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Journal articles on the topic 'Twin deficits in Nepal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Bhatt, Naw Raj, and Babu Ram Karki. "Twin Deficit Hypothesis: A Study of Nepal." Economic Journal of Nepal 43, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2020): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejon.v43i1-2.48027.

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This paper aims to examine the causal relationship between the budget deficit and the current account deficit of Nepal using time series data sets for the period from 1975 to 2019. Based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model, the empirical finding indicates that rising budget deficits put more stress on the current account deficits in the both long-run and the short-run. Furthermore, the Granger Causality test reconfirms that unidirectional causation runs from budget deficit to current account deficit, which supports the conventional theory of the positive relationship between fiscal and external deficits, i.e. the twin deficit hypothesis for Nepal. The probable adverse effects that arise from such kind of relationship in the economy should be incorporated by the government of Nepal and concerned stakeholders by adopting appropriate policy measures as well as its effective implementation.

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2

Shastri, Shruti. "Re-examining the twin deficit hypothesis for major South Asian economies." Indian Growth and Development Review 12, no. 3 (November 11, 2019): 265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-11-2018-0124.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to revisit the twin deficit hypothesis (TDH) and provide insights into the transmission mechanism connecting budget deficits and current account deficits for five major South Asian countries, namely, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan Sri Lanka and Nepal for the period 1985-2016. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a multivariate framework including real interest rate, real exchange rate and real gross domestic product to avoid the possibility of incorrect inferences caused by omission of relevant mediating variables. The long-run relationship and causality are investigated through the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach and Toda Yamamoto approach, respectively, for each individual country. The robustness of the results is assessed with the help of Westerlund’s cointegration test and group mean fully modified ordinary least squares (GM-FMOLS), group mean dynamic ordinary least square (GM-DOLS) and common correlated effect mean group (CCEMG) estimators in the panel framework. Findings Both time series and panel evidences indicate long-run relationship between budget balance (BB) and current account balance (CAB) together with the mediating variables. The results indicate bi-directional causation between the two balances for India and Bangladesh, TDH for Pakistan and Sri Lanka and the reverse causation from CAB to BB for Nepal. Regarding the transmission mechanism, the results indicate the absence of the causal chain postulated by Mundell–Fleming, which predicts that BB causes CAB via interest rate and exchange rate. A CCEMG estimate of the import demand function reveals a positive government spending elasticity of imports suggesting that BB affects CAB by direct impact through demand. Originality/value This study augments the twin deficit literature on South Asian countries by providing insights into the transmission mechanism connecting the BB and CAB. Moreover, the study provides robust evidences on the TDH by using both time series and panel data techniques.

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3

Pixley, J. F. "Beyond Twin Deficits." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58, no. 4 (October 1999): 1091–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1999.tb03409.x.

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4

M.R., Anantha Ramu. "‘Twin Deficits’ Hypothesis." Foreign Trade Review 52, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732516650825.

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Higher and persistent level of fiscal deficit and current account deficit is the problem of the day for Indian economy. There exists an argument that higher fiscal deficit is the major factor behind worsening balance of payments position. However, there is no identical perception on the relationship between fiscal deficit and current account deficit both theoretically and empirically. Hence this article is a revisit to the existing debate to see whether fiscal deficit and current account deficit can be called as ‘twin deficits’ pertaining mainly to Indian economy. Using long-term annual data for the period 1980–1981 to 2012–2013 on Indian economy and using vector error correction method, this article seeks to prove that there exists long-term positive association between fiscal deficit and current account deficit, and hence can be called as ‘twins’. Using structural VAR method it has been proved here that fiscal deficit is in line with the pattern illustrated in Keynesian absorption theory and Mundell–Fleming model in regard to its impact on current account deficit. This article negates the relevance of Ricardian equivalence theory in Indian context.

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5

Sharma, Deepak Kumar, and Eva Garg. "Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 33, no. 2 (October 7, 2013): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.8379.

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TTTS is a specific condition that only occurs in multiple pregnancies of monozygotic (monochorionic) twins. When twins share a single placenta, the blood vessels become mutually interconnected in the placenta, so that blood flows back and forth between both twins. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i2.8379 J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013; 33(2):157

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6

Furceri, Davide, and Aleksandra Zdzienicka. "Twin Deficits in Developing Economies." IMF Working Papers 18, no. 170 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484364000.001.

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7

Leachman, Lori L., and Bill Francis. "Twin Deficits: Apparition or Reality?" Applied Economics 34, no. 9 (June 2002): 1121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840110069976.

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8

Kim, Chul-Hwan, and Donggeun Kim. "Does Korea have twin deficits?" Applied Economics Letters 13, no. 10 (August 15, 2006): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850500404910.

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9

Furceri, Davide, and Aleksandra Zdzienicka. "Twin Deficits in Developing Economies." Open Economies Review 31, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11079-019-09575-1.

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10

Paudyal, Shoora B. "Do Budget Deficits Raise Interest Rates in Nepal?" NRB Economic Review 25, no. 1 (May 8, 2013): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nrber.v25i1.52700.

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This paper examines short term and long term relationship between nominal interest rates and budget deficits for Nepal using the data for 1988 to 2011. Engle and Granger Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) is applied for the analysis. The regression results show that budget deficits and budget deficits- GDP ratio do not have significant effects on nominal interest rates in Nepal. So, budget deficits in Nepal are interest rates neutral. We come to the conclusion that budget deficits are not crowding out the private investment in this country. However, the deficits have been increasing the burden of loans financing current consumption at the expense of the future consumption, which will have serious implications on the growth of economy.

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11

Şen, Hüseyin, and Ayşe Kaya. "Are the twin or triple deficits hypotheses applicable to post-communist countries?" Panoeconomicus 67, no. 4 (2020): 465–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan170721028s.

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This study examines the validity of the twin or triple deficits hypotheses using bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis and an annual panel dataset of six post-communist countries (Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Hungary) during the period from 1994 to 2015. The results corroborate neither the validity of the twin deficits hypothesis nor its extended version, the triple deficits hypothesis, for any of the sample countries. In other words, we find no Granger causal relationship between budget deficits and external (trade or current account) deficits or among budget deficits, private savings-investment deficits, and external deficits in the countries examined. On the basis of these results, we reject the Keynesian view of the twin or triple deficits hypotheses. Rather, we confirm the Ricardian view.

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12

Crainer, Stuart. "TWIN PEAKS: CHANGING LIVES IN NEPAL." Business Strategy Review 23, no. 4 (November 30, 2012): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8616.2012.00891.x.

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13

Kalaj, Ermira, and Mithat Mema. "Investigating the Twin Deficits in Albania." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i2.p69-73.

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This paper focuses on the direction of causality between budget deficit and current account deficit in Albania based on Granger causality tests. We use annual macroeconomic data for the period from 1992 to 2014. Before proceeding with the empirical analysis we test for unit root, the non-parametric Phillips-Peron test is conducted. The classical Granger test is extended including control variables such as private investment and savings, exchange rates, inflation rate, and interest rate. Empirical results support the evidence of a causal link between the twin deficits. In this sense fiscal budget cannot be considered as a fully controlled variable. A fiscal policy has important macroeconomic implications in the foreign trade indicators. To further investigate on the robustness of our results we examined the causal link between budget deficit and current account deficit based on the simultaneous equation. Results still persist in the bidirectional relationship between these two deficits.

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14

Sopraseuth, Thepthida. "The US “Twin Deficits”: A Reappraisal." Recherches économiques de Louvain 65, no. 2 (1999): 139–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800083731.

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RésuméUne importante littérature empirique a analysé, depuis le milieu des années 80, la relation entre les déficits budgétaires et commerciaux des Etats-Unis, sans jamais atteindre un consensus. Deux éléments peu-vent être pris en compte pour expliquer ces résultats contradictoires. La comparaison des données à niveau par rapport aux données stationnarisées a un impact sur les conclusions. On remarque, à côté de cela, que le lien entre les exportations nettes et le solde budgétaire des Etats-Unis, stationnarisés ou non, est instable. Ce manque de robustesse peut venir de changements dans la contribution relative des chocs de demande et d’oñre dans l’économie américaine : les chocs de demande génèrent généralement une corrélation positive entre les déficits commerciaux et fiscaux, tandis que les chocs d’offre impliquent une corrélation négative entre les deux séries. Afín de contrôler la relevance empirique de cette intuition, nous avons employé un modèle RBC standard. Avec différents taux estimés de volatilité des chocs d’offre et de demande, le modèle répond aux changements de corrélation entre la balance commerciale et fiscale des Etats-Unis pour chaque sous-exemple, exceptés les années 90.

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15

Volcker, Paul A. "Facing up to the Twin Deficits." Challenge 30, no. 6 (November 1987): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1987.11471213.

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16

MILLER, STEPHEN M., and FRANK S. RUSSEK. "ARE THE TWIN DEFICITS REALLY RELATED?" Contemporary Economic Policy 7, no. 4 (October 1989): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1989.tb00577.x.

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17

BISWAS, BASUDEB, GOPAL TRIBEDY, and PETER SAUNDERS. "FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE TWIN DEFICITS." Contemporary Economic Policy 10, no. 1 (January 1992): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00217.x.

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18

Faizul Islam, M. "Brazil's twin deficits: An empirical examination." Atlantic Economic Journal 26, no. 2 (June 1998): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02299354.

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19

Forte, Francesco, and Cosimo Magazzino. "Twin Deficits in the European Countries." International Advances in Economic Research 19, no. 3 (June 9, 2013): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-013-9406-3.

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20

MURSHED, MUNTASIR, and NAWRIN KHAN NIJHUM. "An Empirical Analysis of the Ricardian Equivalence, Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle and Twin Deficits Hypothesis in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Development Studies XLI, no. 3 (June 2, 2019): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.57138/qraq7568.

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This paper analyses the possibility of the twin deficits hypothesis existing in the context of Bangladesh. The novelty of this paper lies in its approach to link and check the validity of the twin deficits hypothesis in light of the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis and the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle based on annual time-series data stemming from 1990 to 2017. Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) estimator, Vector Error-Correction Modeling and Granger causality estimating techniques are applied to provide statistical evidence regarding the nature of the simultaneity of the twin deficits. The corresponding results, although refuting the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis in the country, suggest in favour of rejection of the twin deficits hypothesis as perceived from a negative unidirectional reverse causality running from current account deficit to Bangladesh’s fiscal shortfalls. Thus, our results impose key challenges and policy implications for the government to take into consideration with respect to simultaneous reduction in these two macroeconomic deficits.

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21

Karel, Khom Raj, and Suman Kharel. "Trade Deficit in Nepal: Relationship between Trade Deficit and Budget Deficits." Molung Educational Frontier 10 (December 31, 2020): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v10i0.34076.

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Nepal has bitter experiences of trade deficit; it has become the tradition of the country. The trade deficit of Nepal has been widening since the decades. The statistical data shows that around 80 percent of imports are from India and China. The growth trend of foreign trade has been increasing in different years after year with a huge amount of trade deficit. As the size of foreign trade increased the trade deficit of Nepal has-been increasing as well. The government of Nepal has been announcing the deficit budget. This study focused to analyze the trends of trade deficit of Nepal and observing the relations of trade deficit and budget deficit. Simple statistical tools are applied to analyze the trend and growth of foreign trade of Nepal and correlation and simple linear regression model has been used to examine the linkages between trade deficit and budget deficit of Nepal. The study has found a strong positive relationship between trade deficit and budget deficit of Nepal. As result, there is a significant impact of budget deficit on trade deficit. The finding of the regression analysis indicates that budget deficit is a significant predictor of trade deficit.

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22

Suliková, Veronika, Marianna Sinicáková, and Denis Horváth. "Twin deficits in small open Baltic economies." Panoeconomicus 61, no. 2 (2014): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1402227s.

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This paper analyzes the twin deficit hypothesis - simultaneous current account deficit and budget deficit - in three small open Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) running under certain forms of the fixed exchange rate regime. The idea of twin deficits is tested using the vector error correction model (VECM), Granger causality tests and forecast variance decomposition, involving three variables: current account, budget balance, and investments. The new estimates confirm significant long-run positive relation between budget balance and current account in Estonia and Lithuania on one hand and the negative one in case of budget balance and investments in all three considered countries. The results of the analysis are specific to each country as they depend on their particular macroeconomic background. The contribution was elaborated within the project VEGA 1/0973/11.

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23

Aqeel, Anjum, and Mohammed Nishat. "The Twin Deficits Phenomenon: Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.535-550.

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Like most developing countries a steady budget deficit in Pakistan is the primary cause of all major ills of the economy. It has varied between 5.4 to 8.7 percent during last two decades. On the other hand the current account deficit varied between 2.7 to 7.2 percent during the same period. The variations in fiscal policy can lead to predictable developments in an open economy’s performance on current account, remains a controversial issue. An important aspect of this issue concerns what is termed as twin deficit analysis, according to which fiscal deficits and current account balances are very closely related so that reductions in the former are both necessary and sufficient to obtain improved performance in the later. Theoretical work on the relationship that exist between variations in fiscal policy and the current account balance has been based upon two types of models. These models are constructed from postulated behavioural relationships that purport to describe how the economy works in aggregate without explaining the behaviour of agents who make up the economy [Mundel (1963); Branson (1976); Dornbusch (1976); Kawai (1985) and Marston (1985)]. The second type of model, derives the important macroeconomic relationships from the microfoundations of individual optimising behaviour [Dixit (1978); Neary (1980); Obstfeld (1981); Persson (1982); Kimbrough (1985); Frenkel and Razin (1986); Cuddington and Vinals (1985, 1986a) and Moore (1989)]. However, both of these approaches have yielded divergent results.

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24

Siničáková, Marianna, Veronika Sulikova, and Beata Gavurova. "Twin deficits threat in the European Union." E+M Ekonomie a Management 20, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2017-1-010.

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25

Jayaraman, T. K. "Is the Twin Deficits Hypothesis a Myth?" Indian Economic Journal 61, no. 4 (January 2014): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220140402.

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26

VAMVOUKAS, GEORGE A. "The twin deficits phenomenon: evidence from Greece." Applied Economics 31, no. 9 (September 1999): 1093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368499323571.

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27

Frankel, Jeffrey. "Could the twin deficits jeopardize US hegemony?" Journal of Policy Modeling 28, no. 6 (September 2006): 653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2006.06.011.

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28

Bird, Graham, Eric Pentecost, and Yanyan Yang. "The Twin Deficits Hypothesis: An Empirical Examination." Open Economies Review 30, no. 4 (July 13, 2019): 759–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11079-019-09541-x.

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29

BURGER, P. "SURPLUS, SURPLUS, WHO'S GOT THE (TWIN) DEFICITS?" South African Journal of Economics 72, no. 1 (July 6, 2005): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2004.tb00101.x.

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30

Holmes, Mark J. "A reassessment of the twin deficits relationship." Applied Economics Letters 17, no. 12 (July 27, 2010): 1209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840902845434.

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31

Corsetti, Giancarlo, and Gernot J. Müller. "Twin Deficits, Openness, and the Business Cycle." Journal of the European Economic Association 6, no. 2-3 (April 2008): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jeea.2008.6.2-3.404.

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32

Saleh, Ali Salman, Mahendhiran Nair, and Tikiri Agalewatte. "The Twin Deficits Problem in Sri Lanka." South Asia Economic Journal 6, no. 2 (September 2005): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/139156140500600204.

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33

Bagnai, Alberto. "Structural breaks and the twin deficits hypothesis." International Economics and Economic Policy 3, no. 2 (November 14, 2006): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10368-006-0050-8.

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34

Tsen, Wong Hock. "THE TWIN DEFICITS IN MALAYSIA: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE." Labuan Bulletin of International Business and Finance (LBIBF) 11 (September 12, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/lbibf.v11i.1327.

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This study examines the twin deficits in Malaysia. The Dickey and Fuller (DF) and Phillips and Perron (PP) unit root test statistics show that all variables examined are non-stationary. The Johansen cointegration test statistics show that there is long-run relationship between external balances and its determinants includes budget balances. Moreover, increases in budget balances will lead to increases in external balances and increase in investment will lead to decreases in external balances. The results of the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimator demonstrate about the same conclusion of the relationship between external balances and budget balances as the conclusion of the Johansen cointegration method. Consolidated budgets will lead to healthy external balances, which are important for achieving sustainable economic growth.

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35

Panousis, Konstantinos P., and Minoas Koukouritakis. "Twin Deficits: Evidence From Portugal, Italy, Spain and Greece." Intereconomics 55, no. 5 (September 2020): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-020-0924-y.

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Abstract Since the mid-2000s, internal and external imbalances have increased in many EU countries. This contributed to the debate over whether government budget deficits affect current account deficits, known as twin deficits hypothesis. It implies that public debt is actually a burden for future taxpayers and thus a dangerous way for budget financing. Therefore, the fiscal measures implemented by policymakers may also affect the current account. This article tests the twin deficits hypothesis for Portugal, Italy, Spain and Greece for the period 1999–2017. The empirical analysis presented in the article finds evidence that strongly supports this hypothesis only for Italy and Greece. For Portugal and Spain, however, the evidence is quite weak.

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36

Suliková, Veronika, and Anna Tykhonenko. "The impact of public debt on the twin imbalances in Europe: A threshold model." Ekonomski anali 62, no. 213 (2017): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1713027s.

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Recent empirical research rejecting twin deficits in indebted countries and current account imbalances adjustment in Europe led to the idea to test the twin imbalances at different public debt-to-GDP intervals. The analysis covers 14 EU countries over the time period 1995-2012. A panel data threshold model with fixed effects estimates two debt-to-GDP thresholds (40.2% and 96.6%), which determine three debt-to-GDP intervals in the twin relationship. If public debtto-GDP is less than 40.2%, the model determines a negative relationship (twin divergence) between budget balance and current account. Twin deficits (surpluses) are confirmed exclusively if debt-to-GDP is in the interval between 40.2% and 96.6%. A twin divergence is also confirmed if public debt-to-GDP is more than 96.6% (e.g., as in Greece and Italy). The results confirm that increased indebtedness in European countries contributed to their current account imbalance adjustment.

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Drapkin, I. M. "The Influence of Taxes on Inflows and Outflows of Foreign Direct Investment." Journal of Tax Reform 6, no. 3 (2020): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2020.6.3.084.

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Macroeconomic management of a small open economy in a currency board arrangement faces two serious problems: first, under a fixed exchange rate, fiscal policy is the only effective macroeconomic instrument for smoothing out the business cycle; second, the twin deficits phenomenon, if it exists, may jeopardize the stability of the currency board arrangement. This paper uses quarterly seasonally adjusted Eurostat data for the period of 1999–2019, the Hodrick–Prescott filter and a vector autoregression (VAR) to answer the three questions that are of utmost importance to Bulgarian policy-makers: first, is the discretionary fiscal policy of the Bulgarian government procyclical or countercyclical? Second, do the automatic stabilizers in the Bulgarian state budget function properly? Finally, is the twin deficits hypothesis valid for Bulgaria? Our findings imply that the fiscal discretion of the Bulgarian government is procyclical, while the automatic fiscal stabilizers do not work effectively. The first part of the twin deficits hypothesis (the causal link between the fiscal balance and the current account balance) is confirmed but the second part of the twin deficits hypothesis (the positive relationship between the fiscal balance and the current account balance) is rejected for Bulgaria. It may be inferred that both sides of the Bulgarian state budget (revenue and expenditure) need to be improved in order to increase the effectiveness of Bulgaria’s fiscal policy. Low budget deficits (not higher than 3% of GDP) are recommended for improving the current account balance and encouraging economic growth.

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Todorov, I., and K. Durova. "The Fiscal Policy of Bulgaria from the Standpoints of the Business Cycle and the Twin Deficits Hypothesis." Journal of Tax Reform 6, no. 3 (2020): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2020.6.3.085.

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Macroeconomic management of a small open economy in a currency board arrangement faces two serious problems: first, under a fixed exchange rate, fiscal policy is the only effective macroeconomic instrument for smoothing out the business cycle; second, the twin deficits phenomenon, if it exists, may jeopardize the stability of the currency board arrangement. This paper uses quarterly seasonally adjusted Eurostat data for the period of 1999–2019, the Hodrick–Prescott filter and a vector autoregression (VAR) to answer the three questions that are of utmost importance to Bulgarian policy-makers: first, is the discretionary fiscal policy of the Bulgarian government procyclical or countercyclical? Second, do the automatic stabilizers in the Bulgarian state budget function properly? Finally, is the twin deficits hypothesis valid for Bulgaria? Our findings imply that the fiscal discretion of the Bulgarian government is procyclical, while the automatic fiscal stabilizers do not work effectively. The first part of the twin deficits hypothesis (the causal link between the fiscal balance and the current account balance) is confirmed but the second part of the twin deficits hypothesis (the positive relationship between the fiscal balance and the current account balance) is rejected for Bulgaria. It may be inferred that both sides of the Bulgarian state budget (revenue and expenditure) need to be improved in order to increase the effectiveness of Bulgaria’s fiscal policy. Low budget deficits (not higher than 3% of GDP) are recommended for improving the current account balance and encouraging economic growth.

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39

Sangraula, Prem Prasad. "Revenue Relation with VAT in Nepal Government Budget Structure." Damak Campus Journal 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dcj.v11i1.63482.

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Taxes are major fiscal policy instruments and important government policy tools have an important role in increasing the rate of capital formation and thereby a high rate of economic growth can be achieved. Globalization, privatization and liberalization have brought the huge change in the country budget and economic environment. The budget management of government is one of the important tasks which play very important role in the nation and international environment which influence the technology and changing business environment has posed many challenges before management. This study aims to find out the Nepal government budget status in economic sectors. Descriptive research has been conducted using annual report of economic survey of ministry of finance. Descriptive analysis suggested that is strong relationship between revenue and expenditure management of Nepal government budget. The main objective of this study is to determine the relationship between revenue and expenditure in the study made over the period 2073/74 to 2077/78 taken as a sample year in this research study among the various fiscal years of Nepal government budget. The statistical methods of trend analysis and descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and hypothesis test were used to analyze the study outcomes. The results of the study indicated the revenue, expenditure and deficits conditions of Nepal government budget. This research articles report sources of revenue and structure of budget heads of Nepalese economic sector. It also reflects the whole revenue and expenditure positions of Nepal government and effective implementation of revenue estimation to manage deficits conditions. The revenue, expenditure and deficits conditions policy and strategies would also helps to manage deficits conditions by research studying.

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40

Tripathi, M., and R. Shrestha. "Pregnancy Outcome of Twin Pregnancy at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 11, no. 02 (December 31, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v11i02.22898.

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Objectives: To evaluate maternal and neonatal complications and pregnancy outcomes of twin pregnancies. Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted using retrospective data on the twin pregnancies with more than 28 weeks of gestational age. The study used data over a period of five years, from March 10, 2010 to March 9, 2015 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GMC Teaching Hospital Pokhara. Results: Of the 50 twin pregnancies, the most common maternal complication was preterm delivery (40%). Other maternal complications were anemia (36%), pregnancy induced hypertension (14%), premature rupture of membranes (14%), postpartum hemorrhage (12%) and antepartum hemorrhage (6%). Median gestational age at delivery was 37 weeks. Most common route of delivery was cesarean section (66%). Most common neonatal complication was low birth weight (48%) births first twin and second twin 56%. Conclusion: Twin pregnancy has high maternal and neonatal complications, especially preterm delivery that increases the risk of significant neonatal morbidity and mortality.

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41

Normandin, Michel. "Budget deficit persistence and the twin deficits hypothesis." Journal of International Economics 49, no. 1 (October 1999): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(98)00058-0.

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Kalou, Sofia, and Suzanna-Maria Paleologou. "The twin deficits hypothesis: Revisiting an EMU country." Journal of Policy Modeling 34, no. 2 (March 2012): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.06.002.

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Hürtgen, Patrick, and Ronald Rühmkorf. "Sovereign default risk and state-dependent twin deficits." Journal of International Money and Finance 48 (November 2014): 357–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2014.05.020.

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Corsetti, G., and G. J. Muller. "Twin deficits: squaring theory, evidence and common sense." Economic Policy 21, no. 48 (October 1, 2006): 598–638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2006.00167.x.

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Nikiforos, Michalis, Laura Carvalho, and Christian Schoder. "“Twin deficits” in Greece: in search of causality." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 38, no. 2 (October 20, 2015): 302–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01603477.2015.1065675.

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ALSE, JANARDHANAN, and MOHSEN BAHMANI-OSKOOEE. "ARE THE TWIN DEFICITS REALLY RELATED? A COMMENT." Contemporary Economic Policy 10, no. 1 (January 1992): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00218.x.

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MILLER, STEPHEN M., and FRANK S. RUSSEK. "ARE THE TWIN DEFICITS REALLY RELATED? FURTHER COMMENTS." Contemporary Economic Policy 10, no. 1 (January 1992): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00219.x.

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Ratha, Artatrana. "Twin Deficits or Distant Cousins? Evidence from India1." South Asia Economic Journal 13, no. 1 (March 2012): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/139156141101300103.

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Abell, John D. "Twin deficits during the 1980s: An empirical investigation." Journal of Macroeconomics 12, no. 1 (December 1990): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0164-0704(90)90057-h.

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Chen, David Y. "Effects of monetary policy on the twin deficits." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 47, no. 2 (May 2007): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2006.05.002.

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