59569.

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Particulate deposition experiments were performed in a turbine accelerated deposition facility to examine the nature of flyash deposits near film cooling holes. Deposition on both bare metal and TBC coupons was studied, with hole spacings (s/d) of 2.25, 3.375, and 4.5. Sub-bituminous coal ash particles (mass mean diameter of 13 microns) were accelerated to a combustor exit flow Mach number of 0.25 and heated to 1183°C before impinging on a target coupon. The particle loading in the 1-hr tests was 310 ppmw. Blowing ratios were varied in these experiments from 0 to 4.0 with the density ratio varied approximately from 1.5 to 2.1. Particle surface temperature maps were measured using two-color pyrometry based on the RGB signals from a camera. For similar hole spacing and blowing ratio, the capture efficiency measured for the TBC surface was much higher than for the bare metal coupon due to the increase of surface temperature. Deposits on the TBC coupon were observed to be more tenacious (i.e., hard to remove) than deposits on bare-metal coupons. The capture efficiency was shown to be a function of both the hole spacing and the blowing ratio (and hence surface temperature). Temperature seemed to be the dominant factor affecting deposition propensity. The average spanwise temperature downstream of the holes for close hole spacing was only slightly lower than for the large hole spacing. Roughness parameters Ra and Rt decreased monotonically with increased blowing ratio for both hole spacings analyzed. The roughness for s/d = 3.375 was lower than that for s/d = 4.5, especially at high blowing ratio. It is thought that these data will prove useful for designers of turbines using synfuels.
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Ai, Weiguo, Robert G. Laycock, Devin S. Rappleye, Thomas H. Fletcher, and Jeffrey P. Bons. "Effect of Particle Size and Trench Configuration on Deposition From Fine Coal Flyash Near Film Cooling Holes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59571.

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Particulate deposition experiments were performed in a turbine accelerated deposition facility to examine the effects of flyash particle size and trench configuration on deposits near film cooling holes. Deposition on two bare metal Inconel coupons was studied, with hole spacings (s/d) of 3.375 and 4.5. Two sizes of sub-bituminous coal ash particles were used, with mass mean diameter of 4 and 13 microns, respectively. The effect of a cooling trench at the exit of the cooling holes was also examined in this deposition facility. Experiments were performed at different angles of impaction. Particles were accelerated to a combustor exit flow Mach number of 0.25 and heated to 1183°C before impinging on a target coupon. The particle loading in the 1-hr tests was 160 ppmw. Blowing ratios were varied in these experiments from 0 to 4.0. Particle surface temperature maps were measured using two-color pyrometry based on RGB signals from a camera. Deposits generated from finer particles were observed to stick to the surface more tenaciously than larger particles. The capture efficiency measured for the small particles was lower than for the larger particles, especially at low blowing ratios. However, the finer particles exhibited a greater variation in deposition pattern as a function of hole spacing than seen with larger particles. The effect of trench configuration on deposition was examined by performing deposition tests with and without the trench for the same hole spacing and blowing ratio. The effects of trench configuration on capture efficiency, deposition pattern, and surface topography are reported. Deposition experiments at impingement angles from 45° to 15° showed changes in both deposit thickness and temperature. The trench increased cooling effectiveness, but did not change the particulate collection efficiency because the trench acted as a particulate collector.
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Li, Yuan, Hao Zhou, Ning Li, and Kefa Cen. "Experimental Study of Spray Flame Characteristics in Hot-Diluted Oxidant Through Advanced Image Processing Technique." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3351.

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This paper presents a study of ethanol jet spray flame characteristics in a hot-diluted oxidant with different co-flow oxygen concentrations and fuel/air mass flow rate ratios (MF/MA ratios) through advance image processing technique. An air-blast atomizer was located in a McKenna burner which was utilized to provide stable combustion surroundings and variable combustion atmosphere for ethanol jet spray. The co-flow oxygen concentrations were set to 5%, 10%, 15% and 21% (by volume) by adjusting the mass flow rates of CH4, O2 and N2. The MF/MA ratios were set to 0.245, 0.490, 0.735, and 0.980 by adjusting the fuel mass flow rate and the carrier air mass flow rate. A high-speed RGB CCD camera was employed to capture spray flame images continuously. Spray flame edge is detected using an auto-adaptive edge-detection algorithm which could detect the spray flame edge continuously and clearly. A flame zone is defined as the region surrounded by the detected flame edge to obtain flame parameters. Spray flame characteristics are described using the measured flame parameters, involving flame area, length, brightness, nonuniformity and temperature which are derived from the spray flame images. Spray flame area, length, brightness and nonuniformity are extracted through image processing technique directly. Moreover, two-dimensional (2D) temperature profiling of spray flame is obtained by coupling image processing technique with two-color pyrometry based on Planck’s radiation law. The effects of co-flow oxygen concentration and MF/MA ratio on spray flame characteristics are investigated in this work. The spray flame parameters are observed to be sensitive to both co-flow oxygen concentration and MF/MA ratio. The results show that the fuel mass flow rate (MF) has opposite effects on spray flame characteristics compared with the carrier air mass flow rate (MA) in hot-diluted oxidant. Spray flame area and length are shown to decrease for higher co-flow oxygen concentrations, while spray flame brightness, uniformity and temperature are observed to increase for higher co-flow oxygen concentrations, owing to the enhancement of the combustion rate. A higher MF/MA ratio leads to higher spray flame area, length, brightness, uniformity and temperature, due to the increase of the droplet residence time or droplet concentration in hot-diluted oxidant. In the same MF/MA ratio, spray flame area and length are found to be smaller at a higher fuel flow rate (or carrier air flow rate). However, spray flame brightness, uniformity and temperature are demonstrated to be enhanced at a higher fuel flow rate (or carrier air flow rate). (CSPE)
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Li, Zhiquan, Jinglin Tang, Xiangchun Han, and Ming Zhang. "Two-color ratio pyrometer with optical fiber for over-heating gas." In Optical Tools for Manufacturing and Advanced Automation, edited by Ramon P. DePaula. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.169936.

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Hahn, Jae Won, Jeong Kyun Hahn, Seung Nam Park, and Chunghi Rhee. "Calibration of a two-color pyrometer with reference wavelength method." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.wv6.

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The concept of reference wavelength is introduced for calibration of a two-color pyrometer. With the reference wavelength method, an analytical formula of the ratio temperature for the two-color pyrometer is derived. A two-color pyrometer is constructed with a silicon photodiode and two narrowband interference filters (12-nm FWHM, 800- and 900-nm peak wavelength). For both channels, the two-color pyrometer is calibrated with the reference wavelength method. The reference wavelengths for the two channels are chosen as 803 and 903 nm, and the correction factors are calculated from the calibration results. In greybody condition which is simulated with a blackbody furnace, the measured temperature error of the two-color pyrometer is less than ±6°C in the temperature range of 700-1000°C. Also measuring surface temperature of an oxidized steel specimen contained in a vacuum furnace, the temperature error is less than ±15°C in the temperature range of 850-1000°C.
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Shimanuki, Koji, Akira Hosokawa, Tomohiro Koyano, Tatsuaki Furumoto, and Yohei Hashimoto. "Investigation of Orthogonal Turn-Milling for Higher Machining Efficiency and Accuracy: Relationship Between Material Removal Rate and Measured Tool Flank Temperature." In JSME 2020 Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing/Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/lemp2020-8573.

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Abstract Tool flank temperature at various intervals after cutting in dry turn-milling of AISI 1045 steel is measured using a two-color pyrometer with an optical fiber. Complicated undeformed chip geometry, which depends on cutting tool diameter, nose radius, number of tooth, workpiece diameter, tool-work revolution speed ratio, depth of cut, feed per tooth, tool axis offset and cutting distance, is analyzed and visualized by the 3D-CAD system. The effect of cutting parameters associated with material removal rate MRR such as workpiece diameter, workpiece revolution speed and feed rate on tool flank temperature is investigated in this paper. Workpiece diameter affects tool flank temperature, and 10 mm larger diameter causes approximately 40 °C higher temperature in any workpiece revolution speed due to the variation of undeformed chip geometry analyzed by 3D-CAD. Tool flank temperature increases with feed rate and workpiece revolution speed because the cross-sectional cutting area of undeformed chip increases with workpiece revolution speed, and cutting time during the engagement of each flute also increases with feed rate. Almost same values are obtained between the tool flank temperature and the material removal rate MRR when both workpiece revolution speed and feed rate are changed.
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Stevenson, Anna L., Allen J. Parker, Shawn A. Reggeti, Ajay K. Agrawal, and Joshua A. Bittle. "Sooting Behavior of Commercial and Bio-Derived Butyl-Acetate/N-Heptane Blends in High-Pressure Spray Combustion Experiments." In ASME 2022 ICE Forward Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2022-90634.

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Abstract The desire to use diesel blended with biofuels has accelerated in an effort to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources as well as reduce emissions from the heavy-duty portion of the transportation sector. Of particular interest are oxygenated compounds, notably esters, which have the potential to reduce the sooting tendency of diesel fuel. Butyl-acetate (BA) is one such ester with favorable properties as a fuel additive though perhaps not an obvious choice for a mixing controlled compression ignition engine due to its low cetane number. Despite this, if demonstrated to be able to reduced soot emissions when blended with diesel this blend candidate may be worth more study as a new bio-derived, low-energy, microbial fermentation process for production of BA shows promise for cost effective, high volume production. In this study, a constant-pressure flow chamber is utilized to observe fuel injection, mixing, ignition and combustion characteristics of commercial- and bio-BA blended with diesel surrogate n-heptane as a first study of its kind in a diesel-like fuel spray. Rainbow schlieren deflectometry, OH* chemiluminescence, and two-color pyrometry are utilized to quantify global parameters including ignition delay time, liquid length, vapor penetration, lift-off length, and soot mass. The results presented show that blending BA into n-heptane is effective at reducing soot emissions; moreover, the commercial-BA blend and the bio-BA blend are equally effective at reducing soot emissions. Future work will explore more test conditions, different blend ratios, and engine operation.
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