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Academic literature on the topic 'Tvärsnitt'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tvärsnitt"
Oppitz, Mattias. "Glödskalsrensning på göt med varierande tvärsnitt." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19578.
Full textAt Ovako in Hofors, steel is produced through ingot casting. These ingots have a square cross-section, which varies between 300 and 700 mm. These are transported from the steel plant, to a hot-rolling mill for reheating. Whereupon it then gets rolled into finished materials. During the time in the furnaces, when ingots are heated, iron and other alloys oxidize and form a scale. If this scale then is rolled into the material, defects, such as impurity and cracks are formed in the steel, with quality issues as a result. Therefore, it was a desire from Ovako to develop a method to clean the scale on ingots with varying cross-section. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the possibility of removing scale from ingots using high-pressure water or other methods. Various methods have been evaluated on the basis of previous research in the area, and based on different values, water was chosen as a method to proceed with. Under high pressure and flow, water is sprayed through nozzles, which breaks the scale and removes it from the ingot. This method is the most occurring in hot-rolling mills. The problem at Ovako is that their ingots have varying cross-section, and the equipment must adapt to the difference in the dimensions. Calculations were made using values from existing rolling mills and with their equipment that is capable of descale in a satisfactory manner. A system pressure of 25 MPa, with a total flow of almost 130 l/s are delivered through 44 nozzles distributed over the ingots four sides. The nozzle distance to the ingot is 150 mm, where the nozzles have a jet angle of 15 degrees to the surface normal. This system provides a surface pressure of 0,92 MPa. Which should be between 0,5 and 1,0 MPa to give a satisfactory result. Accumulator should be used, with a volume of 0,35 m3. When the ingots cross-section changes during descaling, the spray headers will adapt to have the same distance between nozzles and the ingot. The conclusion of this work, is that this method and equipment will clean ingots in a satisfactory manner. However, the equipment should be optimized to suit the different types of steel, produced in Ovako.
Klang, Therese. "Contingent Value Rights : ett tvärsnitt av nyckelfrågor kring ett nytt finansiellt instrument." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-204073.
Full textWäster, Malin. "Modellering av tvärsnitt i betongbro med avseende på egenskaper som platta och balk." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-137171.
Full textThe aim of this Master thesis is to study a cross section of a bridge that cannot be unambiguously considered to be defined as a beam cross-section or a slab cross-section. With the given definitions used in bridge engineering, a slab construction has to have a width wider than five times the height, otherwise it should be regarded as a beam construction. The length of a beam construction is also defined to be three times longer than the height. The cross section in this thesis can thus be treated as both a slab cross-section and as a beam cross-section. The aim of this work is to investigate whether it is possible to find a method to construct this type of cross-section that falls within both these two definitions. The difference in mode of action between a plate and a beam is that the plate is assumed to carry loads in two directions while a beam only carries load in one direction. The work done in this report has been performed in cooperation with the consulting company WSP Bridge & Hydraulic Design in Örebro who has constructed a bridge with the studied section, Bro 344 över parkstråk i trafikplats Rinkeby å ramp mot Ärvinge. This bridge is 181 m long in 9 spans and are located at the traffic interchange Rinkeby which is part of the Swedish Transport Administration project, E18 Hjulsta - Kista. The loads, which are discussed and analyzed are the deadweight of the concrete, distributed load of road surface and vertical traffic loads. In the first stage of the work the models are being analyzed with moving traffic loads, it appears, however, during the process that simplifications in terms of the moving traffic loads must be made, when the work would be too wide otherwise. A static bogie-load is deployed in one of the spans, in between the third point and half the span length. Calculations are performed using a computer software, in which the bridge is modeled both by shell elements and by beam elements. The shell-model is created as an elongated plate section in which the force comes out as unit per meter. The beam-model is considered as a semi-restrained beam in which the section forces come out in unit for the whole beam. Software used is a three-dimensional finite element program, SOFISTIK. As many other FEprograms SOFISTIK provide a user-friendly modeling workspace, it handles variable and moving loads and has a variety of embedded modules and functions. The calculations which are being evaluated and compared, is at the first hand the different results in between the shell-model and the beam-model from the models made in SOFISTIK. The amounts of designing reinforcement are calculated for the maximum bending moment and for the minimum bending moment. Those results, also compares with results from other software, the software used in the design from the beginning, which for the shell-analyze the software Brigade Standard and for the beam-analyze the software Strip Step 3. The amounts of design reinforcement are finally compared by studying three cases: • The Shell-model from SOFISTIK - Brigade Standard • Beam-model from SOFISTIK - Strip Step 3 • SOFISTIK the shell-model – the beam-model The comparisons show that both the shell-models from the two different programs (SOFISTIK and Brigade Standard) and the beam-models from the different two programs (SOFISTIK - Strip Step 3) give equivalent amounts of reinforcement which provides a secure verification of the models. Furthermore the comparison between the shell-model and the beam-model, in SOFISTIK , shows that the beam-model provides significantly higher amounts of reinforcement in both the field and at the support.
Hellström, Martin. "OPTIMERING AV SAMVERKANSBROAR : En jämförande studie av stålbalkars tvärsnitt med avseende på bärighet, ekonomi och miljö." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-336002.
Full textJonsson, Ida, and Robin Öhrn. "Dimensionering av momentskärmstativ : Analys med finita elementmetoden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Hållfasthetslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-95536.
Full textJannesson, Fredrik. "Böjprovning av stålförstärkta limträbalkar." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24065.
Full textIn this master thesis the strength and stiffness of glulam beams is being investigated and how these parameters change when you reinforce the beams with steel. A literature review has been conducted to establish what’s been done in this area previously, regarding reinforcements of glulam beams. Glulam beams got a greater solidity compared to regular construction timber. When dimensioning beams, a certain maximum deflection is allowed, that depends on the beam's span. A reinforcement with steel, that has higher strength properties, can mean that you can handle the requirements with a smaller cross section. Even the stiffness of the beam could be raised, which in turn causes the beam's frequency to be raised. In this particular study three different types of steel reinforcement has been investigated. The steel plates were glued together with the glulam beams. The beams were placed upon heaps and a point load stressed the beam at the center until the beam fractured. The reinforced beam showed an increase in strength between 23,9-30,7 % and an increase in stiffness between 13,2-37,6 %. With a different type of steel, with higher solidity, the increases would probably been greater.
Karlsson, Tomas, and Johan Fromell. "Förstärkta strävor i trätakstolar för ökad tryckkapacitet : En laborativ undersökning." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1545.
Full textI vissa takstolskonstruktioner kan det ibland uppstå stora tryckkrafter i diagonala reglar. I Sverige löser man oftast detta med hjälp av stagning tvärs diagonalen för att hindra utböjning i veka riktningen. Ibland när det är svårt att på plats trä in strävor på grund av utrymmesbrist och dylikt kan man spika eller skruva på en regel för att på så sätt förstärka den diagonala strävan. Detta examensarbete har undersökt två olika förstärkningsalternativ, rektangulärt- och T-tvärsnitt, med hjälp av reglar med dimension 45x95 mm2 vilka skruvas respektive spikas ihop. Detta har gjorts laborativt genom att trycka provkroppar i en provningsram och undersöka hur mycket den axiala kapaciteten ökar med förstärkning. De två olika förstärkningslösningarna bygger på att man på plats kan förstärka strävor med enkla medel.
Testbitarna har levererats till Växjö universitet och är av oklassat virke. Provbitarnas E-modul har undersökts för att på teoretisk väg undersöka hur stor axialkraftskapacitet den primära strävan har utan förstärkning. Provkroppar tillverkades och konditionerades i klimatrum, med temperaturen 20°C och 65 % RF, i ca tre veckor före provtryckning.
De laborativa värdena visar att den axiella kapaciteten ökar med 1,9 – 2,7 ggr för de rektangulära tvärsnitten och 2,5 – 4,0 ggr för T-tvärsnitten. Förstärkningsfaktorn är beroende av längd, förstärkningsalternativ och sammanfogning. Förstärkningseffektiviteten är högst för de längre strävorna.
In wooden roof trusses there sometimes may occur buckling in compressed web members. In most cases in Sweden this is solved by bracing between two webs to prevent buckling of the minor axis. Sometimes it is hard to brace between webs because of lack of space. Then it is possible to nail or screw a side member on the compressed web to increase the capacity. This diploma work has examined two different ways of bracing, rectangular cross section and T-bracing, with webs 45x95 mm2. Experimental tests have been made on compression webs and examine the bracing efficiency. It is important that the bracing alternatives are easy to use with simple tools.
Ungraded lumber were delivered to Växjö University. The Youngs modulus of the test pieces has been examined so the critical buckling load of the main member without bracing could be calculated theoretically. The lumber was conditioned to equilibrium moisture content of approximately 12 percent in a room maintained at 65 percent relative humidity and 20°C in three weeks before testing the critical buckling load.
The experimental results show that the critical buckling load increases with a factor of 1,9 – 2,7 for the rectangular cross sections and with a factor of 2,5 – 4,0 for the T-bracing. The bracing efficiency is dependent on length, bracing alternative and type of connectors.. The bracing efficiency increases for longer webs.
Andersson, Markus, and Eric Åberg. "Bakhjulsupphängning, fyrhjuling." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-746.
Full textHighland Group AB was helping a customer of theirs to create an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV), a project Highland has never been involved with before. For the wishbone arms of the wheel suspension, traditional manufacturing methods and tubes with cylindrical or square shaped cross section was preferred. We performed a simulation where the ATV was driving on a bumpy road too see the forces involved. With the results we proceeded to calculate the strength of the concepts to find out which is best suited for the tough environment in which the ATV is used. The concept that turned out to be the best was a wishbone made of circular cross section, which had good structural strength and did fulfill the demands that we required for the construction. The company where interested in the project and could see themselves proceeding with the work in the future. We helped the company to find interest for computer aided simulation in collaboration with structural strength analysis, which they would like to engage in. The project has given us a larger knowledge in the choices of construction and structural strength analysis as well as experience working with computer aided construction tools.
Lindeberg, Tomas. "Alteration of the Bjursås Ore Field, Oxberg, Bergslagen District, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-267730.
Full textBjursåsfältet ligger i Bergslagen strax nordväst om Falun. Vid Bjursåsfältet finns ett flertal hyttområden och mindre nedlagda gruvor, så som Flobergsgruvan som startades under 1600-talet. Området har varit i fokus för mineralprospektering vid flera tillfällen under 1900-talet och i början av 2000-talet men inga större mineraliseringar av ekonomiskt värde har hittats. Boliden AB undersöker för närvarande området och denna uppsats fokuserar på ett område inom Bjursåsfältet kring byn Oxberg. Omkring detta område har en stor omvandlingszon identifierats, men en detaljerad undersökning av denna zon har ännu inte gjorts. Mineraliseringar i berg beror ofta på att en fluid trängt igenom berget och av olika anledningar avsatt sitt metallinnehåll just där. Denna process leder vanligtvis också till att berget som fluiden trängt igenom omvandlas. En sådan omvandlingszon, som ofta är mycket större sett till volym än just själva mineraliseringen, kan agera som vägvisare för att nå fram till mineraliseringen.Borrkärnor som tidigare borrats inom detta område har karterats samt provtagits för kemisk analys med syfte att identifiera olika omvandlingsmönster och deras utbredning. Tre litologiska och kemiska tvärsnitt av underjorden har skapats utifrån borrkärnorna längs en nordöstlig trend. De visar att de dominerande bergarterna är utbrottsprodukter från olika vulkaner som var aktiva i området då bergarterna bildades. De är i första hand felsiska (ljusa bergarter, som exempelvis graniter) i sammansättning. Även lerrika sediment som tillhör Oxbergformationen förekommer sporadiskt och mafiska bergertar (mörka bergarter, som exempelvis basalt) samt orena kalkstenar förekommer i mindre utsträckning. Kalkstenar i Bergslagen är ofta associerade med mineralisering men detta verkar inte vara fallet kring Oxberg på grund av kalkstenarnas begränsade sidoutsträckning. Därmed föreslås kalksten inte vara ett gynnsamt mål för framtida prospektering i området.Två huvudsakliga omvandlingstyper är identifierade i Oxberg. Den första är en magnesiumrik biotit-corderit-antofyllit-omvandling som är associerad med en svag till måttlig impregnering av zinkblände och blyglans. Den andra är en järnrik biotit-granat-staurolit-corderit-omvandling i samband med magnetit-granat-aktinolit ± diopsid-omvandling. Inget zinkblände eller blyglans är förknippat med den järnrika omvandlingen. Den magnesiumrika omvandlingen gränsar till en bredare zon av stark sericit-kvarts-omvandling. Detta förhållande är utmärkande för en vis typ av malmbildningsprocess och en rekommendation är att titta närmare på just denna zon med hjälp av framtida borrningar.Utöver detta har två separata metoder identifierats vilka föreslås vara användbara för framtida prospektering av området. Metoderna baseras på kemisk provtagning av omvandlade bergarter och analysering enligt metoder beskrivna i denna uppsats.
Lindlöf, Robin, and Aron Spejare. "Styrka, snabbhet och hoppförmåga : En korrelationsstudie på elitidrottande män och kvinnor." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4814.
Full textAim The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sprint ability and different types of strength and jump tests. To meet purpose the following questions were formulated: How does the acceleration sequence in sprint relate to strength tests? How does the acceleration sequence in sprint relate to jump tests? How does the maximum speed sequence in sprint relate to strength tests? How does the maximum speed sequence in sprint relate to jump tests? Method In total, 24 subjects participated in this study consisting of both women (n=21, age 21,5 ±2,5, height 170,3 ±6,3 cm, weight 68,5 ±6,3 kg) and men (n=3, age 18,7 ±0,2, height 177,3 ±4,9 cm, weight 72 ±9,0 kg). The participants represented the highest national level of their respective sports which were handball, team gymnastics and ice hockey. This study applied a quantitative method through a cross sectional analysis to determine the relationship between the acceleration (0-10 m) and maximum speed (20-30 m) phase in sprint with four different strength and jump test (1RM Squat, Squat Jump, CMJ and Standing Long Jump). Raw data was analyzed in the statistical analysis software SPSS where the Pearson’s correlation was applied to determine the relationships. Results All the aforementioned strength and jump tests showed a moderate statistically significant correlation with the maximum speed phase (20-30 m) during sprint, where the strongest correlation existed between Standing Long Jump and the maximum speed phase (r=-0,66, p=0,001). The acceleration phase (0-10 m) showed little to no statistically significant correlation to any of the strength or jump tests. Conclusions The results suggest that horizontal jumping can indicate an ability to generate maximum speed in sprint running. Therefore Standing Long Jump might offer an efficient alternative to gauge horizontal power in terms of sprint running at maximum speed. With the heterogeneous test population in mind, Standing Long Jump may be applied in conditions where testing of multiple athletes is required. Especially in team sports where different positional roles and tasks represent varying physical abilities or demands.