Journal articles on the topic 'Turismo seconde case'

El "turismo de vuelta a casa", el "turismo de retorno", es un tipo de "turismo rural" considerada por expertos, académicos y legisladores como importante en desarrollo rural, en especial, para las áreas rurales despobladas del sur de Europa. Se trata de un tipo de viajeros que vuelve a sus raíces, en muchos casos donde tienen una segunda vivienda o donde comparten casa con los familiares o amigos oriundos. Este turismo busca un hábitat imaginado, basado en experiencias personales donde la vida familiar es esencial para repetir la visita, y se caracteriza llevar a cabo prácticas que presenta matices diferenciales respecto al clásico turismo rural. En este artículo tratamos de identificar los patrones y motivaciones de este segmento del mercado turístico. “Back-home tourism”, "Tourism of return" or also typified as "Countryman tourism" is a category little considered by experts, academics and legislators in rural development, however in the last decades it is gaining prominence and special benefits are attributed to the unpopulated rural areas of the south of Europe. This tourism returns to their roots, in many cases where they have a second home or where they can share the home of relatives or friends. This tourism seeks an imagined habitat based on personal experience where family life is essential to repeat the visit and it is characterized by a consumption practice with nuances different from generic rural tourism. In this paper we try to identify the consumption patterns and motivations of this segment of the tourism market.

En los últimos años, la Región de Murcia ha fomentado nuevos modelos turísticos relacionados con la cultura y el mar. Sin embargo, pese a la riqueza de su historia y legado marítimos, no lo ha hecho de forma conjunta. El Mar Menor y La Manga solo han visto potenciado el aspecto marítimo en relación con actividades náuticas, quedando su patrimonio relegado a un segundo plano. Este trabajo busca reivindicar la riqueza del patrimonio, historia y cultura marítimos asociados a esta zona y mostrar las oportunidades que ofrece su adecuada puesta en valor a través de un caso práctico: la implementación de una ruta arqueológica subacuática en el pecio fenicio del Bajo de la Campana, como parte del Proyecto Isla Grosa. In recent years, the Region of Murcia has promoted new tourism models related to heritage and the sea. However, despite the richness of its maritime history and heritage, it has not done so in a complementary manner. The Mar Menor-La Manga area has only boosted the maritime aspect in relation to nautical activities, leaving their heritage relegated to a second place. This paper seeks to vindicate the importance of the Maritime Heritage, History, and Culture associated with this area and to show the opportunities offered by its proper enhancement through a case study: the implementation of an underwater heritage trail in the Phoenician wreck of the “Bajo de la Campana” as part of the “Isla Grosa” Project.

The most common definition in the professional literature is that climate is a product of the climate system. The climate system is a complex dynamic system whose basic parts are: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and their mutual relations and actions. Climate change is one of the most frequently mentioned negative phenomena in recent years. The consequences they have for the entire environment are almost immeasurable and will remain for future generations. The aim of this paper is to examine the effects of climate change which affect the sustainable development of tourism, with especial reference to Vrnjačka Banja. This tourist destination was chosen as an example of research since it is the largest and most famous spa resort in the Republic of Serbia and is in second place in terms of tourist attendance. Therefore, it is exposed to a larger number of visitors, which also has an impact on changes in the environment of Vrnjačka Banja.

Rezime U radu se istražuje fenomen mixed use resorts kao savremeni oblik razvoja smještajne industrije. Cilj rada je da se ova vrsta resorta precizno definiše, predstave neki uspješni modelu u svijetu i sagledaju izazovi u pogledu razvojne održivosti ove vrste smještajnih objekata. Posebno se analizira prvi internacionalni projekat mixed use resorts u Crnoj Gori, poznat pod imenom Lustica Bay. Održivost na konkretnom primjeru se analizira sa aspekta Strategije održivog razvoja turizma Crne Gore i teorijskih postulata o održivosti razvoja turizma. Razvoj turizma je praćen problemom insuficijencije finansijskih resursa za razvoj. Kreditno i kapitalsko finansiranje ima svoja stanovita ograničenja u pogledu obima kapitala i obima i cijene kreditnih sredstava. Zbog toga se pribjegava kombinaciji sa modelom prodaje nekretnina, koje bi se, u dobrom dijelu, uključile u operativno poslovanje mixed use resorts. Ta ograničenja su u Crnoj Gori, kao zemlji u tranziciji, još više izražena. Kada se tome doda i nepostojanje potrebne infrastrukture za podršku inostranim investitorima (sposobna i efikasna administracija, fleksibilni urbanistički planovi, dobro istražene lokacije sa aspekta održivosti, kredibilne domaće razvojne kompanije-lokalni diveloperi koji bi bili pouzdan partner ino investitorima i sl), onda je jasno da se u posljednje 2-3 decenije neuporedivo brže grade vikend stanovi i kuće (second homes) nego hoteli, risorti i slićni objekti koji imaju najveći uticaj na ekonomiju i društvo. U radu su identifikovani glavni izazovi i prijetnje takvoga razvoja, gdje se često puta, mixed use resorts zloupotrebljavaju kao ulaznica za razvoj novih naselja za prodaju, a ne novih smještajnih objekata za turističko privređivanje. Izazovi koji prate izabrani slučaj za istraživanje, ukazuju na konkretno ispoljavanje generalno identifikovanih problema i razvojnih prijetnji.

Esse artigo é um desdobramento da pesquisa realizada entre os anos de 2016 e 2018 sobre a Casa do Jongo de Pinheiral, conhecida por ser um lugar onde os jongueiros desenvolvem praticamente todas as suas atividades – apresentações, projetos educacionais, turismo comunitário, festas religiosas e de lazer – mas é, principalmente, considerado por eles o “lugar do acolhimento”. O “lugar do acolhimento” tem sido na prática onde os jongueiros realizam a salvaguarda da cultura e deles próprios. Assim, pretendo através desse texto pensar a prática da salvaguarda do Jongo através dos jongueiros e suas múltiplas conexões com a história, a religião, a Casa do Jongo e o “território jongueiro”. Na primeira parte do texto faço uma análise do trabalho de campo realizado junto ao Grupo Jongo de Pinheiral e analiso a categoria “território jongueiro”, em conexão com seus saberes e relações com a própria história do jongo. Num segundo momento descrevo o processo de patrimonialização e salvaguarda do jongo que em diferentes situações os jongueiros foram protagonistas. Na última parte faço um relato de como a Casa do Jongo tem sido fundamental para concretização da salvaguarda do Jongo num ambiente de descaso e ausência de políticas públicas sérias para os jongueiros. Abstract: This article is a result of the research carried out between 2016 and 2018 on the Casa do Jongo de Pinheiral, known as a place where jinguiros develop practically all their activities - presentations, educational projects, community tourism, religious and leisure parties - but is mainly considered by them as the "lugar do acolhimento" where they carry out the safeguarding of culture and of themselves. In the first part of the text I make an analysis of the fieldwork carried out with the Jongo de Pinheiral Group and analyze the category "jongueiro territory", in connection with its knowledge and relations with the history of jongo. In a second moment I describe the process of patrimonialization and safeguard of the jongo that in different situations the jongueiros were protagonists. In the last part I make an account of how the Casa do Jongo has been fundamental for the realization of the safeguard of intangible heritage in an environment of neglect and absence of serious public policies for jongueiros.

Los territorios de interior apuestan cada vez más por el turismo como motor de desarrollo económico, por lo que ponen en valor turístico su patrimonio. Por ello, con el objetivo de atraer visitantes, aumentar la duración de sus estancias y desestacionalizarlas, desde los organismos públicos y las asociaciones locales se están programando una serie de actividades orientadas a la naturaleza, la cultura, el ocio y la recreación, que den satisfacción a las motivaciones y nuevas demandas de los turistas.No obstante, este incesante aumento de actividades, ocupando el espacio público, junto con el continuo incremento de segundas residencias, puede generar conflictos entre la población local y los visitantes, los cuales, a su vez, están convirtiendo socialmente el medio rural en un barrio periférico residencial de la gran ciudad, con los mismos servicios y realizando similares actividades.En este trabajo se ha analizado el caso de la Baixa Cerdanya, en los Pirineos catalanes, uno de los principales destinos turísticos de interior de Cataluña.AbstractThe interior territories are increasingly committed to tourism as an engine of economic development, which is why they place their heritage in tourist value. Therefore, with the aim of attracting visitors, increasing the length of their stays and seasonally, from public institutions and local associations are being programmed a series of activities oriented to nature, culture, leisure and recreation, giving satisfaction to the motivations and new demands of tourists.However, this incessant increase in activities, occupying the public space, together with the continuous increase of second residences, can generate conflict between the local population and visitors, who, in turn, are socially converting the rural environment into a neighborhood residential peripheral of the big city, with the same services and carrying out similar activities.In this workpaper we have analyzed the case of Baixa Cerdanya, in the Catalan Pyrenees, one of the main tourist destinations in the interior of Catalonia.

This study aims to obtain a description of children’s second language verbal communication skills aged 7-8 years in the activity of buying and selling transactions with foreign tourists. This research was conducted in South Coastal Coast of Central Lombok Regency of West Nusa Tenggara. This research is a qualitative study of case study by Milles and Hubberman model data analysis technique with four stages of interalain analysis (1) data collection, (2) data reduction, (3) data display and (4) drawing conclusion. The results of this study indicate that the verbal communication skills of coastal children are obtained partially covering three linguistic components; vocabulary, shipping and grammatical arrangement. The process of acquiring verbal communication skills is influenced by two factors, namely family pressure and self-exposure of children to the coastal tourism environment that encourages children to sell cultural products to foreign tourists. For these purposes, coastal children use two common patterns of second language verbal communication, ie direct verbal communication patterns (spoken word) and indirect verbal communication patterns (writing word). Keyword: Verbal communication skill, Children aged 7-8 years. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memeroleh gambaran kemampuan komunikasi verbal bahasa kedua anak usia 7-8 tahun dalam kegiatan transaksi jual beli dengan turis mancanegara. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pesisir Pantai Selatan Kabupaten Lombok Tengah Nusa Tenggara Barat. Penelitian ini adalah studi kasus dengan teknik analisis data model Milles dan Hubberman dengan empat tahapan analisis yang meliputi (1) pengumpulan data, (2) reduksi data, (3) display data, dan (4) penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan komunikasi verbal anak pesisir pantai cenderung diperoleh secara parsial; mencakup tiga komponen kebahasaan antaralain kosakata, pelafalan dan susunan gramatikal. Adapun proses pemerolehan kemampuan komunikasi verbal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor yaitu tekanan keluarga dan ekspos diri anak pada lingkungan pariwisata pantai yang mendorong anak untuk berjualan produk-produk kebudayaan kepada para turis mancanegara. Untuk kepentingan tersebut, anak pesisir pantai menggunakan dua pola umum komunikasi verbal bahasa kedua, yaitu pola komunikasi verbal langsung (spoken word) dan pola komunikasi verbal tidak langsung (writing word). Kata Kunci: kemampuan komunikasi verbal, anak usia 7-8 tahun

Turkish language that belongs to the Ural-Altaic linguistic family and the Russian language that belongs to Indo-European linguistic family differ greatly in terms of their grammatical construction, syntax, and phonetic systems. One of these differences is the grammatical gender (gender agreement) category of nouns. While the nouns have gender category morphologically in Russian, this is not the case in Turkish. Gender category in Russian appears as a significant grammatical issue that affect adjectives, numbers, pronouns, past tenses of the verbs and formation of participles. Although the Russian is a very systematic language with a great number of rules, it also contains various exceptions. Thus, Turkish students who learn Russian as the foreign language experience great difficulties. In this study, basic principles on teaching the gender categories of the nouns in a short time considering the course hours of the students at Gastronomy Department of Tourism and Hotel Management School of Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, who takes Russian as a compulsory second foreign language course. Within this framework, the students are introduced a detailed table of gender categories. To that effect, gender category has been analyzed in morphologically. All rules are supported with examples to get to know masculine, feminine and neutral nouns. Afterwards, gender categories of the nouns are further emphasized with possessive pronouns and qualifying adjectives. The difficulties experienced by the students, the mistakes made, solution offers and types of exercises are dealt with.

Tourist flows from certain regions of origin to certain destinations display a surprising amount of historical persistence in spite of profound changes in the type of tourism, touristic and transport infrastructure and touristic trends. This might be explained by geographic proximity, complementarity as regards leisure facilities, similarity of languages, cultural affinity etc. One of the most striking examples is the "return" of Czechs as tourists to the Croatian coast. The exceptional in this case is that a traditional flow has regenerated after four decades of almost a break, caused by the global political situation of a Cold War and an Iron Curtain. Czechs, in the first line inhabitants of Prague and other urban centers of the Czech Lands, used to frequent the spas of the northern Croatian coast before World War I in large numbers. Baska on the island of Krk, e.g., owed its development to a seaside resort mainly to Czech interest and Emil Geistlich, a publisher from Prague, who set the first touristic initiatives there. In 1910 the resort was officially titled "Croatian-Czech seaside and health resort" and 3 out of 4 guests originated from the Czech Lands (Sersic, 1994, p. 83). But there were other "national" Czech resorts too. In the interwar period the influx from Czechia became less prominent, albeit it was still remarkable. Even in Opatija, although at that time under Italian administration, in 1929 Czech guests ranked second after German tourists. Yet, Opatija hosted more Czech guests than tourists from Austria or even Italy (Statistica delle stazioni di cura .... 1929). During the communist period the flow of tourists from Czechia to the Croatian coast followed quite closely the ups and downs of political liberalization and rigidity oscillating between figures near to zero in the 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s and relative highs in the late 1960s (Prague Spring) and in the mid- 1980s. But immediately after the break-down of Communism in 1989 the flow of Czechoslovakian (actually mainly Czech) tourists to the Croatian coast increased significantly taking advantage of the (due to the wars in Slovenia and Croatia) low prices and easily available accommodation facilities. In 1994 tourists from the Czech Republic held the highest share in foreign overnight stays (Croatian Tourism Figures 1995, p. 24). Already in 1992 Czechoslovakian tourists had spent the relative or absolute majority of foreign tourist nights in 14 resorts statistically documented (Promet turista u primorskim opcinama 1992,1993). Among them were Baska, Krk, Njivice, Rabac, Rab, Kampor and Medveja.

Reflections on the Unsustainability of Touristic Activities in Rural and Natural Spaces: The Cases of Ecotourism and Deep Ecology Even when practiced under new, and allegedly sustainable modalities (as with the case of Ecotourism), touristic activities in the rural and natural spaces of developing countries always suppose the introduction of capitalistic socio-economic relationships, and never the overcoming of these countries’ poverty or the abandonment of their traditional dependency on the dominant countries. Currently, capitalism follows two basic strategic lines with regard to the touristic exploitation of natural resources in developing countries, according to whether, or not, it includes the participation of the peasantry. In the first of these cases, termed Ecotourism, the peasants are driven from their land, but included in a shared management of the landscape's resources. The second is based on the theory of conservationism and on the concept of deep ecology (landscapes without human beings) and consists of the control of the natural areas by capital, without the intervention of peasants, or even of human beings at all. Recently, the ideology of sustainable development, applied to tourism and other economic activities, has been widely promoted by the mass media. Indeed, it can be said that most people easily assume that ecotourism is a beneficial activity that can help local economies in impoverished countries overcome underdevelopment. In ecotourist projects, nature is exploited, sold and consumed, as part of the usual practice for competitive market economies which have, as a fundamental feature, the mistaking of price for value. In this kind of project, it is pretended that certain environments (forests, lakes, beaches, mountains) or their fauna and flora are protected, but in practice these are merely preserved for the rich. Hence, it becomes normal to pay, and pay high prices, for the right to enjoy preserved nature. Through ecotourism, nature becomes a consumer good. Places of leisure are sold and consumed as exchange values, as with other merchandise. The true emancipation of the peasantry, and of the indigenous peoples of these areas of the developing countries does not lie in ecotourism. Instead, it lies in struggles for the land and its fair distribution. There also exist projects which do not include the presence of peasants or any other local people. In these, capital fosters deep ecology and conservationism to control and exploit the resources of natural areas without human intervention. A vision of the human being as necessarily destructive of nature is the ideological foundation of such projects. The environmental services industry generates millions of dollars around the world. Economic, strategic and geopolitical interests linked to this activity proliferate. The major beneficiaries are the big international banks and the most powerful transnational corporations of this sector. Be it conventional, or allegedly sustainable, tourism will never bring modernization to the dependent countries. The origin of the problems and oppression of the peasantry lie in an unjust distribution of landed property. As long as authentic agrarian reform is avoided, peasants in the peripheral countries will continue to be impoverished. Tourism provides capital and states with arguments that hide the true and essential problems of rural areas. Emphasizing the necessity to diversify rural economies by means of the introduction of touristic activities, capital and the state hide the true and essential problems of rural areas. Tourism, be it conventional or not, will never bring modernization to the dependent countries. The origin of the problems and oppression of the peasantry lie in an unjust distribution of landed property. As long as authentic agrarian reform is avoided, peasants in the peripheral countries will continue to be impoverished. RESUMEN Las actividades turísticas que se desarrollan en los espacios rurales y naturales de los países subdesarrollados, aunque se realicen bajo cualquier modalidad de nuevo cuño y supuestamente sustentable (como es el caso del ecoturismo), siempre suponen la introducción de unas relaciones socioeconómicas típicamente capitalistas y nunca la superación de su empobrecimiento crónico o el abandono de su tradicional dependencia respecto a los países dominantes. El capitalismo actual sigue dos líneas estratégicas básicas en la explotación turística de los recursos naturales de los países periféricos según se incluya o no al campesinado. En el primer caso se trata de un corporativismo estatal en el que el campesinado es desarraigado de la tierra para ser incluido en una gestión compartida de los recursos del entorno mediante la implantación del ecoturismo. Por otro lado, existen proyectos turísticos en los que no se considera la presencia campesina, ni siquiera humana, y donde los agentes del capital impulsan el desarrollo de la teoría del conservacionismo y la ecología profunda (paisajes sin seres humanos) para penetrar en ellos y controlar y explotar sus recursos. La ideología del desarrollo sostenible aplicada tanto al turismo como a otras manifestaciones económicas ha sido muy difundida por los medios de comunicación de masas y se encuentra ya tan arraigada que hasta el más común de los ciudadanos puede afirmar sin más disquisiciones que hoy en día el ecoturismo es una actividad beneficiosa capaz de sacar del subdesarrollo a muchas economías locales de los países empobrecidos. En muchos proyectos de ecoturismo la naturaleza es explotada, vendida y consumida. Es decir, lo normal en una economía de mercado competitiva en la que su razón de ser es confundir valor con precio. Este tipo de proyectos pretenden en teoría la preservación de ciertos parajes (bosques, selvas, lagos, playas, montañas) o de las especies animales y vegetales del lugar, pero en la práctica lo que hacen es reservarlos para los más ricos. Entonces parecerá natural pagar, y pagar caro, por el derecho a disfrutar de una naturaleza preservada. Con el ecoturismo, la naturaleza se convierte en muy poco tiempo en un bien de consumo, ya que el modo de producción imperante encuentra en los espacios naturales la posibilidad de explotarlos para el disfrute y recreo de los que pueden pagarlos. Así, produce lugares de ocio, los vende y consume como valores de cambio, como si fueran una mercancía más. La verdadera emancipación del campesinado y de los indígenas de varias zonas de los países subdesarrollados no pasa por la implantación de un ecoturismo que se basa en su articulación corporativa con el Estado capitalista, sino en la lucha por la tierra y el reparto justo de la misma. También existen proyectos turísticos en los que no se considera la presencia campesina, ni de ninguna población local, y donde los agentes del capital impulsan la ecología profunda y el conservacionismo, es decir, áreas naturales sin seres humanos en las que instalarse para controlar y explotar sus recursos. La ideología que subyace en este modelo se basa en la visión de los seres humanos como entes necesariamente destructores de la naturaleza. El negocio de los servicios ambientales genera millones de dólares de ganancias en todo el planeta, lo que significa que existe una proliferación inusitada de intereses económicos, estratégicos y geopolíticos ligados a él, cuyos beneficiarios son la gran banca internacional, las corporaciones transnacionales más pujantes del sector y los países centrales. La modernización de los países dependientes nunca vendrá de la mano del turismo, sea convencional o supuestamente sostenible, pues el origen del problema campesino y de su opresión radica en la injusta distribución de la propiedad de la tierra. Mientras no se produzca una auténtica reforma agraria, el campesinado de los países periféricos seguirá empobreciéndose sin remisión y prestando argumentos a los agentes del capital y a los propios estados para que enmascaren los verdaderos y esenciales problemas y esgriman la necesidad de diversificar la economía rural mediante el desarrollo del turismo.

Straipsnio tikslas – apibrėžti Emilio Betti vartojamas sąvokas, eksplikuoti pagrindines jo metodinės hermeneutikos nuostatas, nurodyti esmines jam rūpimas hermeneutinių tyrimų problemas ir išryškinti Betti „metodinės hermeneutikos“ bei Hanso Georgo Gadamerio „filosofinės hermeneutikos“ esminius skirtumus ir nesutarimus. Betti priėjo kaltinamąją išvadą, kad Gadameris interpretuojamojo autoriaus objektyvią reikšmę pavertė interpretuojančiojo subjektyviu ir istoriškai kintančiu reikšmingumu, atvedusiu į reliatyvizmą. Straipsnyje pirmiausia įrodinėjama, kad autoriaus arba „objekto autonomijos“ prasminis krūvis prieš Betti valią dėl „perimančio rūpinimosi“ pranyksta ir persikelia į interpretatoriaus, kuris yra įsigyvenęs į objektyvumą, sąmonės plotmę. Taip jis tampa priklausomas nuo interpretatoriaus rekonstruojančių užmojų, kuriuos lydi tam tikri metodologiniai sumanymai. Kai Betti pabrėždamas „objekto autonomijos“ svarbą teigė, jog „svetimos dvasios“ objektyvumas pasiekiamas per interpretatoriaus kongenialų įsigyvenimą į ją – Aš įsigyvenimą į Tu, – jis tam tikru atžvilgiu „svetimai dvasiai“ ne suteikė objektyvųjį „svorį“, bet jį atėmė. Kitaip tariant, ne sustiprino, bet susilpnino dvasios autonomiją. Antra, nepagrįsta laikoma Betti išvada, kad gadameriškasis interpretatorius, remdamasis „pilnaties numatymu“, užgrobia tiesos monopoliją, kuri jam tampa jei ne nuosavybe, tai kontrolės instancija. Trečia, nepagrįsta laikoma Betti išvada, jog Gadamerio „filosofinė hermeneutika“ paneigia „objekto autonomiją“ ir todėl veda prie reliatyvizmo. Gadamerio „filosofinė hermeneutika“ numato teksto prasminio turinio autonomiją – ne tik interpretatoriaus, bet ir kūrybos autoriaus bei pirminio skaitytojo atžvilgiu. Ketvirta, teigiama, jog Gadamerio hermeneutinio supratimo efektas yra tas, kad jis ne subjektyviai iškreipia prasmės ar tiesos objektyvumą, kaip norėjo parodyti Betti, bet išskleidžia ir apnuogina interpretacijos subjektyvumą – kaip teisėtą arba neteisėtą – to, kas buvo parašyta ar pasakyta, atžvilgiu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: interpretacija, supratimas, prasmė, E. Betti „metodologinė hermeneutika“, H. G. Gadamerio „filosofinė hermeneutika“. Emilio Betti versus Hans-Georg Gadamer: the Dilemma of Hermeneutical Understanding of MeaningArūnas MickevičiusSummaryThe paper aims to define the terms used by Emilio Betti, explicate the basic attitudes and the essential problems of his methodical hermeneutics, and highlight fundamental differences and disagreements between Betti’s “methodical hermeneutics” and Hans-Georg Gadamer’s “philosophical hermeneutics”. Betti came to the indictment that Gadamer turned the objective meaning of the author to subjective and historical significance which had led to relativism. The paper first argues that objective meaning of the author or the “autonomy of the object”, against the will of Betti, disappears and moves to the realm of consciousness of the interpreter. When Betti claimed, emphasizing “autonomy of the object”, that objectivity of the “alien spirit” is achieved through the interpreter’s congeniality, he has not strengthened but weakened the autonomy of the spirit. Second, Betti is wrong in stating that Gadamer’s interpreter, referring to the “anticipation of the fullness”, occupies the monopoly of the truth of which he becomes the instance of ownership or control. Third, Betti is wrong in stating that Gadamer’s “philosophical hermeneutics” denies the autonomy of the object, and thus leads to relativism. Gadamer’s “philosophical hermeneutics” provides the autonomy of the text not only with respect to the interpreter, but also with respect to the creativity of the author and the primary reader. Fourth, the article states that the effect of Gadamer’s hermeneutical understanding is that it does not subjectively distort the meaning of truth or objectivity, as Betti wanted to show, but expands and exposes the subjectivity of interpretation – as a legitimate or illegitimate – with respect to what has been written or said.Keywords: interpretation, understanding, meaning, E. Betti’s methodological hermeneutics, H.G. Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics.

Neste trabalho, nosso interesse se orienta para o conjunto de atividades rurais não-agrícolas que denominamos de agroturismo, com o objetivo de analisar as possibilidades e limitações dessas atividades como alternativas e/ou formas complementares de geração de renda para os produtores agropecuários do País. O trabalho consta de três partes, além da introdução. A primeira procura trazer, através de um levantamento bibliográfico, o tratamento dado ao tema na literatura especializada. Na segunda, apresentamos algumas experiências relatadas no caso brasileiro e discutimos suas limitações e possibilidades enquanto uma atividade complementar de geração de renda e ocupação não-agrícola em áreas rurais no País. Na terceira parte, tratamos das políticas públicas relacionadas ao setor procurando mostrar que, infelizmente, não há ainda um conjunto coerente de iniciativas que configure uma política específica de turismo em áreas rurais no País. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Turismo rural, atividades não-agrícolas, emprego rural. TOURISM IN RURAL AREAS: POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS IN BRAZIL This paper focus on a set of rural non-agricultural activities, called rural-tourism, analyzing the possibilities and limitations of these activities as alternatives and/or other complementary forms of generating income for agriculture and livestock producers in the country. The paper consists of three parts, besides the introduction. In the first one, the way the topic was dealt with in specialized publications is shown by a bibliographic survey. In the second part, some experiences related to the Brazilian case are presented, as well as its limitations and possibilities as a complementary activity for income generation, the non-agricultural occupation in rural areas of the country being also discussed. In the third part, the public policies related to the sector are dealt with, trying to show that unfortunately up to the present moment not a single set of coherent incentives has been presented in terms of building up a specific policy in terms of tourism for the rural areas of the country. KEYWORDS: Rural tourism, non-agricultural activities, rural employment. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Considerando que a Educação Ambiental pode contribuir positivamente para a solução, minimização e prevenção de problemas ambientais, entre eles aqueles derivados do planejamento inadequado e da gestão equivocada de atividades de Turismo e de Lazer, este estudo, que faz parte de uma pesquisa da Coordenação de Estudos Ambientais da Fundação Joaquim Nabuco – “Dinâmicas Ecológicas e Sociais em Ambientes Costeiros do Nordeste Brasileiro: interações e intervenções” – objetiva discutir e provocar reflexões sobre complementaridades e conflitos entre turismo, lazer e meio ambiente, ressaltando o papel da Educação Ambiental para o alcance da sustentabilidade social, ecológica e econômica, através de análises qualitativas das atividades em questão. Baseou-se em um estudo de caso – o Município Ilha de Itamaracá, pertencente à Região Metropolitana do Recife, Estado de Pernambuco – centrando-se na revisão bibliográfica, observações de campo, levantamento, coleta e tratamento de dados secundários e primários, estes últimos obtidos através da aplicação de questionários semiabertos e histórias de vida. Metodologicamente, a análise de conteúdo permitiu a interpretação das respostas abertas. Os resultados alcançados demonstraram que no município estudado as atividades de Turismo e de Lazer são desenvolvidas de forma intensa, mesmo nos períodos de declínio, ocasionando modificações significativas nos ambientes que lhes dão suporte devido à exploração massiva dos atrativos turísticos; ao fluxo desordenado de turistas, ocupantes de segundas residências, visitantes e excursionistas; à conduta inadequada em relação ao uso das praias e do patrimônio histórico-cultural; à ausência de planejamento e gestão pública e privada que integre uma Educação Ambiental abrangente e continuada às atividades de Turismo e de Lazer, garantindo-lhes sustentabilidade. Environmental education and social and ecological sustainability of tourist places and leisure ABSTRACT: Considering that the Environmental Education can contribute positively to the solution, minimization and prevention of environmental problems, among them those derived of the inadequate planning and of the mistaken administration of activities of Tourism and of Leisure, this study, that it is part of a research of the Coordination of Environmental Studies of Fundação Joaquim Nabuco – “Ecological and Social Dynamics in Coast Sites of the Northeast of Brazil: interactions and interventions" - aims to discuss and to provoke reflections on complementarities and conflicts among tourism, leisure and environment, emphasizing the role of the Environmental Education to the reach of social, ecological and economical sustainability, through qualitative analyses of the activities in question. It’s based on a case study - The Itamaracá Island Municipal District, belonging to the Metropolitan Area of Recife, State of Pernambuco - being centered in the bibliographical revision, field observations, rising, collects and treatment of secondary and primary data, these last ones obtained through the application of semi-opened questionnaires and life stories. Methodologically, the analysis of content allowed the interpretation of the opened-answers. The reached results demonstrated that in the Municipal District studied the activities of Tourism and Leisure they are developed in an intense way, even in the decline periods, causing significant modifications in the environment that give them support due to the intensive exploration of tourist attractions; to the tourists' disordered flow, occupants of second residences, visitors and excursionists; to the inadequate conduct in relation to the use of the beaches and of the historical-cultural patrimony; to the planning and management absence of public and private administration that integrates an including and continuous Environmental Education to the Tourism and Leisure activities, guaranteeing them sustainability. KEYWORDS: Environmental Education; Itamaracá Island Municipal District; Social and Ecological Sustainability; Tourism and Leisure.

Obiettivo del paper è verificare se il rapporto tra la destinazione turistica e le imprese turistiche, che di essa fanno parte, può essere definito di natura co-evolutiva.Il paper è il frutto della prosecuzione di precedenti nostre ricerche sul tema del destination management e destination governance. La research question su cui si fonda l'impianto teorico del paper è: nello scenario turistico nazionale esistono modelli di ospitalità turistica concepiti come esempi di co-evoluzione tra la destinazione turistica ed il territorio? In un contesto turistico, divenuto da tempo complesso, le imprese si trovano a relazionarsi sempre più con turisti, sia italiani sia stranieri, attenti alla qualità del proprio tempo libero da dedicare all'esperienza turistica ed a riscoprire le autenticità del territorio che visitano. La necessità disoddisfare le esigenze più disparate ha favorito l'affermazione e lo sviluppo di particolariformule imprenditoriali turistiche sostenibili e coerenti con le evoluzioni delle esigenze dei turisti. A tal proposito, per intercettare e governare le dinamiche emergenti nel settore turistico, è necessario partire da una analisi delle problematiche di governance e di management della destinazione e dell'impresa turistica. Nel paper la prospettiva di analisi che risulta essere più appropriata per qualificare meglio la natura del rapporto tra la destinazione turistica e le imprese turistiche è la prospettiva co-evolutiva. Secondo tale prospettiva le imprese turistiche co-evolvono con le destinazioni turistiche nella ricerca di vantaggi competitivi duraturi nel tempo: le imprese turistiche sono considerate risorse critiche per lo sviluppo del territorio e viceversa. Il processo di co-evoluzione presuppone l'individuazione di un organo di governo capace di valorizzare le componenti di dotazione e sistemiche di cui dispone il territorio e di stimolare i comportamenti organizzativi delle diverse imprese turistiche. L'assenza di case studies costituisce un limite del paper. Pertanto in una prospettiva di ricerca futura si intenderà proseguire l'analisi proposta arricchendola di evidenze empiriche, ritenute utili per alimentare il dibattito sulla tematica affrontata e per le conseguenti implicazioni imprenditoriali e manageriali.