Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Turquie – 1900-1945'
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Tachjian, Vahé. "Minorités, États-nation, expansionnisme occidental : la zone frontière turco-syrienne dans l'entre-deux-guerres." Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0044.
Full textI describe and I study in my thesis the minority issue in the frontier zone between Syria and Turkey. The chronological limits of my thesis is the period between the two wars, when three main protagonists are the important forces in the region: the minorities (Kurds, Armenians, Syriacs and others), the state-nations on their road to statehood (the case of Turkey, Syria and Iraq), the western expansionnism (the exemple of France, the mandatory power in the region). The issues that are raised in my work are the behaviour of three principal actors, from Cilicia until the Upper Djazira, all along the Turco-Syrian frontier. These protagonists are: the foreign expansionnist powers which were looking for local support to better infiltrate and to be firmly established in the region; the local forces trying to reinvent a new state order; the local minorities conforming faithfully to the political line of the foreign powers, which became, in their view, the only guarantee for their survival. In my thesis, I studied and compared essentially the politics implemented by the new Turkish state and by the French mandatory power in regards to the minorities living on the two sides of the artificial frontier, mainly in the regions of Cilicia and the Upper Djazira
Demir, Yaşar. "Le rattachement du sandjak d'Alexandrette à la Turquie, ambition turque et l'influence des dynamiques locales : la politique de la France dans le Levant (1918-1939)." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA1042.
Full textThe subject of this thesis that is prepared under the direction of Prof Paul Dumont is "The inclusion of Alexandretta Ensign to Turkey, the desire/appetite of Turkey for this region and the effect of local dynamics: The Levant Policy of France". The purpose ofthis research is to enlighten the small percentage of recent history of Turkish-French relations in various aspects. The Antakya region, which is regarded as sacred by three monotheistic religions and which is the cradle of humanity, the crossroads of civilizations, the pearl of East and the symbol of tolerance has cradle ofhumanity, the crossroads of civilizations, the pearl of East and the symbol oftolerance has been the subject ofmany research projects. Now, it deserves to attract attention one more time by means of the research projects conducted in France and Turkey. The importance of this region is so important that the history and multi-cultural and ethnie dimension of it got beyond the limits of states. Indeed, the assets of the religious, cultural, social and eth ic structures ofthis region make it important that, it became as a crossroad where the great powers impose their own cultures to protect their interests. Because ofthis richness and diversity, the Alexandretta Ensign has been also the center of problems internationally. The thesis consists offive parts: chronology, bibliography, appendices and photograph parts. .
Dost, Pinar. "De la neutralité à l’alliance : aux origines de la prééminence américaine en Turquie, 1939-1947." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0084.
Full textThe official foreign policy of Turkey during the Second World War was the neutrality. Nonetheless, during the war Turkey became the “ally”of one camp and the friend of the other; Turkey bought weapons and sold its chrome to both camps, obtained credits and offered them the facilities of the country. It is possible to observe different tactics of the Turkish government, while the goal remains the same: to stay out of the war. Contrary to the historiography of the Turkish-American relationships which claimed that the sole interest of USA in Turkey was only after the declaration of the Truman Doctrine, and within the political frame of the containment of USSR, the origins of the preemminance of USA in Turkey should be seeked during the war as well. It is during the war that the American officials believed in the necessity of cutting all the barriers that obstructed the commericial exchange, of utilising the economy in order to inflict the politics; this is enabled by their new definition of national security that emerged during the war. One of the goals that resulted from this new concept was to stop any possible conflicts in the distant territories that were needed as overseas military bases and it is especially during the war that they got into competition with the Great Britain concerning the Middle East. The Soviet threat suspending over Turkey starting from 1945 onwards offered the Americans the pretext to realize an expansion policy towards Turkey, a policy already plannified during the war
Sayan, Celal. "La construction de l'État national turc et le mouvement national kurde (1918-1938)." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010669.
Full textTejel, Gorgas Jordi. "Le mouvement kurde de Turquie en exil : continuités et discontinuités du nationalisme kurde sous le mandat français en Syrie et au Liban (1925-1946)." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0088.
Full textThis research aims to study the history of the Kurdish movement in the transitory period which divides the protonationalist mobilisation in the late Ottoman era from modern nationalism. This change is made under the influence of the Kurdish leadership from Turkey, but exiled in Syria and Lebanon. While the Syrian Jazirah under the French Mandate is the main political scene of the research, nevertheless the Kermalist Republic is a omnipresent reference. If in Turkey different Kurdish revolts take place, the core of this thesis is the Kurdish cultural movement articulated around the Khoyboun Society. Finally, we purpose of a better standing of the Kurdish ideology, our work stresses the interactions between this Kurdish intellectuals and, on the one hand, the Kurdish leaders of Iran and Iraq, and, on the other hand, the Armenian Tashnak party
Gotikian, Guevork. "La question arménienne : de la veille de la Grande guerre au traité de Lausanne, d'après les archives françaises." Saint-Etienne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STET2045.
Full textBased on documents issued from the French records, the main purpose of this ph. D. Deals with the ultimate stage of the Armenian issue from 1914 to 1923. This ph. D. Examines the Armenian genocide which was perpetrated over the World war I as well as the numerous repercussions generated by it. When this genocide nearly come over, revolutionary events dismembered the Russian empire and creating independent states. As a consequence a short-lived Armenian republic arised in 1918. This state disappeared in 1920 under the combined fire of the Moscow-Ankara axis, wars with its Transcaucasians neighbours and inertia of the entente's powers. After the great war, allied powers took no further interest in the Armenian issue by delaying the conclusion of a peace treaty with turkey. As a consequence, each allied power applied its own policy in Asia minor. Until its abandonment in Lausanne, the Armenian problem has been punctuated by feats of arms and not by interallied negotiations. Consequently, this situation has only diplomatically sanctionned militarian reality. After its funeral in 1923, the Armenian issue gave birth to the Armenian cause
Garin, Michel. "Les immigrés indépendants originaires de Grèce et de Turquie à Paris de 1920 à 1936." Paris, INALCO, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INAL0006.
Full textThis research attemps to answer the question of whether the development of independent activity on the part of immigrants from Greece and Turkey depended on their geographical origin and/or their community origin. The main portion covers all the immigrants born in Greece or Turkey and shown on each of the censuses of March 1926, March 1931 and March 1936 as well as immigrants borns in Greece or Turkey, and registered on the Register of Commerce of the Seine Department from 1920 to 1936. The five groups defined by cross-referencing their geographical and community origins - Armenians from Turkey, Greeks from Greece, Greeks from Turkey, Jews from Greece and Jews from Turkey - had differing reasons to emigrate and options to return. There are many points in common as regards independent activity in the various groups, in particular the continuous increase in their rate of independence during the period as well as the driving forces and the process of development of the independent activity. However there are also significant differences. Firstly, there are differences in the rate of independence. The highest rate of independence is seen among Jews from Greece, followed by Jews from Turkey, then Greeks from Greece, Greeks from Turkey and finally Armenians from Turkey. Differences may also be seen in the geographical distribution and residential concentration of the various groups. Independent Armenians from Turkey and Greeks from Greece and Turkey are more numerous in the trades than in commerce; Jews from Greece and Turkey are more numerous in commerce
Szurek, Emmanuel. "Gouverner par les mots : une histoire linguistique de la Turquie nationaliste." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0027.
Full textThis thesis focuses on language policies in nationalist Turkey between the late 1920s and the mid 1940s. It claims to present a social and intellectual history of linguistic practices and their authoritarian transformation in the single-party era (adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1928, systematic eviction of usual Arabic and Persian words in the 1930s in favor of Turkish vocables, massive production of "Turkish-pure" neologisms in the 1930s and 1940s ; adoption of a patronymic system of identification of the individuals from 1934 onwards). It is a cross analysis, conducted in the long term and from a transnational perspective, of four types of phenomena, respectively a linguistic phenomena (language practices, clutched on social variance), a metalinguistic phenomena (scientific knowledges) and an epilinguistic dimension (linguistic opinion movements). Highlighting the interrelationships between these four levels of reality is what we call a linguistic history of nationalist Turkey
Nahum, Henri. "Les Juifs de Smyrne à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle : de l'État plurinational à l'État-nation." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040171.
Full textThe Ottoman Empire was plurational, plurireligious and plurilingual. In Smyrna, at the end of the 19th century, five "nations" lived together: the Muslim Turkish one, the Greek one, the Armenian one, the Latin one and the Jewish one. The life of the Jewish "nation", its relations with the ottoman state and the other "nations" of Smyrna, the European influence especially the influence of the Alliance Israelite universelle, are studied. The First World War and the war between turkey and Greece from 1919 to 1922 destroy that equilibrium which was already unstable. The Turkish republic is a nation-state which intends to be homogeneous and unitarian. The Jewish community tries to adapt itself to this new structure
Falierou, Anastasia. "Le vêtement et les modes vestimentaires à Istanbul des Tanzimat jusqu'à la Turquie républicaine (1826-1925)." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0103.
Full textThe thesis studies the processes of modernization in the way of life and their impact on the clothing question and styles of dressing across five different historical periods : the reign of Mahmud II (1808-1839), the Tanzimat era (1839-1876), the Hamidian era (1876-1909), the Young Turk period (1908-1918) and finally the first years of the Turkish Republic (1923-1925), up to the promulgation of the hat law. The developments in men's and women's clothing followed different chronological processes : for men, the changes began with the reforms of Mahmud II ; for the women of the harem changes did not appear before the 1860s, and for those of the middle class, even later. Despite the gap in chronology, men's and women's clothing styles are mirrors on the surface of wich gender identities are constructed. Clothing molds the body and transforms nature into cultural identity. It is my hypothesis that the evolution of Ottoman clothing styles was a result of changes in the notions of masculinity and feminity an the emergence of a new aesthetic ideal
Sarmis, Dilek. "La pensée de Bergson dans la genèse de la Turquie moderne : un prisme des transitions lexicales, institutionnelles et politiques de la fin de I'Empire ottoman à la Turquie républicaine." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0077.
Full textSince the 1910s, the reception of the French philosopher Henri Bergson among the mostly Francophone literary elite of the Ottoman Empire established his thought as a tool of the spiritualist reaction to the dominant positivist and materialist paradigm. While one of the first Ottoman readings of his work associated Bergsonian intuitionism with Sufi spiritualism, epistemological and disciplinary dynamics of the late imperial period created the conditions for its evolvement into a new psycho-philosophy. The War of Independence led by the future Ataturk in response to the collapse of the Empire during the First World War found expression in the review Dergah (1921-1923), which erected Bergsonism to the rank of a salvational philosophy. Alternative and spiritualist rationality, mobilization by the elan vital, and intuitionisn as a means of access to knowledge: the registers mobilized by Bergsonians constituted a psycho-philosophical epistemology seductive in times of crisis, which found its institutional counterpart in the Ottoman Darulfunun and during Republican times Istanbul University. After 1923, translations of Bergson accompanied a transposition of his philosophemes into the socio political field: nourishing a spiritualist yet secularized interpretation of the religious, they contributed to an alternative expression, described as conservative, of Kemalist republicanism and the political notion of time. This work questions, by means of the historicization of Bergsonian concepts, the modes in which the philosophical is envisaged as a discourse order that is actualized through epistemological, linguistic, institutional, religious or political shapings
Forestier-Peyrat, Etienne. "Retrouver le Caucase : histoire d’une diplomatie frontalière (1905-1938)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0047.
Full textThe Caucasus is often perceived as a fragmented area, dominated by geopolitical rivalries and rabid nationalisms. This research attempts to break with such an interpretation by rethinking its recent history. It reconstructs the shared dynamics of the Caucasian borderlands between Turkey, Iran and Russia in the first third of the 20th century, by presenting a history of cross-border circulations in this moment of revolutions, conflicts and political upheavals. This study of border interactions is inserted into a wider analysis of political-administrative autonomy in these borderlands. Until the late 1930s, powerful autonomous institutions rely upon the open Caucasian border and play a major role within each empire and between them. Regional elites and consular networks give rise to a genuine Caucasian paradiplomacy. This border diplomacy creates resources for regional elites in the balance of powers with central governments and focuses on issues neglected by a focus on central diplomacies: migrations, police and judicial matters, environmental challenges are but a few of these fields which foster interstate cooperation, enabling little-known influences and exchanges. By highlighting them, this dissertation suggests a way to go beyond a historiography of great powers imperialism. It contends that Caucasian history cannot be properly understood without putting at the forefront regional actors and their ability to exploits the interstices of state policies and imperial territories
Apchain, Hélène. "Le statut des musulmans de Thrace et des Grecs de Constantinople, d'Imbros et de Tenedos." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA111002.
Full textÖz, Eyüp. "Le Parti libéral républicain dans la région égéenne en Turquie : histoire politique d’une grande mobilisation contestaire : [Du 12 août au 17 novembre 1930]." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0073.
Full textFor several reasons, the year 1930 can be defined as a genuine turning point for Turkey. The radical religious reforms under the kemalist leadership and the growing social discontent due to the economic crisis forced the country to go through a transformation towards two essential directions : economic; statism and pluralistic political system. Created on the personal order of Mustafa Kemal, the liberal Republican party took its place in the historical scene on august 12th, as a pure product of the political engineering. Nevertheless, the welcome of Fethi Okyar at Smyrna as a redeemer overturned all expectations. Breaking with his impartiality, the president of the Republic had to reaffirm immediately his attachment to the republican people's party. The opposition was successful during the elections, despite the legitimization of all injustices and state coercions. Though the liberal party was unexpectedly dissolved, its electorate continued to exist for several more months. The disproportionate response to a singular messianic uprising did not succeed in the suppressing of social protests. Born in Magnesia and ended in Menemen on december 23rd, 1930, this insurrectionary wave has shaken the power profoundly, with the murder of a sub-lieutenant. Gallows erected on public places after the incident were part of a unique fear engineering that disintegrated the opposition coalition. The concept of liberalism thus became synonymous with violence and liberal opponents will be silenced by fear of religious reactionism
Zerman, Ece. "Nouvelles pratiques de représentation de soi de la fin de l’Empire ottoman à la république de Turquie : écrits du for privé, photographies, intérieurs." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH166.
Full textThis thesis aims to study egodocuments in a period of political and social transformations, from the 1890s to the 1930s. Our study is based on case studies: A diary, almanacs, letters, photo albums, interior photographies as well as a series of published sources. From the end of the 19th century, new forms of self-representation developed in the Ottoman Empire, often related to emergent political discourses. The diffusion of photography and the new techniques of reproduction of texts and images contributed to the development of these new forms of self-representation. Our aim is to analyze written and visual tools of self-representation, that are most of the time intermingled, in an all-encompassing approach. The study of this documentation enables us to analyze, at the individual level, the ways in which the subjects of this study made experience of a world in transformation, constructed and preserved their memories, imagined their future. This also allows us to follow the transnational circulation of objects and practices, as well as their adaption and reappropriation by a “new social base”. Our sources are also the objects of our study. We are also interested in the materialities and uses of these documents as well as in what they tell us on the experiences, emotions, senses and the mise-en-scène or the performance of the self
Başaran, Neslişah Leman. "The Muslim-Turkish merchant and industrial bourgeoisie in Turkey in the 1920's and their relation with the political power." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAC006.
Full textThis thesis aims at demonstrate that Muslim-Turkish merchants and entrepreneurs in Turkey in the 1920’s constituted a social class, namely the national “bourgeoisie” of the country, seeking to dominate economically, socially and politically. At the beginning of the Republic, the Muslim-Turkish merchants and industrialists constituted a class which had a common culture and ideology, and a vision regarding the economy of the country in general. On one hand, this study reveals the internal composition of this class, its components, the business sectors they dealt with, the sources of their wealth and their paths of development, whereas on the other hand, it presents the role that this social class played in the 1920’s by focusing on their economic and political organizations, their demands and concerns, their ideology and political affiliations and finally on their relationship with the political power
Saint-Ramond, Roussanne Francine. "La campagne d'Orient, 1915-1918, Dardanelles-Macédoine, d'après les témoignages de combattants : des premiers départs vers les Dardanelles fin février 1915 à l'armistice bulgare du 29 septembre 1918." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010690.
Full textUlugana, Sedat. "Bitlis : évolution socio-politique d'une province ottomane (1908-1914)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0192.
Full textBitlis, also known by the Armenian name «Paghesh», is located in a remote mountain town in today’s Turkey, but throughout history it was the name of an important political and administrative centre. Beginning in the early 1200s, with the Sheref khan dynasty, the Bitlis Emirate ended in the mid-1800s after a series of bloody wars and political issues with the Ottomans, the Safavids states and the neighbouring Kurdish emirates. With Bitlis at the center of the emirate, the administrative boundaries included a wide geographic area including the southern of Siirt, Bingöl, Muş and Van Lake. The city of Bitlis was home to more than one ethnic and religious communities was located on the plains of Diyarbekir-Cizre to Kurdistan’s highest mountains and the Anatolian Plateau to Iran and connecting the Caucasus with the strategic Silk Route.After the strategic position of this economic gain was confiscated and (self-) autonomous structure was abolished, Bitlis was then an ordinary mountain town and was transferred into a classic Ottoman vilayet in the late 1870s. In the newly established vilayet, the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamit was trying to consolidate his authority while the missionaries who adopted the doctrine of Halidi (Nakshibendi) and attempted to spread this doctrine as well as the missionaries who aimed to reverse the Eastern Christianity emerged as the protector of the Sunni Kurds and also as the patron of the Armenians and split the authority in the vilayet with the Sultan. On the grounds of the diversity of ethnic, religious and social and political power, no authority renounced its role until in 1908, whenthe Young Turk entered the period. With its political, social and economic transformations the Vilayet of Bitlis was a miniature of Kurdistan. As the matter of fact, the Young Turk Regime replaced Abdulhamit while the missionaries were replaced by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) and the Sheikhs the only group which had not lost its power. In this dissertation the situation of theVilayet of Bitlis which tries to exist in the quadrant of the state, the Halidi Sheikhs, tribal leaders and the Bedirhan’s, is being described in three chapters with the title « violence », «revolution» and rebellion» during the Young Turk regime
Tanik, Meric. "Y a-t-il une science ottomane ? Circulation des savoirs et fabrique des disciplines agronomique, forestière et vétérinaire (1840-1940)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0054.
Full textThis thesis investigates scientific knowledge on the move. I examine the transnational construction of agronomy, forestry, and veterinary medicine in the late Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey (1840-1940) with knowledge imported from other countries, notably from France. The study aims to answer two questions: why and how did knowledge in these emerging fields circulate, and what happened to this knowledge in its new context?My research establishes that the highly indebted Ottoman government invested in these then-nascent disciplines and financed the mobility of persons and objects – students, experts, instruments – mainly because the Empire’s vast natural resources were perceived as capable of alleviating economic distress by generating financial gains. The Ottomans’ focus on the primary sector suited the European powers, as they wanted to import such goods and export industrial products to the Empire. Scholarly mobilities were also encouraged because France, locked in a competition with its neighbors in its quest for scientific supremacy, sought to raise the profile of “French science” around the world. My micro-level approach makes it possible to identify the impact of ordinary personal ambitions. French experts willingly sailed off for the Empire as they occupied coveted positions that paid three to four times more than in France. It was also an opportunity to conduct research in a new geo-climatic zone and publish original works. For Ottoman students, a foreign degree represented a means of gaining access to better employment in the Empire, not to mention the symbolic functions of studying in Europe, which conferred on them the legitimacy of the status of cultured men.My thesis demonstrates that there is no such thing as an identical copy. Contrary to previous works that tend to reduce Ottoman scientists to mere imitators, the sources I draw on reveal that agronomic, forestry, and veterinary knowledge was necessarily reinvented, as fauna and flora, pedoclimatic conditions, and endemic diseases vary from one location to another. Ottoman scientists emphasized the need to adapt foreign knowledge to local needs, and even invented neologisms to describe this creative process – memleketleştirme. They also produced new knowledge and exported the research they carried out abroad, mainly through articles published in European journals.This work has broader implications for Ottoman studies and history of science. In relation to Ottoman studies, it demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the category of Westernization, which imposes an unneeded civilizational paradigm and renders scientific encounters abnormal. Without references to colonies or metropolises, this thesis exposes the modus operandi of routine scientific circulations between spaces traditionally understood to be “Western” and “non-Western”
Korma, Eleni. "Les réfugiés grecs d'Asie Mineure en France entre émigration politique et immigration économique 1916-1939." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010529.
Full textArikanli, Zeynep. "La politique mandataire britannique en Irak : à la recherche d'un « principe d'accord » : le traitement du mouvement nationalitaire kurde dans la wilaya de Mossoul, 1918-1926." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1018.
Full textThis study focuses on how an actor justifies its actions in heterogenous and fragmented environments. It aims at proving that in the absence of a principle of agreement constraning the actors’ actions, the relations between equal partners of action turn into polyarchy whilst those between inequal ones end in arrangement, contention and finally, violence. To this end, this research concentrates on the British mandatory policies in Iraq through the management of Kurdish nationalist movement in the wilaya of Mosul from 30rd October 1918 to 5th 1926. The 30rd October 1918 is the date of the signature of Armistice of Mudros between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War. It is in the aftermath of this armistice that the British occupied Mosul. In 5th 1926, Turkey and Great Britain signed the Treaty of Angora which settled the question of frontier between Turkey and Irak, a question which is also known as Question of Mosul
Sakalli, Seyhun Orcan. "Essais sur les conflits de groupe et le développement économique." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0167.
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