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Souza, José Francisco Almeida de, José Luiz Lima de Azevedo, Leopoldo Rota de Oliveira, Ivan Dias Soares, and Maurício Magalhães Mata. "TURBULENCE MODELING IN GEOPHYSICAL FLOWS – PART I – FIRST-ORDER TURBULENT CLOSURE MODELING." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v32i1.395.
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ABSTRACT. The usage of so-called turbulence closure models within hydrodynamic circulation models comes from the need to adequately describe vertical mixing processes. Even among the classical turbulence models; that is, those based on the Reynolds decomposition technique (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes – RANS), there is a variety of approaches that can be followed for the modeling of turbulent flows (second moment) of momentum, heat, salinity, and other properties. Essentially, these approaches are divided into those which use the concept of turbulent viscosity/diffusivity in the modeling of the second moment, and those which do not use it. In this work we present and discuss the models that employ this concept, in which the viscosity can be considered constant or variable. In this latter scenario, besides those that use the concepts of mixture length, the models that use one or two differential transport equations for determining the viscosity are presented. The fact that two transport equations are used – one for the turbulent kinetic energy and the other for the turbulent length scale – make these latter ones the most complete turbulent closure models in this category. Keywords: turbulence modeling, turbulence models, first-order models, first-order turbulent closure. RESUMO. A descrição adequada dos processos de mistura vertical nos modelos de circulação hidrodinâmica é o objetivo dos chamados modelos de turbulência, os quais são acoplados aos primeiros. Mesmo entre os modelos clássicos de turbulência, isto é, aqueles que se baseiam na técnica de decomposição de Reynolds (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes – RANS), existe uma variedade de abordagens que podem ser seguidas na modelagem dos fluxos turbulentos (segundos momentos) de momentum, calor, salinidade e outras propriedades. Fundamentalmente estas abordagens dividem-se entre aquelas que utilizam o conceito de viscosidade/ difusividade turbulenta na modelagem dos segundos momentos, e aquelas que não o utilizam. Nesse trabalho são apresentados e discutidos os modelos que empregam este conceito, onde a viscosidade pode ser considerada constante ou variável. No caso variável, além daqueles que utilizam o conceito de comprimento de mistura, são ainda apresentados os modelos que utilizam uma ou duas equações diferenciais de transporte para a determinação da viscosidade. O fato de empregar duas equações de transporte, uma para a energia cinética turbulenta e outra para a escala de comprimento turbulento, fazem destes últimos os mais completos modelos de fechamento turbulento desta categoria. Palavras-chave: modelagem da turbulência, modelos de turbulência, modelos de primeira ordem, fechamento turbulento de primeira orde
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Teixeira, M. A. C., and C. B. da Silva. "Turbulence dynamics near a turbulent/non-turbulent interface." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 695 (February 13, 2012): 257–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.17.
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AbstractThe characteristics of the boundary layer separating a turbulence region from an irrotational (or non-turbulent) flow region are investigated using rapid distortion theory (RDT). The turbulence region is approximated as homogeneous and isotropic far away from the bounding turbulent/non-turbulent (T/NT) interface, which is assumed to remain approximately flat. Inviscid effects resulting from the continuity of the normal velocity and pressure at the interface, in addition to viscous effects resulting from the continuity of the tangential velocity and shear stress, are taken into account by considering a sudden insertion of the T/NT interface, in the absence of mean shear. Profiles of the velocity variances, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), viscous dissipation rate ($\varepsilon $), turbulence length scales, and pressure statistics are derived, showing an excellent agreement with results from direct numerical simulations (DNS). Interestingly, the normalized inviscid flow statistics at the T/NT interface do not depend on the form of the assumed TKE spectrum. Outside the turbulent region, where the flow is irrotational (except inside a thin viscous boundary layer),$\varepsilon $decays as${z}^{\ensuremath{-} 6} $, where$z$is the distance from the T/NT interface. The mean pressure distribution is calculated using RDT, and exhibits a decrease towards the turbulence region due to the associated velocity fluctuations, consistent with the generation of a mean entrainment velocity. The vorticity variance and$\varepsilon $display large maxima at the T/NT interface due to the inviscid discontinuities of the tangential velocity variances existing there, and these maxima are quantitatively related to the thickness$\delta $of the viscous boundary layer (VBL). For an equilibrium VBL, the RDT analysis suggests that$\delta \ensuremath{\sim} \eta $(where$\eta $is the Kolmogorov microscale), which is consistent with the scaling law identified in a very recent DNS study for shear-free T/NT interfaces.
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MIYAUCHI, Toshio. "Turbulence and Turbulent Combustion." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 19, no. 4 (2014): 4_44–4_48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.19.4_44.
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Madaliev, Murodil, Zokhidjon Abdulkhaev, Jamshidbek Otajonov, Khasanboy Kadyrov, Inomjan Bilolov, Sharabiddin Israilov, and Nurzoda Abdullajonov. "Comparison of numerical results of turbulence models for the problem of heat transfer in turbulent molasses." E3S Web of Conferences 508 (2024): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450805007.
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The study introduces Malikov's two-fluid methodology along with the RSM turbulence model for simulating turbulent heat transfer phenomena. It elucidates that temperature fluctuations within turbulent flows arise from temperature differentials between the respective fluids. Leveraging the two-fluid paradigm, the researchers develop a mathematical framework to characterize turbulent heat transfer dynamics. This resultant turbulence model is then applied to analyze heat propagation in turbulent flows around a flat plate and in scenarios involving submerged jets. To validate the model's efficacy, numerical outcomes are juxtaposed against established RSM turbulence models and experimental findings. The comparative analysis reveals that the two-fluid turbulent transport model aptly captures the thermodynamic behaviors inherent in turbulent flows with exceptional precision.
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Blair, M. F. "Boundary-Layer Transition in Accelerating Flows With Intense Freestream Turbulence: Part 2—The Zone of Intermittent Turbulence." Journal of Fluids Engineering 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910033.
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Hot-wire anemometry was employed to examine the laminar-to-turbulent transition of low-speed, two-dimensional boundary layers for two (moderate) levels of flow acceleration and various levels of grid-generated freestream turbulence. Flows with an adiabatic wall and with uniform-flux heat transfer were explored. Conditional discrimination techniques were employed to examine the zones of flow within the transitional region. This analysis demonstrated that as much as one-half of the streamwise-component unsteadiness, and much of the apparent anisotropy, observed near the wall was produced, not by turbulence, but by the steps in velocity between the turbulent and inter-turbulent zones of flow. Within the turbulent zones u′/v′ ratios were about equal to those expected for equilibrium boundary-layer turbulence. Near transition onset, however, the turbulence kinetic energy within the turbulent zones exceeded fully turbulent boundary-layer levels. Turbulent-zone power-spectral-density measurements indicate that the ratio of dissipation to production increased through transition. This suggests that the generation of the full equilibrium turbulent boundary-layer energy cascade required some time (distance) and may explain the very high TKE levels near onset.
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Humphrey, Luke J., Benjamin Emerson, and Tim C. Lieuwen. "Premixed turbulent flame speed in an oscillating disturbance field." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 835 (November 27, 2017): 102–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.728.
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This paper considers the manner in which turbulent premixed flames respond to a superposition of turbulent and narrowband disturbances. This is an important fundamental problem that arises in most combustion applications, as turbulent flames exist in hydrodynamically unstable flow fields and/or in confined systems with narrowband acoustic waves. This paper presents the first measurements of the sensitivity of the turbulent displacement speed to harmonically oscillating flame wrinkles. The flame is attached to a transversely oscillating, heated wire, resulting in the introduction of coherent, convecting wrinkles on the flame. The approach flow turbulence is varied systematically using a variable turbulence generator, enabling quantification of the effect of turbulent flow disturbances on the harmonic wrinkles. Mie scattering measurements are used to quantify the flame edge dynamics, while high speed particle image velocimetry is used to measure the flow field characteristics. By ensemble averaging the results, the ensemble-averaged flame edge and flow characteristics are recovered. For low turbulence intensities, sharp cusps are present in the negative curvature regions of the ensemble-averaged flame position, similar to laminar flames. These cusps are smoothed out at high turbulence intensities. The coherent, ensemble-averaged flame wrinkle amplitude decays with increasing turbulence intensity and with downstream distance. In addition, the ensemble-averaged turbulent flame speed is modulated in space and time. The most significant result of these measurements is the clear demonstration of the correlation between the ensemble-averaged turbulent flame speed and ensemble-averaged flame curvature, with the phase-dependent flame speed increasing in regions of negative curvature. These results have important implications on turbulent combustion physics and modelling, since quasi-coherent velocity disturbances are nearly ubiquitous in shear driven, high turbulent flows and/or confined systems with acoustic feedback. Specifically, these data clearly show that nonlinear interactions occur between the multi-scale turbulent disturbances and the more narrowband disturbances associated with coherent structures. In other words, conceptual models of the controlling physics in combustors with shear driven turbulence must account for the fundamentally different effects of spectrally distributed turbulent disturbances and more narrowband, quasi-coherent disturbances.
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Stamenkovic, Zivojin, Milos Kocic, and Jelena Petrovic. "The CFD modeling of two-dimensional turbulent MHD channel flow." Thermal Science 21, suppl. 3 (2017): 837–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160822093s.
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In this paper, influence of magnetic field on turbulence characteristics of twodimensional flow is investigated. The present study has been undertaken to understand the effects of a magnetic field on mean velocities and turbulence parameters in turbulent 2-D channel flow. Several cases are considered. First laminar flow in a channel and MHD laminar channel flow are analyzed in order to validate model of magnetic field influence on electrically conducting fluid flow. Main part of the paper is focused on MHD turbulence suppression for 2-D turbulent flow in a channel and around the flat plate. The simulations are performed using ANSYS CFX software. Simulations results are obtained with BSL Reynolds stress model for turbulent and MHD turbulent flow around flat plate. The nature of the flow has been examined through distribution of mean velocities, turbulent fluctuations, vorticity, Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy.
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Alhumairi, Mohammed, and Özgür Ertunç. "Active-grid turbulence effect on the topology and the flame location of a lean premixed combustion." Thermal Science 22, no. 6 Part A (2018): 2425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170503100a.
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Lean premixed combustion under the influence of active-grid turbulence was computationally investigated, and the results were compared with experimental data. The experiments were carried out to generate a premixed flame at a thermal load of 9 kW from a single jet flow combustor. Turbulent combustion models, such as the coherent flame model and turbulent flame speed closure model were implemented for the simulations performed under different turbulent flow conditions, which were specified by the Reynolds number based on Taylor?s microscale, the dissipation rate of turbulence, and turbulent kinetic energy. This study shows that the applied turbulent combustion models differently predict the flame topology and location. However, similar to the experiments, simulations with both models revealed that the flame moves toward the inlet when turbulence becomes strong at the inlet, that is, when Re? at the inlet increases. The results indicated that the flame topology and location in the coherent flame model were more sensitive to turbulence than those in the turbulent flame speed closure model. The flame location behavior on the jet flow combustor significantly changed with the increase of Re?.
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Deng, Yuxin, Min Zhang, Wangqiang Jiang, and Letian Wang. "Electromagnetic Scattering of Near-Field Turbulent Wake Generated by Accelerated Propeller." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 5178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245178.
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The electromagnetic scattering study of the turbulent wake of a moving ship has important application value in target recognition and tracking. However, to date, there has been insufficient research into the electromagnetic characteristics of near-field propeller turbulence. This study presents a new procedure for evaluating the electromagnetic scattering coefficient and imaging characteristics of turbulent wakes in the near field. By controlling the different values of the net momenta, a turbulent wake was generated using the large-eddy simulation method. The results show that the net momentum transferred to the background flow field determines the development of the turbulent wake, which explains the formation mechanism of the turbulence. Combined with the turbulent energy attenuation spectrum, the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the turbulent wake were calculated using the two-scale facet mode. Using this method, the impact of different parameters on the scattering coefficient and the electromagnetic image of the turbulence wake were investigated, to explain the modulation mechanism and electromagnetic imaging characteristics of the near-field turbulent wake. Moreover, an application for estimating a ship’s heading is proposed based on the electromagnetic imaging characteristics of the turbulent wake.
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Volino, R. J., and T. W. Simon. "Boundary Layer Transition Under High Free-Stream Turbulence and Strong Acceleration Conditions: Part 2—Turbulent Transport Results." Journal of Heat Transfer 119, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824115.
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Measurements from heated boundary layers along a concave-curved test wall subject to high (initially 8 percent) free-stream turbulence intensity and strong (K = (ν/U∞2 dU∞/dx, as high as 9 × 10−6) acceleration are presented and discussed. Conditions for the experiments were chosen to simulate those present on the downstream half of the pressure side of a gas turbine airfoil. Turbulence statistics, including the turbulent shear stress, the turbulent heat flux, and the turbulent Prandtl number are presented. The transition zone is of extended length in spite of the high free-stream turbulence level. Turbulence quantities are strongly suppressed below values in unaccelerated turbulent boundary layers. Turbulent transport quantities rise with the intermittency, as the boundary layer proceeds through transition. Octant analysis shows a similar eddy structure in the present flow as was observed in transitional flows under low free-stream turbulence conditions. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first detailed documentation of a high-free-stream-turbulence boundary layer flow in such a strong acceleration field.
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Chen, Xue, Xin Luan, Dalei Song, and Hua Yang. "Multiscale Analysis of Temporal Ocean Turbulence Intermittency." Marine Technology Society Journal 53, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.53.3.7.
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AbstractAn analysis of temporal intermittency in ocean turbulent energy transfer is given. Intermittency plays a major role in ocean turbulence, and the level of intermittency strongly depends on different scales of the flow. In this work, in order to understand the temporal aspects of intermittency, we extend our research to the ocean turbulent energy transfer process. Measurements of ocean turbulence are made from a moored turbulence measuring instrument (MTMI) deployed in the South China Sea. Signals related to ocean turbulence have been collected with two orthogonal shear probes at a single level for an extended period, which laid a valid foundation for the understanding of turbulent energy transfer characteristics. Our analysis of ocean turbulence data is based on the combined use of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and of the wavelet transform method. First, a decomposition of ocean turbulent fields in a limited number of time scales is provided by the EMD method. Then, the wavelet transform method is performed to the decomposed signals to obtain the wavelet coefficients, which enables the detection of energy transfer in the flow. Finally, a novel intermittency measure based on Reynolds shear stress has been proposed to identify intermittent bursts of energy at different time scales. The new intermittency measure is estimated using the obtained wavelet coefficients and can be used as an indication of the turbulent kinetic energy transfer between two different time scales. In order to analyze the turbulent energy transfer process in detail, intermittency between the adjacent and nonadjacent time scales is presented. The results show that, in the locations where the ocean turbulent energy is being transferred between two time scales, the phase synchronization between the modes of field fluctuations occurs. This confirms that phase synchronization observed in ocean turbulence is due to the turbulent energy cascade, which helps improve our understanding of turbulent energy cascade and turbulent mixing processes in ocean dynamic systems.
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Wang, C., S. P. Oh, and M. Ruszkowski. "Turbulent heating in a stratified medium." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 519, no. 3 (January 9, 2023): 4408–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad003.
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ABSTRACT There is considerable evidence for widespread subsonic turbulence in galaxy clusters, most notably from Hitomi. Turbulence is often invoked to offset radiative losses in cluster cores, both by direct dissipation and by enabling turbulent heat diffusion. However, in a stratified medium, buoyancy forces oppose radial motions, making turbulence anisotropic. This can be quantified via the Froude number Fr, which decreases inward in clusters as stratification increases. We exploit analogies with MHD turbulence to show that wave–turbulence interactions increase cascade times and reduce dissipation rates ϵ ∝ Fr. Equivalently, for a given energy injection/dissipation rate ϵ, turbulent velocities u must be higher compared to Kolmogorov scalings. High-resolution hydrodynamic simulations show excellent agreement with the ϵ ∝ Fr scaling, which sets in for Fr ≲ 0.1. We also compare previously predicted scalings for the turbulent diffusion coefficient D ∝ Fr2 and find excellent agreement, for Fr ≲ 1. However, we find a different normalization, corresponding to stronger diffusive suppression by more than an order of magnitude. Our results imply that turbulent diffusion is more heavily suppressed by stratification, over a much wider radial range, than turbulent dissipation. Thus, the latter potentially dominates. Furthermore, this shift implies significantly higher turbulent velocities required to offset cooling, compared to previous models. These results are potentially relevant to turbulent metal diffusion in the galaxy groups and clusters (which is likewise suppressed), and to planetary atmospheres.
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Barkley, D. "Taming turbulent fronts by bending pipes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 872 (June 4, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.340.
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The flow of fluid through a pipe has been instrumental in illuminating the subcritical route to turbulence typical of many wall-bounded shear flows. Especially important in this process are the turbulent–laminar fronts that separate the turbulent and laminar flow. Four years ago Michael Graham (Nature, vol. 526, 2015, p. 508) wrote a commentary entitled ‘Turbulence spreads like wildfire’, which is a picturesque but also accurate characterisation of the way turbulence spreads through laminar flow in a straight pipe. In this spirit, the recent article by Rinaldi et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 866, 2019, pp. 487–502) shows that turbulent wildfires are substantially tamed in bent pipes. These authors find that even at modest pipe curvature, the characteristic strong turbulent–laminar fronts of straight pipe flow vanish. As a result, the propagation of turbulent structures is modified and there are hints that the route to turbulence is fundamentally altered.
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Le, Thai-Hoa, and Dong-Anh Nguyen. "TEMPORO-SPECTRAL COHERENT STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE AND PRESSURE USING FOURIER AND WAVELET TRANSFORMS." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 25, no. 2 (November 22, 2017): 405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.271.
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Studying the spatial distribution in coherent fields such as turbulent and turbulent-induced force ones is important to model and evaluate turbulent-induced forces and response of structures on the turbulent flows. Turbulent field-based coherent function is commonly used for the spatial distribution characteristic of induced forces in the frequency domain. This paper will focus to study spectral coherent structure of turbulence and forces in not only the frequency domain using conventional Fourier transform-based coherence, but also temporo-spectral coherent one in the time-frequency plane thanks to wavelet transform-based coherence for more understanding of the turbulence and force coherences and their spatial distributions. Effects of spanwise separations, bluff body flow and flow conditions on coherent structures of turbulence and induced pressure, comparison between turbulence and pressure coherences as well as intermittency of coherent structure in the time-frequency plane will be investigated here.
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Volkov, V. E. "Mathematical simulation of laminar-turbulent transition and the turbulence scale estimation." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet. Pratsi, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.2.44.2014.27.
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Bałdyga, J., and R. Pohorecki. "Influence of Turbulent Mechanical Stresses on Microorganisms." Applied Mechanics Reviews 51, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3098987.
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Many phenomena depend on the features of the fine-scale structure of turbulence, including its intermittency. This article discusses the problem of the turbulent “shear” in biotechnology including the effect of the shear stress on particles (cells, flocs, cells immobilized on microcarriers). Traditionally, the effect of intermittency has not been taken into account in the shear problem and the theory of isotropic turbulence introduced by Kolmogorov (1941) based on average values of the rate of kinetic energy dissipation, velocity fluctuactions, rates of strain, turbulent stresses etc. has been applied. In this paper a multifractal formalism is employed to describe intermittency; the results of multifractal approach are then compared with predictions of other models of intermittent and non-intermittent turbulence. The multifractal model of intermittent turbulence has been used to derive equations describing flow-particle interactions, including: equations describing turbulent stresses acting upon particles in the inertial and viscous subranges of turbulence; mass transfer to small particles suspended in turbulent fluid; turbulent rupture of flocs; particles encounters in turbulent flow including the average number of collisions per unit time in the inertial and viscous subranges of turbulence and the severity of collisions; mechanical stress generated by bubble coalescence. Generally, the article shows how the traditional approach to the shear problem in turbulence, based on the Kolmogorov theory, can be extended by including the influence of intermittency. This review article includes 47 references.
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Vargas, Arley Cardona, Hernando Alexander Yepes Tumay, and Andrés Amell. "Experimental study of the correlation for turbulent burning velocity at subatmospheric pressure." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 4 (July 30, 2022): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2022.002414.
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Turbulent burning velocity is one of the most relevant parameters to characterize the premixed turbulent flames. Different correlation has been proposed to estimate this parameter. However, most of them have been obtained using experimental data at atmospheric pressure or higher. The present study is focused on obtaining a correlation for the turbulent burning velocity using data at sub-atmospheric pressure. The turbulent burning velocity was experimentally calculated using the burner method, where turbulent premix flames are generated in a Bunsen burner. Stoichiometric and lean conditions were evaluated at a pressure of 0.85 atm and 0.98 atm, whereas the turbulence intensity was varied for each condition. Perforated plates and a hot-wire anemometer were used to generate and measure the turbulence intensity. Schlieren images were used to obtain the average angle of the flame and calculate the turbulent burning velocity. Experiments and theory show that the turbulent deflagration rate decrease as pressure decrease. The turbulent deflagration speed decreased by up to 16 % at 0.85 atm concerning atmospheric conditions for the same turbulence intensity, discharge velocity, and ambient temperature, according to the experimental results. The comparison among the experimental results at sub-atmospheric conditions and the correlations reported in the literature exposes prediction issues because most of them are fitted using data at atmospheric conditions. A general correlation is raised between turbulent burning velocity (ST), laminar burning velocity (SL) and turbulence intensity (u’) proposed from the experimental data. This correlation has the form For sub-atmospheric and atmospheric conditions, the coefficients were determined
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Ansorge, Cedrick, and Juan Pedro Mellado. "Analyses of external and global intermittency in the logarithmic layer of Ekman flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 805 (September 23, 2016): 611–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.534.
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Existence of non-turbulent flow patches in the vicinity of the wall of a turbulent flow is known as global intermittency. Global intermittency challenges the conventional statistics approach when describing turbulence in the inner layer and calls for the use of conditional statistics. We extend the vorticity-based conditioning of a flow to turbulent and non-turbulent sub-volumes by a high-pass filter operation. This modified method consistently detects non-turbulent flow patches in the outer and inner layers for stratifications ranging from the neutral limit to extreme stability, where the flow is close to a complete laminarization. When applying this conditioning method to direct numerical simulation data of stably stratified Ekman flow, we find the following. First, external intermittency has a strong effect on the logarithmic law for the mean velocity in Ekman flow under neutral stratification. If instead of the full field, only turbulent sub-volumes are considered, the data fit an idealized logarithmic velocity profile much better; in particular, a problematic dip in the von Kármán measure$\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$in the surface layer is decreased by approximately 50 % and our data only support the reduced range$0.41\lesssim \unicode[STIX]{x1D705}\lesssim 0.43$. Second, order-one changes in turbulent quantities under strong stratification can be explained by a modulation of the turbulent volume fraction rather than by a structural change of individual turbulence events; within the turbulent fraction of the flow, the character of individual turbulence events measured in terms of turbulence dissipation rate or variance of velocity fluctuations is similar to that under neutral stratification.
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Arró, G., F. Califano, and G. Lapenta. "Statistical properties of turbulent fluctuations associated with electron-only magnetic reconnection." Astronomy & Astrophysics 642 (October 2020): A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038696.
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Context. Recent satellite measurements in the turbulent magnetosheath of Earth have given evidence of an unusual reconnection mechanism that is driven exclusively by electrons. This newly observed process was called electron-only reconnection, and its interplay with plasma turbulence is a matter of great debate. Aims. By using 2D-3V hybrid Vlasov–Maxwell simulations of freely decaying plasma turbulence, we study the role of electron-only reconnection in the development of plasma turbulence. In particular, we search for possible differences with respect to the turbulence associated with standard ion-coupled reconnection. Methods. We analyzed the structure functions of the turbulent magnetic field and ion fluid velocity fluctuations to characterize the structure and the intermittency properties of the turbulent energy cascade. Results. We find that the statistical properties of turbulent fluctuations associated with electron-only reconnection are consistent with those of turbulent fluctuations associated with standard ion-coupled reconnection, and no peculiar signature related to electron-only reconnection is found in the turbulence statistics. This result suggests that the turbulent energy cascade in a collisionless magnetized plasma does not depend on the specific mechanism associated with magnetic reconnection. The properties of the dissipation range are discussed as well, and we claim that only electrons contribute to the dissipation of magnetic field energy at sub-ion scales.
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Wang, Zhenchuan, Guoli Qi, and Meijun Li. "Discussion on improved method of turbulence model for supercritical water flow and heat transfer." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part A (2020): 2729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190813007w.
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The turbulence model fails in supercritical fluid-flow and heat transfer simulation, owing to the drastic change of thermal properties. The inappropriate buoyancy effect model and the improper turbulent Prandtl number model are several of these factors lead to the original low-Reynolds number turbulence model unable to predict the wall temperature for vertically heated tubes under the deteriorate heat transfer conditions. This paper proposed a simplified improved method to modify the turbulence model, using the generalized gradient diffusion hypothesis approximation model for the production term of the turbulent kinetic energy due to the buoyancy effect, using a turbulence Prandtl number model for the turbulent thermal diffusivity instead of the constant number. A better agreement was accomplished by the improved turbulence model compared with the experimental data. The main reason for the over-predicted wall temperature by the original turbulence model is the misuse of the buoyancy effect model. In the improved model, the production term of the turbulent kinetic energy is much higher than the results calculated by the original turbulence model, especially in the boundary-layer. A more accurate model for the production term of the turbulent kinetic energy is the main direction of further modification for the low Reynolds number turbulence model.
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HŒPFFNER, JÉRÔME, YOSHITSUGU NAKA, and KOJI FUKAGATA. "Realizing turbulent statistics." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 676 (April 18, 2011): 54–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.32.
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How to design an artificial inflow condition in simulations of the Navier–Stokes equation that is already fully turbulent? This is the turbulent inflow problem. This first question is followed by: How much of the true turbulence must be reproduced at the inflow? We present a technique able to produce a random field with the exact two-point two-time covariance of a given reference turbulent flow. It is obtained as the output of a linear filter fed with white noise. The method is illustrated on the simulation of a turbulent free shear layer. The filter coefficients are obtained from the solution of the Yule–Walker equation, and the computation can be performed efficiently using a recursive solution procedure. The method should also be useful in the study of flow receptivity, when the processes of transition to turbulence are sensitive to the perturbation environment.
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Ren, Yan, Hongsheng Zhang, Xiaoye Zhang, Bingui Wu, Xuhui Cai, Yu Song, and Tong Zhu. "Quantitative verification of the turbulence barrier effect during heavy haze pollution events." Environmental Research Communications 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 045005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac6381.
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Abstract Under calm and steady weather conditions with low wind speeds, turbulent intermittency frequently occurs in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), which can significantly weaken the turbulent diffusion of matter and energy between the surface and atmosphere. The turbulence barrier effect is defined as the phenomenon in which turbulence may disappear at certain heights, and during periods of heavy haze, creating what can seem like a barrier layer that hinders vertical transmissions. Although the turbulence barrier effect can explain the physical mechanisms behind the rapid accumulation of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with diameters smaller than 2.5 μm) and the influence of turbulent diffusion conditions on the vertical distribution of PM2.5, more direct perspectives such as turbulent flux is still required for quantitative verification. Due of challenges in the acquisition of PM2.5 turbulent flux, carbon dioxide (CO2), which has relatively mature flux acquisition technology, was used as a substitute means of verifying and quantifying this phenomenon. The turbulence data collected during heavy haze events, at from five levels of a 255 m meteorological tower located in Tianjin, were analyzed and used to quantitatively verify the influence of the turbulent barrier effect on PM2.5. The results also revealed that the vertical changes in the turbulent barrier effect were consistent with those of the concentrations and flux of CO2. This means that this knowledge about the turbulent barrier effect can be extended to other mass-transfer processes. The analysis also found that the proportion of counter-gradient transport increases when the occurrences of the turbulent barrier effect are frequent. This work validates the presence of the turbulent barrier effect and is an important foundation for its future parameterization, which will help to accurately identify the matter transport processes in the stable boundary layer and under extreme weather conditions, such as intense pollution events.
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Nagaoka, Hiroshi, and Katsuyuki Sugio. "Effect of turbulent structure on filament-type biofilm reaction." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 11 (December 1, 1994): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0551.
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Effect of turbulent diffusion on substrate uptake rate by biofilms was studied. A new turbulent diffusion biofilm model was developed considering profiles of turbulent diffusivity in and over biofilms. A numerical simulation was conducted using a proposed model to show that substrate flux changes with turbulent diffusivity obeying a power law with the coefficient value between 0 and 1. Biofilm was grown in open channels and the effect of short-term changes in turbulence of the overlying flow on substrate flux into the biofilm was measured. Profiles of velocity and turbulent intensity in the overlying flow were measured using a Laser Doppler Velocimeter. It was concluded that the substrate uptake rate by biofilms was dependent on the turbulence near biofilms, the mechanism of which can be explained by the proposed turbulent diffusion model.
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Folorunso, OP. "Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Budget of Heterogeneous Open Channel with Gravel and Vegetated Beds." Journal of Civil Engineering Research & Technology 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jcert/2021(3)115.
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Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and budget are indispensable hydraulic parameters to determine turbulent scales and processes resulting from various and different natural hydraulic features in open channels. This paper focuses on experimental investigation of turbulent kinetic energy and budget in a heterogeneous open channel flow with gravel and vegetated beds. Results indicate the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) value over gravel region of the heterogeneous bed remains approximately constant with flow depth. The highest turbulent kinetic energy was calculated for flexible vegetation arrangement compared to the rigid vegetation. The estimation of the turbulent kinetic energy budget shows the higher values of turbulence production recorded over the flexible vegetated bed, consequently, the dissipation rate exhibits faster decay of turbulence kinetic energy over the vegetated bed in comparison to the gravel bed.
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Käpylä, P. J., M. Rheinhardt, A. Brandenburg, and M. J. Käpylä. "Turbulent viscosity and magnetic Prandtl number from simulations of isotropically forced turbulence." Astronomy & Astrophysics 636 (April 2020): A93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935012.
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Context. Turbulent diffusion of large-scale flows and magnetic fields plays a major role in many astrophysical systems, such as stellar convection zones and accretion discs. Aims. Our goal is to compute turbulent viscosity and magnetic diffusivity which are relevant for diffusing large-scale flows and magnetic fields, respectively. We also aim to compute their ratio, which is the turbulent magnetic Prandtl number, Pmt, for isotropically forced homogeneous turbulence. Methods. We used simulations of forced turbulence in fully periodic cubes composed of isothermal gas with an imposed large-scale sinusoidal shear flow. Turbulent viscosity was computed either from the resulting Reynolds stress or from the decay rate of the large-scale flow. Turbulent magnetic diffusivity was computed using the test-field method for a microphysical magnetic Prandtl number of unity. The scale dependence of the coefficients was studied by varying the wavenumber of the imposed sinusoidal shear and test fields. Results. We find that turbulent viscosity and magnetic diffusivity are in general of the same order of magnitude. Furthermore, the turbulent viscosity depends on the fluid Reynolds number (Re) and scale separation ratio of turbulence. The scale dependence of the turbulent viscosity is found to be well approximated by a Lorentzian. These results are similar to those obtained earlier for the turbulent magnetic diffusivity. The results for the turbulent transport coefficients appear to converge at sufficiently high values of Re and the scale separation ratio. However, a weak trend is found even at the largest values of Re, suggesting that the turbulence is not in the fully developed regime. The turbulent magnetic Prandtl number converges to a value that is slightly below unity for large Re. For small Re we find values between 0.5 and 0.6 but the data are insufficient to draw conclusions regarding asymptotics. We demonstrate that our results are independent of the correlation time of the forcing function. Conclusions. The turbulent magnetic diffusivity is, in general, consistently higher than the turbulent viscosity, which is in qualitative agreement with analytic theories. However, the actual value of Pmt found from the simulations (≈0.9−0.95) at large Re and large scale separation ratio is higher than any of the analytic predictions (0.4−0.8).
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Gao, Ge, and Huang Ning. "A New Theory for Solving Turbulent Vortices in Flowing Fluids." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 108, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239897.
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Turbulent vortices occur everywhere in flowing fluids and possess the properties of dissipation and dispersion. A set of new control equations is presented featuring the interaction between dissipation and dispersion of turbulence. By analysis of instability the rate of turbulent energy production is established. Two third-order derivative momentum equations are derived, one for weak and the other for strong vorticity. By this new theory various turbulent flow problems can be solved, such as: energy inversion in the vortex tail behind a bluff body, the coherent horseshoe vortices in a turbulent boundary layer, the delay in cascading down of turbulent energy through the spectrum, anisotropy of turbulence intensities, etc. Two computational examples are presented.
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Watanabe, Tomoaki, Carlos B. da Silva, and Koji Nagata. "Non-dimensional energy dissipation rate near the turbulent/non-turbulent interfacial layer in free shear flows and shear free turbulence." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 875 (July 18, 2019): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.462.
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The non-dimensional dissipation rate $C_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}L/u^{\prime 3}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}$, $L$ and $u^{\prime }$ are the viscous energy dissipation rate, integral length scale of turbulence and root-mean-square of the velocity fluctuations, respectively, is computed and analysed within the turbulent/non-turbulent interfacial (TNTI) layer using direct numerical simulations of a planar jet, mixing layer and shear free turbulence. The TNTI layer that separates the turbulent and non-turbulent regions exists at the edge of free shear turbulent flows and turbulent boundary layers, and comprises both the viscous superlayer and turbulent sublayer regions. The computation of $C_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}}$ is made possible by the introduction of an original procedure, based on local volume averages within spheres of radius $r$, combined with conditional sampling as a function of the location with respect to the TNTI layer. The new procedure allows for a detailed investigation of the scale dependence of several turbulent quantities near the TNTI layer. An important achievement of this procedure consists in permitting the computation of the turbulent integral scale within the TNTI layer, which is shown to be approximately constant. Both the non-dimensional dissipation rate and turbulent Reynolds number $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ vary in space within the TNTI layer, where two relations are observed: $C_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}}\sim Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}^{-1}$ and $C_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}}\sim Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}^{-2}$. Specifically, whereas the viscous superlayer and part of the turbulent sublayer display $C_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}}\sim Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}^{-2}$, the remaining of the turbulent sublayer exhibits $C_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}}\sim Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}^{-1}$, which is consistent with non-equilibrium turbulence (Vassilicos, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. vol. 47, 2015, pp. 95–114).
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Kozioł, Adam, Janusz Urbański, Adam Kiczko, Marcin Krukowski, and Piotr Siwicki. "Turbulent intensity and scales of turbulence after hydraulic jump in rectangular channel." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. Land Reclamation 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sggw-2016-0008.
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Abstract Turbulent intensity and scales of turbulence after hydraulic jump in rectangular channel. Experimental research was undertaken to investigate the changes in spatial turbulence intensity and scales of turbulent eddies (macroeddies) in a rectangular channel and the influence of the hydraulic jump on vertical, lateral and streamwise distributions of relative turbulence intensity and scales of turbulent eddies. The results of three tests for different discharges are presented. An intensive turbulent mixing that arises as a result of a hydraulic jump has a significant effect on instantaneous velocity, turbulent intensities and sizes of eddies, as well as their vertical and longitudinal distributions. In the analysed case the most noticeable changes appeared up to 0.5 m downstream the hydraulic jump. In the vertical dimension such an effect was especially seen near the surface. The smallest streamwise sizes of macroeddies were present near the surface, maximum at the depth of z/h = 0.6 and from that point sizes were decreasing towards the bottom. The intensive turbulent mixing within the hydraulic jump generates macroeddies of small sizes.
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Elsinga, G. E., and C. B. da Silva. "How the turbulent/non-turbulent interface is different from internal turbulence." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 866 (March 5, 2019): 216–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.85.
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The average patterns of the velocity and scalar fields near turbulent/non-turbulent interfaces (TNTI), obtained from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of planar turbulent jets and shear free turbulence, are assessed in the strain eigenframe. These flow patterns help to clarify many aspects of the flow dynamics, including a passive scalar, near a TNTI layer, that are otherwise not easily and clearly assessed. The averaged flow field near the TNTI layer exhibits a saddle-node flow topology associated with a vortex in one half of the interface, while the other half of the interface consists of a shear layer. This observed flow pattern is thus very different from the shear-layer structure consisting of two aligned vortical motions bounded by two large-scale regions of uniform flow, that typically characterizes the average strain field in the fully developed turbulent regions. Moreover, strain dominates over vorticity near the TNTI layer, in contrast to internal turbulence. Consequently, the most compressive principal straining direction is perpendicular to the TNTI layer, and the characteristic 45-degree angle displayed in internal shear layers is not observed at the TNTI layer. The particular flow pattern observed near the TNTI layer has important consequences for the dynamics of a passive scalar field, and explains why regions of particularly high scalar gradient (magnitude) are typically found at TNTIs separating fluid with different levels of scalar concentration. Finally, it is demonstrated that, within the fully developed internal turbulent region, the scalar gradient exhibits an angle with the most compressive straining direction with a peak probability at around 20$^{\text{o}}$. The scalar gradient and the most compressive strain are not preferentially aligned, as has been considered for many years. The misconception originated from an ambiguous definition of the positive directions of the strain eigenvectors.
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Ferrey, P., and B. Aupoix. "Behaviour of turbulence models near a turbulent/non-turbulent interface revisited." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 27, no. 5 (October 2006): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2006.03.022.
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Mauritsen, Thorsten, Gunilla Svensson, Sergej S. Zilitinkevich, Igor Esau, Leif Enger, and Branko Grisogono. "A Total Turbulent Energy Closure Model for Neutrally and Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 4113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2294.1.
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Abstract This paper presents a turbulence closure for neutral and stratified atmospheric conditions. The closure is based on the concept of the total turbulent energy. The total turbulent energy is the sum of the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent potential energy, which is proportional to the potential temperature variance. The closure uses recent observational findings to take into account the mean flow stability. These observations indicate that turbulent transfer of heat and momentum behaves differently under very stable stratification. Whereas the turbulent heat flux tends toward zero beyond a certain stability limit, the turbulent stress stays finite. The suggested scheme avoids the problem of self-correlation. The latter is an improvement over the widely used Monin–Obukhov-based closures. Numerous large-eddy simulations, including a wide range of neutral and stably stratified cases, are used to estimate likely values of two free constants. In a benchmark case the new turbulence closure performs indistinguishably from independent large-eddy simulations.
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Ezato, K., A. M. Shehata, T. Kunugi, and D. M. McEligot. "Numerical Prediction of Transitional Features of Turbulent Forced Gas Flows in Circular Tubes With Strong Heating." Journal of Heat Transfer 121, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 546–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826015.
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In order to treat strongly heated, forced gas flows at low Reynolds numbers in vertical circular tubes, the k-ε turbulence model of Abe, Kondoh, and Nagano (1994), developed for forced turbulent flow between parallel plates with the constant property idealization, has been successfully applied. For thermal energy transport, the turbulent Prandtl number model of Kays and Crawford (1993) was adopted. The capability to handle these flows was assessed via calculations at the conditions of experiments by Shehata (1984), ranging from essentially turbulent to laminarizing due to the heating. Predictions forecast the development of turbulent transport quantities, Reynolds stress, and turbulent heat flux, as well as turbulent viscosity and turbulent kinetic energy. Overall agreement between the calculations and the measured velocity and temperature distributions is good, establishing confidence in the values of the forecast turbulence quantities—and the model which produced them. Most importantly, the model yields predictions which compare well with the measured wall heat transfer parameters and the pressure drop.
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Breda, M., and O. R. H. Buxton. "Behaviour of small-scale turbulence in the turbulent/non-turbulent interface region of developing turbulent jets." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 879 (September 20, 2019): 187–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.676.
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Tomographic particle image velocimetry experiments were conducted in the near and intermediate fields of two different types of jet, one fitted with a circular orifice and another fitted with a repeating-fractal-pattern orifice. Breda & Buxton (J. Vis., vol. 21 (4), 2018, pp. 525–532; Phys. Fluids, vol. 30, 2018, 035109) showed that this fractal geometry suppressed the large-scale coherent structures present in the near field and affected the rate of entrainment of background fluid into, and subsequent development of, the fractal jet, relative to the round jet. In light of these findings we now examine the modification of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) and spatial evolution of the small-scale behaviour of these different jets, which are both important factors behind determining the entrainment rate. This evolution is examined in both the streamwise direction and within the TNTI itself where the fluid adapts from a non-turbulent state, initially through the direct action of viscosity and then through nonlinear inertial processes, to the state of the turbulence within the bulk of the flow over a short distance. We show that the suppression of the coherent structures in the fractal jet leads to a less contorted interface, with large-scale excursions of the inner TNTI (that between the jet’s azimuthal shear layer and the potential core) being suppressed. Further downstream, the behaviour of the TNTI is shown to be comparable for both jets. The velocity gradients develop into a canonical state with streamwise distance, manifested as the development of the classical tear-drop shaped contours of the statistical distribution of the velocity-gradient-tensor invariants $\mathit{Q}$ and $\mathit{R}$. The velocity gradients also develop spatially through the TNTI from the irrotational boundary to the bulk flow; in particular, there is a strong small-scale anisotropy in this region. This strong inhomogeneity of the velocity gradients in the TNTI region has strong consequences for the scaling of the thickness of the TNTI in these spatially developing flows since both the Taylor and Kolmogorov length scales are directly computed from the velocity gradients.
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Jovanović, J., M. Pashtrapanska, B. Frohnapfel, F. Durst, J. Koskinen, and K. Koskinen. "On the Mechanism Responsible for Turbulent Drag Reduction by Dilute Addition of High Polymers: Theory, Experiments, Simulations, and Predictions." Journal of Fluids Engineering 128, no. 1 (August 2, 2005): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2073227.
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Turbulent drag reduction by dilute addition of high polymers is studied by considering local stretching of the molecular structure of a polymer by small-scale turbulent motions in the region very close to the wall. The stretching process is assumed to restructure turbulence at small scales by forcing these to satisfy local axisymmetry with invariance under rotation about the axis aligned with the main flow. It can be shown analytically that kinematic constraints imposed by local axisymmetry force turbulence near the wall to tend towards the one-component state and when turbulence reaches this limiting state it must be entirely suppressed across the viscous sublayer. For the limiting state of wall turbulence, the statistical dynamics of the turbulent stresses, constructed by combining the two-point correlation technique and invariant theory, suggest that turbulent drag reduction by homogeneously distributed high polymers, cast into the functional space which emphasizes the anisotropy of turbulence, resembles the process of reverse transition from the turbulent state towards the laminar flow state. These findings are supported by results of direct numerical simulations of wall-bounded turbulent flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids and by experiments carried out, under well-controlled laboratory conditions, in a refractive index-matched pipe flow facility using state-of-the art laser-Doppler anemometry. Theoretical considerations based on the elastic behavior of a polymer and spatial intermittency of turbulence at small scales enabled quantitative estimates to be made for the relaxation time of a polymer and its concentration that ensure maximum drag reduction in turbulent pipe flows, and it is shown that predictions based on these are in very good agreement with available experimental data.
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Jin, Y., M. F. Uth, A. V. Kuznetsov, and H. Herwig. "Numerical investigation of the possibility of macroscopic turbulence in porous media: a direct numerical simulation study." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 766 (February 2, 2015): 76–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.9.
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AbstractWhen a turbulent flow in a porous medium is determined numerically, the crucial question is whether turbulence models should account only for turbulent structures restricted in size to the pore scale or whether the size of turbulent structures could exceed the pore scale. The latter would mean the existence of macroscopic turbulence in porous media, when turbulent eddies exceed the pore size. In order to determine the real size of turbulent structures in a porous medium, we simulated the turbulent flow by direct numerical simulation (DNS) calculations, thus avoiding turbulence modelling of any kind. With this study, which for the first time uses DNS calculations, we provide benchmark data for turbulent flow in porous media. Since perfect DNS calculations require the resolution of scales down to the Kolmogorov scale, often only approximate DNS solutions can be obtained, especially for high Reynolds numbers. This is accounted for by using and comparing two different DNS approaches, a finite volume method (FVM) with grid refinement towards the wall and a lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with equal grid distribution. The solid matrix was simulated by a large number of rectangular bars arranged periodically. The number of bars in the solution domain with periodic boundary conditions was reduced systematically until a minimum size was found that does not suppress any large-scale turbulent structures. Two-point correlations, integral length scales and energy spectra were determined in order to answer the question of whether or not macroscopic turbulence can be found in porous media.
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Liu, Zhenchen, Peiqing Liu, Hao Guo, and Tianxiang Hu. "Experimental investigations of turbulent decaying behaviors in the core-flow region of a propeller wake." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 234, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410019865702.
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This work investigates the turbulent decaying behaviors downstream of a propeller in the core-flow region. Both axial and tangential velocity fluctuations behind a two-bladed propeller were measured using a stationary hot-wire probe. Unexpectedly, the complex near-wake core-flow of the propeller is found to show a similar decay characteristic of homogeneous turbulence, such as grid turbulence. The decay of turbulence intensity is found to be dominated by the level of periodic velocity fluctuations, showing a similar behavior of the homogenous and isotropic turbulence. This turbulent decaying behavior of the core-flow can be adopted for future turbulent modeling techniques.
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Ruan, W., L. Yan, and R. Keppens. "Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence Formation in Solar Flares: 3D Simulation and Synthetic Observations." Astrophysical Journal 947, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9b4e.
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Abstract Turbulent plasma motion is common in the universe and invoked in solar flares to drive effective acceleration leading to high-energy electrons. Unresolved mass motions are frequently detected in flares from extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations, which are often regarded as turbulence. However, how this plasma turbulence forms during the flare is still largely a mystery. Here we successfully reproduce observed turbulence in our 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulation where the magnetic reconnection process is included. The turbulence forms as a result of an intricate nonlinear interaction between the reconnection outflows and the magnetic arcades below the reconnection site, in which the shear-flow-driven Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) plays a key role in generating turbulent vortices. The turbulence is produced above high-density flare loops and then propagates to chromospheric footpoints along the magnetic field as Alfvénic perturbations. High turbulent velocities above 200 km s−1 can be found around the termination shock, while the low atmosphere reaches turbulent velocities of 10 km s−1 at a layer where the number density is about 1011 cm−3. The turbulent region with maximum nonthermal velocity coincides with the region where the observed high-energy electrons are concentrated, demonstrating the potential role of turbulence in acceleration. Synthetic views in EUV and fitted Hinode-EUV Imaging Spectrometer spectra show excellent agreement with observational results. An energy analysis demonstrates that more than 10% of the reconnection-downflow kinetic energy can be converted to turbulent energy via KHI.
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Buice, C. U., and J. K. Eaton. "Turbulent Heat Transport in a Perturbed Channel Flow." Journal of Heat Transfer 121, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2825983.
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The recovering boundary layer downstream of a separation bubble is known to have a highly perturbed turbulence structure which creates difficulty for turbulence models. The present experiment addressed the effect of this perturbed structure on turbulent heat transport. The turbulent diffusion of heat downstream of a heated wire was measured in a perturbed channel flow and compared to that in a simple, fully developed channel flow. The turbulent diffusivity of heat was found to be more than 20 times larger in the perturbed flow. The turbulent Prandtl number increased to 1.7, showing that the turbulent eddy viscosity was affected even more strongly than the eddy thermal diffusivity. This result corroborates previous work showing that boundary layer disturbances generally have a stronger effect on the eddy viscosity, rendering prescribed turbulent Prandtl number models ineffective in perturbed flows.
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Marxen, Olaf, and Tamer A. Zaki. "Turbulence in intermittent transitional boundary layers and in turbulence spots." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 860 (December 5, 2018): 350–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.822.
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Direct numerical simulation data of bypass transition in flat-plate boundary layers are analysed to examine the characteristics of turbulence in the transitional regime. When intermittency is 50 % or less, the flow features a juxtaposition of turbulence spots surrounded by streaky laminar regions. Conditionally averaged turbulence statistics are evaluated within the spots, and are compared to standard time averaging in both the transition region and in fully turbulent boundary layers. The turbulent-conditioned root-mean-square levels of the streamwise velocity perturbations are notably elevated in the early transitional boundary layer, while the wall-normal and spanwise components are closer to the levels typical for fully turbulent flow. The analysis is also extended to include ensemble averaging of the spots. When the patches of turbulence are sufficiently large, they develop a core region with similar statistics to fully turbulent boundary layers. Within the tip and the wings of the spots, however, the Reynolds stresses and terms in the turbulence kinetic energy budget are elevated. The enhanced turbulence production in the transition zone, which exceeds the levels from fully turbulent boundary layers, contributes to the higher skin-friction coefficient in that region. Qualitatively, the same observations hold for different spot sizes and levels of free-stream turbulence, except for young spots which do not yet have a core region of developed turbulence.
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Gu, Jie, Xiao Li Wang, Wei Chen, Xin Qin, Dan Qing Ma, and Ji Zhong Yang. "Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Different-Shaped Square Cylinders on Water Flow." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.604.
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A 3D numerical model was performed to simulate the different cases of the water flow across different-shaped square cylinders. Figures of streamlines and turbulent kinetic energy contour lines in different cases were obtained. Through the comparison of streamlines, the areas of strong turbulent kinetic energy and the strongest turbulent kinetic energy nucleus, the results indicated that,(i) two symmetrical vortexes were formed behind the regular quadrilateral square cylinder and the “⊥”-shaped square cylinder ,respectively, and the former were bigger than the latter .While the flow crossed the “±”-shaped square cylinder without forming vortex.(ii) When water flowed around different-shaped square cylinders, from the regular quadrilateral one, the “⊥”-shaped one to the “±”-shaped one, successively, the strong turbulent kinetic energy distribution area, in which turbulence kinetic energy value was above 18,gradually increased; while the strongest turbulence kinetic energy nucleus, whose value of turbulence kinetic energy was the largest among turbulence kinetic energy nucleuses in the strong turbulent kinetic energy distribution area, moved forward gradually and its area was smaller and smaller.
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Saeid, Nawaf H. "USING TWO TIME SCALES OF TURBULENCE FOR BOUNDARY LAYER FLOWS." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 19, no. 2 (December 13, 2017): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.337.
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A near wall improvement of the k-ε model of turbulence is proposed and evaluated. The present model takes into account the asymptotic behavior of turbulent scales near wall region and for free turbulence region. The Kolmogorov turbulent time scale is introduced as a lower limit. The model is used for prediction of turbulent boundary layer flows. Predictions compared with experimental data of several flow cases, with encouraging results.
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Meinecke, Jena, Petros Tzeferacos, Anthony Bell, Robert Bingham, Robert Clarke, Eugene Churazov, Robert Crowston, et al. "Developed turbulence and nonlinear amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 27 (June 22, 2015): 8211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502079112.
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The visible matter in the universe is turbulent and magnetized. Turbulence in galaxy clusters is produced by mergers and by jets of the central galaxies and believed responsible for the amplification of magnetic fields. We report on experiments looking at the collision of two laser-produced plasma clouds, mimicking, in the laboratory, a cluster merger event. By measuring the spectrum of the density fluctuations, we infer developed, Kolmogorov-like turbulence. From spectral line broadening, we estimate a level of turbulence consistent with turbulent heating balancing radiative cooling, as it likely does in galaxy clusters. We show that the magnetic field is amplified by turbulent motions, reaching a nonlinear regime that is a precursor to turbulent dynamo. Thus, our experiment provides a promising platform for understanding the structure of turbulence and the amplification of magnetic fields in the universe.
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Zhao, Hanqing, Jing Yan, Saiyu Yuan, Jiefu Liu, and Jinyu Zheng. "Effects of Submerged Vegetation Density on Turbulent Flow Characteristics in an Open Channel." Water 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102154.
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The vegetation density λ affects turbulent flow type in the submerged vegetated river. This laboratory study investigates different types of vegetated turbulent flow, especially the flow at 0.04 < λ < 0.1 and λ = 1.44 by setting the experimental λ within a large range. Vertical distributions of turbulent statistics (velocity, shear stress and skewness coefficients), turbulence kinetic generation rate and turbulence spectra in different λ conditions have been presented and compared. Results indicate that for flow at 0.04 < λ < 0.1, the profiles of turbulent statistics manifest characteristics that are similar to those of both the bed-shear flow and the free-shear flow, and the turbulence spectral curves are characterized with some slight humps within the low-frequency range. For λ = 1.44, the turbulent statistics above the vegetation top demonstrate the characteristics of boundary-shear flow. The spectral curves fluctuate intensely within the low-frequency range, and the spectra of low-frequency eddies above vegetation top are significantly larger than the values below. The change of turbulent flow type induced by an increase of λ would increase the maximum value of turbulence kinetic generation rate GS and change the point where GS is vertically maximum upwards to the vegetation top.
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Kawata, Takuya, and Takahiro Tsukahara. "Spectral Analysis on Transport Budgets of Turbulent Heat Fluxes in Plane Couette Turbulence." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 5258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145258.
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In recent years, scale-by-scale energy transport in wall turbulence has been intensively studied, and the complex spatial and interscale transfer of turbulent energy has been investigated. As the enhancement of heat transfer is one of the most important aspects of turbulence from an engineering perspective, it is also important to study how turbulent heat fluxes are transported in space and in scale by nonlinear multi-scale interactions in wall turbulence as well as turbulent energy. In the present study, the spectral transport budgets of turbulent heat fluxes are investigated based on direct numerical simulation data of a turbulent plane Couette flow with a passive scalar heat transfer. The transport budgets of spanwise spectra of temperature fluctuation and velocity-temperature correlations are investigated in detail in comparison to those of the corresponding Reynolds stress spectra. The similarity and difference between those scale-by-scale transports are discussed, with a particular focus on the roles of interscale transport and spatial turbulent diffusion. As a result, it is found that the spectral transport of the temperature-related statistics is quite similar to those of the Reynolds stresses, and in particular, the inverse interscale transfer is commonly observed throughout the channel in both transport of the Reynolds shear stress and wall-normal turbulent heat flux.
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Pinsky, M. B., A. P. Khain, B. Grits, and M. Shapiro. "Collisions of Small Drops in a Turbulent Flow. Part III: Relative Droplet Fluxes and Swept Volumes." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 2123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3730.1.
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Abstract Swept volumes of cloud droplets with radii below 20 μm are calculated under conditions typical of atmospheric cloud turbulence characterized by enormous values of Reynolds numbers, high turbulent intermittency, and characteristic values of the dissipation rate. To perform the calculations, the motion equation for small droplets proposed by Maxey is generalized for Stokes numbers St > 0.1, which allows one to simulate relative droplet motion even for very high turbulence intensities typical of deep cumulus clouds. Analytical considerations show that droplet motion is fully determined by turbulent shears and the Lagrangian accelerations. A new statistical representation of a turbulent flow has been proposed based on the results of the scale analysis of turbulence characteristics and those related to the droplet motion. According to the method proposed, statistical properties of turbulent flow are represented by a set of noncorrelated samples of turbulent shears and Lagrangian accelerations. Each sample can be assigned to a certain point of the turbulent flow. Each such point can be surrounded by a small “elementary” volume with linear length scales of the Kolmogorov length scale, in which the Lagrangian acceleration and turbulent shears can be considered as uniform in space and invariable in time. This present study (Part III) investigates the droplet collisions in a turbulent flow when hydrodynamic droplet interaction (HDI) is disregarded. Using a statistical model, long series of turbulent shears and accelerations were generated, reproducing probability distribution functions (PDF) at high Reynolds numbers, as they were obtained in recent laboratory and theoretical studies. Swept volumes of droplets are calculated for each sample of an acceleration–shear pair, and the PDF of swept volumes is calculated for turbulent parameters typical of cloud turbulence. The effect of turbulent flow intermittency manifests itself in two aspects: 1) an increase of swept volume variance with increasing Reynolds number, and 2) formation of the swept volume PDF that has a sharp maximum and an elongated tail. In spite of the fact that the magnitude of the mean swept volume increases significantly with Reynolds number and the dissipation rate, this increase does not exceed ∼60% of pure gravity values even under turbulent conditions typical of strong cumulus clouds. A comparison with the classical results of Saffman and Turner is presented and discussed.
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Mohmmed Ahmed, Osman Abu Bakr, and Mark Ovinis. "EVALUATION OF K-EPSILON MODEL FOR TURBULENT BUOYANT JET." Platform : A Journal of Engineering 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/pajevol3iss2art5085.
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The modelling of a turbulent buoyant jet is challenging due to the complex nature of such flow, which consists of two fluids with different densities, as well as the multi-scale flow phenomena associated in both space and time. In this paper, the k-epsilon turbulence model is applied to model a turbulent buoyant jet at different flow regimes including laminar and turbulent. The velocity field and centerline velocity are in good agreement with the experiments, as well as the expected results based on jet theory. Moreover, the distribution of the radial velocity matches with Gaussian distribution. The k-epsilon model is an appropriate turbulent model that can be applied for larger Reynolds number flow simulation.
Keywords: k-epsilon, turbulence model, CFD, turbulent buoyant jet.
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Gu, Li, Hang Yuan, Qiu Lan Li, Zi Nan Jiao, and Lan Lan Wang. "Comparison of Turbulent Intensity Component of the Stratified Flow in the Braided River with Different Upstream Flowrates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.554.
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The physical model experiment was carried out to study the effect of velocity ratio of two layers on the turbulence intensity of stratified flow in the typical braided rivers with two symmetrical anabranches. Two velocity ratios were selected, and the distributions of depth-averaged turbulent intensity component in the left anabranch were analyzed. When velocity ratio became smaller, the turbulent intensity increased and peak turbulent intensity zone transferred from the left area of centerline to the right area of centerline at the section before the bend apex of the anabranch. In the outlet section of the anabranch, turbulent intensity increased at the inner bank. The distributions of lateral-averaged turbulence intensity components in the vertical sections of left anabranch were also analyzed. Turbulence intensity component in the interface of hot and cold water was both high in two velocity ratios. As water flowed downstream, the difference of turbulent intensity component in the vertical direction decreased obviously.
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Guerra, Viviane Da Silva, Otávio Costa Azevedo, Felipe Denardin Costa, and Pablo Eli Soares de Oliveira. "Análise do escoamento horizontal de movimento não turbulento na camada limite noturna sob influência de obstruções." Ciência e Natura 42 (August 28, 2020): e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x45316.
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When turbulence is well developed, the diffusivity tends to quickly destroy other flow variability modes, so that the turbulent processes become dominant. However, in cases of weak or intermittent turbulence the turbulence scales are restricted to small values, both spatially and temporally. Non-turbulent processes can become important in such cases. This is particularly possible in the Stable Boundary Layer, some studies have focused on non-turbulent flow modes such as submeso, for example. Non-turbulent motions occur simultaneously on other scales and may to dominate the fluctuations of the horizontal flow and vertical flux The physical forcing of submeso flow is still poorly understood, but it is believed to depend significantly on local conditions such as topography and vegetation. The hypothesis assumed in this paper is that obstacles of different nature and dimensions, such as trees, buildings and topography elements affect different flow scales and analyze how turbulent and submeso processes are affected differently.
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Varaksin, Aleksey Yu, and Sergei V. Ryzhkov. "Turbulence in Two-Phase Flows with Macro-, Micro- and Nanoparticles: A Review." Symmetry 14, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 2433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14112433.
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Turbulent flows are nonstationary in nature. Since the turbulent fluctuations of most flow parameters satisfy a symmetric Gaussian distribution, the turbulent characteristics have the property of symmetry in the statistical meaning. A widespread simplest model of turbulent flows is the model of “symmetric” turbulence, namely, homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT). The presence of particles with non-uniform distribution of their concentration in the turbulent flow, even under HIT conditions, can lead to redistribution of different components of fluctuation velocities of the carrier gas, i.e., to the appearance of asymmetry. The subject of the review is turbulent flows of gas with solid particles. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the back influence of particles on carrier gas characteristics (first of all, on the turbulent kinetic energy). A review of the results of experimental and computational-theoretical studies of the effect of the presence of the dispersed phase in the form of particles on the parameters of the turbulent flow of the carrier gas phase has been carried out. The main physical mechanisms and dimensionless criteria determining the direction and magnitude of the impact of particles of different inertia on the carrier gas phase turbulence energy are described and analyzed. The peculiarities of the influence of particles on the turbulence energy of the gas for different classes of flows: homogeneous isotropic turbulence, homogeneous shear flow, and wall turbulence in a pipe (channel) have been considered. For the near-wall flow in the pipe, it is shown that the turbulizing effect of extremely low-inertia particles of sub-micrometer size (nanoparticles) is replaced by the laminarizing effect of low-inertia particles of micrometer size (microparticles), and then again it is replaced by turbulizing due to additional generation of turbulence in the wakes of large particles of millimeter size (macroparticles). The review is intended to some extent to fill in the currently existing gap associated with the absence of dimensionless criteria (or complexes of physical parameters) responsible for the direction (attenuation or enhancement) of turbulence modification, and the value of this change. Possible directions for further researches are given in the conclusion of the review.
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Lazarian, A., G. Eyink, E. Vishniac, and G. Kowal. "Turbulent reconnection and its implications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2041 (May 13, 2015): 20140144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0144.
Full textAbstract:
Magnetic reconnection is a process of magnetic field topology change, which is one of the most fundamental processes happening in magnetized plasmas. In most astrophysical environments, the Reynolds numbers corresponding to plasma flows are large and therefore the transition to turbulence is inevitable. This turbulence, which can be pre-existing or driven by magnetic reconnection itself, must be taken into account for any theory of magnetic reconnection that attempts to describe the process in the aforementioned environments. This necessity is obvious as three-dimensional high-resolution numerical simulations show the transition to the turbulence state of initially laminar reconnecting magnetic fields. We discuss ideas of how turbulence can modify reconnection with the focus on the Lazarian & Vishniac (Lazarian & Vishniac 1999 Astrophys. J. 517, 700–718 ()) reconnection model. We present numerical evidence supporting the model and demonstrate that it is closely connected to the experimentally proven concept of Richardson dispersion/diffusion as well as to more recent advances in understanding of the Lagrangian dynamics of magnetized fluids. We point out that the generalized Ohm's law that accounts for turbulent motion predicts the subdominance of the microphysical plasma effects for reconnection for realistically turbulent media. We show that one of the most dramatic consequences of turbulence is the violation of the generally accepted notion of magnetic flux freezing. This notion is a cornerstone of most theories dealing with magnetized plasmas, and therefore its change induces fundamental shifts in accepted paradigms, for instance, turbulent reconnection entails reconnection diffusion process that is essential for understanding star formation. We argue that at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers the process of tearing reconnection should transfer to turbulent reconnection. We discuss flares that are predicted by turbulent reconnection and relate this process to solar flares and γ-ray bursts. With reference to experiments, we analyse solar observations in situ as measurements in the solar wind or heliospheric current sheet and show the correspondence of data with turbulent reconnection predictions. Finally, we discuss first-order Fermi acceleration of particles that is a natural consequence of the turbulent reconnection.