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Hofmann, Wilhelm, Tobias Gschwendner, and Manfred Schmitt. "On implicit–explicit consistency: the moderating role of individual differences in awareness and adjustment." European Journal of Personality 19, no. 1 (January 2005): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.537.
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A moderated process model is presented that attempts to explain the consistency between implicit and explicit indicators as a function of awareness, i.e. the degree to which persons become aware of their implicit attitude, and adjustment, i.e. the degree to which they adjust for the explicit response. In two experiments on attitudes of West Germans toward East Germans and Turks, a number of dispositional moderators pertaining to awareness and adjustment were tested. Concerning moderators affecting awareness, no reliable first‐order effects were found for Private Self‐Consciousness or Attitudinal Self‐Knowledge. However, Attitude Importance generated the expected effect. Concerning moderators influencing adjustment, consistent effects were obtained for Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions. Social Desirability and Self‐Monitoring did not moderate the implicit–explicit relationship in the expected direction. Some evidence was found for a second‐order moderator effect between awareness and adjustment, suggesting that adjustment effects may be more pronounced under conditions of high awareness. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Perenič, Urška. "IVAN KUKULJEVIĆ SAKCINSKI U SLOVENSKOJ PRIJEVODNOJ KNJIŽEVNOJ KULTURI SREDINOM 19. STOLJEĆA: JURAN I SOFIJA ILI TURCI KOD SISKA I OBLIKOVANJE SLOVENSKOGA NACIONALNOG IDENTITETA." Umjetnost riječi: časopis za znanost o književnosti, izvedbenoj umjetnosti i filmu 63, no. 1-2 (March 19, 2020): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22210/ur.2019.063.1_2.02.
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IVAN KUKULJEVIĆ SAKCINSKI IN THE CULTURE OF MIDNINETEENTH-CENTURY SLOVENE LITERARY TRANSLATION: JURAN AND SOFIA, OR THE TURKS AT SISAK AND THE FORMATION OF THE SLOVENE NATIONAL IDENTITY In 1850, Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski’s Illyrian-Croatian plays Juran i Sofija ili Turci kod Siska (Juran and Sofija, or the Turks at Sisak, 1839) and Stjepko Šubić ili Bela IV. u Horvatskoj (Štepan Šubic, or Bela IV in Croatia, 1841) were published in Slovene translation in the book Dve igri za slovensko glediše (Two Plays for the Slovene Theatre). First, the paper considers the plays in a wider context of contemporary Slovene-language drama of the same period, and then in a somewhat narrower context of dramatic works in the Slovene language in (South) Slavic literature, wherein the discussion takes into account the position of these two plays in the developing system of genres of translated drama, since these two works occupy a distinctive place because they representing model heroic plays. Special emphasis is placed on the first play, which is not only Kukuljević’s most well-known work, but was, generally speaking, better received in the Slovene context. This can be explained in a number of ways: 1) due to to specific socio-political conditions (the translation into Slovene is from the period of Bach’s s absolutism marked by increased German pressure on the Slovene and Croatian territory); 2) due to obvious social relevance of the Turkish topic (in the Battle at Sisak the Slovenes and Croatians behave heroically, independently and cooperatively); and 3) due to the play’s specific features, in particular its dramatic personae, setting, and Slavic character (in the play, Toma Erdödy, Juran and Andrej Turjaški act in accordance with Slavic reciprocity, and the setting of the play is Slavic). These features, in turn, enabled identification with the characters and promoted national emancipation. The genre of the heroic play filled the gap in the Slovene literature, which Fran Levstik anticipated in his 1858 Slovene literary programme, which is also the first Slovene programme of this type. Keywords: translation, adaptation, Slovene-Croatian relations, Turk
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Rössel, Jörg, Patrick Schenk, and Dorothea Eppler. "The emergence of authentic products: The transformation of wine journalism in Germany, 1947–2008." Journal of Consumer Culture 18, no. 3 (September 22, 2016): 453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540516668226.
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What turns a bottle of fermented grape juice into a cult wine? Current research in the sociology of culture and food assumes that nowadays the distinctiveness of goods is ascertained not on the basis of traditional food hierarchies (e.g. French food and wine as the global benchmark) but based on criteria of authenticity and exoticism. Since public discourse plays an important role in the consecration of aesthetic goods, we study wine journalism in Germany over time. This enables us to analyse the replacement of traditional criteria and the emergence of new criteria of aesthetic valuation in the wine world. The study is based on a systematic content analysis of the two most important German weeklies from 1947 to 2008. We can show that wine reporting shifts dramatically from an orientation towards French and domestic wines and a rather business-like approach to wine towards a more global orientation and a discourse of authenticity focusing on artisanal production, natural conditions of production and the winemaker as an individual personality/artist.
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Keenan, Liam. "The geographies of the institutional and industrial constraints on the financialization of German brewing." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52, no. 8 (April 4, 2020): 1662–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x20917414.
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In recent decades, financialization has reworked the ownership, organization and geographies of global brewing. However, the institutional constellations of national, regional and local markets continue to shape and mediate its processes in variegated ways. Presenting a more granular and spatially sensitive conceptualization of financialization, this article adopts a cultural political economy (CPE) framework to analyse its relationships with the German brewing industry. First, the article distils the key elements of firm-level financialization and identifies a range of core constituents which provide the foundations for observing how financialization is enacted as part of wider institutional and political economic contexts. Second, the paper explains how these core constituents unfold as part of the global brewing industry, where the growing importance of mergers and acquisitions (M&As), the cultivation of global brands and the strategic prioritization of value over volume have reconstituted mature beer markets. Analysis then turns to the brewing industry and market in Germany, where regional patterns of production, a localized culture of consumption and various forms of state intervention are shown to constrain the enactment of financialization. Building on this empirical evidence, it is argued that geographically particular social relations, cultural conditions and political economic structures intertwine to shape and mediate processes of financialization, in different ways, with geography both causal and constitutive in its uneven expression.
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Palant, Alexander, and Wolfgang Himmel. "Are there also negative effects of social support? A qualitative study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e022642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022642.
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ObjectiveSocial support is considered an important resource in coping with chronic conditions. By conducting a series of interviews with people who suffer from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we received the impression that social support in face-to-face or online communication could also be a source of stress and strain. The aim of our study was to better understand and describe possible negative effects of social support.DesignThis is a secondary analysis of narrative interviews. The interviewees were selected using a maximum-variation sampling approach. Grounded theory and the ‘OSOP’ (one sheet of paper) method were applied to categorise those parts of the interviews that touched on the negative effects of social support.SettingThe open-end interview collection took place throughout Germany from September 2011 to June 2012. Most of the participants were interviewed in their homes, some in the Department of General Practice in Göttingen.Participants42 patients with IBD.ResultsTwo interrelated categories emerged: (1) unwanted confrontation and (2) undesirable reactions. The interviewees perceived social support as negative, especially if they felt overwhelmed and/or if they had not asked for it. Consequently, some of our interview partners developed strategies to prevent coming into social contact with others or stopped talking entirely about their disease.ConclusionWhile social support is usually conceptualised and perceived as a positive resource in chronic disease, it sometimes turns into a negative experience and may end in social isolation and deteriorate health. This process also happens in online support groups and increases anxiety when exchanging with other people on the internet. Before motivating ill people to seek contact with others, they should know about the negative effects of social support.
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Pott, Andreas. "Ethnicity and social mobility: The case of Turks in Germany." Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 2, no. 2 (June 2001): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-001-1026-8.
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Bouali, Celia. "Facing Precarious Rights and Resisting EU ‘Migration Management’: South European Migrant Struggles in Berlin." Social Inclusion 6, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i1.1301.
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In this article, I trace struggles regarding EU internal mobility and migrant labour as they emerge in the mobilization of South European migrants in Berlin. The effects of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and European austerity politics have reoriented migration flows within the EU, increasing South-to-North migration with Germany as a prime destination. German public discourse on the matter reveals a view on (EU) migration that focuses on its economic ‘usefulness’ and tries to regulate it accordingly. EU citizenship turns out to be a key instrument of such EU internal ‘<em>migration management</em>’. The emergence of migrant activist groups, however, hints at another force at play. In their fight for social rights and better working conditions, migrant activists show they will not allow themselves to be easily ‘managed’ into precarious ‘productivity’. Against this background, I argue that EU internal mobility is a field of struggle where attempts to control migrant labour clash with moments of <em>autonomy</em> and resistance. My aim is to explore this field from a migration perspective, analysing rationales of EU <em>‘migration management’</em> and their impact on migrants’ lives as well as investigating the strategies that migrants develop in response. Based on an analysis of EU legislation and interviews with Italian activists in Berlin, I trace conflicts around EU internal mobility and migrant labour. Against the background of critical migration studies, I analyse EU internal <em>‘migration management’</em>, especially regarding the role of EU citizenship. Then, I look at EU migrant struggles in Berlin through the lens of <em>autonomy of migration</em>, drawing on the example of the Italian activist group <em>Berlin Migrant Strikers.</em>
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim, Jeffrey H. Cohen, and Pinar Yazgan. "Turkish culture of migration: Flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict." Migration Letters 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i1.201.
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In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particular Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emigration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places.
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Asbrock, Frank. "Stereotypes of Social Groups in Germany in Terms of Warmth and Competence." Social Psychology 41, no. 2 (January 2010): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000011.
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The stereotype content model says that warmth and competence are fundamental dimensions of social judgment. This brief report analyzes the cultural stereotypes of relevant social groups in a German student sample (N = 82). In support of the model, stereotypes of 29 societal groups led to five stable clusters of differing warmth and competence evaluations. As expected, clusters cover all four possible combinations of warmth and competence. The study also reports unique findings for the German context, for example, similarities between the perceptions of Turks and other foreigners. Moreover, it points to different stereotypes of lesbians and gay men.
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Vassilopoulou, Joana, Mustafa Ozbilgin, Dimitria Groutsis, and Janroj Keles. "Populism as New Wine in Old Bottles in the Context of Germany: ‘Symbolic Violence’ as Collective Habitus That Devalues the Human Capital of Turks." Societies 12, no. 2 (March 9, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12020045.
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Populism in Germany is not a new phenomenon. For a long time, the alleged integration problems of Turkish workers in Germany have been at the center of the dominant discourse and academic studies. This paper demonstrates how ‘symbolic violence’ as collective habitus frames the human capital of Turks as deficient, a phenomenon which has prevailed even prior to the recent populist movements. Drawing on a company case study, interviews, and observations, our empirical investigation operationalises and expands the Bourdieusian conceptual trinity of habitus, capital, and symbolic violence through the lens of ethnicity and how it relates to populism.
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Laurence, Jonathan. "(Re)constructing Community in Berlin: Turks, Jews, and German Responsibility." German Politics and Society 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 22–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503001782385580.
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An immigration dilemma has confronted the Federal Republic ofGermany since the early 1970s. Postwar labor migrants from predominantlyMuslim countries in the Mediterranean basin were notofficially encouraged to settle long-term, yet many stayed onceimmigration was halted in 1973. Though these migrants and theirchildren have enjoyed most social state benefits and the right to familyreunification, their political influence has remained limited forthe last quarter-century. Foreigners from non-EU countries may notvote in Germany, migrants are underrepresented in political institutions,and state recognition of Muslim religious and cultural diversityhas not been forthcoming. Since 1990, however, a much smaller butsignificant number of Jewish migrants from eastern Europe and theformer Soviet Union have arrived in Germany. This population ofalmost 150,000 has been welcomed at the intersection of reparationspolicy and immigrant integration practice.
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ÇELİKOĞLU, Şaban, and Evren ATIŞ. "German Turks in the 60th Anniversary of Migration: The Case of Zonguldak Province." İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1603–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1138880.
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After the Second World War, Germany made a breakthrough in heavy industry, especially in the sectors of iron and steel. Nevertheless, as a result of significant labor shortage in the country, labor agreements were signed with Italy in 1955, Spain and Greece in 1960 respectively. Subsequently, a labor agreement was signed between Turkey and Germany on 30 October 1961. Following this, there has been an intense migration from Turkey to Germany and the Turkish population in the country has reached 3 million in the 60th year of migration. At the present time, the Turkish population in Germany has extended as far as the fourth generation.In this case study, which is one of the qualitative research methods, as a result of the interviews carried out with men and women over the age of 50 who immigrated from Zonguldak to Germany between 1961-1980 and lived there, the socio-economic and socio-economic effects of the migration to Germany in the Zonguldak province and the cultural aspects and social and spatial reflections were investigated.In this study, it is deduced that those who immigrated from the Zonguldak province to Germany went to the Ruhr region through the Turkish Employment Agency (İŞKUR), and they were basically employed in the mining sector, iron and steel and machinery industry, and the second and third generation individuals who were born in Germany substantially preferred the service sector. It is also found out that almost all of the migrating families preferred Turkey for investment; they preferred to invest in real estate such as housing and land with their earnings; the children of the migrating families continued to have a sense of belonging to Turkey, albeit at a diminishing pace, but the ties of their grandchildren were severed.
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Ozen, Murat E., Gulumser Peltek, Yaoyun Zhang, Cui Tao, Hua Xu, and Salih Selek. "Comparison of Social anxiety levels of Turks in Turkey and Turkish immigrants in Germany: A Social Media Study." Journal of Affective Disorders 254 (July 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.288.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim, Jeffrey H. Cohen, and Pinar Yazgan. "Türk göç kültürü: Türkiye ile Almanya arasında göç hareketleri, sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma ve çatışma - Turkish culture of migration: Flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict." Migration Letters 9, no. 4 (December 6, 2012): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i4.123.
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In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particular Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emigration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places. [IN TURKISH]Bu makalede Türkiye’nin, son 50 yıl içinde Avrupa’ya ve özellikle Almanya’ya göç etmiş Türk ve Kürt göçmenlerin çocukları da dahil olmak üzere yeni göçmenler için bir destinasyon haline gelişini irdeliyoruz. Sosyal, ekonomik ve insani bir güvensizlik ortamının varlığı, son 50 yıldaki Türkiye’den Avrupa’ya ve özellikle Almanya’ya göç üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Bugün ise Türk toplumundaki, ekonomisindeki ve güvenliğindeki değişimler ülkeye göçmen çekmektedir. Geçmişte, etnik çatışmalar göçü belirleyen faktörlerden biriydi ve bunlar bugün de sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma ve Kürt göçmenlerin göçü arasındaki ilişkiyi etkilemektedir. Ancak, Türkiye ekonomisinin büyümesi ve sosyal özgürlüklerin artışı Türkiye’ye göçü desteklemektedir. Türkiye’ye göç, Almanya ve diüer ülkelerden geri dönüş göçüyle birlikte ikinci ve üçüncü kuşak Türklerin göçünü de kapsamakatadır.
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Bayraktar, Rasim. "Socio-cultural and religious victories and lost opportunities Ahyskala Tours with double citizenship." Historical and social-educational ideas 13, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2021-13-3-95-104.
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. Socio-cultural analysis of the foundations of citizenship (national and international) of more than five hundred thousand Akhysk Turks living in nine different countries (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey and the United States) shows what such a phenomenon is in the conditions of our time is of great importance. This article aims to consider ethnic, cultural, religious, political victories, as well as the lost opportunities of the foundations of interethnic citizenship, which had a double meaning for the Turks of Akhisk. In this regard, in the article, the author pays special attention to the issue of the weakening of the consciousness of the nationality of the youth of Akhysk, their attitude to language, religion, history, country (homeland), the unity of heritage, the current situation in the conditions of modern everyday life. Thus, both positive and negative consequences of the multicultural social environment in the countries where the Turks of Ahisk live are analyzed.
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Koşar, Nesrin. "A psychosocial study of a Group of young Turks living in the Federal Republic of Germany." International Social Work 31, no. 4 (October 1988): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087288803100404.
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Molnar, Christopher A. "Imagining Yugoslavs: Migration and the Cold War in Postwar West Germany." Central European History 47, no. 1 (March 2014): 138–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893891400065x.
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In recent years historians have argued that after the collapse of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the concept of race became a taboo topic in postwar Germany but that Germans nonetheless continued to perceive resident foreign populations in racialized terms. Important studies of Jewish displaced persons, the black children of American occupation soldiers and German women, and Turkish guest workers have highlighted continuities and transformations in German racial thought from the Nazi era into the postwar world, particularly in West Germany. In a programmatic essay, Rita Chin and Heide Fehrenbach argue that “the question of race remained at the very center of social policy and collective imagination during the occupation years, as the Western Allies worked to democratize Germany, and during the Bonn Republic,” and they call for a new historiography that is more attentive to the category of race and the process of racialization in Germany and Europe after 1945. While this newfound emphasis on race in Germany's postwar history has been salutary, an approach that puts race and racialization at the center of German interactions with resident foreign populations runs the risk of sidelining the experiences of foreign groups that Germans did not view in primarily racial terms. Indeed, to a certain extent this has already occurred. By the mid-1980s, public and policy discourse on immigrants in West Germany came to focus overwhelmingly on Turks and the problems raised by their “alien” Islamic cultural practices. That West Germany's guest worker program had resulted in the permanent settlement of hundreds of thousands of Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Yugoslavs was largely forgotten. When historians, anthropologists, and scholars in other disciplines began taking more interest in Germany's migration history in recent decades, they too focused overwhelmingly on Turks. Only in recent years has the historiography of Germany's postwar migration history started to reflect the multinational character of Germany's immigrant population.
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Shkura, Iryna S., and Svitlana O. Fedulova. "SRI AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATION ON THE WAY TO SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVENESS." Academic Review 1, no. 58 (February 15, 2023): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2023-1-58-7.
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Russian war against Ukraine turns to challenge for the whole world. The full scope of consequences is difficult to assess now, but some of them have been already clear. As a result, the world economy is under exposures of inflation, disruptions on GDP growth, food and energy crises and further supply-chain pressures. Energy prices volatility adds uncertainty to the whole system of socio-economic relations. Energy turns to weapon against the world stability. The paper concentrates on the idea that current situation in the energy sector calls for a prompt reaction on challenges, including war consequences. That, in turn, requires sustainable and responsible investment (SRI) and financial innovations for immediately energy transformation, which is an essential element for sustainable competitiveness of countries. It is also crucial not to lose a track for net zero emissions by 2050. Such investment which combines financial goals with ecological, social and governance issues are covered by umbrella term “sustainable investment”. Sustainable investment became a strong trend on global financial market, which is popular with institutional and private investors. Investment in renewable energy is a part of SRI and countries’ sustainable competitiveness depends on the SRI volumes. The research is aimed at studying interconnection between SRI and energy transformation on the way to sustainable competitiveness. The processes on the global energy market are investigated and main weak points which are sources of risks for the world economy are defined. Three significant energy-related weak points turned into risks for the world are highlighted: the level of dependency from imported gas (for European countries dependency from Russian gas in particular); energy prices volatility; energy structure (nonrenewable vs renewable). It is generalized governmental approaches in the sphere of energy transformation driven by a combination of energy security concerns and climate ambitions. The paper contains an assumption about correlation between SRI and countries’ sustainable competitiveness. This hypothesis is confirmed using correlation analysis (biserial correlation) for five countries (Germany, the USA, Canada, Australia and Japan). Strong relationship between these variables is shown. This allows to make conclusions that increasing of SRI volumes in general and clean energy projects in particular, are predominant conditions for the sustainable competitiveness of country, which is oriented to the long-term prospective and based on effective usage of all available sources, including energy, fast transformation of energy systems to the renewable sources.
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Mannitz, Sabine. "Turkish Youths in Berlin: Transnational Identification and Double Agency." New Perspectives on Turkey 29 (2003): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600006129.
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Migration research has often stressed the adverse circumstances of Turkish immigrants living in Germany. The situation of the so-called second and third generations in particular has been seen as entailing a problematic double-bind of living “between two cultures.” In this scholarship, the image of such youth trapped in a structural culture conflict creates the impression that serious personal and emotional crises are an inevitable part of Turkish migrant youths' coming of age in Germany. Moreover, former guest workers and their families have been treated with a less than hospitable attitude insofar as efforts to facilitate their incorporation, for example, by way of the German legal system. Although the hiring of foreign laborers undeniably contributed to the economic and social recovery of West Germany after National Socialism and World War II, immigration has never been treated as a favorable option in German politics. The project of hiring laborers from abroad on a temporary basis gradually developed into de facto immigration, unintended on the part of both Germans and Turks. The resulting demographic multi-nationalization has not (yet), however, become a self-evident ingredient of the German conscience collective (Schiffauer, 1993, pp. 195-98). The very ambivalence of this situation influences the prevalent conceptualizations of the various social groups, as the following brief account illustrates.
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RUSTAMOVA, L. R. "SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN COOPERATION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND GERMANY IN THE CONDITIONS OF SANCTIONS." Political Science Issues, no. 3(33) part: 9 (December 18, 2019): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35775/psi.2019.33.3.009.
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After the 90s, Russia and Germany are constantly building up their interaction through social and humanitarian cooperation. With the advent to power of the CDU head Angela Merkel, cooperation became pragmatic, Germany became more oriented toward the United States, then the events of 2014 followed, and Germany joined the regime of sanctions against Russia. The main question was whether this would lead to the curtailing of the complex of bilateral relations The practice has shown that No, and the main obstacle for Germany was precisely the accumulated complex of social and humanitarian cooperation.
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Diehl, Claudia, Elisabeth Liebau, and Peter Mühlau. "How Often Have You Felt Disadvantaged? Explaining Perceived Discrimination." KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 73, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11577-021-00738-y.
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AbstractBased on longitudinal data from Germany, we analyze how perceptions of discrimination change once migrants’ integration evolves. Individuals who identify more strongly with the host country, speak the language, have native friends, and are adequately employed report less discrimination overall. However, group-specific analyses reveal that German-born Turks feel more rather than less discriminated against after their language skills and their identification increase. For this group, we find evidence for the “integration paradox”, i.e., the finding that better educated migrants have more rather than less negative attitudes about the host society. Results suggest that attributional processes rather than rising exposure to discrimination might be the main mechanism linking integration to higher levels of perceived discrimination. Obviously, discrimination does not disappear for groups facing salient ethnic boundaries and is met with growing awareness and sensitivity among individuals that have become more similar to the majority of members. This, in turn, by no means implies that perceived discrimination is detached from reality.
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Faist, Thomas. "Transnational social spaces out of international migration: evolution, significance and future prospects." European Journal of Sociology 39, no. 2 (November 1998): 213–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007621.
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Transnational social spaces denote the circular flow of persons, goods, information and symbols across countries that have been triggered in the course of international labor migration and refugee flows. The question is how such transnational phenomena can be described, catagorued and explained. What are the implications for the adaptation of international migrants and their descendants in the economic, political and cultural realms in the countries of setdement? First, this discussion clarifies basic concepts, such as transnational social space and the main resources involved, such as various forms of social capital, the norm of reciprocity, solidarity, information and control. Second, the analysis outlines some causal macro-factors that may have opened up opportunities for migrants to build transnational spaces to a greater extent than before World War Two. Third, a few forays into the empirical realm serve to sketch the lineaments of the German-Turkish transnational social spaces: the emergence of Turkish niche businesses in Germany and transnational businesses spanning both countries; efforts of some Kurdish organizations to establish a homeland called ‘Kurdistan’; and collective identity among secondgeneration German-Turks in the religions realm, involving Islamic thought and organizations, but also secular forms of everyday culture. The article concludes with a discussion of factors that may limit the future growth of transnational social spaces.
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Hanssen, Jens. "“MALHAMÉ–MALFAMÉ”: LEVANTINE ELITES AND TRANSIMPERIAL NETWORKS ON THE EVE OF THE YOUNG TURK REVOLUTION." International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810001182.
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AbstractThis article examines the rise and fall of the Malhamé family at the court of Abdülhamit II. The point of departure is the flight and arrest of six Malhamé brothers and the accompanying outbursts of popular anger at them during the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. The analysis locates the historical conditions that made the Malhamé phenomenon possible in the interstices between Levantine society, late Ottoman bureaucracy, and European diplomacy and capitalist expansion. In order to bring into conversation the hitherto unconnected literatures on the Levant and the Ottoman state, the Malhamé story is framed in the analytical concept of transimperialism. This concept shares affinities with wider transnational studies. But it is also grounded in the specific political, economic, and social processes of the Levant—both within the Ottoman Empire and among it and its British, French, German, and Italian imperial rivals at the height of the “Eastern Question.”
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SAFRAN, WILLIAM. "Islamization in Western Europe: Political Consequences and Historical Parallels." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 485, no. 1 (May 1986): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716286485001009.
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This article deals with Islamic postwar immigrants to Western Europe, specifically North Africans—Maghrebis—in France and Turks in West Germany. It explores the relationship between economic status, ethnic consciousness, and religion and discusses the response of the host society to the Islamic reality. In this exploration a comparison is made with the immigration, several generations earlier, of Jews from Eastern Europe. Whereas Jewish immigrants, as individuals, were able more easily to adjust to their new environment and to advance economically, Muslim immigrants have encountered greater difficulties and have tended to remain economically underprivileged much longer. Conversely, it is argued, the Muslim communities have been able more effectively to maintain ethnocultural cohesion and collective political security because of the convergence of a variety of factors: the massive number, and urban concentration, of the postwar immigrants; the spread of pluralist ideology; the continuing connection with, and protection from, homeland governments; and other contextual elements. The article concludes with an evocation of appropriate policy responses by the French and German governments to the Muslim presence.
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Kyuchukov, Hristo. "Turkish, Bulgarian and German Language Mixing Among Bulgarian Muslim Roma in Germany." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 6, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2019.6.2.kyu.
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The paper presents the phenomenon of language mixing with Bulgarian by Muslim Roma migrants from northeastern Bulgaria in Berlin, Germany. They identify as Turks and in their everyday communication speak mainly Bulgarian and old variety of Turkish, in the scientific literature known as Balkanized Turkish. They can speak relatively little German and have low proficiency in the language. The paper describes the language mixing as well as the forms of code-switching between Turkish, Bulgarian and German. These linguistic and social phenomena within the Muslim Roma community are analysed within the framework of several sociolinguistic theories regarding code-switching and bilingualism. The theory of J. Gumperz (1962) about communication matrix is used and patterns of Turkish- Bulgarian, Turkish-German and Turkish-Bulgarian-German are presented and analysed. The grammatical categories which are switched in the Turkish-Bulgarian-German language contacts, involve nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and negations. However, code-switching is used only in communication with other Bulgarians. In communication with Turks from Turkey they switch only between Turkish and German and use another variety of Turkish.
References
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Galetska, Tetiana, Natalia Topishko, and Ivan Topishko. "CORPORATE SOCIAL ACTIVITIES IN GERMANY: THE EXPERIENCE OF COMPANIES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-17-24.
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The purpose of the article is to study the European experience of the formation and regulation of socially responsible behaviour of economic entities; distinguishing the dominant drivers of corporate social responsibility in Germany and strategic priorities for its implementation. Its contents are interpreted in the expanded and narrow sense. Expanded approach insists that CSR is a set of interrelated types of responsibility (legal, economic, professional, moral, political, etc.) that reflect the system of values of society. Narrow interpretation foresees the definition of the degree (measure) of adoption by the subject of socially significant goals of society, the fulfilment of mutual rights and responsibilities, observance of social norms. The research subject – the peculiarities of the functioning of the European model of socially responsible entrepreneurship, the practice of its implementation in Germany. The methodology of the research is based on the definition of general principles of constructing the system of corporate social responsibility, disclosure the essence of the categorical apparatus, considering its main theoretical concepts. In the process of research, a set of methods of scientific cognition were used: analysis, synthesis, generalization (for the disclosure of the conceptual-categorical apparatus of the subject of the research); statistical method, grouping, empirical approach (while analysing the practice of distributing social responsibility among the subjects of social partnership in the EU for ensuring social protection of the population, and differences between the EU countries on the level of such responsibility of the subjects of the social process, depending on the model of socio-economic development). Conclusion. Under the influence of the challenges of globalization and the 4th Industrial Revolution, aggravation of competition, the conditions of the economy are changing. The need for business models on the basis of the strategy of sustainable development, socially responsible behaviour of business structures on the basis of systemic and long-term is growing. This situation actualizes the problem of creating mechanisms for maintaining social compromise in society. System of ensuring responsibility of the subjects of society for the formation of normal living conditions of society is one of the institutional mechanisms of social control and creating conditions for balancing personal, collective and social interests. Institutional support for the functioning of the mechanism for supporting social compromise regarding the formation of normal living conditions is based on the levers of state regulation (subsidies, preferential taxation, economic incentives, and compliance with the standards of activity); institute of entrepreneurship (international and national standards for doing business); institute of the public (the system of social reporting of enterprises, work with territorial communities). Compliance with product quality standards, with obligations to stakeholders, social reporting and progress reporting (including its environmental parameters), transparent business promotes the implementation of socio-stabilizing functions of entrepreneurial activity both on national and on a world scale. Experience of European (in particular, German) companies proves the need to adherence to the principles of social responsibility in entrepreneurship and the possibility of their use as a competitive advantage.
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Sribnyak, Milana. "SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF UKRAINIAN POWS IN GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (December 17, 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-61-66.
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The article analyses the peculiarities of social adaptation of Ukrainian prisoners of war in Germany, particularly its legal, political and social aspects. The problem of repatriation of POWs was discussed at the international conferences and was regulated by various armistices and treaties (the Armistice of Compiègne, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Treaty of Versailles). After German surrender in the war and the demise of its empire, POWs of all nationalities acquired the status of interned persons, which notably improved their condition. At the same time, former POWs faced difficult social and economic life conditions in Germany, particularly food shortages. Besides, late 1918 and early 1919 saw repatriation commissions of various states starting their activity in Germany. They included the Ukrainian repatriation commission, which helped return several tens of thousands of people to Ukraine. Therefore, within the dichotomy faced by Ukrainian soldiers in Germany (repatriation against a decision to stay in Germany as political emigrants with subsequent adaptation to life conditions in this country), most long-term captives decided to return. In the wake of dramatic geopolitical changes in Europe and the world, repatriation to the homeland was regarded by most as the best option. On the other hand, some Ukrainians decided to stay in Germany for a longer period. They became witnesses to considerable changes in German political, economic and civil life. The Germans were suspicious of former POWs staying in the country, regarding them as competitors on the job market and as “aliens” in general. However, despite all obstacles some “brave men” managed to successfully adapt in Germany and even create families, becoming a part of their new country’s society.
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Кудайберген and Pirimkul Kudaybergen. "The Main Priorities for the HR Management Stages in Germany. Agency of Labor (Arbeitsamt) As an Operator." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 5, no. 2 (April 18, 2016): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19606.
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The article highlights the social priorities, personnel management principles in Germany, which are based on the famous German «Ordnung» (step by step), the postulate of individualism. It is noted that the «Iron Chancellor» Bismarck developed the principles of social protection of the German personnel. These principles formed the basis of the German social market economy: providing working conditions, promotion of awareness and independence, encouraging responsibility. The article presents basic palette of social and fi nancial assistance to needy staff , which are provided through centers of employment and work of the Agency. The peculiarities of personnel management are indicating in the conditions of uncontrolled aggressive invasion of refugees in Germany. Gateways are opened for them «without limit» Chancellor Angela Merkel, acting only in the interests of the USA. This led to mass protests, similar to a civil war throughout the country. This article argues that in these circumstances, Germany needs a new Bismarck, who would once again strengthened Germany, with the support of Russia, as it was in the past. Russia could again become a partner of Germany, especially in the process of human resource management in the prevailing critical conditions, based on its invaluable experience in multinational and multi-confessional Russia.
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Detrez, Raymond. "Orthodox Christian Bulgarians Coping with Natural Disasters in the Pre-Modern Ottoman Balkans." Religions 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12050367.
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Premodern Ottoman society consisted of four major religious communities—Muslims, Orthodox Christians, Armenian Christians, and Jews; the Muslim and Christian communities also included various ethnic groups, as did Muslim Arabs and Turks, Orthodox Christian Bulgarians, Greeks, and Serbs who identified, in the first place, with their religious community and considered ethnic identity of secondary importance. Having lived together, albeit segregated within the borders of the Ottoman Empire, for centuries, Bulgarians and Turks to a large extent shared the same world view and moral value system and tended to react in a like manner to various events. The Bulgarian attitudes to natural disasters, on which this contribution focuses, apparently did not differ essentially from that of their Turkish neighbors. Both proceeded from the basic idea of God’s providence lying behind these disasters. In spite of the (overwhelmingly Western) perception of Muslims being passive and fatalistic, the problem whether it was permitted to attempt to escape “God’s wrath” was coped with in a similar way as well. However, in addition to a comparable religious mental make-up, social circumstances and administrative measures determining equally the life conditions of both religious communities seem to provide a more plausible explanation for these similarities than cross-cultural influences.
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Alekperli, F. "Philosophical-historical and Ideological Problems of Northern Azerbaijan Turkishness." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 119, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/habarshy.vil.384.
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The article examines the contradictions in Azerbaijani Turkish philosophical thought in the last centuries, the obyective and non-obyective factors in the history of philosophical thought. The author shows that during the 150-year period when the Northern part of Azerbaijan was occupied by Tsarist Russia, serious problems occurred in philosophy and history of philosophy, as in all fields. Thus, as a result of the Russification policies of Tsarist and Soviet Russia, they sought to form philosophical thinking away from the Turkish core, and the Turkish-Islamic world view was gradually eliminated. Russian ideologists supported the Euro-Russian thought against the Turkish-Islamic world and tried to put forward the social thought of the people of Northern Azerbaijan on this basis. According to the author, as a result of almost two centuries of Russian ideology, significant problems arose in the thinking of the Azerbaijan Turks. In particular, the Russian ideologues tried to assimilate the Azerbaijani Turks, who were in fact a great history, philosophy, culture and statism motherhood, by introducing a new “nation” away from the Turkish core and the philosophy, history and culture of that nation. Turkish philosophy and the history of philosophical thought in Azerbaijan were formed or written under these conditions.
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Habermas, Jürgen. "Reflections and Hypotheses on a Further Structural Transformation of the Political Public Sphere." Theory, Culture & Society 39, no. 4 (July 2022): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02632764221112341.
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This article contains reflections on the further structural transformation of the public sphere, building on the author’s widely-discussed social-historical study, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, which originally appeared in German in 1962 (English translation 1989). The first three sections contain preliminary theoretical reflections on the relationship between normative and empirical theory, the deliberative understanding of democracy, and the demanding preconditions of the stability of democratic societies under conditions of capitalism. The fourth section turns to the implications of digitalisation for the account of the role of the media in the public sphere developed in the original work, specifically to how it is leading to the expansion and fragmentation of the public sphere and is turning all participants into potential authors. The following section presents empirical data from German studies which shows that the rapid expansion of digital media is leading to a marked diminution of the role of the classical print media. The article concludes with observations on the threats that these developments pose for the traditional role of the public sphere in discursive opinion and will formation in democracies.
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Kohlhuber, Martina, Andreas Mielck, Stephan K. Weiland, and Gabriele Bolte. "Social inequality in perceived environmental exposures in relation to housing conditions in Germany." Environmental Research 101, no. 2 (June 2006): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2005.09.008.
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Okrostsvaridze, Nino. "Twofold Muhajirs at the Crossroads of Three Cultures: Turkish Georgians in Bergneustadt, Germany." Kadmos 6 (2014): 241–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/6/241-279.
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The contemporary world has been facing legal or illegal migrancy, based on social, economic, political, and religious determination. The number of migrants is growing every day. Mostly they are moving from the East to the West or Europe. Movement is not only physical activity, but it is displacement of culture, traditions and customs from one ethnical space to another one. During migration people take with them part of the total culture. On the new soil they encounter new reality, which could be the reason of dual existence, dissatisfaction. Our research addresses issue of migration of Turkish Georgians in 1960s, from Turkey (Village Hayriye) to Germany (Bergneustadt). Three different cultural elements: - Georgian, Turkish and German, influence their mode of life and affect everyday perception of reality. During the Russo-Turkish War in 1877-78, Achara and other historical provinces of Georgia were attached to the Russian Empire. One part of the Georgian population came under Russian rule; the other part emigrated as “Muhajirs” to Ottoman Turkey. As a result of living in culturally different countries (Russia, Ottoman Empire), the life ways of the Georgian Muslim communities began to diverge. In 1960s due to high levels of unemployment in Turkey and the need for inexpensive labour in the expanding economies of Europe, Turkey concluded bilateral agreement to supply workers to Germany. Approximately one million Turks crossed the border up to 1974, hoping to get rich fast. Twofold Muhajirs at the crossroads of three cultures, without (home) land, the real and permanent one, strangers in foreign and “native” land, torn apart by two sorts of memories, try to make a new beginning, to fit in with new “motherland” (Germany) and at this time to maintain ethnic culture, space and identity.
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Walsh, David. "Thomas Faist, Social Citizenship for Whom? Young Turks in Germany and Mexican Americans in the United States, Avebury, Aldershot, 1995, vii + 244 pp., hard £35.00." Journal of Social Policy 25, no. 3 (July 1996): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400023850.
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Sievering, Oliver. "Insufficient Conditions for Distance Learning in Germany Exacerbate Educational Inequity." Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 341 (March 17, 2022): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v341.15.
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Every three years, the OECD conducts the so-called PISA studies (Programme for International Student Assessment), the largest international studies of school performance. These studies test whether participating pupils can apply their acquired knowledge and link information in a meaningful way - key competencies for being successful in the information society of the 21st century. Some 600,000 pupils from 79 countries and regions participated in the latest 2018 PISA test. In the first test, conducted in 2000, Germany's pupils performed poorly, but now they achieve above-average results. But of concern to german education policymakers is the substantial achievement gap between pupils from favorable socioeconomic backgrounds and those from unfavorable social backgrounds in Germany. Although there has been progress since the first study in 2000, there have been setbacks in recent years. Further setbacks could follow. Due to the Corona crisis, schools had to be closed for several weeks. At short notice and without preparation distance learning was prescribed. However, Germany is not sufficiently prepared for this. In an international comparison, the technical equipment in schools, a prerequisite for sustainable "digital" learning success for pupils, is not particularly good. Pupils' conditions at home, especially among disadvantaged pupils, are also often not conducive to successful distance learning. They are less well equipped with PCs and laptops, have less access to the Internet, receive significantly less support from their parents, and their housing conditions are much more cramped. This raises fears that social selectivity could increase.
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KOVAL, Svitlana. "SYSTEM OF STATE SOCIAL INSURANCE: EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE AND GERMANY." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 2(55) (2018): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.02.067.
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Introduction. Social protection of the population is one of the state functions The implementation of a socially oriented state policy involves solving the problems of social protection and is aimed at creating the proper conditions for a decent standard of living and free development of the individual. The emergence and functioning of social insurance is conditioned by the presence of various social risks and the need to retain citizens who can not take an active part in the process of social production. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the practical principles of the functioning of the system of state social insurance of Ukraine and Germany and to develop, on this basis, practical recommendations aimed at improving the social insurance of Ukraine in the context of the borrowing of progressive experience in Germany. Results. Approaches to the treatment of social insurance are considered: as a system of economic relations, as an element of the social policy of the state, as a component of social protection of the population. A comparative analysis of forms of social insurance and sources of financing payments in Ukraine and Germany has been carried out. The practical aspects of functioning of compulsory medical insurance in Germany are investigated, its positive features are revealed. Conclusion. It is revealed that the forms and sources of state social insurance of Ukraine and Germany are similar. The exception is the state health insurance, which in Ukraine is in the stage of implementation. The necessity to restore the payment of a single social contribution by hired workers in the conditions of a shortage of financial resources in the sphere of social insurance of Ukraine is substantiated. It is proposed to apply in the domestic practice the mechanism of functioning of the state medical insurance of Germany, which excludes the possibility of abuses by medical workers in the context of the appointment of unnecessary medical examinations and procedures.
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Güllü, İsmail. "Göçmen edebiyatında din ve kimlik yansımaları -Fakir Baykurt’un Yarım Ekmek Romanında Din ve Gelenek-." Göç Dergisi 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/gd.v2i1.541.
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Yarım aşırı aşan bir geçmişe sahip Almanya’ya göç olgusu beraberinde önemli bir edebi birikimi (Migrantenliteratur) de getirmiştir. Farklı adlandırmalar ile anılan bu edebi birikim, kendi içinde de farklı renkleri de barındıran bir özelliğe sahiptir. Edebi yazını besleyen en önemli kaynaklardan biri toplumdur. Yazarın içinde yaşadığı toplumsal yapı ve problemler üstü kapalı veya açık bir şekilde onun yazılarına yansımaktadır. Bu bağlamda araştırma, 50’li yaşlarında Almanya’ya giden ve ömrünün sonuna kadar orada yaşayan, birçok edebi ve düşünsel çalışması ile Türk edebiyatında önemli bir isim olan Fakir Baykurt’un “Koca Ren” ve Yüksek Fırınlar” adlı romanları ile birlikte Duisburg Üçlemesi’nin son kitabı olan “Yarım Ekmek” romanında ele aldığı konu ve roman kahramanları üzerinden din ve gelenek olgusu sosyolojik bir yaklaşımla ele alınmaktadır. Toplumcu-gerçekçi çizgide yer alan yazarın, uzun yıllar yaşadığı Türkiye’deki siyasi ve ideolojik geçmişi bu romanda kullandığı dil ve kurguladığı kahramanlarda kendini göstermektedir. Romanda Almanya’nın Duisburg şehrinde yaşayan Türklerin yeni kültürel ortamda yaşadıkları çatışma, kültürel şok, arada kalmışlık, iki kültürlülük temaları ön plandadır. Yazar romanda sadece Almanya’daki Türkleri ele almamakta, aynı zamanda Türkiye ile hatta başka ülkeler ile de ilişkilendirmeler yaparak bireysel ve toplumsal konuları ele almaktadır. Araştırmada, romanda yer alan dini ve geleneksel unsurlar sosyolojik olarak analiz edilmiştir. Genel anlamda bir göç romanı olma özelliği yanında Yarım Ekmek romanında dini, siyasi ve ideolojik birçok yorum ve tartışma söz konusudur. Romandaki bu veriler, inanç, ritüel, siyaset ve toplumsal boyutlarda kategorize edilerek ele alınmıştır. ENGLISH ABSTRACTReligion and identity reflections in literature of immigrant: Religion and Tradition in Fakir Baykurt’s novel Yarım EkmekThe immigration fact which has nearly half century in Germany have brought a significant literal accumulation (Migrantenliteratur) in its wake. This literal accumulation, which is named as several denominations, has a feature including different colours in itself. One of the most important source snourishing literature is society. Societal structure and problems that the writer lives inside, directly or indirectly reflect on his/her compositions. In this context, the matter of religion and tradition by way of the issue and fictious characters in the novel of Fakir Baykurt who went to Germany in her 50’s and lived in there till his death and who is a considerable name in Turkish literature with his several literal and intellectual workings; “Yarım Ekmek” which is the third novel of Duisburg Trilogy with “Koca Ren” and “Yüksek Fırınlar” are discussed sociologically in the study. The political and ideological past of the socialist realist lined writer in Turkey where he spent his life for a long time, manifest itself on the speech and fictious characters of novel. In the novel, themes of new Turks’ conflict, cultural shock, being in the middle, bi culturalism in their new cultural nature in Duisburg which is the city they live in. The writer not only deals with Turks in Germany but also personal and social subjects via comparing them to Turkey and even other countries. In the study, religious and traditional elements analyzed sociologically. Besides the speciality of being a migration novel in general, there are a lot of religious, political and ideological interpretations and discussions in the novel. These datum in the novel are examinated in the context of belief, ritual, politics and social categorisation.
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Pllana Breznica, Albulena, Fisnike Pllana, and Zana Pllana. "Overview of the Usage of Some Turkicisms from Albanian Language Students at the University of Prizren “Ukshin Hoti” in Prizren." European Journal of Language and Literature 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls-2019.v5i2-200.
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The Albanian language, as well as the other Balkan languages, have received a large number of Turkish language elements, first of them being the acceptance of Turkish words. These words, respectively the Turkicisms, have penetrated in almost all spheres in the fields of social life. In Albanian, there are many words in these social spheres: religious spheres, administrative spheres, military spheres, crafts, construction, home environment, names etc. The historical and linguistic conditions of the borrowing of Turkicisms are known. Albanians and Turks (Ottomans) got into contact in the wars and battles between them, as well as during the reign of the Turkish Empire in the Balkan Peninsula, and in the Albanian territories as well. Turkicisms began to enter the Albanian language from the time the Turks deployed military officers and clerks in several Albanian cities. The ruling period of the foreign invaders and the typology of the communicating languages had a huge influence on linguistic borrowings. The Albanian language is typologically quite remote from Turkish and has therefore assumed relatively few Turkicisms compared to the long period of Turkish rule in the Albanian area. For this purpose, this research and analysis method has been used: A survey was carried out with 60 students of the Department of Albanian Language and Literature at the University of Prizren "Ukshin Hoti" in Prizren, with first year students of the second semester and with second year students of the second semester. In the analysis of the tests, graphical presentations of the use of some Turkish words (Turkicisms) have been created, which are used by students in conversations with each other, in the family and in society, in the city and around Prizren.
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HOFÄCKER, DIRK, HEIKE SCHRÖDER, YUXIN LI, and MATTHEW FLYNN. "Trends and Determinants of Work-Retirement Transitions under Changing Institutional Conditions: Germany, England and Japan compared." Journal of Social Policy 45, no. 1 (September 14, 2015): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727941500046x.
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AbstractMany governments world-wide are promoting longer working life due to the social and economic repercussions of demographic change. However, not all workers are equally able to extend their employment careers. Thus, while national policies raise the overall level of labour market participation, they might create new social and labour market inequalities. This paper explores how institutional differences in the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan affect individual retirement decisions on the aggregate level, and variations in individuals’ degree of choice within and across countries. We investigate which groups of workers are disproportionately at risk of being ‘pushed’ out of employment, and how such inequalities have changed over time. We use comparable national longitudinal survey datasets focusing on the older population in England, Germany and Japan. Results point to cross-national differences in retirement transitions. Retirement transitions in Germany have occurred at an earlier age than in England and Japan. In Japan, the incidence of involuntary retirement is the lowest, reflecting an institutional context prescribing that employers provide employment until pension age, while Germany and England display substantial proportions of involuntary exits triggered by organisational-level redundancies, persistent early retirement plans or individual ill-health.
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Kanarsh, Grigory Y. "The Welfare State as a Practice of Compromise: European Models." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 63, no. 3 (July 10, 2020): 142–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2020-63-3-142-159.
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The article analyzes the features of three main models of the welfare state: German, Northern European, and Anglo-Saxon. The author turns to the analysis of these models, first, because the problem of the welfare state in the world is again coming to the fore, and secondly, because social development in the most developed countries, in the author’s opinion, in the future will be largely determined by the values and behavioral models that are embedded in the three main versions of the social state in Europe. From the author’s point of view, the key features of the European social model, which combines these three versions, are respect for rights and human dignity, the ideas of equality and solidarity, the ideas of social and political compromise, and the choice of an evolutionary path of development. According to the author, these features are the main difference between the European model and what characterizes the political culture of Russia with its maximalism and tendency to extremes. The author believes that the social experience of Europe is something that needs to be addressed today in Russian conditions and that can be extremely valuable for us. At the same time, as shown in the article, the welfare state in Europe has important country features. The German model is characterized by an emphasis on maintaining the socio-economic status of the individual – this is a conservative model. The Northern European model is based on the principles of universal equality and universalism – it is a social-democratic model. And the Anglo-Saxon model, based on the low role of the state, on the great importance of civil society, is a liberal model. Nevertheless, despite significant differences, as shown in the article, all these models are characterized by the desire to implement compromise principles, to find a “Golden mean,” which makes them highly effective.
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Luh, Andreas. "Großunternehmen und Betriebssport in Deutschland vom Kaiserreich bis in die Gegenwart. Ein (zu) wenig beachtetes sozial- und sporthistorisches Phänomen." STADION 44, no. 2 (2020): 300–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-2-300.
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Since the end of the 19th century, company sports appeared as a part of company’s social welfare policy. Large companies in Germany still offer company sport activities as a part of voluntary social benefits today, but their scope, kind and function have changed enormously. The present study focuses on the development of company sports during the German Empire, its expansion and institutionalization as a part of company’s social welfare policy in the Weimar Republic as well as its restructuring in the context of the efforts of the German Labour Front in NS Germany. Furthermore, the study examines the reorganization of company sports based on social partnership concepts and corporate identity - and corporate social responsibility strategies in the Federal Republic of Germany. It asks, what kind of changes took place in company sports in Germany under the conditions of a structural changing economic and capitalist system from the 19th to the 21st century, in four political epochs of German history, from the German Empire to the Federal Republic of Germany?
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Zhigalova, Natalia E. "Features of the Ethno-Religious Situation in Asia Minor in the 14th Century." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 24, no. 3 (2022): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.057.
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This article analyses the ethno-religious situation in Asia Minor in the fourteenth century and the position of individual ethnic and religious communities in the territories of Turkish beyliks. The study demonstrates that, despite the loss of all Asia Minor territories by Byzantium in the fourteenth century, a significant part of the Greek population continued to live in the lands occupied by the Turks. Until the middle of the fourteenth century, in remote and sparsely populated areas of Anatolia, the processes of Turkization and Islamization proceeded very slowly. By the end of the fourteenth century small Greek villages in Western Anatolia practically ceased to exist, and their population gradually became Islamized. At the same time, in large cities and administrative centers, the Greeks quite quickly mastered the language and customs of the “infidels” and integrated into the economic system of the Muslim society, because the tax system of the Turks allowed the Romans to retain their religious identity in exchange for paying jizya. It was revealed that the position of other ethnic and religious communities is reflected in the sources only fragmentarily. A specific feature of development of the Asia Minor region in the fourteenth century became the resettlement of numerous groups of Jews in the cities of Anatolia. The economic activity of the Jews was highly valued by the emirs of Asia Minor, who were interested in the normal functioning of the urban community. Jews probably had certain privileges that allowed Jewish communities to coexist comfortably with Muslim customs. It was these factors — the tax benefits provided by the Turks, and the opportunity for non-Muslims to participate in public life — that created conditions in the Anatolian region for the formation of a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional society. It served as the basis for the subsequent integration of the non-Muslim population of Anatolia into the social structures of the Turkic emirates.
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von Below, Susanne. "What are the chances of young Turks and Italians for equal education and employment in Germany? The role of objective and subjective indicators." Social Indicators Research 82, no. 2 (August 8, 2006): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9038-6.
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Kirchner, Stefan. "Between East and West? East Germany’s Employment System in a Dynamic Comparison." ILR Review 73, no. 5 (February 13, 2019): 1046–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793919831694.
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This article investigates how working conditions in East Germany differ from those in West Germany as well as from those among its Central and Eastern European (CEE) neighbors (Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland). Building on repeated International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) survey data (1989, 1997, 2005, and 2015), the author compares key elements of East Germany’s employment system with West Germany and its CEE neighbors over time. The results show that, initially, East Germany’s conditions resembled a logic reflecting the need for economic survival that was distinct from West Germany and from the emerging general patterns of its CEE neighbors. By 2015, East and West German working conditions nearly converge. This article develops and extends the employment system approach to address situations of transformation and substantial institutional change, and contributes to the ongoing debate on regional diversity in Germany’s economy.
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Musa, Ibrahim. "Ethnic Conflict in World Politics." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 3 (October 1, 1997): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i3.2273.
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Thi publication comes at a time when unprecedented bloody ethnic conflictnot only dominate the global media and international politics, but also numb theworld's conscience. Bosnia Herzegovina, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, EastTimor, Chechnia, Kashmir, and Kurdistan are some of the famous landmarkswhere entire countries and communities are caught up in the web of ethnic conflict.In other instances, ethnic conflict is gradually becoming a feature ofnational life. It is not at all unfamiliar to hear reports of ethnic conflict in India(Hindu-Muslim riots), Germany (violence against immigrant Turks), France(anti-Arab right-wing nationalist fervor and the Muslim scarf issue), the UnitedStates (Los Angeles riots after the Rodney King trial) and Great Britain (Muslimand government standoff over Salman Rushdie's Satanic Verses).Gurr and Harff have written a useful book that tries to make sense of the causesof ethnic conflict in different parts of the world. It deals with the issue in thecontext of rapid changes in the world order; the emergence of ethnopoliticalgroups or ethnoclasses; the struggles for either autonomy or pluralism by variousethnic and social groups; the challenges that ethnopolitics poses to the international.legal and political systems; and the effect of this on communitiesdemanding ethnic rights. It also attempts to provide a framework for analysis ...
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Bilecen, Başak. "Asymmetries in Transnational Social Protection: Perspectives of Migrants and Nonmigrants." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 689, no. 1 (May 2020): 168–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220922521.
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This study investigates the extent to which migrants’ embeddedness in two formal social protection systems (country of origin and host country) influences the resources they exchange in their informal supportive relationships. I analyze the support networks of a matched sample of Turkish migrants in Germany and their significant others in Turkey to illuminate the conditions and meaning of reciprocal resource exchanges, finding that both migrants and nonmigrants perceive formal social protection offered by Germany as superior to that of Turkey. I show that those perceptions have implications for how financial support is exchanged with the family but have less impact on friendships. These implications for family included unequal power relationships, changes in equity among siblings and family, different valuation processes of resources, and thus, (reciprocal) exchanges.
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Gebresilassie, Temesghen, Claudia Beiersmann, Sandra Ziegler, Verena Keck, Yonas Semere Kidane, Albrecht Jahn, and Janine Benson-Martin. "Mental Wellbeing and Social Resilience of Eritrean Refugees Living in Germany." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 11099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711099.
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Mental health and social resilience play a significant role in refugees’ adaptation during the resettlement process in the host country. Maintaining good mental wellbeing helps the refugees to respond to stressful experiences with healthy life choices. This study aimed to explore the mental wellbeing and social resilience of Eritrean refugees living in Germany and to identify social conditions and enablers to foster adaptation. This study employs a qualitative approach with a semi-structured, in-depth interview data collection method. Informants were identified among mostly young adult refugees living in Heidelberg, Germany, with a migration history of 3–6 years. In total, 15 informants were recruited through snowball sampling. Data were sorted and analyzed using the five pillars of the Adaptation and Development after Persecution and Trauma (ADAPT) model. The findings suggest that Eritrean refugees experienced psychological distress after resettlement in Germany; however, with time, their mental health improved. The study revealed conditions that were experienced as hindrances, as well as ones that were considered to be resources of positive mental wellbeing and social resilience for resettled refugees. Resettlement challenges described by the participants were the language barrier, discrimination, unemployment, insecure residence status, loss of family and friends, conflict within the diaspora community, and isolation. The main sources of mental wellbeing and social resilience include the feeling of being welcomed by local communities, access to social services, adopting new relationships, and educational opportunities. These experiences encouraged refugees to have a favorable view of their lives and futures and were also found to facilitate better integration and adaptation. Understanding refugee mental wellbeing and social resilience requires a multidimensional perspective. Eritrean refugees living in Germany have experienced and are still experiencing resettlement challenges, such as, for example, loss of family and friends, negative perception of the German system, loss of past achievements, or unemployment. However, they have developed adaptive and resilience mechanisms, as well, such as seeing an opportunity for a better life, adopting new roles, and accepting Germany as a “second home”. In addressing those issues reported by the refugees as hindrances, these could be turned into sources of mental wellbeing and resilience.
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Herz, Dietmar. "Germany Today: Continuity and Change." International Area Review 3, no. 1 (June 2000): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590000300105.
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Events of recent months have changed the face of German politics. Or, to be more precise, they have shown that Germany has changed in recent years. Seen from the year 1999, these transformations have been twofold: on one hand, important fundamental conditions of German politics have changed over the past ten years; on the other hand, since last fall, a new government established new priorities. In a first step, this paper will give a short description of the internal and external state of German affairs at the end of Helmut Kohl's long reign. It will then analyse the current domestic and foreign policy situation in Germany, its new political directions, the reforms and setbacks of the new coalition of Social Democrats and Greens. In concluding, the more thoroughgoing aspects of change in Germany since unification will briefly be discussed.
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Toska, Juna, Renate Reiter, and Annette Elisabeth Töller. "When European Policies Meet German Federalism: A Study on the Implementation of the EU Reception Conditions Directive." Social Inclusion 10, no. 3 (July 27, 2022): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i3.5224.
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Article 21 of the recast Reception Conditions Directive 2013/33/EU (RCD) stipulates that member states shall consider the special needs of asylum seekers with, inter alia, mental illnesses. Similar to other member states, Germany failed to transpose the RCD into national law within the two years prescribed. Due to the inactivity of the federal legislator, the Directive became directly applicable. In the German system of cooperative federalism, this means that the application of the RCD moved downstream to the responsibility of the German Länder (states), which have since found themselves with vague responsibilities, lacking a clear regulation cascade from the federal level. How do Länder implement the RCD and how is its implementation in Germany affected by the federal institutional setting? The objective of this article is to analyse and systematise the patterns of the RCD’s implementation on the subnational level in Germany. On the one hand, the findings suggest that the open formulation of the RCD and the federal government’s inactivity allow for a higher degree of liberty in applying the Directive on the subnational level. On the other hand, most measures taken hitherto have been rather small and ad‐hoc and some Länder have even failed to adopt any significant changes at all. The RCD’s implementation in Germany has consisted of a “tinkering” process, generating an incoherent patchwork of policy outputs. The resulting unequal standards in the reception of asylum seekers displaying mental illnesses present far‐reaching consequences for the people affected.
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Scheer, David, and Désirée Laubenstein. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Psychosocial Conditions of Students with and without Special Educational Needs." Social Sciences 10, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10110405.
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Given the pandemic-induced school lockdown in Germany in the spring of 2020, COVID-19 evidently had a negative impact on child and adolescent mental health and wellbeing. However, there is no evidence regarding the specific problems of students with special educational needs in emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) during or after the school lockdown. Thus, this study bridges the gap. A sample of 173 students across Germany was included in the analysis. The students were rated by their teachers in an online survey via a standardized teacher-report form for emotional and behavioral problems and competencies, as well as perceptions of inclusion. Several student- and teacher-level predictors were applied in a stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the school lockdown marginally impacted E/BD, with small differences between student groups. The strongest predicting variable was students’ psychosocial situation. Hence, the psychosocial situation of students should be monitored by teachers and school psychologists to provide sufficient support during lockdown.