Journal articles: 'Two-Choice Discrimination'

1

Smith, Philip L., and Douglas Vickers. "The accumulator model of two-choice discrimination." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 32, no. 2 (June 1988): 135–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(88)90043-0.

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Suzuki, Shuji, and Tetsuro Matsuzawa. "Choice Between Two Discrimination Tasks in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes )." Japanese Psychological Research 39, no. 3 (September 1997): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5884.00056.

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Arzounian, Dorothée, Mathilde de Kerangal, and Alain de Cheveigné. "A sliding two-alternative forced-choice paradigm for pitch discrimination." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142, no. 1 (July 2017): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4992030.

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Sanders, Joshua I., and Adam Kepecs. "Choice ball: a response interface for two-choice psychometric discrimination in head-fixed mice." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 12 (December 15, 2012): 3416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00669.2012.

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The mouse is an important model system for investigating the neural circuits mediating behavior. Because of advances in imaging and optogenetic methods, head-fixed mouse preparations provide an unparalleled opportunity to observe and control neural circuits. To investigate how neural circuits produce behavior, these methods need to be paired with equally well-controlled and monitored behavioral paradigms. Here, we introduce the choice ball, a response device that enables two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) tasks in head-fixed mice based on the readout of lateral paw movements. We demonstrate the advantages of the choice ball by training mice in the random-click task, a two-choice auditory discrimination behavior. For each trial, mice listened to binaural streams of Poisson-distributed clicks and were required to roll the choice ball laterally toward the side with the greater click rate. In this assay, mice performed hundreds of trials per session with accuracy ranging from 95% for easy stimuli (large interaural click-rate contrast) to near chance level for low-contrast stimuli. We also show, using the record of individual paw strokes, that mice often reverse decisions they have already initiated and that decision reversals correlate with improved performance. The choice ball enables head-fixed 2AFC paradigms, facilitating the circuit-level analysis of sensory processing, decision making, and motor control in mice.

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Kikusui, Takefumi, Tonohiro Toshiyuki, and Tsugio Kaneko. "Neuropharmacological Studies on the Two-choice Place Discrimination Task in Rats." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 76 (1998): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)40714-2.

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Blough, Donald S. "Reaction times identify a Pavlovian component in a two-choice discrimination." Behavioural Processes 81, no. 2 (June 2009): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2009.01.007.

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Branstetter, Brian K., Rachel Brietenstein, Gavin Goya, Megan Tormey, Teri Wu, and James J. Finneran. "Spatial acuity of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) biosonar system with a bat and human comparison." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 6 (June 2022): 3847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011676.

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Horizontal angular resolution was measured in two bottlenose dolphins using a two-alternative forced-choice, biosonar target discrimination paradigm. The task required a stationary dolphin positioned in a hoop to discriminate two physical targets at a range of 4 m. The angle separating the targets was manipulated to estimate an angular discrimination threshold of 1.5°. In a second experiment, a similar two-target biosonar discrimination task was conducted with one free-swimming dolphin, to test whether its emission beam was a critical factor in discriminating the targets. The spatial separation between two targets was manipulated to measure a discrimination threshold of 6.7 cm. There was a relationship between differences in acoustic signals received at each target and the dolphin's performance. The results of the angular resolution experiment were in good agreement with measures of the minimum audible angle of both dolphins and humans and remarkably similar to measures of angular difference discrimination in echolocating dolphins, bats, and humans. The results suggest that horizontal auditory spatial acuity may be a common feature of the mammalian auditory system rather than a specialized feature exclusive to echolocating auditory predators.

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Laming, Donald. "Contrast discrimination by the methods of adjustment and two-alternative forced choice." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 75, no. 8 (September 13, 2013): 1774–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-013-0544-8.

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Williams, Shelly L., Nabil F. Haddad, and David A. Strobel. "Blocking Effects in Two-Choice Discrimination Tasks in Rhesus Monkeys Macaca Mulatta." Psychological Record 39, no. 4 (October 1989): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03395075.

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Franz, H., and E. Roitberg. "Ein Vergleich des Lernerfolges von Zwergziegen bei simultaner Zweifach- oder Vierfachwahlmöglichkeit in visuellen Differenzierungsaufgaben." Archives Animal Breeding 44, no. 6 (October 10, 2001): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-44-661-2001.

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Abstract. Title of the paper: A comparison of learning Performance of dwarf goats in Visual discrimination tasks with two or four simultaneously offered Stimuli A comparison of learning Performance of dwarf goats in visual discrimination tasks with two or four simultaneously offered Stimuli (two-choice and four-choice design) was carried out with the automatic learning device 'Field Monitor'. One S+ Stimulus and three identical S- Stimuli by the four-choice design, and one S+ Stimulus and one S− Stimulus (the same patterns as by four choice) by two-choice design were offered. In both experimental designs the positions of Stimuli (simple geometric figures) on the screen changed pseudo-randomly after each choice. Since the seventh test day the proportion of successfully learning kids by the four-choice design was substantially higher than that for the two-choice design. Our finding makes it questionable whether the internationally accepted two-choice design is really optimal. In our further experiments in which over 200 animals have been examined for several months the four-choice design has been involved providing a very successful learning.

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Kattner, Florian, and Christina B. Reimer. "Dissociating central and auditory attention: Is there a shared bottleneck for response selection and auditory search?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 10 (June 15, 2020): 1564–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820928030.

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Central and auditory attention are limited in capacity. In dual-tasks, central attention is required to select the appropriate response, but because central attention is limited in capacity, response selection can only be carried out for one task at a time. In auditory search tasks, search time to detect the target sound increases with the number of distractor sounds added to the auditory scene (set sizes), indicating that auditory attention is limited in capacity. Here, we investigated whether central and auditory attention relied on common or distinct capacity limitations using a dual-task paradigm. In two experiments, participants completed a visual choice discrimination task (task 1) together with an auditory search task (task 2), and the two tasks were separated by an experimentally modulated stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). Analysing auditory search time as a function of SOA and set sizes (locus-of-slack method) revealed that the auditory search process in task 2 was performed after response selection in a visual two-choice discrimination task 1 (Experiment 1), but concurrently with response selection in a visual four-choice discrimination task 1 (Experiment 2). Hence, although response selection in the visual four-choice discrimination task demanded more central attention as compared with response selection in the two-choice discrimination task, the auditory search process was performed in parallel. Distribution analyses of inter-response time further indicated that parallel processing of response selection and auditory search was not influenced by response grouping. Taken together, the two experiments provided evidence that central and auditory attention relied on distinct capacity limitations.

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Conroy, Christopher, Andrew J. Byrne, and Gerald Kidd. "Discrimination of spectrotemporal ripple sweep direction near detection threshold." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011121.

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There are single neurons in the auditory systems of some nonhuman animals that are sensitive to spectrotemporal ripples sweeping in one direction versus the other. We used a “2 × 2 forced-choice” simultaneous detection/discrimination paradigm [Nachmias and Weber, Vision Res. 15 217–223 (1975)] to search for behavioral evidence of similar neurons in the human auditory system (i.e., “labeled lines” for discriminating spectrotemporal ripple sweep direction). On each two-interval trial, observers were presented two successive sounds (one in each interval). One sound was an unmodulated noise and the other sound was a noise modulated by an upward-sweeping or downward-sweeping spectrotemporal ripple (±8 Hz/1 cycle/octave). Subsequently, observers registered two separate responses: a detection response (Which interval contained the ripple?) and a discrimination response (Was the ripple sweeping upward or downward?). Psychometric functions (proportion correct versus ripple-modulation depth) were constructed and compared for the two response categories. Labeled line theory predicts that the two functions should be identical: a correct detection response should always yield a correct discrimination response. Contrary to this prediction, observers required greater modulation depths to support discrimination than detection. This finding suggests that the detection of spectrotemporal ripples and the discrimination of spectrotemporal ripple sweep direction may depend on different mechanisms.

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13

Violato, Claudio. "Item Difficulty and Discrimination as a Function of Stem Completeness." Psychological Reports 69, no. 3 (December 1991): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3.739.

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The effects on item difficulty and discrimination of stem completeness (complete stem or incomplete stem) for multiple-choice items were studied experimentally. Subjects (166 junior education students) were classified into three achievement groups (low, medium, high) and one of two forms of a multiple-choice test was randomly assigned to each subject. A two-way factorial design (completeness × achievement) was used as the experimental model. Analysis indicated that stem completeness had no effect on either item discrimination or difficulty and there was no interaction effect with achievement. It was concluded that multiple-choice items may be very robust in measuring knowledge in a subject area irrespective of variations in stem construction.

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Chancel, Marie, and H. Henrik Ehrsson. "Which hand is mine? Discriminating body ownership perception in a two-alternative forced-choice task." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 8 (August 27, 2020): 4058–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02107-x.

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Abstract The experience of one’s body as one’s own is referred to as the sense of body ownership. This central part of human conscious experience determines the boundary between the self and the external environment, a crucial distinction in perception, action, and cognition. Although body ownership is known to involve the integration of signals from multiple sensory modalities, including vision, touch, and proprioception, little is known about the principles that determine this integration process, and the relationship between body ownership and perception is unclear. These uncertainties stem from the lack of a sensitive and rigorous method to quantify body ownership. Here, we describe a two-alternative forced-choice discrimination task that allows precise and direct measurement of body ownership as participants decide which of two rubber hands feels more like their own in a version of the rubber hand illusion. In two experiments, we show that the temporal and spatial congruence principles of multisensory stimulation, which determine ownership discrimination, impose tighter constraints than previously thought and that texture congruence constitutes an additional principle; these findings are compatible with theoretical models of multisensory integration. Taken together, our results suggest that body ownership constitutes a genuine perceptual multisensory phenomenon that can be quantified with psychophysics in discrimination experiments.

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Guiraud, Marie, Mark Roper, Stephan Wolf, Joseph L. Woodgate, and Lars Chittka. "Discrimination of edge orientation by bumblebees." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 16, 2022): e0263198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263198.

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Simple feature detectors in the visual system, such as edge-detectors, are likely to underlie even the most complex visual processing, so understanding the limits of these systems is crucial for a fuller understanding of visual processing. We investigated the ability of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) to discriminate between differently angled edges. In a multiple-choice, “meadow-like” scenario, bumblebees successfully discriminated between angled bars with 7° differences, significantly exceeding the previously reported performance of eastern honeybees (Apis cerana, limit: 15°). Neither the rate at which bees learned, nor their final discrimination performance were affected by the angular orientation of the training bars, indicating a uniform performance across the visual field. Previous work has found that, in dual-choice tests, eastern honeybees cannot reliably discriminate between angles with less than 25° difference, suggesting that performance in discrimination tasks is affected by the training regime, and doesn’t simply reflect the perceptual limitations of the visual system. We used high resolution LCD monitors to investigate bumblebees’ angular resolution in a dual-choice experiment. Bumblebees could still discriminate 7° angle differences under such conditions (exceeding the previously reported limit for Apis mellifera, of 10°, as well as that of A. cerana). Bees eventually reached similar levels of accuracy in the dual-choice experiment as they did under multiple-choice conditions but required longer learning periods. Bumblebees show impressive abilities to discriminate between angled edges, performing better than two previously tested species of honeybee. This high performance may, in turn, support complex visual processing in the bumblebee brain.

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Wenger, Amelia S., J. L. Johansen, and G. P. Jones. "Suspended sediment impairs habitat choice and chemosensory discrimination in two coral reef fishes." Coral Reefs 30, no. 4 (May 29, 2011): 879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0773-z.

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17

Mahns, D. A., N. M. Perkins, V. Sahai, L. Robinson, and M. J. Rowe. "Vibrotactile Frequency Discrimination in Human Hairy Skin." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 3 (March 2006): 1442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00483.2005.

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The human capacity for vibrotactile frequency discrimination has been compared directly for glabrous and hairy skin regions by means of a two-alternative, forced-choice psychophysical procedure in five subjects. Sinusoidal vibratory stimuli, delivered by means of a 4-mm-diam probe, were first used to obtain detection threshold values for the two skin sites, the finger tip and the dorsal forearm, at four standard frequencies, 20, 50, 100, and 200 Hz. Values confirmed previous results showing detection thresholds were markedly higher on hairy skin than on glabrous skin. For the discrimination task, each standard frequency, at an amplitude four times detection threshold, was paired with a series of comparison frequencies, and discrimination capacity then was quantified by deriving from psychometric function curves, measures of the discriminable frequency increment (Δƒ) and the Weber Fraction (Δƒ/ƒ), which, when plotted as a function of the four standard frequencies, revealed similar capacities for frequency discrimination at the two skin sites at the standard frequencies of 20, 100, and 200 Hz but an equivocal difference at 50 Hz. Cutaneous local anesthesia produced a marked impairment in vibrotactile detection and discrimination at the low standard frequencies of 20 and 50 Hz but little effect at higher frequencies. In summary, the results reveal, first, a striking similarity in vibrotactile discriminative performance in hairy and glabrous skin despite marked differences in detection thresholds for the two sites, and, second, the results confirm that vibrotactile detection and discrimination in hairy skin depend on superficial receptors at low frequencies but depend on deep, probably Pacinian corpuscle, receptors for high frequencies.

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Bausenhart, Karin M., Oliver Dyjas, Dirk Vorberg, and Rolf Ulrich. "Estimating discrimination performance in two-alternative forced choice tasks: Routines for MATLAB and R." Behavior Research Methods 44, no. 4 (July 7, 2012): 1157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0207-z.

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Miller, Sara E., Andrew W. Legan, Zoe A. Flores, Hong Yu Ng, and Michael J. Sheehan. "Strong, but incomplete, mate choice discrimination between two closely related species of paper wasp." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 126, no. 3 (December 18, 2018): 614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/bly191.

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Hübener, Fabienne, and Matthias Laska. "A two-choice discrimination method to assess olfactory performance in pigtailed macaques, Macaca nemestrina." Physiology & Behavior 72, no. 4 (March 2001): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00447-9.

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Ericson, EvaLena, and Sven Ahlenius. "Phencyclidine-induced disruption of an aversely motivated two-choice successive discrimination in the rat." Psychopharmacology 102, no. 2 (October 1990): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02245918.

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Kay, Leslie M., and Jennifer Beshel. "A Beta Oscillation Network in the Rat Olfactory System During a 2-Alternative Choice Odor Discrimination Task." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 2 (August 2010): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00166.2010.

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We previously showed that in a two-alternative choice (2AC) task, olfactory bulb (OB) gamma oscillations (∼70 Hz in rats) were enhanced during discrimination of structurally similar odorants (fine discrimination) versus discrimination of dissimilar odorants (coarse discrimination). In other studies (mostly employing go/no-go tasks) in multiple labs, beta oscillations (15–35 Hz) dominate the local field potential (LFP) signal in olfactory areas during odor sampling. Here we analyzed the beta frequency band power and pairwise coherence in the 2AC task. We show that in a task dominated by gamma in the OB, beta oscillations are also present in three interconnected olfactory areas (OB and anterior and posterior pyriform cortex). Only the beta band showed consistently elevated coherence during odor sniffing across all odor pairs, classes (alcohols and ketones), and discrimination types (fine and coarse), with stronger effects in first than in final criterion sessions (>70% correct). In the first sessions for fine discrimination odor pairs, beta power for incorrect trials was the same as that for correct trials for the other odor in the pair. This pattern was not repeated in coarse discrimination, in which beta power was elevated for correct relative to incorrect trials. This difference between fine and coarse odor discriminations may relate to different behavioral strategies for learning to differentiate similar versus dissimilar odors. Phase analysis showed that the OB led both pyriform areas in the beta frequency band during odor sniffing. We conclude that the beta band may be the means by which information is transmitted from the OB to higher order areas, even though task specifics modify dominance of one frequency band over another within the OB.

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Lapid, Einat, Rolf Ulrich, and Thomas Rammsayer. "Comparisons of Two Variants of the Method of Constant Stimuli for Estimating Difference Thresholds." Swiss Journal of Psychology 68, no. 4 (January 2009): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.68.4.189.

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The two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) and the reminder tasks are variants of the method of constant stimuli. One or the other task is usually employed for estimating the difference limen (DL) in psychophysical research. Lapid, Ulrich, and Rammsayer (2008) found that the 2AFC task yields larger DLs than the reminder task for duration discrimination judgments. The results of the present paper confirm that this discrepancy also generalizes to discrimination judgments about nontemporal, visual information (Experiment 1: Random dot pattern discrimination; Experiment 2: Line-length discrimination). It is argued that this discrepancy is related to the presentation order of the standard and the comparison stimulus.

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Elepfandt, Andreas, Silke Lebrecht, Kirsten Schroedter, Britta Brudermanns, Renate Hillig, Claire Schuberth, and Alexander Fliess. "Lateral Line Scene Analysis in the Purely Aquatic Frog Xenopus laevis Daudin (Pipidae)." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 87, no. 2 (2016): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445422.

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The ability to locate and discriminate water surface waves that impinge simultaneously from multiple directions was studied in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Monofrequency waves of 5-30 Hz were presented from point sources at a distance of 10 cm from the frog, unless stated otherwise, and the animal's response turn towards the wave origin examined. Two-choice conditioning with two simultaneous frontal waves at a 90-degree inter-wave angle revealed discrimination thresholds lower than 1 Hz for 10- to 20-Hz source wave frequencies. Smaller inter-wave angles resulted in larger thresholds, and no discrimination was found below 40°. If a third wave was added from behind, the frequency discrimination of the two frontal waves deteriorated, with 18 Hz being discriminated from waves differing by at least 2.75 Hz. Subjects also discriminated between two simultaneous waves of equal frequency presented from differing distances. At a distance of 10 cm, the discrimination threshold was 0.95 cm. Thus, X. laevis is capable of discriminating source distances in an overlap on the basis of wave curvatures. The detection of source directions among four, six or eight waves of equal frequency and distance was investigated by measuring the angular distribution of the response turns. Turns were significantly more closely oriented towards sources than to intermediate directions. The orientation accuracy did not degrade with the number of waves.

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Cheal, MaryLou, Don R. Lyon, and David C. Hubbard. "Does Attention Have Different Effects on Line Orientation and Line Arrangement Discrimination?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 43, no. 4 (November 1991): 825–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749108400959.

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Visual search and texture segregation studies have led to the inference that stimuli differing in the orientation of their component line segments can be distinguished without focal attention, whereas stimuli that differ only in the arrangement of line segments cannot. In most of this research, the locus of attention has not been explicitly manipulated. In the first experiment presented here, attention was directed to a relevant peripheral target by a cue presented near the target location or at the fovea. Effects of attention on orientation discrimination were assessed in a two-alternative forced-choice task with targets that were either: (1) lines that slanted obliquely to the right or left, or were horizontal or vertical, or (2) Y-like targets that had a short arm leading obliquely right or left of a vertical line. In some groups, a four-alternative forced-choice test with lines at 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° orientations was used. Discrimination of these targets (i.e. targets that differ in the orientation of component line segments) was only minimally facilitated as the time between the onset of the valid cue and the onset of the target (cue-target stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) was increased from 0 or 17 msec to 267 msec. In contrast, discrimination of targets that did not differ in the orientation of component line segments but differed in line arrangement (T-like characters), was greatly facilitated by longer cue-target SOAs. In Experiment 2, a cue misdirected attention on 20% of the trials. A decrement occurred on incorrectly cued trials in comparison to correctly cued trials for both types of stimuli used (lines and Ts). The results from these experiments suggest that discrimination of line orientation benefits less from focal attention than does discrimination of line arrangement, but that both discriminations suffer when attention must be disengaged from an irrelevant spatial location.

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Weierstall, Roland, and Bettina M. Pause. "Development of a 15-Item Odour Discrimination Test (Düsseldorf Odour Discrimination Test)." Perception 41, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7113.

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A key function of the olfactory system is the detection of differences in odour quality. Therefore, a test was developed to assess odour discrimination ability in normosmic humans. Out of six monomolecular substances (capric acid, coumarin, eugenol, geraniol, phenylethyl alcohol, and vanillin) quaternary mixtures were prepared. Within one item, three odour mixtures were presented (triangle forced-choice procedure). The deviant odour contained the same substances as the two remaining odours; however, the proportions were changed. Study 1 (120 participants) aimed to select items that contribute to a high internal consistency. Study 2 (104 participants) assessed test–retest reliability, parallel test reliability and test validity. Out of 45 items, a 15-item test (Düsseldorf Odour Discrimination Test, DODT) with an internal consistency of 0.61 and medium item difficulties was prepared. The test–retest reliability of the DODT was 0.66 (test interval = 4 weeks) and the parallel test reliability 0.42. The DODT correlated significantly with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and to a lesser extent with the phenylethyl alcohol odour threshold test. As the DODT did not correlate with the odour discrimination test of the Sniffin' Sticks, the two tests seem to measure different performances of the olfactory system.

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Ratcliff, Roger, and Gail McKoon. "The Diffusion Decision Model: Theory and Data for Two-Choice Decision Tasks." Neural Computation 20, no. 4 (April 2008): 873–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2008.12-06-420.

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The diffusion decision model allows detailed explanations of behavior in two-choice discrimination tasks. In this article, the model is reviewed to show how it translates behavioral data—accuracy, mean response times, and response time distributions—into components of cognitive processing. Three experiments are used to illustrate experimental manipulations of three components: stimulus difficulty affects the quality of information on which a decision is based; instructions emphasizing either speed or accuracy affect the criterial amounts of information that a subject requires before initiating a response; and the relative proportions of the two stimuli affect biases in drift rate and starting point. The experiments also illustrate the strong constraints that ensure the model is empirically testable and potentially falsifiable. The broad range of applications of the model is also reviewed, including research in the domains of aging and neurophysiology.

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Jones, Lynette, Ian Hunter, and Serge Lafontaine. "Viscosity Discrimination: A Comparison of an Adaptive Two-Alternative Forced-Choice and an Adjustment Procedure." Perception 26, no. 12 (December 1997): 1571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p261571.

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Differential thresholds for viscosity were measured in ten subjects with the use of an adaptive two-alternative forced-choice procedure. An electromagnetic linear motor was connected to each wrist and the viscosity of the motors was under computer servo control. For each block of 50 trials the viscosity of one motor was fixed at a reference value which ranged from 4 to 512 N s m−1, and the viscosity of the other motor varied according to the subject's responses. On each trial subjects were required to indicate which motor had the greater viscosity and were given feedback of the correct response. By this procedure the Weber fraction for viscosity was calculated to be 19%, which is lower than the Weber fraction of 34% estimated by using the method of adjustment. The criterion used for determining the threshold differs in the two procedures (71% and 84% correct, respectively), and the results from the two studies were found to be consistent. They suggest that the Weber fraction for viscosity remains remarkably stable despite differences in the methods of measurement.

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Frederick, Donald E., Daniel Rojas-Líbano, Meagen Scott, and Leslie M. Kay. "Rat behavior in go/no-go and two-alternative choice odor discrimination: Differences and similarities." Behavioral Neuroscience 125, no. 4 (2011): 588–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024371.

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Iandolo, Riccardo, Marta Carè, Valay A. Shah, Simona Schiavi, Giulia Bommarito, Giacomo Boffa, Psiche Giannoni, et al. "A two alternative forced choice method for assessing vibrotactile discrimination thresholds in the lower limb." Somatosensory & Motor Research 36, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2019.1632184.

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Wang, D., L. Lü, Y. He, Q. Shi, C. Tu, and J. Gu. "Mate choice and host discrimination behavior of the parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 4 (May 10, 2016): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000225.

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AbstractTrichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is an important natural enemy of many species of lepidopterous pests and a widely used biological control agent. Detailed knowledge about its mate choice and host discrimination behavior is lacking. In this study, we studied the mate choice and host discrimination behavior of T. chilonis in experimental arenas through video tracking. Males’ mate recognition capacity was realized by perceiving the sex pheromone of females. When offered two females of different species, male could distinguish the conspecific female from Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), a species that has overlapping hosts with T. chilonis. When placed with two females of different mating status, male preferred mating with the virgin female to the mated female. T. chilonis females could distinguish unparasitized host eggs from parasitized ones (parasitized by conspecific females or heterospecific females). They preferred to stay on and lay eggs in unparasitized host eggs. When T. chilonis females were only provided with parasitized host eggs (parasitized by T. chilonis and T. bactrae females), conspecific superparasitism occurred more often than heterospecific superparasitism. Furthermore, the host egg discrimination ability of T. chilonis females was mainly achieved through antennal perception.

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Griffiths, P., Joanne Boggan, Gillian Tutt, and P. Dickens. "VISUAL DISCRIMINATION LEARNING IN MENTALLY HANDICAPPED ADULTS: COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF TWO-CHOICE AND MULTIPLE-CHOICE TRAINING. METHODS ON STIMULUS GENERALIZATION PERFORMANCE." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 29, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1985.tb00361.x.

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DANILOVA, MARINA, and JOHN MOLLON. "The gap effect is exaggerated in parafovea." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 3-4 (May 2006): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806233327.

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In central vision, the discrimination of colors lying on a tritan line is improved if a small gap is introduced between the two stimulus fields. Boynton et al. (1977) called this a “positive gap effect.” They found that the effect was weak or absent for discriminations based on the ratio of the signals of long-wave and middle-wave cones; and even for tritan stimuli, the gap effect was weakened when forced choice or brief durations were used. We here describe measurements of the gap effect in the parafovea. The stimuli were 1 deg of visual angle in width and were centered on an imaginary circle of radius 5 deg. They were brief (100 ms), and thresholds were measured with a spatial two-alternative forced choice. Under these conditions we find a clear gap effect, which is of similar magnitude for both the cardinal chromatic axes. It may be a chromatic analog of the crowding effect observed for parafoveal perception of form.

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Stephens, David W. "Discrimination, discounting and impulsivity: a role for an informational constraint." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1427 (November 29, 2002): 1527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1062.

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Feeding animals often prefer small, quickly delivered rewards over larger, more delayed rewards. Students of feeding behaviour typically explain this behaviour by saying that animals discount delayed benefits. Temporal discounting implies that delayed benefits are worth less than immediate benefits. This paper presents a new explanation of short–sighted decision–making called the discrimination advantage model that does not rely on discounting. A new model that includes several possible causes of discounting is developed. This model has many interesting features, but it cannot account for two empirical results: the strength of the ‘discounting‘ effect and the fact that the time between choice presentations (the intertrial interval or ITI) has no effect. This leads to the conclusion that although discounting may be important it is probably not a complete explanation of the experimental facts. In the discrimination advantage model the observation that the ITI does not affect choice is seen as a strategy to make a cleaner discrimination between delayed alternatives in a noisy world. A simple example shows that when discrimination is imperfect a short–sighted choice rule can, in some situations, lead to a higher long–term rate than a rule that actually compares long–term rates. This idea is developed and extended in several ways.

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Ryssaert, Lynn, Johan Wens, and Birgitte Schoenmakers. "Can We Share Multiple Choice Questions across Borders? Validation of the Dutch Knowledge Assessment in Family Medicine in Flanders." ISRN Education 2013 (November 26, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/840627.

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Background. One of the methods to test knowledge of Family Medicine trainees is a written exam composed of multiple choice questions. Creating high-quality multiple choice questions requires a lot of experience, knowledge, and time. This study explores the opportunity to run the Dutch knowledge assessment in Flanders as well, the use of this test for formative purposes. Methods. The study test was performed in a Flemish sample of postgraduate Family Medicine (FM) trainees and FM trainers. The Dutch test, adjusted to the Flemish context, was analyzed according to the classical test theory: difficulty factor and discriminating power of the items and reliability of the test. Results. 82 of the 154 items well divided the group into two equal parts of correct and incorrect responders. The distribution of the discrimination index, of the items with an acceptable difficulty factor, was [−0.012–0.530]. The item-test-correlation shows that 52 items do not fit, and 87 items need revision in varying degrees. The test reliability was 0.917. Conclusion. The test was highly reliable, but many MC questions appeared to be too easy and poorly discriminative. Therefore, we question the test validity and recommend reconsideration of the items based on difficulty before it is applied and used as a mandatory formative test.

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Çoşkun, Filiz, Zeynep Ceyda Sayalı, Emine Gürbüz, and Fuat Balcı. "Optimal time discrimination." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 68, no. 2 (February 2015): 381–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.944921.

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In the temporal bisection task, participants categorize experienced stimulus durations as short or long based on their similarity to previously acquired reference durations. Reward maximization in this task requires integrating endogenous timing uncertainty as well as exogenous probabilities of the reference durations into temporal judgements. We tested human participants on the temporal bisection task with different short and long reference duration probabilities (exogenous probability) in two separate test sessions. Incorrect categorizations were not penalized in Experiment 1 but were penalized in Experiment 2, leading to different levels of stringency in the reward functions that participants tried to maximize. We evaluated the judgements within the framework of optimality. Our participants adapted their choice behaviour in a nearly optimal fashion and earned nearly the maximum possible expected gain they could attain given their level of endogenous timing uncertainty and exogenous probabilities in both experiments. These results point to the optimality of human temporal risk assessment in the temporal bisection task. The long categorization response times (RTs) were overall faster than short categorization RTs, and short but not long categorization RTs were modulated by reference duration probability manipulations. These observations suggested an asymmetry between short and long categorizations in the temporal bisection task.

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Sterken, Yvonne, Alexander Toet, and Yen-Lee Yap. "Factors Limiting Large-Scale Localisation." Perception 23, no. 6 (June 1994): 709–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p230709.

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The mechanisms mediating relative spatial localisation in the visual system are still unclear. There is a growing amount of evidence that this capability is not merely limited by the processing of the front-end visual system. Models of localisation should, therefore, include higher-level processing stages. A careful study of the sources of error in localisation tasks may further our understanding of the nature of these processes. A study is reported in which the possible role of higher-order processing in relative spatial localisation is explicitly addressed. For this purpose the error sources of threshold performance were investigated for two similar relative-spatial-localisation tasks: two-dot separation discrimination and two-dot orientation discrimination. Fovea-centred stimuli with large dot separations were used. The front-end processing for these stimuli is probably identical in both tasks. Hence, differential effects of the variation of the experimental parameters on threshold performance for both tasks may reveal the characteristics of the higher-level processing involved. The effects of dot separation, stimulus orientation, and experimental procedure (single-stimulus binary forced choice versus two-alternative forced choice) on threshold performance for both tasks are reported. The results show that thresholds for both tasks increase proportionally with dot separation. However, separation-discrimination thresholds are always significantly higher than orientation-discrimination thresholds. Thresholds for separation discrimination are independent of stimulus orientation. In contrast, orientation-discrimination thresholds show an oblique effect: thresholds are consistently lower for horizontal stimuli. Both tasks also show a different dependency of threshold behaviour on the experimental procedure. For a horizontal stimulus orientation, separation discrimination is better with an explicit (physical) reference standard, whereas orientation discrimination is better with an implicit referent. These differential effects cannot be explained by any of the known characteristics of the front-end visual system. They suggest that large-scale spatial-localisation performance is probably limited at a processing level at which spatial relations are explicitly represented.

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Zhang, Ying. "Discrimination between Chinese Localizers Fujin and Pangbian." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0804.03.

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This paper discriminates between the tricky Chinese localizers in TCSOL fujin (附近) (nearby) and pangbian (旁边) (beside; by). Through a comparative analysis, three rules for the choice of them are identified: Use fujin rather than pangbian when barrier exists, use fujin to express spatial relationship and pangbian for horizontal relationship, and use both with quantity phrases yet only fujin with indefinite quantity phrases. The research is hoped to facilitate the two localizers’ acquisition and contribute to the existing inadequate literature in the study of such Chinese localizers.

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Vázquez Lira, Ramsés, and Álvaro Torres Chávez. "Assessment of intertemporal preferences in type-2 diabetes patients and smokers." International Journal of Psychological Research 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.2534.

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The experiment assesses the role of cortisol concentration on bloodstream as correlate of the intertemporal choice and temporal discrimination in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients and smokers. The participants were evaluated in a two independent computerized tasks allowed to obtain the temporal discount function and it’s hyperbolic decay parameter (k), which refers to the tendency to discount the subjective value of future goods as a function of the delay to receiving them; and a temporal discrimination index (bisection point), this function relate the response proportion of “Long” stimuli with probe duration. The bisection point is the value at which responses to Short and Long stimuli occur with equal frequency. We analysed both parameters, then a comparisons of the temporal discount parameter[F(2,147) =79.858,p<,01]and time discrimination parameter[F(2,147) =49,51,p<,01]revealed statistically significant differences between control group and T2DM and smokers groups. We concluded that the choice for delayed rewards and the temporal discrimination of T2DM patients and smokers were influenced by the cortisol concentration in the bloodstream; the higher the concentration of cortisol in the bloodstream, the higherthe likelihood to choose immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards and the higher the tendency tooverestimate the passage of time. We propose to investigate the effects of salivary cortisol elevation levels through noninvasive pharmacologically induction on healthy adult humans, to extend the research line that assess the direct influence over intertemporal choice and temporal discrimination to increase the effect generality.

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Bokemper, Scott E., Peter Descioli, and Reuben Kline. "Unfair Rules for Unequal Pay: Wage Discrimination and Procedural Justice." Journal of Experimental Political Science 6, no. 3 (2019): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2019.11.

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AbstractDo people judge some forms of wage discrimination to be more unfair than others? We report an experiment in an online labor market in which participants were paid based on discriminatory rules. We test hypotheses about fairness based on procedural justice, divisiveness, and affective polarization between partisans. Workers transcribed text and then learned that they earned more or less money than other workers for doing the same job. We manipulated whether the unequal pay was based on their political party, eye color, or an arbitrary choice between two doors. Consistent with the divisiveness hypothesis, participants judged discriminatory pay to be less fair when it was based on a stable characteristic, political party, or eye color, compared to a transient choice (between doors). We find mixed evidence about how affective polarization exacerbates the unfairness of partisan discrimination. We discuss implications for the procedural justice of wage discrimination.

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Geisbauer, Gudrun, Ulrike Griebel, Axel Schmid, and Brian Timney. "Brightness discrimination and neutral point testing in the horse." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 660–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-026.

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Equine brightness discrimination ability and color discrimination were measured using a two-choice discrimination task. Two Haflinger horses (Equus caballus L., 1758) were trained to discriminate 30 different shades of grey varying from low to high relative brightness. Their ability to distinguish shades of grey was poor, with calculated Weber fractions of 0.42 and 0.45. In addition, a "neutral point" test to determine the dimensionality of color vision was carried out. Three hues of blue–green were tested versus a range of grey targets with brightnesses similar to those of the blue–green targets. A neutral point was found at about 480 nm. Thus, we can conclude that horses possess dichromatic color vision.

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Allen, Prudence, and Frederic Wightman. "Spectral Pattern Discrimination by Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 1 (February 1992): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3501.222.

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This research measured the ability of 47 children, aged 4– 9 years, to use spectral shape cues to discriminate among random-intensity sounds. The children were tested in forced-choice paradigms that were embedded in a video game format. Two classes of sounds were studied: tonal complexes with sinusoidally rippled amplitude spectra, and synthetic speech sounds (isolated vowels and consonants). The discriminability of the sounds was measured both in quiet and in a background of wide-band noise. Although the intersubject variability in performance was high, especially among the youngest children, the results revealed a substantial age effect. For both classes of sounds, the performance of the younger children was significantly poorer than the performance of an adult control group. However, there was no evidence in the data that the masking effect of the noise was greater for the children than for the adults.

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Gutnick, Tamar, Letizia Zullo, Binyamin Hochner, and Michael J. Kuba. "Protocol for controlled behavioral testing of octopuses using a single-arm tactile discrimination two-choice task." STAR Protocols 3, no. 1 (March 2022): 101192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101192.

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Winters, Boyer D., Susan J. Bartko, Lisa M. Saksida, and Timothy J. Bussey. "Muscimol, AP5, or scopolamine infused into perirhinal cortex impairs two-choice visual discrimination learning in rats." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 93, no. 2 (February 2010): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2009.10.002.

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King, Andrew, Kathryn Hopkins, and Christopher J. Plack. "Differences in short-term training for interaural phase difference discrimination between two different forced-choice paradigms." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 4 (October 2013): 2635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4819116.

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Reed, Phil. "Differential Outcome Effect Does Not Control Performance in a Two-Choice Discrimination Task with Visual Stimuli." Learning and Motivation 24, no. 2 (May 1993): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lmot.1993.1007.

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Ward, Katja Clarissa, Halima Zainab Khattak, Louise Richardson, Jonathan Loon Choon Lee, and Martin Vreugdenhil. "NMDA receptor antagonists distort visual grouping in rats performing a modified two-choice visual discrimination task." Psychopharmacology 229, no. 4 (May 7, 2013): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3123-8.

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Sahraie, A., L. Weiskrantz, and J. L. Barbur. "Awareness and Confidence Ratings in Motion Discrimination." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970108.

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We have extended our earlier investigations that demonstrated above chance direction discrimination of a moving single-dot target, presented within the blindfield of a hemianope (Weiskrantz et al, 1995 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA92 6122 – 6126). Previous investigations pointed towards two distinct modes of processing, namely correctly discriminating the stimulus direction of motion when ‘aware’ or ‘unaware’ of its presentation. There have been arguments and counter arguments for the relationship between confidence and discrimination scores in normal observers [Kolb and Braun, 1995 Nature (London)377 336 – 338; Morgan et al, 1997 Nature (London)385 401 – 402]. We have investigated the relationship between correct direction-discrimination scores and both the awareness of a visual event and the confidence with which the discrimination is made as a function of the stimulus speed in a blindsight subject using binary and graded scales. Results show that the introduction of a six-point scale for the expressed level of awareness yielded similar results to those when the subject was given a binary choice to indicate the presence or absence of conscious awareness. Although the subject's confidence ratings in making a discrimination varied monotonically as a function of stimulus speed, the data obtained suggest that confidence and awareness, although related, are not functionally identical. The correct discrimination scores remained significantly above chance for a range of speeds even when the subject reported nonconfident. The correct discrimination scores were poorer but nevertheless well above chance for conditions where the subject was asked to report both confidence and awareness and improved if required to report only one of these parameters.

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Griebel, U., and A. Schmid. "Brightness discrimination ability in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus)." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 11 (June 1, 1997): 1587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.11.1587.

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Two manatees were tested on their ability to discriminate brightness using a series of 30 shades of grey varying from white to black. The animals were trained to discriminate between different shades of grey in a twofold simultaneous-choice situation. Their ability to discern brightness differences correlates with Werber's law, and the calculated Werber fraction is 0.35.

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Pins, D., M. Treisman, and R. Johnston. "Do Difficulties in Stimulus Discrimination Affect Luminance Processing?" Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0601.

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Simple reaction time is known to decay as a hyperbolic function of luminance (Piéron's function). An identical relationship has also been demonstrated recently (Pins and Bonnet, 1996 Perception & Psychophysics in press) with different choice-reaction-time tasks. Although mean choice reaction time increased with the complexity of the task, the exponents of the functions relating reaction time (RT) to luminance were found to be equal in each experiment. These results suggest that the task specific time required by the different tasks only adds to the time necessary for luminance processing. In these experiments, the different stimuli presented were easily discriminable. In the present study, we examined the effect of variation in luminance on a more difficult discrimination task involving variation in orientation. Five different luminance levels covering the entire mesopic range were used. In two conditions, tilted lines at nine different angles were used, at a spacing of 2°. In the first condition, the orientations were chosen on both sides of the vertical (the subject responded “left” or “right”); in the second condition, the orientations were on both sides of a line oriented at −40° to the vertical (the subject responded “high” or “low”). The results were compared to those of a second experiment in which only two easily discriminable orientations were used. The results show that RT is greater in the experiments in which nine orientations are used, while the effect of intensity on RT is lower. This effect does not depend on orientation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Two-Choice Discrimination'

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