Journal articles on the topic 'Turkey'
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1
Makarynska, A., and N. Vorona. "PECULIARITIES OF GROWING AND ANALYSIS OF FEEDING PROGRAMS TURKEYS." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i3.1509.
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According to the literature poultry occupies a leading position in the structure of the meat market. The leader in poultry farming is the production of broiler meat both in the world and in Ukraine. However, in recent years the interest in growing turkeys and turkey meat production increased sharply, as a lucrative business and an alternative to pork and beef. It is estimated that in the world turkey's meat consumption has increased from 1,5 million tones to 5,5 million tones in recent years Israel is the world leader in annual consumption of turkey meat (13.1 kg per head), and USA is the world leader in production of turkey meat (42% of total production). In 2017 turkey meat production in the world amounted to 6.4 million tones, only 34 thousand tones were produced inUkraine of them.The main characteristics of the two turkey breeds are given. They are the bronze-breasted and white-breasted breeds. Almost all modern turkey industrial crosses have come from them. All high-productive turkey crosses are divided into types depending on the weight: light, medium, medium heavy, heavy. Each has its own purpose for use. As a result of the analysis of the literature data, the production indicators for modern turkey crosses and norms of the content of nutrients and biologically active substances in feeds for turkeys of heavy and medium types were generalized. We developed turkey feeding programs based on years of experience, scientific achievements in the industry and fruitful collaboration with feed manufacturers. There are several periods during the life of the turkeys: the period of rearing, pre-laying (rearing of the repair young turkeys) and productive. It is established that young turkeys of various purposes are fed the same rations forup to 17 weeks. According to the developed turkey feeding program the period of rearing consists of 3 phases, during which use starter (1 - 4 weeks for heavy type turkeys and 1 - 8 weeks for medium type turkeys), grower (5 - 13 weeks for heavy type turkeys and 9 - 13 weeks for medium type turkeys) and finisher (14-17 weeks) feed. The pre-laying diet is fed from 18 to 30 weeks to repair young turkeys, and productive diet is fed from 31 weeks.
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DO, Oguntade. "Characteristics of Intron 17 and Exon 18 of Leptin Receptor Gene in Nigerian Locally Adapted and Exotic Turkeys." Annals of Experimental and Molecular Biology 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/aemb-16000113.
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Leptin Receptor gene (LEPR) gene has been implicated as the activator of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and plays an important role in regulating body energy storage and metabolism. Identification of Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were carried out in intron 17 and exon 18 of LEPR gene in 200 turkeys comprising 100 each of Nigerian locally adapted and exotic (Nicholas White) turkeys. Blood samples for DNA extraction were collected at 20 weeks. DNA extraction was carried out using whole blood collected with Quick- DNA Miniprep Plus extraction kits by strictly followed the manufacturer’s protocol. The sequence data obtained were analyzed using GeneScan and Sequencing software (Applied Biosystems). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in LEPR gene of the two turkey genotypes were identified using DnaSP 6 software. The allele frequency of each SNP, Heterozygosity (He) and Polymorphic information content (PIC) of the SNPs were calculated. Out of six SNPs identified in intron 17 of the turkey LEPR gene, four were found in local turkeys while all the six were found in exotic turkey. The major allele frequency of the SNPs ranged from 0.86 to 0.96. The SNP 28C>G in exotic turkey had the highest HE while SNPs 7T>G, 67A>T and 85G>C in local turkey had the least. The PIC ranged from 0.077 in local turkey to 0.211 in exotic turkey. In addition, ten SNPs were identified in exon 18 of the turkey LEPR gene, out of which eight were detected in local turkeys while seven were detected in exotic turkeys. The major allele frequency of the SNPs identified in exon 18 ranged from 0.54 in 602A>C in local turkey to 1.00 in 60T>G, 267A>G, 274A>G alleles that are fixed in both local and exotic turkeys. Also, SNP 602A>C in local turkey had the highest HE while incidentally SNPs 130G>C, 166G>A and 789G>A also in local turkey had the least heterozygosity. PIC discovered in exon 18 of LEPR gene ranged from 0.077 to 0.377 in local turkey. Intron 17 and exon 18 of LEPR gene is polymorphic in both Nigerian locally adapted and exotic turkeys and therefore could be used for further analysis to form a basis for genetic variation in growth in the two genotypes
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Davlatov, Ravshan, Baxtiyor Rustamov, and Asqar Bo‘ronov. "Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of turkey histomonosis." BIO Web of Conferences 95 (2024): 01047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20249501047.
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The scientific significance of the research results lies in the analysis of the epizootological features of helminthiasis and histomoniasis of turkeys in farms and private farms engaged in turkey breeding, the clinical course of the disease, hematological and biochemical changes in the body of turkeys when using some new anthelmintics and vitamin complexes, theoretical and practical justification for the effectiveness of the drugs. The practical significance of the research results lies in the fact that with widespread helminthiasis and histomoniasis in turkeys, the use of antiparasitic drugs and vitamin complexes in turkey farms leads to the recovery of turkey poults, an increase in their viability, growth and development, weight gain, and the achievement of an increase in productivity for through their use in disease prevention. The epizootology and causes of the spread of helminthiasis and histomonosis of turkeys in turkey poultry farms managed by farmers and private individuals of the republic were identified. The use of vitamin complexes in addition to antiparasitic drugs is scientifically substantiated in order to reduce the duration of treatment for turkey histomoniasis, their positive effect on the hemomorphological and hemobiochemical parameters of turkeys. Practical recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of turkey histomoniasis have been developed for the widespread use of effective, cost-effective diagnostic methods.
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Nielsen, C. K., C. R. Bottom, R. G. Tebo, and E. Greenspan. "Habitat overlap among bobcats (Lynx rufus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in an agricultural landscape." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 5 (May 2018): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0079.
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Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758) populations have grown considerably in the Midwestern U.S. alongside mesocarnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823) and bobcats (Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777)). However, few studies have assessed habitat overlap between mesocarnivores and turkeys with a goal to understand potential impacts of mesocarnivores on turkeys. We captured and radiomarked bobcats, coyotes, and Wild Turkey hens in southern Illinois during 2011–2013 in an agricultural landscape and created single-species resource selection and overlap models. Wild Turkeys and bobcats demonstrated concentrated use in forested areas, whereas coyote use was highest in agricultural areas. We documented Wild Turkey nests (n = 107) and hen mortalities (n = 28), which were used to model the effect of bobcat, coyote, and Wild Turkey habitat use on turkey nest success and mortality. Increased coyote use was associated with higher nest success and increased turkey use was associated with higher probability of mortality. These findings suggest that top predators, such as coyotes, may be important and beneficial for ground-nesting avian species. With coyotes acting as the top predator throughout much of the Midwest, they are likely reducing densities of other important turkey nest predator species, thereby increasing nest success.
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Stover, Kristin K., David A. Sleboda, Elizabeth L. Brainerd, and Thomas J. Roberts. "Gastrocnemius Muscle Structural and Functional Changes Associated with Domestication in the Turkey." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071850.
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Selection for increased muscle mass in domestic turkeys has resulted in muscles twice the size of those found in wild turkeys. This study characterizes muscle structural changes as well as functional differences in muscle performance associated with selection for increased muscle mass. We compared peak isometric force production, whole muscle and individual fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), connective tissue collagen concentration and structure of the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscle in wild and adult domestic turkeys. We also explored changes with age between juvenile and adult domestic turkeys. We found that the domestic turkey’s LG muscle can produce the same force per cross-sectional area as a wild turkey; however, due to scaling, domestic adults produce less force per unit body mass. Domestic turkey muscle fibers were slightly smaller in CSA (3802 ± 2223 μm2) than those of the wild turkey (4014 ± 1831 μm2, p = 0.013), indicating that the absolutely larger domestic turkey muscles are a result of an increased number of smaller fibers. Collagen concentration in domestic turkey muscle (4.19 ± 1.58 μg hydroxyproline/mg muscle) was significantly lower than in the wild turkeys (6.23 ± 0.63 μg/mg, p = 0.0275), with visible differences in endomysium texture, observed via scanning electron microscopy. Selection for increased muscle mass has altered the structure of the LG muscle; however, scaling likely contributes more to hind limb functional differences observed in the domestic turkey.
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Bilalov, R. "Turkey Helminths in Azerbaijan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/64/10.
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The fauna of turkey helminths was studied in specialized and subsidiary farms of the population in 23 districts of the republic belonging to 4 natural and climatic zones: Kur-Aras and Lankaran lowlands, foothill and mountain belts of the Great and Lesser Caucasus. We have registered 12 species of turkey helminths, of which one species is recorded for the first time in turkeys in the CIS, and 9 species in Azerbaijan. When opening 676 turkeys, infection with helminths was revealed by 75.4%, including nematodes — 74.4%, cestodes — 7.8%, trematodes — 0.14%.
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Ju, Shengtai, Sneha Mahapatra, Marisa A. Erasmus, Amy R. Reibman, and and Fengqing Zhu. "Turkey Behavior Identification System with a GUI Using Deep Learning and Video Analytics." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 8 (January 18, 2021): 232–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.8.imawm-232.
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In this paper, we propose a video analytics system to identify the behavior of turkeys. Turkey behavior provides evidence to assess turkey welfare, which can be negatively impacted by uncomfortable ambient temperature and various diseases. In particular, healthy and sick turkeys behave differently in terms of the duration and frequency of activities such as eating, drinking, preening, and aggressive interactions. Our system incorporates recent advances in object detection and tracking to automate the process of identifying and analyzing turkey behavior captured by commercial grade cameras. We combine deep-learning and traditional image processing methods to address challenges in this practical agricultural problem. Our system also includes a web-based user interface to create visualization of automated analysis results. Together, we provide an improved tool for turkey researchers to assess turkey welfare without the time-consuming and labor-intensive manual inspection.
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AURY-HAINRY, KRISTELL, SOPHIE LE BOUQUIN, ANNIE LABBÉ, ISABELLE PETETIN, and MARIANNE CHEMALY. "Listeria monocytogenes Contamination in French Breeding and Fattening Turkey Flocks." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1096–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-540.
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This study aimed to collect data and create a database related to Listeria monocytogenes contamination in breeding and fattening turkey flocks. Seventy-five breeding turkey flocks and 86 fattening turkey flocks were sampled. Three hundred seventy-five and 428 samples were analyzed in breeding and fattening turkey flocks, respectively. L. monocytogenes was detected in 9 of 75 breeding flocks, leading to an estimated prevalence of 12% (95% confidence interval, 4.6–19.4). In fattening turkeys, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes–positive flocks was 9.3% (95% confidence interval, 3.1–15.5). The serotyping of L. monocytogenes strains highlighted the dominance of serovar 1/2a in breeding as well as in fattening turkeys. The relationship between rearing practices and L. monocytogenes status in turkey flocks was studied by using multiple correspondence analyses and then a hierarchical classification. Results were separated into two classes and revealed profiles that were associated with the presence or the absence of L. monocytogenes. This study highlighted the need to implement strict sanitary measures to reduce the risk of L. monocytogenes contamination in turkey production.
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Kusza, S., S. Mihók, L. Czeglédi, A. Jávor, and M. Árnyasi. "Testing the breeding strategy of Hungarian Bronze turkey strains for maintaining genetic diversity with microsatellites." Archives Animal Breeding 54, no. 4 (October 10, 2011): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-54-419-2011.
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Abstract. The aim of the study was to provide information on the genetic variability of the Hungarian Bronze turkey gene reserve population and its difference from the Broad-breasted turkey, and offer guidance and proposals for its future conservation strategies. Altogether, 239 Hungarian Bronze turkeys from 10 strains and 13 Broad-breasted turkeys as a control population were genotyped for 15 microsatellites. All loci were polymorphic with the average number of alleles per locus 3.20±1.146 in the Hungarian Bronze turkey. The mean expected (Hexp) and observed heterozygosity (Hobs) were not different (0.392 and 0.376, respectively) in the overall population, and similar values were obtained for hens and bucks and among hen strains. Inbreeding coefficient (FIS) and Shannon index (I) indicated that there was low inbreeding within hens and bucks. Our results confirm that the genetic diversity in the Hungarian Bronze turkey population has been preserved by the rotational mating system. Differences between the Hungarian Bronze turkey and the Broad-breasted turkey populations were determined. Nei’s unbiased values clearly indicated that the two populations are highly genetically differentiated.
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Wójcik, A., J. Sowińska, K. Iwańczuk-Czernik, and T. Mituniewicz. "The effect of a housing system in slaughter turkeys on mechanical damage to carcass and meat quality." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 2 (December 12, 2011): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4283-cjas.
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The aim of the experiment was to find out whether the housing of Polish white broad-breasted heavy type turkeys J-22 on slatted floor (group I) and litter floor (group II) has an effect on the final body weight, body weight loss during transportation, mechanical damage to carcass and physical and chemical properties of breast meat. The turkeys were kept in controlled environment: turkey hens for 16 weeks (group I – 29 birds; group II – 30 birds) and turkey cocks for 23 weeks (group I – 21 birds; group II – 28 birds) in compliance with the parameters recommended for this species. The turkey cocks kept on the slatted floor made of metal mesh had lower final body weight (11 929 g), higher body weight losses during transportation (2.41%) and higher number of birds with damaged carcasses (95%) in comparison with the turkey cocks kept on the litter floor (13 307 g, 1.94% and 54%, respectively). Moreover, higher levels of lactic acid (turkey hens 119.83 µM/g; turkey cocks 148.09 µM/g) and larger juice area (6.5 cm<sup>2</sup>, 8.27 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively) in breast meat after slaughter were found in the turkeys of both sexes kept on the slatted floor compared to the turkeys kept on the litter floor (108.79 µM/g and 6.25 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively for turkey hens and 128.29 µM/g and 5.23 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively for turkey cocks). The values of meat pH<sub>1</sub>, pH<sub>2</sub> and pH<sub>3</sub> for all the groups were typical of good quality meat and ranged between pH<sub>1</sub> 6.22–6.27, pH<sub>2</sub> 5.85–6.06 and pH<sub>3</sub> 5.55–5.64. However the production performance results indicate that the housing of heavy turkeys on slatted floor is not recommended.
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Jeremiah, Taiwo Boluwatife, Taofeek Abdulrahman, Aishat Bukolami Olaogun, Qahharat Ibrahim, Olusegun Moses Akinyemi, Oluwaseyi Paul Oyetayo, Omolara Oluwakemi Ayinde, and Moses Ilori Babatunde. "Evolution of TLR3 gene in Nigerian indigenous and exotic turkeys." Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 5 (October 30, 2023): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2023.406.
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This experiment was carried out to determine the evolution of the TLR3 gene in Nigerian indigenous and exotic turkeys. A total of 150 turkeys i.e. 100 exotic and 50 indigenous were used for this study. Birds were allotted treatments and fed formulated grower diets that meet the NRC—Turkey grower nutritional requirements. Genomic DNA was isolated from each blood sample, and the concentration and purity of each DNA sample was determined using a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer. After DNA extraction and quantification, three DNA samples from each genetic group (or breed) were taken for TLR3 gene discovery and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The source sequence and the retrieved sequences were trimmed and edited while the amino acid sequences of the new turkey TLRs were predicted based on the open reading frames of the expressed nucleotide sequences, and the nomenclatures of turkey TLRs were based on the best hits of the proteins in the database. From the findings of the study, the SNP (172N>N) detected at position 516 was synonymous in both exotic and local turkey breeds, and this resulted in amino acid changes from Alanine to Threonine in exotic turkeys and Cysteine to Tyrosine in local turkeys. Also, in this study, the SNP (7 Q>*) detected in exon 4 was non-synonymous, resulting in amino acid changes from Cytosine to Threonine in the exotic turkey. Positive Tajima's D values were the same for exotic and local turkey breeds. The findings of this study suggest significant instances of purifying selection acting on the gene. Based on the results of this research, the populations of local and exotic turkeys showed a low level of heterozygosity at TLR3 locus and may be homogenous. Also, there was low genetic diversity in the TLR3 gene of both local and exotic turkey breeds. This suggests potential vulnerabilities and challenges for their long-term health and adaptability. Strategies that aim to increase genetic diversity, like cross-breeding should be implemented.
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Mallia, J. G. "Indigenous domestic turkeys of Oaxaca and Quintana Roo, Mexico." Animal Genetic Resources Information 23 (April 1998): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001085.
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SummaryThe presence and role of indigenous turkeys in Oaxaca and Quintana Roo, Mexico, were investigated by means of on-site assessment and an orally administered questionnaire. Questions included breed characteristics, uses, management conditions, advantages and limitations of the breed. An indigenous breed of turkey in Oaxaca and Quintana Roo was described. A strong interest in the raising and commerce of turkeys in Oaxaca was noted, however in Quintana Roo substantial reductions in numbers of turkeys have occurred over the last two decades. Mortalities of turkey poults ranging from 50–100% due to a disease with symptoms compatible with Histomonas meleagridis infection were reported. This appears to be the most significant limiting factor to raising turkeys in a back-yard type of system in Oaxaca and Quintana Roo. Raising turkeys separately from chickens is probably the most effective strategy for decreasing indigenous turkey poult mortality of this type.
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ILORI, B. M., D. O. OGUNTADE, K. AKANO, S. O. DUROSARO, and M. O. OZOJE. "REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, FEED INTAKE AND EFFICIENCY OF INDIGENOUS AND CROSSBRED TURKEYS." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 18, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v18i1.1912.
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This study assessed the reproductive performance of indigenous and crossbred parent stocks and the influence of sire genotype on the growth and efficiency of feed utilization by their progenies. A total of 300 poults, 150 for each genotype were generated from two crosses (Nicholas white x Indigenous and Indigenous x Indigenous turkeys). Data were collected on the reproductive performance of the parents while body weight and feed intake from day old to the 20th week of age were also collected from the progenies generated. The experiment was a complete randomized design with data generated subjected to two way analysis of variance using SAS. The result of the study showed that sire genotype had significant effect (p<0.05) on semen colour and semen volume while semen pH, motility, morphology and live dead ratio were not significantly affected. Crossbred tom had higher semen volume (0.39 ml) compared to 0.18 ml recorded in indigenous turkey. Genotype had no significant effect (p>0.05) on all female reproductive traits such as fertility, hatchability, dead in-germ, weak in-shell and dead in-shell. However, the indigenous turkey had higher fertility percentage (85%) while 80% hatchability was observed in crossbred turkey. Crossbred turkey significantly (p<0.05) had higher body weight (3330g) at 20 week of age compared to the indigenous turkey (2869g). Sexual dimorphism in favour of the male turkey was also observed throughout the period of the experiment. Although the crossbred turkey consumed more feed, the efficiency of feed utilization was better in the indigenous turkey. This findings suggested that the indigenous turkeys can be successfully improved with the introgression of exotic genetic material while crossbred turkeys can be further selected for improved productive and adaptive traits.
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riely, elizabeth gawthrop. "Benjamin Franklin and the American Turkey." Gastronomica 6, no. 4 (2006): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2006.6.4.19.
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Franklin and the turkey, both American icons, are far more complicated than most people realize. The early Spanish explorers took the New World bird to Europe where it quickly spread. By the early 16th century this domesticated bird made its way back again to Virginia and Massachusetts and onto the colonists' tables. As early as 1776 the growth in human population threatened that of wild turkeys. When Franklin was exploring the properties of electricity, he experimented on turkeys and found that electrocution tenderized their flesh. Later, his famous letter to his daughter, expressing his preference for the turkey to be the national bird rather than the eagle, was more polemical than genuine. In the last fifty years, efforts to restore the nearly extinct wild turkey have succeeded. The quality of the turkey on the American Thanksgiving table, over-bred and industrialized, needs to be restored as well.
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Manin, Aurelie, Eduardo Corona-M, Michelle Alexander, Abigail Craig, Erin Kennedy Thornton, Dongya Y. Yang, Michael Richards, and Camilla F. Speller. "Diversity of management strategies in Mesoamerican turkeys: archaeological, isotopic and genetic evidence." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 171613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171613.
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The turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) represents one of the few domestic animals of the New World. While current research points to distinct domestication centres in the Southwest USA and Mesoamerica, several questions regarding the number of progenitor populations, and the timing and intensity of turkey husbandry remain unanswered. This study applied ancient mitochondrial DNA and stable isotope ( δ 13 C, δ 15 N) analysis to 55 archaeological turkey remains from Mexico to investigate pre-contact turkey exploitation in Mesoamerica. Three different (sub)species of turkeys were identified in the archaeological record ( M. g. mexicana , M. g. gallopavo and M. ocellata ), indicating the exploitation of diverse local populations, as well as the trade of captively reared birds into the Maya area. No evidence of shared maternal haplotypes was observed between Mesoamerica and the Southwest USA, in contrast with archaeological evidence for trade of other domestic products. Isotopic analysis indicates a range of feeding behaviours in ancient Mesoamerican turkeys, including wild foraging, human provisioning and mixed feeding ecologies. This variability in turkey diet decreases through time, with archaeological, genetic and isotopic evidence all pointing to the intensification of domestic turkey management and husbandry, culminating in the Postclassic period.
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Gernat, Ashley A., Fernanda B. O. Santos, and Jesse L. Grimes. "Alternative approaches to antimicrobial use in the turkey industry: Challenges and perspectives." Turkey Diseases, Production and Management 1, no. 3 (July 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2021.3.0018.
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Poultry production has experienced a major shift with the prohibition of the use of antimicrobials and antibiotics as growth promoters. The industry in general, and more specifically turkey producers, are facing a changing world in that many consumers have a perception and certain beliefs about food production while the truth maybe something else. Additionally, perception has become a reality when it comes to consumer acceptance, which affects consumer purchasing behavior. In this regard, in many cases and genres, the public perception of antibiotic use in turkey production can be generally negative. The truth that antibiotics and other antimicrobials can be beneficial to both turkeys and consumers is lost. Therefore, turkey producers are accepting the challenge to rear turkey flocks without growth promoting antibiotics or antimicrobials. In some cases and some locales, this has become the law. In other markets, consumer desires and purchasing habits are the driving force for change. Turkey producers are scrutinizing production practices to ascertain and provide the optimal environment for turkey production. In addition, alternatives to antibiotics are being developed, tested, evaluated, and used for turkey production in increasing frequency. These include, but not limited to, probiotics (direct-fed microbials), prebiotics, organic acids, essential oils, spices, and plant and yeast extracts. Researchers are joining forces with turkey producers to develop use plans for these feed additives that, in most cases, are not the same as for antibiotic administration. Turkey producers have become proactive in developing these plans and are preparing to provide exceptional quality products that will meet consumer acceptance. However, more research focusing specifically on turkeys is certainly needed so that these alternative approaches can be optimized to meet the turkey production necessities.
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ARAKCHEEVA, Е. N., H. H. ZABASHTA, I. A. SINELSHCHIKOVA, E. N. Golovko, and E. P. LISOVITSKAYA. "COMPLEX USE OF PROBIOTIC «PROLAXIM-V» AND SELENIUMCONTAINING DRUG «NUTRISEL» FOR TURKEY FATTENING." VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 69, no. 1 (2024): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2024-69-1-60-65.
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The industrial cultivation of turkey is a profitable area of agriculture. Turkey care is the same as for many other domestic birds. But the main difference lies in the size of this bird. This is a relatively large poultry. Today, industrial turkey breeding is a very popular business. And its popularity is gradually growing. For profitable meat production, it is necessary to use certain breeds of modern turkeys, which are distinguished by the highest conversion of feed into meat. They consume less food and turn it into meat in a very short time. Each period of the life of a turkey grown on factory farms is controlled in such a way as to maximize the final weight of the turkey in order to make a profit. The industry has increased the number of poultry raised in factories, thanks to breeding, various feed formulations and modern management methods. In modern production, all turkeys grown in factories are bred exclusively by artificial insemination in order to make production as efficient as possible. Turkeys grown at enterprises are too large and muscular to reproduce naturally, so sperm is collected from male turkeys and injected into female turkeys. Feeding turkeys is a serious matter. The food changes several times during the life of the birds. It is always a feed based on corn and soy, but with a different content of additional vitamins and minerals, depending on the stage of growth of turkeys. The texture of the feed also changes as the birds mature. The results of studies on the effect of the combined use of the probiotic «Prolaxim-B» and the seleniumcontaining drug «NutriSel» on the safety of livestock, the growth of experimental poultry and feed consumption per 1 kg of gain, the chemical composition of the total minced meat of the pectoral and femoral muscles are presented. Scientific and economic experiments were carried out on the farm of IP Ermakov on turkeys of the Hybrid Converter cross. To conduct the experiment, a control group and two experimental groups of 250 heads each were formed. The chemical composition of turkey meat was carried out at the age of 120 days
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ACUFF, G. R., C. VANDERZANT, M. O. HANNA, J. G. EHLERS, F. A. GOLAN, and F. A. GARDNER. "Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in Turkey Carcass Processing and Further Processing of Turkey Products." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.9.712.
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Presence of Campylobacter jejuni was determined at various locations in turkey carcass processing and further processing of turkey products (wieners, ham and boneless breast). Contamination of turkey carcasses with C. jejuni, in most cases, occurred on the surface of the skin or on the surface of the abdominal cavity lining. No contamination of interior muscle tissue was observed. The percentage of turkeys containing C. jejuni upon entering the processing plant varied (50 to 100%). Large numbers of C. jejuni were killed during scalding of carcasses, but extensive recontamination occurred during mechanical defeathering. After scalding, numbers of C. jejuni peaked during evisceration, but dropped to lower levels after washing. Few or no C. jejuni were recovered from the carcasses after leaving the chill tank. No C. jejuni were detected on frozen turkey carcasses, including the drip, at the wholesale or retail level. However, Campylobacter coli was detected in the drip of a few carcasses that had been in frozen storage at the wholesale level for 2 wk and 3 months. Neither C. jejuni nor C. coli was detected on frozen turkeys at the retail level. Although, in some cases, C. jejuni were recovered from turkey meat during initial stages of further processing, no C. jejuni were recovered from heat-treated, further processed products.
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Ilori, B. M., S. S. Isong, E. B. Oghate, B. A. Ojeniyi, S. O. Durosaro, K. Akano, D. O. Oguntade, B. M. Onakoya, S. A. Olapade, and M. O. Ozoje. "Evaluation of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Genetic Diversity at the Myostatin gene Locus in Indigenous and Locally Adapted Exotic Turkey breeds in Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology 39, no. 1 (August 3, 2022): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njb.v39i1.3.
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This research was carried out to characterize single nucleotide polymorphism at the myostatin gene locus in indigenous and Nigerian locally adapted exotic turkeys. A total of 220-day-old poults comprising 120 local and 100 locally adapted exotic turkeys were sourced from reputable hatchery and were managed for 20 weeks under intensive management system. Blood samples were collected from 70 turkeys each form the two breeds via the brachial vein into Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) bottles for DNA extraction and amplification of target regions using commercially available kits when the birds were 8 weeks. Genomic regions containing exon 1 and 2 of MSTN gene including their surrounding introns were sequenced and analyzed using BioEdit, Codon Code Aligner, DnaSP and MEGA software. Codon-based test was also performed to estimate the ratio of non-synonymous substitutions (dN) to synonymous substitutions (dS). Results from our study showed that both local and exotic turkey breeds had one non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (248 G>A) in exon 1 while SNP variant 333 G>A was detected only in exon 2 of exotic turkey. In intron 1, a total of 3 SNPs in local turkey and 2 SNPs in exotic turkey were detected. Intron 2 also revealed 4 and 3 SNPs in local and exotic turkeys respectively. Genetic diversity indices showed that local turkey had higher haplotype diversity at intron 1 (75 %) and intron 2 (84 %) while haplotype diversity of 20 % was estimated at exon 2 in exotic turkey. Our Codon-based test of selection showed dN/dS ratio of <1 (purifying selection) at G248A SNP loci, suggested a possible role of this non-synonymous SNP variant on growth performance. We recommend a population-based study to investigate the effect of this non-synonymous SNP G248A on growth and morpho-structural traits for breed improvement and conservation of our locally adapted turkey populations.
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Rashid, Muhammad Abdur, M. Rasheduzzaman, MSK Sarker, S. Faruque, Md Salauddin Palash, and NR Sarker. "Small-Scale Turkey Farming in Bangladesh: Farming Practices, Profitability and Supply Chain Mapping." Agricultural Science 2, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): p28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p28.
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The study was conducted to know the existing turkey production system, supply chain mapping, and identifying the prospects and problems of turkey rearing in some selected areas of Bangladesh during October 2019 to December 2019. A total of 100 turkey raisers were surveyed following convenience method of sampling technique. The primary data were collected, analyzed accordingly and tabular presentation method was applied with the help of simple descriptive statistical measures e.g. frequency distributions, percentage, sum and means to illustrating the results. Profitability analysis was done on the basis of variable cost, fixed cost, return by using arithmetic means and percentages. The study revealed that 87 male and 13 female respondents were surveyed, of them cent percent found educated. About 56% turkey keeper’s main occupation was business, 27% service and 12% in farming while 88.57% involved with farming as secondary sources of income. Average landholding for homestead, cultivable and non-cultivable was 24.40, 129.71 and 29.47 decimal, respectively. About 59% farms started for commercial purpose, 32% for non-commercial purpose and 9% for both. About 60% respondents kept less than 50 turkeys and only 2% kept 501-1000 turkeys. Among the surveyed farms55% stopped their operation and 45% farms found running their business. Among the running farms cent percent were small-scale group. The average feed intake was 192.13 grams per day per bird at 20 weeks of age. Turkey laid on an average 139 eggs a year irrespective of variety and for hatching poults, the fertility and hatchability rate found between 65 to 100% and 50 to 90%, respectively. About 28% farmers experienced the deaths of turkey because of Cold, Pox, Ranikhet, Bird flu and unknown cases and 69.47% farmers took veterinary advice from Upazila Livestock Hospital and rest from other sources. Farmers to consumers were the most common and widely used marketing channel for egg, chick and adult turkey. The market intermediaries of turkey farm carried out different marketing functions e.g. buying and selling, pricing, transportation, sorting, distribution and market information. The average net return and benefit-cost ratio was BDT 127838.04 and 1.38, respectively for 50 turkeys per year. In the study, turkey rearing found some comparative benefit over chicken and ducks e.g. higher weight gain, forage eater, lower diseases rate and suitability for the country. The main problem of turkey rearing identified as market instability, lack of quality turkey feed, higher feed price, lack of proper marketing facility and training on turkey farming. In conclusion, the small-scale turkey farming could be a viable source of income for the rural people of Bangladesh after taking some remedial steps by the Government of Bangladesh for the aforesaid hindrances faced by the turkey farmers.
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Reed, Kent, Melissa Monson, Robert Settlage, Kristelle Mendoza, and Rami Dalloul. "MHC composition and variation in turkeys of the Americas (P6066)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 141.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.141.17.
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Abstract Variation in the MHC is associated with disease susceptibility/resistance in avian species of agricultural importance. Variation includes individual sequence differences, but also structural differences (gene rearrangement) and copy number variation. The directionality of structural changes can be determined through comparison of closely related species in a phylogenetic context. The MHC has now been described for multiple galliform species including the chicken and the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Analysis of the turkey MHC is limited primarily to broad taxonomic contrasts with chicken. This study applies high-throughput sequencing approaches to investigate MHC structure of turkeys of the Americas. Sequence assemblies of the Eastern wild turkey (M. g. silvestris) and the Ocellated turkey (M. ocellata; native to the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, Guatemala and Belize) were constructed from whole genome sequencing efforts. Assemblies were compared with the MHC of the domestic turkey. In addition, an MHC-specific SureSelect capture array was developed for sequencing multiple birds from different genetic backgrounds. Sequence libraries were created for 14 turkeys (domestic, heritage and wild birds), a second Ocellated turkey, and a chicken. Libraries were hybridized to over 12K baits (120 bp) and the resulting pools were sequenced producing an average of 439K paired reads per library. Results of the sequence analysis and variant discovery are presented.
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McCaffery, Harlan, Robert H. Tykot, Kathy Durand Gore, and Beau R. DeBoer. "Stable Isotope Analysis of Turkey (Meleagriscc Gallopavo) Diet from Pueblo II and Pueblo III Sites, Middle San Juan Region, Northwest New Mexico." American Antiquity 79, no. 2 (April 2014): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.2.337.
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AbstractThe transition from the Pueblo 11 Period (A.D. 1050–1150) to the Pueblo III Period (A.D. 1150–1300) in the San Juan Basin marks an intensification of turkey use, evidenced by an increase in the percentage of faunal assemblages representing turkey bones. We examine stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen ( δ15N) isotopic values of turkey bones from three ancestral Puebloan sites in the Middle San Juan Region to test the hypothesis that this intensification is linked to an increase in the amount of maize in the turkeys’ diets. We find no significant change in δ13C or δ15N across the two time periods, and all of the specimens’ values indicate maize consumption. A plot of bone apatite δ13C against collagen δ13C is consistent with a model of diets high in C4protein, indicating that the turkeys did not use an alternative source of protein to maize and/or fauna that fed on maize. The reliance of both humans and turkeys on maize indicates a degree of turkey-human interdependency not previously known in the Middle San Juan Region. Future inquiries into the paleodiet of turkeys should target times and places where there is likely to have been a transition from hunting to domestication.
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Gomaa, Maged H., Dongwan Yoo, Davor Ojkic, and John R. Barta. "Seroprevalence of Turkey Coronavirus in North American Turkeys Determined by a Newly Developed Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on Recombinant Antigen." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 12 (October 29, 2008): 1839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00319-08.
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ABSTRACT Turkey coronavirus (TCoV) causes diarrhea in young turkey poults, but little is known about its prevalence in the field. To address this, the complete nucleocapsid gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Expressed nucleocapsid gene produced two distinct proteins (52 and 43 kDa); their specificity was confirmed by Western blotting using two different monoclonal antibodies. Recombinant N protein was purified and used as an antigen to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological detection of TCoV that was then validated using experimentally derived turkey serum. The N-based ELISA showed (97%) sensitivity and (93%) specificity for TCoV, which was significantly higher than an infectious bronchitis coronavirus-based commercial test for TCoV. To assess the utility of this recombinant ELISA, 360 serum samples from turkey farms in Ontario, Canada, and 81 serum samples from farms in Arkansas were tested for TCoV-specific antibodies. A high seroprevalence of TCoV was found in turkeys from the Ontario farms with 73.9% of breeders and 60.0% of meat turkeys testing seropositive using the N-based ELISA. Similarly, a high field prevalence was found in the turkeys from Arkansas, for which 64.2% of the serum samples tested seropositive.
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Boros, Ákos, Csaba Nemes, Péter Pankovics, Beatrix Kapusinszky, Eric Delwart, and Gábor Reuter. "Identification and complete genome characterization of a novel picornavirus in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 2171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.043224-0.
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Members of the family Picornaviridae are important pathogens of humans and animals, although compared with the thousands of known bird species (>10 000), only a few (n = 11) picornaviruses have been identified from avian sources. This study reports the metagenomic detection and complete genome characterization of a novel turkey picornavirus from faecal samples collected from eight turkey farms in Hungary. Using RT-PCR, both healthy (two of three) and affected (seven of eight) commercial turkeys with enteric and/or stunting syndrome were shown to be shedding viruses in seven (88 %) of the eight farms. The viral genome sequence (turkey/M176/2011/HUN; GenBank accession no. JQ691613) shows a high degree of amino acid sequence identity (96 %) to the partial P3 genome region of a picornavirus reported recently in turkey and chickens from the USA and probably belongs to the same species. In the P1 and P2 regions, turkey/M176/2011/HUN is related most closely to, but distinct from, the kobuviruses and turdivirus 1. Complete genome analysis revealed the presence of characteristic picornaviral amino acid motifs, a potential type II-like 5′ UTR internal ribosome entry site (first identified among avian-origin picornaviruses) and a conserved, 48 nt long ‘barbell-like’ structure found at the 3′ UTR of turkey/M176/2011/HUN and members of the picornavirus genera Avihepatovirus and Kobuvirus. The general presence of turkey picornavirus – a novel picornavirus species – in faecal samples from healthy and affected turkeys in Hungary and in the USA suggests the worldwide occurrence and endemic circulation of this virus in turkey farms. Further studies are needed to investigate the aetiological role and pathogenic potential of this picornavirus in food animals.
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Canales Vergara, Amado Manuel, Vincenzo Landi, Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo, Amparo Martínez, Patricia Cervantes Acosta, Águeda Pons Barro, Daniele Bigi, et al. "Tracing Worldwide Turkey Genetic Diversity Using D-loop Sequence Mitochondrial DNA Analysis." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110897.
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According to recent archeological evidence, turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) domestication may have occurred in Mexico around 2000 years ago. However, little is known about the phylogenetic and genealogical background underlying domestic turkey populations. This study aimed to further understand the domestication process and identify inter- or intraspecific connections between turkey populations to determine their origins, trace their global expansion, and define the species’ genetic value. Ninety-three domestic turkeys (local breeds) were sampled from populations in Brazil, Mexico, USA, Spain, Italy, Iran, and Egypt. Publicly available sequences from previous studies were also included. Standard mitochondrial DNA, genetic diversity, and haplotype network analyses were performed. Seventy-six polymorphic sites were identified. Turkeys from Mexico showed the greatest number of polymorphic sites (40), while turkeys from Italy and Brazil reported only one site each. Nucleotide diversity was also highest in Mexico and the USA (π = 0.0175 and 0.0102, respectively) and lowest in Brazil and Italy. Of the six major haplogroups defined, the Mexican and USA populations appeared to have remained more stable and diverse than the other populations. This may be due to conservative husbandry policies in the rural areas of other populations, which have prevented the introduction of commercial turkey lines.
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Goddeeris, Bruno M., and Boudewijn R. Goddeeris. "History of the crested turkey, a rare variant of the domesticated turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo)." Archives of Natural History 50, no. 2 (October 2023): 370–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0867.
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In 1919, the famous Dutch poultry judge Cornelis van Gink (1890–1968) was aware of the existence of crested turkeys. Was this bird a natural rarity, variation or mutation? A search through historical records and published works yielded very few references to crested turkeys. From the financial accounts of the Great Condé in 1679 to pictures in books and journals of the eighteenth and nineteenth century in England and America, from a mounted specimen in Parma to a first photograph in 1938 in Newsweek, the beauty and rareness of this bird is evident. Attempts to breed crested turkeys were unsuccessful. In the nineteenth century William Bernhardt Tegetmeier (1816–1912), editor of The Field, had a major interest in these turkeys and together with Charles Darwin (1809–1882) studied and described skull deformations associated with well-known and common crested breeds of chickens. Deformation of the skull was also observed in the mounted specimen of the crested turkey preserved in Parma, Italy. Genetic analyses of crested poultry indicate that a mutation (autosomal incompletely dominant) in the crest gene is responsible for this phenotype. The mutation for crest formation with additional skull deformation might be responsible for some in ovo lethality or poor hatching which could explain the failure or difficulty in breeding this phenotype. In conclusion, all data indicate that the crested turkey is a mutation of the domestic turkey Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo and does not justify a new species or subspecies name.
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OJENIYI, B., J. CHRISTENSEN, and M. BISGAARD. "Comparative investigations of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from a turkey processing plant, turkey products, and from human cases of listeriosis in Denmark." Epidemiology and Infection 125, no. 2 (October 2000): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899004483.
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Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from critical control points in a Danish turkey processing plant, from turkey products and from cases of human listeriosis. During processing in the plant the prevalence of L. monocytogenes ranged from 25·9 to 41·4%. Cleaning and disinfection decreased the prevalence to 6·4%. Isolates of L. monocytogenes were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using restriction endonuclease ApaI. Identical DNA types were obtained from turkey products and the processing line even after cleaning and disinfection. Two identical DNA types were demonstrated among isolates from turkey products and human cases of listeriosis. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in turkey products ranged from 7·3 to 17·4% for ready-to-eat products and raw products, respectively. Since none of the 27 flocks examined before slaughter sampled positive for L. monocytogenes and the prevalence increased during processing, the potential risk from turkey meat was apparently due to factory hygiene rather than intrinsic contamination of the turkeys.
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Abdel-Kafy, El-Sayed M., Samya E. Ibraheim, Alberto Finzi, Sabbah F. Youssef, Fatma M. Behiry, and Giorgio Provolo. "Sound Analysis to Predict the Growth of Turkeys." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2020): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050866.
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Protocols for manual weighing of turkeys are not practical on turkey farms because of the large body sizes, heavy weights and flighty nature of turkeys. The sounds turkeys make may be a proxy for bird weights, but the relationship between turkey sounds and bird weights has not been studied. The aim of this study was to correlate peak frequency (PF) of vocalization with the age and weight of the bird and examine the possibility using PF to predict the weight of turkeys. The study consisted of four trials in Egypt. Sounds of birds and their weights were recorded for 11 days during the growth period in each trial. A total 2200 sounds were manually analyzed and labelled by extracting individual and general sounds on the basis of the amplitude and frequency of the sound signal. The PF of vocalizations in each trial, as well as in pooled trails, were evaluated to determine the relationship between PF and the age and weight of the turkey. PF exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with the weight and age of the turkeys showing that PF of vocalizations can be used for predicting the weight of turkeys. Further studies are necessary to refine the procedure.
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Shkoda, I., E. Lapin, E. Rosenbluth, S. Perk, Z. Geva, A. Inbar, and I. Davidson. "Characterization of a Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H6N1) Isolated from Turkeys." Influenza Research and Treatment 2011 (December 30, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/285218.
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An avian influenza virus (AIV), A/turkey/Israel/09 subtype H6N1, was isolated from turkey poults exhibiting typical pathology associated with AIV infection. The virus was characterized by RT-PCR using AIV subtype-specific primers and by the haemagglutination inhibition test using AIV subtype-specific antisera. The virus has an intravenous pathogenicity index of 0 and possessed a nucleotide sequence at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin gene, PQIETR*GLF, associated with avian influenza viruses of low pathogenicity. Unlike the two previous H6N2 isolates originating from domestic ducks and mallard, the A/turkey/Israel/09 (H6N1) was isolated from turkeys. The gene sequences of the A/turkey/Israel/09 (H6N1) virus show divergence from the former Israeli H6 isolates.
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WRIGHT, S. L., D. K. CARVER, R. M. SILETZKY, S. ROMINE, W. E. M. MORROW, and S. KATHARIOU. "Longitudinal Study of Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Turkeys and Swine Grown in Close Proximity." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.9.1791.
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Eastern North Carolina is a major contributor to both turkey and swine production in the United States. In this region, turkeys and swine are frequently grown in close proximity and by common growers. To further characterize colonization of turkeys and swine with Campylobacter in such a setting, we investigated the prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in eight paired operations involving turkey farms in close proximity to finishing swine farms. All 15 surveyed flocks and 15 herds were Campylobacter positive at one or more sampling times. Campylobacter was isolated from 1,310 (87%) of the 1,512 turkey samples and 1,116 (77%) of the 1,448 swine samples. Most (>99%) campylobacters from swine samples were Campylobacter coli, found in 59 to 97% of the samples from the different herds. Both Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli were recovered from the turkey flocks (overall prevalences of 52 and 35%, respectively). Prevalence among flocks ranged from 31 to 86% for C. jejuni and 0 to 67% for C. coli, and both species were recovered from most flocks. Relative prevalence of C. coli was higher in young birds (brooders), whereas C. jejuni predominated in grow-out birds (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of C. coli in a swine herd was generally not a good predictor for prevalence of this species in the corresponding turkey flock. These findings indicate that even though turkeys and swine grown in proximity to each other were commonly colonized with thermophilic campylobacters, the relative prevalences of C. jejuni and C. coli appear to be host associated.
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Wages, D. P., and M. D. Ficken. "Cryptosporidiosis and Turkey Viral Hepatitis in Turkeys." Avian Diseases 33, no. 1 (January 1989): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591088.
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Chalysheva and Safiullin. "DYNAMICS OF INVASION OF YOUNG TURKEY EIMERIA SPP. IN THE PROCESS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL CYCLE OF THEIR CULTIVATION." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.545-551.
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Among the different sub-branches of poultry farming, turkey breeding is especially attractive due to the intensive production technology and biological characteristics obtained from turkey products. Based on the experience of turkey farming and analysis of the literature, it is obvious that with the development of industrial turkey breeding, a problem arises associated with the pathology of this species of birds, the study of which has not yet been given due attention. To establish the infestation with intestinal parasitic protozoa of young turkeys in the form of the disease Eimeria spp. in 2020 from a specialized turkey breeding farm of the Penza region of Central Russia, samples of feces were examined for the presence of invasive elements. For research coproscopic methods of Fülleborn and Darling were used. Young turkeys of different ages were examined for eimeriosis by the method of intravital coproscopy. On the farm of the Penza region, turkeys were examined from 7 days of age until the full completion of the technological cycle every 14 days by examining at least 20 fresh samples of feces. The study of the dynamics of the invasion of young turkeys with eimeria in the process of the technological cycle of their rearing showed that the greatest infestation of males fell on 35–49 days of age, EI – 30–45%. In young females, the invasion of eimeria was noticeably lower, the peak of infection was at 35–49–63 days of age, EI – 5–30%. The drug Monensin used by us as a coccidiostatic agent in the recommended dose and scheme provided satisfactory efficacy, preventing the clinical manifestation of coccidiosis in young turkeys during the technological cycle of their rearing. Based on the real epizootic situation at poultry farms, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive therapeutic and prophylactic measures against the noted parasitoses, taking into account the exo- and endogenous stages of parasite development.
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Erdélyi, István, Péter Bársony, Tamás Pálfy, Istvánné Hermán, and Tamás Pálfy. "Heat treated feeds in turkey feeding." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 26 (July 16, 2007): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/26/3047.
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The main aim of our study was to determine the effect of expanded and pelleted feeds, as well as the only pelleted feed based on wheat and corn, on the production of turkeys. In May 2006,, a fattening experiment on turkeys was started on the starter farm of Habar Ltd in Szarvas, owned by the Gallicoop Corporation. 17 day old male turkeys were involved in the fattening experiment. The experiment lasted 117 days. At that time, theanimals were 134 days old. After the experiment was completed, they were slaughtered. The following parameters were examined: growth, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits. Turkey feed were produced separately at different times. Similarly to the standard method of turkey fattening, 8 phases feeding was carried out. The fattening experiment was adjusted on male turkeys in 4×12×6 grouping (4 treatments: expanded and pelleted, and only pelleted corn and wheat feed; 12 repeats: number of pens/treatments; 6 birds/pen) 6-6 turkeys from 12 pens per each treatments were measured individually from the 17th day (starter) and at the time of each following feeding changes and mortality. The average of the group was calculated. The average daily weight gain, proportion of the given feed per pen, feeding changes and mortality were determined. The average daily feed intake and the feed conversion ratio were calculated.
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Abd El-Wahab, Amr, Christian Visscher, Wolfram Haider, and Radko Dimitri. "A case study of histomoniasis in fattening turkeys identified in histopathological investigations." Turkey Diseases, Production and Management 1, no. 3 (July 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2021.3.0015.
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Histomoniasis is a parasitic disease of poultry with worldwide prevalence, having significant negative impacts on infected turkey health and welfare. A total of 53,000 male fattening turkeys (British United Turkeys, BUT6) of 140-day-old were admitted to the slaughterhouse in central Ukraine. No clinical signs were reported in the turkeys during the production cycle. Slaughtering of the turkeys revealed enlargement of the livers, most of which had a greenish color with alterations in the hepatic tissues (fibrosis). No other gross lesions were noted in other organs of the slaughtered birds. Fresh liver tissues were submitted to the laboratory to measure the concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc to detect possible intoxication and/or differential diagnosis. The concentrations of measured heavy metals in the affected liver tissues were within the recommended normal ranges. Histological examination revealed microscopically proliferative changes in liver sections in different turkeys. Suspected tissue sections were stained with Periodic Acid Schiff and found positive for Histomonas meleagridis trophozoites. Overall, macroscopical or microscopical examinations of turkey livers are essential to confirm infection with histomonads, even if the clinical signs are unapparent. As outbreaks of histomoniasis in turkey focks are increasing approaches to prevent and treat histomoniasis are urgently needed.
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Gál, Bence, Renáta Varga-Kugler, Katalin Ihász, Eszter Kaszab, Szilvia Farkas, Szilvia Marton, Vito Martella, and Krisztián Bányai. "A Snapshot on the Genomic Epidemiology of Turkey Reovirus Infections, Hungary." Animals 13, no. 22 (November 13, 2023): 3504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13223504.
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Reovirus infections in turkeys are associated with arthritis and lameness. Viral genome sequence data are scarce, which makes an accurate description of the viral evolution and epidemiology difficult. In this study, we isolated and characterized turkey reoviruses from Hungary. The isolates were identified in 2016; these isolates were compared with earlier Hungarian turkey reovirus strains and turkey reoviruses isolated in the 2010s in the United States. Gene-wise sequence and phylogenetic analyses identified the cell-receptor binding protein and the main neutralization antigen, σC, to be the most conserved. The most genetically diverse gene was another surface antigen coding gene, μB. This gene was shown to undergo frequent reassortment among chicken and turkey origin reoviruses. Additional reassortment events were found primarily within members of the homologous turkey reovirus clade. Our data showed evidence for low variability among strains isolated from independent outbreaks, a finding that suggests a common source of turkey reoviruses in Hungarian turkey flocks. Given that commercial vaccines are not available, identification of the source of these founder virus strains would permit a more efficient prevention of disease outbreaks before young birds are settled to fattening facilities.
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Das, Shubash Chandra, Md Yahya, Md Shamim Hasan, Md Altaf Hossain, Tanzina Akter, and Mahbuba Sultana. "Growth performance of white, black and bronze color heritage turkeys under semi-intensive system." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, no. 3 (December 28, 2018): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i3.39419.
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The present study was conducted to compare the growth performance of White, Black and Bronze color type of turkeys, which have been currently introduced in Bangladesh. The birds were reared under semi-intensive system at BAU Poultry Farm with supplementation of commercial broiler grower and layer feeds. Key objectives were to investigate the growth performance of locally found turkeys (known as heritage turkeys) under semi-intensive rearing system and to recommend turkey as a supplementary part of existing poultry business in the country. A total of 46 poults of White, Black and Bronze color type unsexed birds of 5 weeks age were housed. Birds were reared under similar management conditions and feeds were purchased from local market. No significant difference (p>0.05) in live weight for three color types were found. At the end of 21 weeks rearing, Bronze type turkeys attained highest live body weight (3720.71g/bird) while White type turkeys attained lowest (3282.29g/bird). The Black type turkeys however, attained 3552.86g/bird body weight. The live weight gain was increased gradually but decreased again after 18 weeks of age. Weekly weight gains were highest in all color types at 18 weeks of age where white type male turkey attained the highest (440.71g/bird) and black type showed the lowest weight gain (345.00g/bird). No significant difference (p>0.05) in FCR among the three color types were found. Survivability under semi intensive system of three different color types, White, Black and Bronze were 100%, 88.46% and 91.67% respectively. Taken together, the growth performance of Bronze type turkey was superior to other color types used in this experiment. Therefore, it can be concluded that turkey farming will viable in Bangladesh with available local varieties under semi-intensive system through feeding of commercial broiler and layer feeds.
J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(3): 471–477, December 2018
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Hossain, MA, B. Dey, A. Lahiry, T. Ahmed, M. Akter, J. Ferdows, and SC Das. "A comprehensive survey on the present scenario and future production potentials of small-scale turkey farming in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 53, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v53i2.74539.
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Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is one of the potential species of specialized fowls, quite popular in western countries, has recently been introduced in Bangladesh, and gained considerable attention from small-scale poultry farmers. The purpose of this study was to assess the current scenario, production systems and potentialities of turkey farming in Bangladesh. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire from 100 turkey farmers residing in rural areas in different districts of Bangladesh. The problems and prospects of turkey rearing in the selected areas were quantified and assessed. No illiterate farmers were involved in turkey farming and 97% of the farmers have small household with 3.67 members per family. Most of the farmers (60%) were medium income size with income range BDT 250001 to 400000 year. Most of the farmers (57%) reared turkey for meat purpose whereas the average turkey population per household was 43.20 birds. About 24% of farmers reared turkey in confinement system, and 76% of farmers reared in semi-intensive management system and 68% of farmers had no related training on turkey farming. All farmers use ready broiler/layer feed due to the unavailability of turkey feed that was bought from local market. Grazing was practiced to supply vegetative plants as diet for turkeys. Most of the farmers (86%) vaccinate turkey regularly, and among them 96% complained about vaccine unavailability. Average mortality was recorded at around 6.2%. All the farmers follow a natural breeding system for reproduction. The farmers mentioned that turkey farming is decreasing day by day due to unskilled farmers, lack of turkey ready feed, unavailability of vaccines and lack of marketing facilities. Collectively, it can be inferred that the introduction of ready-made turkey feed, ensuring vaccination, providing financial and technical assistance and offering training to small-scale turkey farmers are the pivotal factors in boosting small-scale turkey farming in Bangladesh. This, in turn, may have the potential to increase household income and generate employment opportunities for youth, rural women, and small-scale marginal farmers. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 53 (2): 40-54, 2024
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Niedzielski, Britney, and Jeff Bowman. "Survival and cause-specific mortality of the female eastern wild turkey at its northern range edge." Wildlife Research 41, no. 7 (2014): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14061.
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Context In an era of rapid environmental change, many species are shifting their distributions. As temperate-zone species’ expand their ranges north, different and potentially severe limiting factors may begin to affect their ability to survive and reproduce. The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is one example of a species undergoing rapid northern expansion. Aims An improved understanding of wild turkey demography at the species’ northern range periphery would facilitate effective management of this important game species. Therefore, we undertook a study to evaluate survival, causes of mortality, and behavioural strategies that may govern survival of female wild turkeys. Methods We captured 53 female wild turkeys, and used backpack transmitters to monitor their individual fates during 2012–13. Key results The annual survival estimate was 0.37 (95% CI: 0.25–0.55), with the lowest seasonal survival in the winter. The most frequent cause of mortality was mammalian predation, predominately by coyotes (Canis latrans). Age, proximity to supplemental food, and habitat use did not affect risk of mortality. Conclusions Northern wild turkeys in our study exhibited lower survival and suffered higher predation than did populations in the species’ historic range. Despite our findings, the wild turkey has expanded its range northwards and continues to exist in these peripheral areas. This may be due to high productivity or a source–sink dynamic, whereby high mortality is offset by immigration from the south. Implications The low survival and high predation of wild turkeys in the north must be considered when developing management strategies, particularly if interest exists in translocating turkeys farther north. Further research is needed to better understand whether northern turkey populations persist as sinks.
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MARTIN, JOHN. "The Commercialisation of British Turkey Production." Rural History 20, no. 2 (September 10, 2009): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793309990057.
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AbstractSince the 1930s turkey production in the United Kingdom has been transformed from a small scale, seasonal activity catering exclusively for the Christmas market, to an intensive mass production sector dominated by all year round producers, of which Bernard Matthews is the best known. This revolution in production methods reflects improved methods of disease control, enhanced nutritional understanding, and the development of more productive strains of turkeys with better conformation. These supply side changes have been accompanied by a succession of very successful marketing campaigns to persuade consumers of the merits of eating turkey throughout the year. This article investigates the reasons for the commercialisation of the turkey industry since the 1930s.
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Ping, Jihui, Mohammed Selman, Shaun Tyler, Nicole Forbes, Liya Keleta, and Earl G. Brown. "Low-pathogenic avian influenza virus A/turkey/Ontario/6213/1966 (H5N1) is the progenitor of highly pathogenic A/turkey/Ontario/7732/1966 (H5N9)." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 1649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.042895-0.
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The first confirmed outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus infections in North America was caused by A/turkey/Ontario/7732/1966 (H5N9); however, the phylogeny of this virus is largely unknown. This study performed genomic sequence analysis of 11 avian influenza isolates from 1956 to 1979 for comparison with A/turkey/Ontario/7732/1966 (H5N9). Phylogenetic and genetic analyses included these viruses in combination with all known full-genome sequences of avian viruses isolated before 1981. It was shown that a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus, A/turkey/Ontario/6213/1966 (H5N1), that had been isolated 3 months previously, was the closest known genetic relative with six genome segments of common lineage encoding the polymerase subunits PB2, PB1 and PA, nucleoprotein (NP), haemagglutinin (HA) and non-structural (NS) proteins. The lineages of these genome segments included reassortment with other North American turkey viruses that were all rooted in North American wild waterfowl with the HA gene originating from the H5N2 serotype. The phylogenies demonstrated adaptation from North American wild birds to turkeys with the possible involvement of domestic waterfowl. The turkey isolate, A/turkey/Wisconsin/1968 (H5N9), was the second most closely related poultry isolate to A/turkey/Ontario/7732/1966 (H5N9), possessing five common lineage genome segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA and neuraminidase). The A/turkey/Ontario/6213/1966 (H5N1) virus was more virulent than A/turkey/Wisconsin/68 (H5N9) for chicken embryos and mice, indicating a greater biological similarity to A/turkey/Ontario/7732/1966 (H5N9). Thus, A/turkey/Ontario/6213/1966 (H5N1) was identified as the closest known ancestral relative of HPAI A/turkey/Ontario/7732/1966 (H5N9), which will serve as a useful reference virus for characterizing the early genetic and biological properties associated with the emergence of pathogenic avian influenza strains.
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Khatko, Z. N., and A. S. Shirokova. "Prospects for the production of culinary products from turkey meat (a review)." New Technologies 18, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2022-18-1-93-105.
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The purpose of the research is to analyze the prospects for the production and processing of turkey meat to expand the range of culinary products. The technological potential of turkey meat for the production of culinary products has been considered. High biological value and dietary qualities have been noted. The turkey is considered to occupy a significant segment in the volume of poultry production, which is constantly increasing as a result of the growth in consumer demand. The volumes of production of turkey meat have been given and the largest domestic producers of turkey meat noted. The dynamics of production and consumption of turkey meat in Russia has been presented. The structure of consumption of turkey meat in Russia in % of the total amount of meat consumed has been given. The types of turkeys and their characteristics have been considered. The advantages of choosing turkey meat in comparison with other types of poultry meat are noted. According to its biological and economic characteristics, turkey meat is one of the most promising types. The range of culinary products from turkey meat, its chemical composition, fabrics, varieties have been considered. The industrial advantages of white meat compared to red meat have been shown. An assortment of appetizers, first and second courses is given. Data analysis shows that minimally processed turkey is an excellent source of protein, vitamins and minerals. Turkey meat is regarded to be the meat of the future due to its low fat content and high protein content. Turkey meat, due to its high technological potential, the absence of an allergic effect on the human body, is the primary raw material for the production of culinary products for baby food, dietary, therapeutic, preventive, functional purposes. To prepare new types of culinary products from turkey meat and expand the range of this group, it is advisable to use innovative sous-vide technology that preserves the maximum nutritional and biological value of the finished product.
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Konopelko, A. V., and V. P. Lyasota. "Slaughter condition, safety and quality of slaughter products of turkeys of meat productivity in the use of prebiotic drug Аctigen." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 24, no. 106 (July 16, 2022): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10619.
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Ukraine's food security is due to the production of a sufficient number of high-quality, environmentally friendly, high-quality food products of animal origin, including poultry products. The purpose and objectives of the study. To analyze the slaughter condition, safety, and quality of slaughter products of meat turkeys in the direction of productivity when using the prebiotic drug actigen. The object of study was turkeys of the BIG-6 breed. The prebiotic Actigen was added to the essential diet of turkeys in the following doses: from the 1st to the 21st day: 0.4; 0.8 and 1 g/kg of feed; from the 22nd to the 42nd day: 0.4; 0.6 and 0.8 g/kg of feed; from the 42nd to the 120th day: 0.2; 0.4 and 0.7 g/kg of feed. Mixing prebiotics with compound feed was performed with a feed mixer on the farm for compound feed production. The bird had free access to food and water throughout the fattening. According to DSTU 3143:2013, carcasses of broiler turkeys of experimental groups belong to the first category of fattening. The macrostructural characteristics of the organs of broiler turkeys in the experimental groups correspond to the age norm of the bird. Organomacroscopic characteristics of slaughter products of broiler turkeys of all experimental groups do not differ significantly. When determining the organoleptic characteristics of broiler turkey meat after using the prebiotic Actigen, it was established that Volodar LLC, Kyiv region, sells quality products that meet the requirements of the current National Standard. In the study of microbiological and microscopic indicators of broiler turkey meat after the use of the prebiotic Actigen, it was found that the microbiological indicators of MAFANM content in broiler turkey meat of Volodar LLC of the experimental group were 2.12 ± 0.25 × 103 and control groups 2.98 ± 1.07 × 103 according to the norms 1×106 CFU/g – fresh turkey, i.e., met the requirements of the current National Standard. It was found that the broiler turkeys' meat after using the prebiotic Actigen had a higher relative biological value – 100.0 %, compared with the control group of 95.0 % (P < 0.05). The number of Tetrahymena pyriformis cells grown on a nutrient medium with broiler turkey meat after three hours of incubation in the experimental group was 100.0 ± 5.3 – due only to motile cell forms. A similar trend remained after six hours of incubation. Infusoria had the shape of a regular shoe; they are mobile. Therefore, no adverse effect of samples of the meat of turkey broilers of Volodar LLC on the morphophysiological parameters of ciliates of Tetrahymena pyriformis was found, which indicates that the studied meat of the experimental groups is not toxic.
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Strillacci, Maria Giuseppina, Stefano Paolo Marelli, and Guillermo Martinez-Velazquez. "Hybrid Versus Autochthonous Turkey Populations: Homozygous Genomic Regions Occurrences Due to Artificial and Natural Selection." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081318.
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The Mexican turkey population is considered to be the descendant of the original domesticated wild turkey and it is distinct from hybrid strains obtained by the intense artificial selection activity that has occurred during the last 40 years. In this study 30 Mexican turkeys were genomically compared to 38 commercial hybrids using 327,342 SNP markers in order to elucidate the differences in genome variability resulting from different types of selection, i.e., only adaptive for Mexican turkey, and strongly directional for hybrids. Runs of homozygosity (ROH) were detected and the two inbreeding coefficients (F and FROH) based on genomic information were calculated. Principal component and admixture analyses revealed two different clusters for Mexican turkeys (MEX_cl_1 and MEX_cl_2) showing genetic differentiation from hybrids (HYB) (FST equal 0.168 and 0.167, respectively). A total of 3602 ROH were found in the genome of the all turkeys populations. ROH resulted mainly short in length and the ROH_island identified in HYB (n = 9), MEX_cl_1 (n = 1), and MEX_cl_2 (n = 2) include annotated genes related to production traits: abdominal fat (percentage and weight) and egg characteristics (egg shell color and yolk weight). F and FROH resulted correlated to each other only for Mexican populations. Mexican turkey genomic variability allows us to separate the birds into two subgroups according to the geographical origin of samples, while the genomic homogeneity of hybrid birds reflected the strong directional selection occurring in this population.
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Kunert-Filho, Hiran C., Samuel P. Cibulski, Fabrine Finkler, Tiela T. Grassotti, Fátima R. F. Jaenisch, Kelly C. T. de Brito, Daiane Carvalho, Maristela Lovato, and Benito G. de Brito. "First phylogenetic analysis of Avipoxvirus (APV) in Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36, no. 5 (May 2016): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2016000500001.
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Abstract: This study represents the first phylogenetic analysis of avian poxvirus recovered from turkeys in Brazil. The clinical disorders related to fowlpox herein described occurred in a turkey housing system. The birds displaying characteristic pox lesions which were observed on the neck, eyelids and beak of the turkeys. Four affected turkeys were randomly chosen, euthanized and necropsied. Tissues samples were submitted for histopathological analysis and total DNA was further extracted, amplified by conventional PCR, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Avian poxviruses specific PCR was performed based on P4b core protein gene sequence. The histological analysis revealed dermal inflammatory process, granulation tissue, hyperplasia of epithelial cells and inclusion bodies. The P4b gene was detected in all samples. Sequencing revealed a 100% nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity among the samples, and the sequences were deposited in GenBank®. The four Avian poxviruses fragments sequenced in this study clustered along the A1 clade of avipoxviruses, and were classified as Avipoxvirus (APV). Additional studies, such as virus isolation, PCR and sequencing includinga large number of specimens from the Brazilian turkey production must be conducted due to the hazardous risk that poxvirus infections may cause to the Brazilian poultry production scenario, given that Brazil's turkey production attracts attention due to its economic importance worldwide. Our findings point to the need to identify the prevalence of APV in Brazilian turkey production, to perform risk assessment studies and continued surveillance of APV infections in both wild and commercial avian species.
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Okoroafor, O. N., P. C. Animoke, B. M. Anene, W. S. Ezema, J. O. A. Okoye, J. A. Nwata, A. O. Ani, and R. I. Okosi. "Constraints and prospects of turkey production in Enugu state south-eastern Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i5.1328.
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The study was conducted to gather relevant information on turkey management, andprevalent diseases in turkeys, constraints and prospects of turkey production in Enugu state.The study was conducted in nine local government areas in the three senatorial zones of Enugu State, Nigeria covering 297 turkey keepers. A structured questionnaire was administered and information on the socio-economic characteristics of turkey producers, production patterns, management practices, prevalent diseases in turkeys and the common problems facing turkey production in Enugu State were identified and collected. The finding of the study indicated that turkey production was carried out mainly by adult female (53.0%), who were either secondary school holders (40.7%) or degree holders (26.3%). Majority (48.1%) had no previous experience in turkey production, however (52.3% involved in the business were within 36-50 years old. Turkey production in Enugu State was generally a part-time occupation as respondents were engaged in other primary occupation such as crop farming (32.6%), trading (24.6%) and civil service (18.5%). Turkeys were kept in small numbers (1-20) along with local chicken, exotic chicken, guinea fowl and ducks by a large (84.6%) number of the farmers. Majority (44.1%) of the turkey keepers in the study area adopted intensive system of management whereas a few (15.8%) allowed their turkeys to roam around. Constraints to turkey production as identified by the farmers in the study area were high cost of feed (86.5%), early poult mortality (85.2%), inadequate access to veterinary care (78.80%), unavailability and high cost of poult (74.40%), lack of management skills (63.3%) and lack of capital (61.7%).Fowl pox (69.0%) and Newcastle disease (57.6%) were the main disease problem constantly encountered and these diseases limit production in the study area. Turkey farmers affirmed that turkey production is a profitable and promising venture based on turkeys' high survival rate, ability to resist diseases and the cash generated after sale of the turkeys. In conclusion, despite the factors limiting turkey production as outlined by the respondents, turkey production has great potential in bridging the animal protein supply therefore, poultry farmers should be encouraged by government to increase their level of production by establishing reliable breeding centres in the south-east Nigeria which will ensure regular supply of day old poult, prompt disease control by employment of more veterinarians and provide soft loans to farmers. L'étude a été menée pour recueillir des informations pertinentes sur la gestion des dindes et les maladies répandues chez les dindes, les contraintes et les perspectives de la production de dindes dans l'État d'Enugu au Nigeria. L'étude a été menée dans neuf zones de gouvernement local dans les trois zones sénatoriales de l'État d'Enugu, au Nigeria, couvrant 297 éleveurs de dindes. Un questionnaire structuré a été administré et des informations sur les caractéristiques socio-économiques des producteurs de dinde, les modes de production, les pratiques de gestion, les maladies répandues chez les dindes et les problèmes courants auxquels est confrontée la production de dinde dans l'État d'Enugu ont été identifiées et collectées. Les résultats de l'étude ont indiqué que la production de dinde était principalement réalisée par des femmes adultes (53,0%), qui étaient soit titulaires d'une école secondaire (40.7%), soit titulaires d'un diplôme (26.3%). La majorité (48.1%) n'avait aucune expérience antérieure dans la production de dinde, mais (52.3%) impliqués dans l'entreprise avaient entre 36 et 50 ans. La production de dinde dans l'État d'Enugu était généralement une activité à temps partiel, car les personnes interrogées exerçaient d'autres activités primaires telles que l'agriculture (32.6%), le commerce (24.6%) et la function publique (18.5%). Les dindes étaient élevées en petit nombre (1 à 20) avec du poulet local, du poulet exotique, de la pintade et des canards par un grand nombre (84.6%) des agriculteurs. La majorité (44.1%) des éleveurs de dindes de la zone d'étude ont adopté un système de gestion intensif tandis que quelques-uns (15.8%) ont laissé leurs dindes se déplacer. Les contraintes à la production de dindes identifiées par les éleveurs dans la zone d'étude étaient le coût élevé des aliments (86.5%), la mortalité précoce des dindonneaux (85.2%), l'accès insuffisant aux soins vétérinaires (78.80%), l'indisponibilité et le coût élevé des dindonneaux (74.40%).), le manque de compétences en gestion (63.3%) et le manque de capital (61.7%). La variole aviaire (69.0%) et la maladie de Newcastle (57.6%) ont été le principal problème de maladie constamment rencontré et ces maladies limitent la production dans la zone d'étude. Les éleveurs de dindes ont affirmé que la production de dindes était une entreprise rentable et prometteuse basée sur le taux de survie élevé des dindes, leur capacité à résister aux maladies et les revenus générés après la vente des dindes. En conclusion, malgré les facteurs limitant la production de dinde comme indiqué par les répondants, la production de dinde a un grand potentiel pour combler l'approvisionnement en protéines animales.Par conséquent, les aviculteurs devraient être encouragés par le gouvernement à augmenter leur niveau de production en établissant des centres d'élevage fiables dans le sud-est du Nigéria, qui garantira un approvisionnement régulier en dindonneaux d'un jour, un contrôle rapide de la maladie par l'emploi de plus de veterinaries et accordera des prêts à des conditions avantageuses aux agriculteurs.
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Grimes, Jesse L., Mahmoud Sharara, and Praveen Kolar. "Considerations in Selecting Turkey Bedding Materials." Turkey Diseases, Production and Management 1, no. 3 (July 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2021.3.0017.
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The commercial turkey of today is a descendant of wild, then domesticated, turkeys from North America originating in regions of old Mexico. The modern commercial turkey enjoys a wide range of acceptance in many countries. Turkey production evolved rapidly from 1950 forward with many changes in production and management. It changed from range rearing to mostly total confinement. Rearing birds under increased density in confinement facilities has created both opportunities and challenges. Once confined, organic materials have been used as bedding (also referred to as litter). There have been many materials evaluated and used for bedding. Availability, cost, and bird performance were early key considerations. More recently, bird health and welfare are now important considerations as well. Optimal management programs of the modern turkey reared in confinement can be elusive and difficult to define. However, controlling litter moisture which aids in reducing ammonia and footpad dermatitis should be a key management component of confinement rearing. Therefore, bedding choice and litter management in turkey production require thoughtful consideration and active management.
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Jankowski, Jan, Zenon Zduńczyk, Dariusz Mikulski, Jerzy Juśkiewicz, Janusz F. Pomianowski, and Przemysław Zduńczyk. "Fatty acid profile, oxidative stability and sensory quality of breast meat from turkeys fed diets with graded levels of flaxseed oil for different periods of time." Animal Production Science 58, no. 6 (2018): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16319.
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The effect of partial or complete substitution (2.5% and 5%, respectively) of flaxseed oil for soybean oil on the fatty acid profile, oxidative stability and sensory quality of turkey breast meat was studied. Turkeys were fed experimental diets for 3, 4, 5 or 6 weeks before being slaughtered at 16 weeks of age. The percentages of α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the total fatty acid pool of meat were determined by dietary intake and feeding duration. Even a prolonged dietary treatment with 5% flaxseed oil did not significantly increase the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content of the turkey meat and did not have a detrimental effect on the sensory properties. The recommended n-6 : n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (<4 : 1) in turkey meat can be easily achieved by feeding turkeys a diet containing 2.5% flaxseed oil for 3 weeks. To maintain the above ratio and increase eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in the meat, the diet should contain 5% flaxseed oil.
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Erşen, Emre. "Turkey and the Eurasian Integration: Ideology or Pragmatism?" Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 22, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-1-111-125.
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While Eurasianism as a political ideology has made a remarkable comeback to the Russian political scene following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, it has also attracted considerable interest among Turkish political and intellectual circles since the early 1990s. Yet, Eurasianism in the Turkish context has acquired different ideological meanings in time. In this regard, it is possible to highlight two main strands of Eurasianism in Turkey: one focusing on the prospects for advanced integration between Turkey and the Turkic republics of the Caucasus and Central Asia, and other concentrating on Turkeys strategic cooperation with Russia and China as an alternative to its long-standing ties with the West. While the first approach mainly appeals to nationalist-conservative groups in Turkey, the second is supported by the so-called national-patriotic groups. The article aims to discuss Turkeys role in two Eurasia-based international organizations - the Organization of Turkic States and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization - as they respectively correspond to the two versions of Eurasianism in Turkey. By analyzing the Turkish governments policies towards these two organizations, it would also be possible to reveal the influence of Eurasianism as an ideology on Ankaras official approach to the idea of Eurasian integration, in which pragmatic political and economic concerns play an equally important role.
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Prastowo, Joko, Dwi Priyowidodo, Wisnu Nurcahyo, Defriana Lutfi Chusnaifah, Lu'lu' Sahara Wusahaningtyas, Lintang Winantya Firdausy, and Ana Sahara. "Lice infestation and diversity in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia." April-2020 13, no. 4 (2020): 782–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.782-788.
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Background and Aim: Biting lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) are ectoparasites that play important roles in the transmission of disease agents that infect turkeys and impact turkey productivity. This study aimed to determine the diversity of lice that infest turkeys in the Central Java Province and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Lice sampling was conducted at 16 different locations from April 2019 to June 2019 in turkeys aged 4 months to 2 years. The samples were stored in 70% alcohol and were identified using avian louse keys. The morphology of the specimens was macroscopically and microscopically evaluated, and the resulting data were descriptively and qualitatively analyzed. Results: A total of 2505 lice were collected, and two families and five genera of lice were identified. Three lice genus members of the Philopteridae family (Lipeurus, Oxylipeurus, and Chelopistes) and two genera of the Menoponidae family (Colpocephalum and Menacanthus) were identified. Lipeurus was the most frequently identified genera in turkeys, whereas Menacanthus was the most rarely identified one. The White Holland breed had the highest number of lice infestations, whereas the Jersey Buff breed exhibited the highest diversity of lice genera. The average number of lice infestations was higher in male turkeys than in female turkeys. Conclusion: The occurrence of ectoparasites in domestic turkeys indicates that the existence and diversity of lice genera in the study location can be influenced by turkey type, turkey maintenance system, enclosure sanitation measures, lack of strategic ectoparasite control, and environmental factors.
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Adebowale, T. O., A. M. Bamgbose, A. O. Oso, Y. A. Adejola, F. K. Ola-Mudathir, and F. Egunlusi. "Blood chemistry, haematological indices and nutrient digestibility of starter turkeys fed macaroni waste meal as a replacement for maize." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 42, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v42i2.2630.
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A 56-days experiment was carried out to study the effect of replacing macaroni waste meal (MWM) with maize on nutrient digestibility and blood chemistry of indigenous turkey starter. Ninety-six indigenous turkey poults with an average weight of 52 g were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing macaroni waste meal at 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% level as replacement for maize. Each treatment consist of 24 turkey poults replicated thrice with 8 turkeys per replicate. A three day metabolic study trial was carried out for nutrient digestibility determination. Blood samples were also collected for serum and haematological indices. Data collected were subjected to one way analysis of variance. Result showed that MWM at 15% had the highest values for packed cell volume, red blood cell, white blood cell while values recorded for serum uric acid and creatinine were significantly lower (P<0.05) for the turkeys. The nutrient digestibility coefficient such as crude protein digestibility, nitrogen retention were not affected significantly (P>0.05). However, the packed cell volume, red blood cell count, albumin, hemoglobin, total serum protein and serum glucose. It can be concluded that MWM could be incorporated into the diet of indigenous turkey starter at 15% level without any deleterious effect on nutrient digestibility and blood chemistry.