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Gerbi, Gregory Peter. "Observations of turbulent fluxes and turbulence dynamics in the ocean surface boundary layer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45778.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-119).
This study presents observations of turbulence dynamics made during the low winds portion of the Coupled Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Transfer experiment (CBLAST-Low). Observations were made of turbulent fluxes, turbulent kinetic energy, and the length scales of flux-carrying and energy-containing eddies in the ocean surface boundary layer. A new technique was developed to separate wave and turbulent motions spectrally, using ideas for turbulence spectra that were developed in the study of the bottom boundary layer of the atmosphere. The observations of turbulent fluxes allowed the closing of heat and momentum budgets across the air-sea interface. The observations also show that flux-carrying eddies are similar in size to those expected in rigid-boundary turbulence, but that energy-containing eddies are smaller than those in rigid-boundary turbulence. This suggests that the relationship between turbulent kinetic energy, depth, and turbulent diffusivity are different in the ocean surface boundary layer than in rigid-boundary turbulence. The observations confirm previous speculation that surface wave breaking provides a surface source of turbulent kinetic energy that is transported to depth where it dissipates. A model that includes the effects of shear production, wave breaking and dissipation is able to reproduce the enhancement of turbulent kinetic energy near the wavy ocean surface. However, because of the different length scale relations in the ocean surface boundary layer, the empirical constants in the energy model are different from the values that are used to model rigid-boundary turbulence. The ocean surface boundary layer is observed to have small but finite temperature gradients that are related to the boundary fluxes of heat and momentum, as assumed by closure models. However, the turbulent diffusivity of heat in the surface boundary layer is larger than predicted by rigid-boundary closure models. Including the combined effects of wave breaking, stress, and buoyancy forcing allows a closure model to predict the turbulent diffusivity for heat in the ocean surface boundary layer.
by Gregory Peter Gerbi.
Ph.D.
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Dupland, Laure. "Modélisation de la turbulence thermique : modèles algébriques pour la prévision des flux de chaleur turbulents." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ESAE0023.
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Cette thèse traite des modèles thermiques algébriques explicites EAHFM pour la prévision des flux de chaleur turbulents. Moyennant une condition d’équilibre local de la turbulence, l’équation de transport de ces derniers se simplifie en une relation algébrique, s'affranchissant de l'hypothèse de nombre de Prandtl turbulent constant. Le flux de chaleur résultant est alors désaligné du gradient de température moyenne, palliant ainsi les défauts des modèles à diffusivité turbulente. L'expression du flux de chaleur turbulent dépendant des quatre échelles de la turbulence dynamique et thermique (k, ε, k[indice ϑ] et ε[indice ϑ]), la résolution de leur équation de transport est requise. Toutefois, en supposant constant le rapport r des temps caractéristiques de la turbulence, on s’exempte de la résolution des deux équations de transport thermiques. Des contraintes sur les constantes du modèle ont été développées de manière à satisfaire certains comportements physiques de base : écoulements homogènes et couche limite soumise ou non à un gradient de pression adverse. Un jeu de constantes a pu être obtenu dans chacune des deux approches (hypothèse sur r constant ou non). Un modèle de paroi a été développé de sorte que les composantes du flux de chaleur s’amortissent correctement au voisinage d’une paroi. Le modèle ainsi obtenu a été dans un premier temps appliqué aux écoulements de similitude, puis sa version simplifiée en association avec le modèle à deux équations k-kL en formulation EARSM a été implantée dans le code Navier-Stokes elsA de l'ONERA pour être validée sur les écoulements de plaque plane chauffée, de jet débouchant et de jet impactant une paroi chauffée.
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Brol, Keila Belquiz. "Modelagem e análise de selos de fluxo aplicados a máquinas rotativas." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263055.
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Orientador: Katia Lucchesi CavalcaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T18:45:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brol_KeilaBelquiz_M.pdf: 7087689 bytes, checksum: b81e96d33b1146da143fae0859da2363 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: O desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos que visam simular as características operacionais das máquinas rotativas é importante para representar uma variedade de fenômenos expressivos que se manifestam durante a operação, para tanto é necessário a modelagem dos componentes que caracterizam o comportamento dinâmico do sistema. Este trabalho tem por objetivo determinar os parâmetros físicos que integram os selos de fluxo de folga fixa e angular ao modelo global de sistemas rotativos. As rigidezes e os amortecimentos são obtidos através da solução de equações governantes para líquidos escoando em selos anulares pelo método clássico das perturbações de ordem máxima um e a solução da ordem zero permite demonstrar a variação da pressão e velocidade para as equações de ordem zero. Os resultados obtidos foram validados com os valores apresentados pela literatura. O resultado deste trabalho poderá ser aplicado na modelagem global de uma máquina rotativa, de modo a tornar a análise mais completa do conjunto girante
Abstract: The development of mathematical models designed to simulate operational characteristics is important to represent a wide variety of expressive phenomena that manifest during the operation, and therefore it is necessary the components modeling that characterize the system dynamic behavior. This study aims to determine the physical parameters that influence the flow seals to fixed angles and variables in the global rotating systems model. The stiffness and damping are obtained by solving the governing equations for fluid flowing in the annular seals using the classic perturbation method of maximal order one. The zero-order solution allows to demonstrate the pressure and speed variation to zero order. The results were validated with the similar tests reported in the literature. This work results are eligible to be applied to model a global rotating machine in order to make a more complete rotor analysis
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Salewski, Matthew. "Flux and dissipation of energy in the LET theory of turbulence." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4684.
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The first part of this thesis examines and compares the separate closure formalisms of Wyld and Martin, Siggia, and Rose (MSR). The simplicity of Wyld’s perturbation scheme is offset by an incorrect renormalisation, this contrasts with the formally exact analysis of MSR. The work here shows that a slight change in Wyld’s renormalisation keeps the main results intact and, in doing so, demonstrates that this formalism is equivalent to MSR. The remainder of the thesis is concerned with turbulent dissipation. A numerical solution of the Local Energy Transfer theory, or LET, is reworked and extended to compute decaying and forced turbulence at large Reynolds numbers. Using this numerical simulation, the phenomenon of turbulent dissipation is investigated. In order to use decaying turbulence to study the turbulent dissipation rate as a function of Reynolds number, it is necessary to choose an appropriate time with which a measurement can be taken. Using phenomenological arguments of the evolution of a turbulent fluid, criteria for establishing such a time are developed. An important study in turbulence is the dissipation rate in the limit of vanishing viscosity, also known as the dissipation anomaly. This thesis derives an equation for the dissipation rate from the spectral energy balance equation. Using the LET computation for both decaying and forced turbulence, results are obtained that can be used along with the equation to study the mechanisms behind the dissipation anomaly. It is found that there is a difference in the behaviour of the normalised dissipation rate between decaying and forced turbulence and, for both cases, it is largely controlled by the energy flux.
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Weng, Wensong. "Turbulent air flow and fluxes over low hills." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333317.
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Kaye, Nigel Gregory. "Interaction of turbulent plumes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323741.
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Thompson, Andrew F. "Eddy fluxes in baroclinic turbulence." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3225998.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 10, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-182).
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Mickett, John B. "Turbulent entrainment fluxes within the eastern Pacific warm pool /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11005.
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Bernard, Donald Edward. "Optimization of Turbulent Prandtl Number in Turbulent, Wall Bounded Flows." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/824.
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After nearly 50 years of development, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become an indispensable component of research, forecasting, design, prototyping and testing for a very broad spectrum of fields including geophysics, and most engineering fields (mechanical, aerospace, biomedical, chemical and civil engineering). The fastest and most affordable CFD approach, called Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes (RANS) can predict the drag around a car in just a few minutes of simulation. This feat is possible thanks to simplifying assumptions, semi-empirical models and empirical models that render the flow governing equations solvable at low computational costs. The fidelity of RANS model is good to excellent for the prediction of flow rate in pipes or ducts, drag, and lift of solid objects in Newtonian flows (e.g. air, water). RANS solutions for the prediction of scalar (e.g. temperature, pollutants, combustable chemical species) transport do not generally achieve the same level of fidelity. The main culprit is an assumption, called Reynolds analogy, which assumes analogy between the transport of momentum and scalar. This assumption is found to be somewhat valid in simple flows but fails for flows in complex geometries and/or in complex fluids.
This research explores optimization methods to improve upon existing RANS models for scalar transport. Using high fidelity direct numerical simulations (numerical solutions in time and space of the exact transport equations), the most common RANS model is a-priori tested and investigated for the transport of temperature (as a passive scalar) in a turbulent channel flow. This one constant model is then modified to improve the prediction of the temperature distribution profile and the wall heat flux. The resulting modifications provide insights in the model’s missing physics and opens new areas of investigation for the improvement of the modeling of turbulent scalar transport.
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Cambra, Rémi. "Etude des flux turbulents à l'interface air-mer à partir de données de la plateforme OCARINA." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV024/document.
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Les échanges de chaleur et de quantité de mouvement à l'interface-océan atmosphère jouent un rôle majeur dans la formation et la dynamique des masses d'air et d'eau. Malgré des décennies de recherche, nous avons encore besoin d'améliorer nos connaissances sur ces échanges, et plus spécifiquement nos connaissances sur les flux turbulents, qui sont des variables clés dans les modèles météorologiques et de climat. Dans ces modèles, les processus turbulents sont des processus sous-maille, non-résolus explicitement, ainsi les flux turbulents doivent être modélisés, au travers de paramétrisations, qui sont pour la plupart réalisées à partir de la théorie des similitudes de Monin-Obukhov [1954]. Cependant, d'une part, l'utilisation d'un modèle implique que les coefficients doivent être ajustés. D'autre part, le modèle lui-même peut demander des améliorations. Malheureusement, l'obtention d'estimations de flux avec une bonne précision est un gros défi, à cause des effets intrusifs de la plate-forme sur la mesure, de la précision limité des instruments et des capacités d'échantillonnages propres de chaque instrument.Notre étude porte sur l'estimation des flux turbulents en mer à partir de mesures réalisées avec la nouvelle plate-forme OCARINA (trimaran autonome) lors des campagnes STRASSE 2012 et AMOP 2014. Nous analysons les caractéristiques de la turbulence dans la couche limite de surface, nous estimons les flux turbulents par différentes méthodes, et nous comparons les valeurs des flux en fonction des conditions environnementales, en prenant en compte l'état de merExchanges of heat and momentum at the air-sea interface play a major role in the formation and the dynamics of water and air masses. In spite of decades of research, we still need to improve our knowledge of these exchanges, and more specifically our knowledge of turbulent fluxes, which are key variables in meteorological and climate models. In these models, sub-grid turbulent processes, thus turbulent fluxes also have to be modeled, which is mostly done with the Monin-Obukhov (1954, MOS hereafter) similarity theory. However, on the one hand, the use of a model implies that coefficients have to be adjusted. On the other hand, the model itself may require improvements. Unfortunately, obtaining flux estimates that have a good accuracy is a challenging effort, because of the intrusive effect of the platform, the limited accuracy the instruments, and because the instruments have their own sampling volume.Our study focuses on the estimation of turbulent fluxes at sea from measurements made with the new OCARINA platform (autonomous trimaran) during two campaigns : STRASSE 2012 and AMOP 2014. We analyze the characteristics of turbulence in the surface boundary layer, we estimate the turbulent fluxes by different methods, and compare the values of fluxes depending on environmental conditions, taking into account the sea state
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Phordoy, Jacques. "Influence d'une transpiration sur un écoulement turbulent en canal, mesure des flux de chaleur." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT108H.
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Les ecoulements de geofluides se caracterisent souvent par la presence de gradients de densite. Ces derniers jouent un role tres important car ils conditionnent les echanges turbulents de masse, de quantite de mouvement et d'energie entre la couche melangee de surface et le fond de l'ecoulement. La connaissance de ces processus necessite une investigation experimentale qui repose, entre autres, sur la mesure et l'analyse des flux turbulents de chaleur. C'est cette question qui fait l'objet du travail presente: l'etude a ete menee sur un ecoulement d'eau en canal ou les flux de chaleur ont ete produits par injection parietale, au travers d'une paroi poreuse en bronze fritte, l'eau injectee etant a temperature plus faible que celle de l'ecoulement principal. Dans un premier temps, la velocimetrie laser a ete validee en etudiant l'ecoulement etabli en canal sans transpiration. Dans un deuxieme temps, l'ecoulement en canal a ete perturbe par une injection parietale d'eau en regime isotherme. Cette etude de reference a permis de retrouver l'essentiel des resultats de la litterature et de montrer l'influence de la transpiration, aussi bien que les quantites moyennes que sur les caracteristiques turbulentes. Dans un troisieme temps, l'ecoulement principal a ete perturbe par une injection parietale avec flux de chaleur. Les flux turbulents ont ete mesures par l'association d'un anemometre a laser et d'un thermocouple. On observe une forte correlation fluctuations de vitesse longitudinale fluctuations de temperature. Enfin, des resultats numeriques sont presentes
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Litt, Maxime. "Etude de la couche de surface atmosphérique et des flux turbulents sur deux glaciers de montagne dans les Andes tropicales et les alpes Françaises." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU005/document.
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Nous étudions les flux turbulents de chaleur sensible et de chaleur latente, qui sont mal compris et mal mesurés sur les glaciers, à l'aide de campagnes de terrain déployées dans la zone d'ablation du glacier tropical du Zongo (16°S, Bolivie, 4900-6000 m) durant la saison sèche de l'hiver austral et sur le glacier alpin de Saint-Sorlin (Alpes Françaises, 45°N, 2600-3400 m) durant l'été boréal. Un mât de 6 m permettait la mesure des profils verticaux de vitesse de vent et de température de l'air et des mâts de 2 m comportaient des systèmes de covariances turbulentes (CT). Nous étudions l'évolution temporelle des flux turbulents et l'applicabilité de la méthode aérodynamique des profils en terrain complexe de montagne. Les hypothèses sont discutées via la caractérisation des régimes de vent et de la turbulence. Nous calculons ensuite les flux et les erreurs associées. Sur le Zongo, sous forçage synoptique faible, un écoulement catabatique s'installe de la fin d'après-midi jusqu'au matin, avec un maximum de vitesse de vent à environ 2 m de hauteur. Les forçages synoptiques forts s'alignent approximativement avec le glacier, provoquant un intense écoulement descendant, et dans ce cas nous n'observons pas de maximum de vitesse de vent. Souvent, autour de midi, des vents ascendants sont observés. Sur le glacier de Saint-Sorlin les forçages associés à des épisodes de Foehn ou à des dépressions se déplaçant depuis l'ouest, s'alignent approximativement avec le glacier, générant des vents forts descendants. Quand le forçage synoptique est modéré, un maximum de vitesse de vent est observé nuit et jour 50% du temps. Des vents ascendants sont observés 15% du temps, quand le forçage synoptique est faible. La couche de surface est perturbée par des tourbillons de couches externes sous vent fort, ou de lentes oscillations en écoulement catabatique. Ces perturbations influencent les flux turbulents. Les erreurs aléatoires sur la méthode des profils sont dues principalement à des incertitudes sur la température. L'erreur reste faible sur les flux moyens. La couche de surface est rarement plus épaisse que 2 m et la méthode des profils appliquée à l'aide des mesures plus obtenus plus haut sous-estime les flux de surface de 20% à 70% . Quand un maximum de vitesse de vent est observé, les flux sont sous-estimés même à 2 m. L'influence des perturbations de la couche de surface n'est pas capturée par la méthode des profils, et les flux sont environ 40% inférieurs à ceux mesurés par CT. Ces derniers sont affectés par d'importantes erreurs aléatoires, en raison d'un échantillonnage statistique insuffisant des grands tourbillons. La méthode sous-estime probablement les flux à cause d'une sous-estimation de la vitesse verticale (~15%) et de la divergence verticale des flux. Sur le glacier du Zongo, l'air de haute altitude est très sec et la sublimation (quelques mm d'eau par jour) est un important puits d'énergie à la surface. Le flux de chaleur sensible est un important gain d'énergie la nuit sous l'influence de vents forts (de 30 à 50 W m-2), car l'inversion de température est marquée. Quand un maximum de vitesse de vent est observé, les flux sont faibles (de 5 à 20 W m-2) car la vitesse du vent est faible. La somme des flux turbulents est faible dans ces deux cas car ils sont opposés et les biais se compensent. En vent ascendant, le flux de chaleur sensible est faible (<5 W m-2) car la stratification est neutre, mais le flux de chaleur latente reste important (de -25 à -35 W m-2), le flux net est donc important et les biais ne se compensent plus. Sur le glacier de Saint-Sorlin, le flux de chaleur latente est faible car l'air est humide, et le flux de chaleur sensible peut être intense (~25 W m-2) quand la vitesse du vent est élevée. Le flux net est fort par vent fort et les biais sur les flux calculés par la méthode des profils peuvent être élevésWe study turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat, that are a poorly-known and difficult term to measure over glaciers, with the help of two field campaigns deployed over the ablation zone of Zongo glacier (16°S, Bolivia, 4900-6000 m.a.s.l.) during the austral winter dry season and over the Saint-Sorlin glacier (French Alps, 45°N, 2600-3400 m.a.s.l.) during the boreal summer. A 6-m mast allowing for wind speed and air temperature vertical profile measurements was installed, along with 2-m masts holding eddy-covariance systems. The focus is on the temporal evolution of turbulent fluxes and the applicability of the aerodynamic profile method in the complex terrain of high mountains. The assumptions of the method are discussed by characterizing the wind regimes and the turbulence. We then compute fluxes and associated errors. Above Zongo glacier, under weak synoptic forcing, katabatic flows are observed from late afternoon to early morning, with a wind-speed maximum at around 2 m. Strong synoptic forcing roughly aligns with the glacier, leading to strong downslope flows for which no wind-speed maximum is observed. Most of the days around noon, upslope flows are observed. On Saint-Sorlin glacier in summer, flows associated with low-pressure systems coming from the west or Foehn events roughly align with the glacier, leading to strong downslope winds. Wind-speed maxima are observed night and day, ~50% of the time, when synoptic forcing is moderate. Upslope flows are observed 15% of the time, when synoptic forcing is weak. The surface layer is disturbed by outer-layer eddies in strong flows and by slow oscillations if katabatic flow prevails. These disturbances influence turbulent fluxes. Random errors on the fluxes derived from the profile method are mainly due to temperature uncertainties. Errors remain small on the mean fluxes. The surface layer is rarely deeper than 2 m on both glaciers and the profile method with measurements made above that height underestimates the surface fluxes by 20% to 70%. When a wind-speed maximum is observed, fluxes are underestimated even at 2 m. The influence on the fluxes of the surface-layer disturbances is not captured by the profile method, and fluxes are about 40% smaller than the eddy-covariance fluxes. The latter are affected by large random errors due to inadequate statistical sampling of large-scale eddies and are probably underestimated, mainly due to vertical wind speed underestimation (~15%) and to vertical flux divergence. Above Zongo glacier, due to the dry high-elevation air, sublimation (a few millimeters w. e. per day) is a large energy loss for the surface. Sensible heat flux is a large energy gain in strong nocturnal downslope flows (from 30 to 50 W m-2) and strong winds, due to a marked temperature inversion. When a wind-speed maximum is observed, low wind speeds cause small turbulent fluxes (from 5 to 20 W m-2). The sum of turbulent fluxes is small in those two cases because the fluxes are opposed in sign and the biases mostly compensate. In upslope flows, the sensible heat flux is small (<5 W m-2) due to near-neutral stratification, but latent heat losses remain large (around -25 to -35 W m-2), so that the net turbulent flux is large and the biases do not compensate. Above Saint-Sorlin glacier, the latent heat flux remains small because the air is generally humid, whereas the sensible heat flux can be large (~25 W m-2) when wind speed is high. The net flux is large when wind speed is high, and the biases on net turbulent fluxes derived from the profiles can be significant
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Román, Cascón Carlos. "Variability of turbulent fluxes (momentum, heat andCO2) during Upwelling conditions. A case study." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303975.
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Measurements of turbulent fluxes (momentum, sensible heat, latent heat and CO2) at two different heights were studied from data of a tower at Ostergarnsholm Island (Baltic Sea) during one week, while calculations using bulk formulations of fluxes were done with measurements in the tower and in two buoys moored at different locations. Different behaviors are found for the different fluxes. Measured latent heat flux shows higher correlation with calculations than measured sensible heat flux. For the CO2 flux, this relation was not found. Also all measured fluxes at the tower agree better with calculations when they are done under unstable conditions, meaning that the tower is better measuring the area where the measurements are taken in the buoys (near the tower). The studied period includes an upwelling and a high horizontal surface heterogeneity was found during most of the periods. It was seen using the comparison between calculated and measured fluxes and also using satellite images of the studied site. The footprint area is the area at some distance upwind from the tower where the surface conditions are influencing the measurements of the flux of some quantity at certain height in the tower, and this footprint area is continuously changing because its highly dependence with the stratification. Since during all the period the stratification was changing from slightly stable to slightly unstable conditions, the surface heterogeneity can also be seen in the variability of measured fluxes at different heights. One important conclusion in the study is that calculations of the fluxes using bulk formulations may not be useful when high variability of different parameters (as sea surface temperature and pCO2w ) is expected, as for example during upwelling situations and near coast, where the phytoplankton can significantly influence the concentration of CO2 at the surface. A wide study is done, including meteorological and oceanographic parameters, fluxes, comparisons, relations with parameters, transfer coefficients, dependences with the stratification and satellite images.Mätningar av flöden (impuls, värme, vattenånga och CO2) vid två olika höjder studerades med data från en mast på ön Östergarnsholm (i Östersjön) under en vecka, beräkningar av flödena gjordes med mätningar av atmosfäriska parametrar från samma mast samt data från två bojar på två olika platser. Man fann olika beteenden för de beräknade och uppmätta flödena. Direkt (sensibelt) värme visade högre korrelation mellan beräkningar och uppmätta sensibla värmeflöden . För CO2- flödet fann man inte detta samband. För alla flödena överensstämmer mätningarna bättre med beräknade flöden när de är gjorda under instabila förhållanden, vilket betyder att under dessa förhållanden representerar mätningarna i masten bättre området där bojarna är placerade. Den studerade perioden inkluderar en period med upvällning (upwelling) och en hög horisontell variabilitet i ytparametrar under den största delen av denna period. Detta visades genom jämförelser mellan de beräknade och de uppmätta flödena och även genom satellitmätningar. Det område uppvind masten där ytan påverkar flöden uppmätta i masten på en viss nivå kallas ”footprint area”, och denna footprint area förändras kontinuerligt på grund av det stora beroendet av skiktningen i atmosfären. Eftersom skiktningen under hela perioden förändrades från något stabilt till något instabilt, kan ytvariabiliteten även ses i variationen av uppmätta flöden på olika höjder. En viktig slutsats i studien är att beräkningar av flödena som görs med standardformler inte bör användas vid förhållanden med hög horisontell och vertikal variation av olika parameter (som havsytetemperatur och pCO2w), som till exempel under uppvällningssituationer och nära kusten, där phytoplankton markant kan påverka koncentrationen av CO2 vid ytan. Studien inkluderar meteorologiska, oceanografiska parametrar, flöden, samband med parametrar, överförings koefficienter, beroende av stabilitet och satellitbilder.
Flujos turbulentos (momento, calor sensible, calor latente y CO2) en 2 alturas diferentes fueron estudiadas usando medidas de una torre en la Isla de Östergarnsholm (Mar Báltico) durante una semana. Los flujos también fueron calculados usando formulaciones con medidas de la torre y de dos boyas ancladas en diferentes localizaciones. Diferentes características para los distintos flujos fueron encontradas. El flujo de calor latente muestra una relación más alta con los cálculos que el flujo de calor sensible. No se encontró esta relación para el flujo de CO2. También, todos los flujos medidos en la torre coinciden mejor con los flujos calculados cuando estos son hechos bajo condiciones de estratificación inestable, significando que la torre mide mejor el área donde son cogidas las medidas en las boyas (cerca de la torre). El periodo estudiado incluye un afloramiento costero y se encontró una alta heterogeneidad horizontal en la superficie del mar durante la mayoría de los periodos. Esto fue estudiado usando las comparaciones entre flujos calculados y medidos y también usando imágenes de satélite. El footprint area puede ser definido como el área a una distancia desde la torre hacia donde sopla el viento donde las condiciones de la superficie influyen las medidas del flujo de alguna cantidad en la torre, y este footprint area está continuamente cambiando debido a su alta dependencia con la estratificación. Durante todo el periodo la estratificación estuvo cambiando desde ligeramente estable a ligeramente inestable, y por ello la heterogeneidad de la superficie puede ser vista en la variabilidad de los flujos medidos a diferentes alturas. Una conclusión importante en este estudio es que los cálculos de los flujos usando formulaciones podrían no ser útiles cuando se espera una alta variabilidad de los diferentes parámetros (temperatura superficial del mar y pCO2w), como por ejemplo durante situaciones de afloramiento y también cerca de costa, donde el fitoplancton puede influenciar significativamente la concentración de CO2 en la superficie. Se presenta un amplio estudio, incluyendo parámetros meteorológicos y oceanográficos, comparaciones de flujos, relaciones con parámetros, coeficientes de transferencia, dependencias con la estratificación e imágenes de satélite.
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Vigneron, Rémi. "Effets de gradients de pression sur des couches limites turbulentes supersoniques : calcul à l'aide d'une modélisation algèbrique des flux turbulents (A.S.M.)." Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22003.
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La modelisation employee fait appel a deux equations supplementaires pour l'energie cinetique de la turbulence et son taux de dissipation. L'hypothese de fermeture relative aux tensions de frottement dues a la turbulence est de type "algebraic stress model". Comparaison des calculs avec les resultats experimentaux
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Vigneron, Rémi. "Effets de gradients de pression sur des couches limites turbulentes supersoniques calcul à l'aide d'une modélisation algébrique des flux turbulents (A.S.M.) /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376018135.
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Sahlée, Erik. "The Influence of Waves on the Heat Exchange over Sea." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302874.
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The main focus of this study is the influence of waves on the heat transfer over sea. In particular, the bulk transfer coefficient CH (the Stanton number), has been investigated for possible wave influence. Measurements from the site Östergarnsholm in the Baltic Sea have been used. The site has a large sector with undisturbed over water fetch. Data during the period 1995-1999 have been used. It is shown that CH behaves differently as it approach z/L=0 from the unstable side depending on the wave state. During growing sea, CH makes a rapid drop as it passes over neutrality, strikingly different from swell conditions where CH makes a much ’smoother’ transition. This difference is also shown to exist for the kinematic heat flux. Based on the definition of CH, it is suggested that one of the reasons of CH’s different behaviour for different stratification and wave state, is ought to be sought in the kinematic heat flux itself. A comparison of the w,θ cospectra during growing sea and swell conditions, showed differences. For growing sea, the larger size eddies dominates the heat flux during unstable conditions. There is no significant difference in peak frequency for different grade of instability. The swell cases showed a more inconsistent behaviour as it approached neutrality, with the peak frequency shifting for different stability ranges. The correlation coefficient between u, the longitudinal wind component, and w, the vertical wind component, Ru,w is also investigated in this study. It is shown that Ru,w is exposed to some wave influence. A comparison of Ru,w as a function of wave age, for neutral and non-neutral stratification is made. For swell cases and non-neutral stratification Ru,w makes a rapid drop and assumes values close to zero. This is not seen for the neutral cases although there is a slight decrease. It is concluded that a certain amount of positive heat flux and inactive turbulence is needed to see this drop in the correlation coefficient.Sammanfattning av ”Våginflytandet på värmeutbytet över hav” Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det existerar ett våginflytande för värmeutbytet över hav och speciellt eventuellt våginflytande på utbyteskoefficienten CH (Stantons tal). Mätdata från Östergarnsholm utanför Gotland har använts. Denna mätstation har en stor sektor i vilken vindens anloppssträcka ostört är påverkad av hav. Data från perioden 1995–1999 har använts. Stantons tal CH beter sig annorlunda vid övergången från instabil till stabil skiktning beroende på havsytans tillstånd. Vid uppbyggande sjö gör CH ett ’hopp’ då det passerar neutral skiktning. För dyning finns inte detta hopp utan övergången är mycket mjukare. Denna skillnad observeras också hos det turbulenta värmeflödet. Baserat på definitionen av CH föreslås det att dess olika beteende för olika skiktning och vågtillstånd finns att söka i beteendet hos det turbulenta värmeflödet. En jämförelse av cospektrat för vertikal vind, w, och potentiell temperatur, θ, visar att där finns olikheter mellan uppbyggande sjö och dyning. Under instabila förhållanden och uppbyggande sjö domineras värmeflödet av storskaliga virvlar. Det existerar ingen signifikant skillnad i maximal värdets frekvens för olika grad av instabilitet. Dyningsfallen visar ett mer varierat beteende med en maximalvärdes frekvens som skiftar för olika stabilitetsområden. I studien undersöks också korrelationskoefficienten mellan longitudinal vind u, och vertikal vind w, Ru,w. Det visas att Ru,w är utsatt för ett visst våginflytande. Ru,w som en funktion av vågålder jämförs för neutral och icke-neutral skiktning. För dyning och icke-neutral skiktning så faller Ru,w snabbt till små värden nära noll. Detta resultat skiljer sig för neutral skiktning där Ru,w bara gör en svag minskning. Slutsatsen är att det krävs en viss mängd positivt värmeflöde och inaktiv turbulens för att se det kraftiga avtagandet hos korrelationskoefficienten.
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Tullis, Stephen William. "Large eddy simulation of scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620081.
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Lennartsson, Linda. "Influence of fog on stratification and turbulent fluxes over the ocean." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303768.
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In this thesis a case of advection fog over the Baltic Sea is studied. The period examined is from June 5th to 7th 1995. Data is taken from the instrumented mast, situated on the island Östergarnsholm, a small and flat island without trees outside of Gotland. From the measurements among others the heat flux, relative humidity and temperature are analyzed. In the evening June 5th 1995 the fog is advected in over Östergarnsholm. This can both be seen from the increasing relative humidity and the decreasing temperature. Before the fog arrived the boundary layer was stably stratified. This stratification quickly changed to neutral as the fog reaches Östergarnsholm. After careful evaluation the neutral stratification is shown not to be neutral at all. The stratification closest to the ground up to 15 meters is unstable and above the stratification is stable. From this the conclusion is made that the fog is low only 15 meters high during this period. At noon June 6th the air temperature decreases dramatically below the sea surface temperature at the same time as the relative humidity increases up to 100%. The fog is now thick enough to have most of the outgoing radiation coming from the top, which decreases the temperature a few degrees. As the stability is investigated it shows unstable stratification up to the highest level (28 meters). The assumption is made that the fog is at least 30 meters deep. Also the normalized standard deviations for temperature and vertical velocity are examined to find out if they behave as the variation in the undisturbed boundary layer.2Sammanfattning av ”Påverkan av dimma på skiktningen och turbulenta flöden över hav” I detta arbete studeras ett fall av advektions dimma över Östersjön. Perioden undersökt är från den 5 till den 7 juni 1995. Mätmasten står på ön Östergarnsholm, en liten och låg ö utan träd utanför Gotland. Ur mätningarna fås bl.a. värmeflödet, relativa fuktigheten och temperaturen. På kvällen den 5 juni 1995 advekteras dimman in över Östergarnsholm. Detta ses både från att relativa fuktigheten stiger och att temperaturen sjunker. Innan dimman anlände var gränsskiktet stabilt skiktat. Denna skiktning ändrades snabbt till neutral då dimman når fram. Denna till synes neutrala skiktning visade sig efter noggrannare undersökning att inte alls vara neutral. Skiktet närmast marken upp till 15 meters höjd visade sig vara instabilt och däröver var det stabilt. Utifrån detta dras slutsatsen att dimman är låg endast 15 meter hög under denna period. Vid 12 tiden på dagen den 6 juni sjunker lufttemperaturen dramatiskt under ytvatten temperaturen samtidigt som relativa fuktigheten stiger upp till 100 %. Dimman är nu så pass tjock att den största delen av utstrålningen sker ifrån toppen vilket sänker luft temperaturen flera grader. Då stabiliteten undersöks visar den sig vara instabil skiktad ända upp till högsta mät nivån (28 meter). Antagandet görs att dimman är minst 30 meter djup. Även normaliserad standard avvikelse för temperaturen och den vertikala hastigheten undersöks för att ta reda på om de uppvisar samma variation som i det ostörda gränsskiktet.
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Los, Sebastian Alexander. "Intermittent Turbulent Exchanges and Their Role in Vineyard Evapotranspiration." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7627.
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Vineyards are often grown in semi-arid climates, such as California’s central valley, where water resources can be limited. Summer weather conditions result in high water use by these plants. For wine grapes, a high-value commodity, there are known benefits to fruit quality in irrigating grapevines with slightly below optimum for the plant. Growers would like to be able to precisely irrigate without overusing water or overstressing the vines. This calls for improving ways to monitor vineyard water use by estimating the combined soil evaporation and plant transpiration known as evapotranspiration (ET). A computer model developed by the USDA called the Two-Source Energy Balance model (TSEB) can estimate ET through satellite or aircraft measurements of land surface temperature. The model has been successful for simple, uniform vegetation such as maize, soybeans, and grasslands. The ability of TSEB to estimate vineyard ET has been tested through a field experiment called the Grape Remote sensing, Atmospheric Profile,& Evapotranspiration eXperiment or GRAPEX.
Water is primarily transported away from the ground and plants by turbulent swirls in the wind. Models such as TSEB assume these swirls occur in a consistent manner over a few minutes to hours. Yet, interactions between the wind, the complex vineyard canopy, and heating near the ground can cause them to be episodic or intermittent. There are questions of if and how intermittent water vapor transport might happen in vineyards, and whether the TSEB model will still estimate ET well in such cases. In this study wind, humidity, air temperature, and surface temperatures are used to examine when intermittent behavior occurs, how it affects ET from the vineyard canopy, and how TSEB performs for intermittent versus more steady conditions. Results show that intermittent turbulence significantly alters the microclimate in the vineyard canopy compared to more ideal, steady behavior. The TSEB model was successful but showed reduced ability to estimate ET during times of intermittent behavior. The knowledge gained is an important step toward using TSEB as a powerful tool for sustainable water management, not only in vineyards, but other cash crops with complicated canopies such as orchards, as well as natural ecosystems.
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Maboni, Cristiano. "Fluxo de metano na atmosfera sobre uma cultura de arroz irrigado por inundação no sul do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9265.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe rice paddy is responsible for 12-16% of the anthropogenic emission of CH4 in the world. Brazil is one of most important rice paddy producer. The goal of this study is to understand the dynamics of methane exchange between rice paddy and the atmosphere in the south of Brazil. Two estimation techniques are used: eddy covariance and soil chamber. Data were obtained in a rice paddy farm in Cachoeira do Sul municipality. The total emission of methane in 2015-2016 rice paddy growing season (November 14, 2015 to April 16 2016) was 35.7 gCH4m−2. The solar radiation is the weather forcing that showed a higher correlation with methane emissions.
A produção de arroz irrigado por inundação é responsável por 12-26% de toda a emissão antropogênica de CH4 do mundo. O Brasil é um dos principais produtores de arroz irrigado por inundação. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender a dinâmica das trocas de metano entre o arroz irrigado por alagamento e a atmosfera no sul do Brasil. São utilizadas duas técnicas de estimativa de fluxos superficiais: Eddy Covariance e câmara de solo. Os dados foram obtidos sobre uma lavoura de arroz irrigado por inundação no município de Cachoeira do Sul. A emissão total de metano no arroz irrigado na safra de 2015-2016 (14 de novembro de 2015 a 16 de abril de 2016) foi de 35,7 gCH4m��2. A radiação solar é o forçante meteorológico que mostrou maior correlação com o fluxo de metano.
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Johnson, Joseph C. "Turbulent heat flux measurements over the Greenland, Norwegian and Barents Seas." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA294129.
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Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology and Physical Oceanography) Naval Postgraduate School, March 1995.Thesis advisor(s): Peter S. Guest, Roland W. Garwood. "March 1995." Bibliography: p. 81-82. Also available online.
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Swisher, Stacey Elaine. "Time-resolved heat flux measurements of the turbulent junction vortex system." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10312009-020052/.
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Lowe, Steven J. "A parametric study of the momentum flux at the air-sea interface." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06102009-063110/.
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Daris, Thomas. "Étude des modèles de turbulence à quatre équations de transport pour la prévision des écoulements turbulents faiblement chauffés." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ESAE0017.
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Cette thèse traite des modèles de turbulence à quatre équations de transport pour la prévision des flux de chaleur turbulents. Des modèles du type k ‒ ψ, k[indice ϑ] ‒ ψ[indice ϑ] sont considérés (ψ = k[indice a]ε[indice b] et ψ[indice ϑ] = k[exposant p, indice ϑ]ε[exposant q, indice ϑ]). Des contraintes ont été développées sur les constantes du modèle de manière à satisfaire certains comportements physiques de base : écoulements isotropes, homogènes cisaillés, de couche limite soumise ou non à un gradient de pression et de similitude. Une étude des modèles existants dans la littérature a montré qu'ils sont incapables de satisfaire toutes les contraintes, justifiant le développement d'un nouveau modèle. Un modèle de la forme k ‒ kL, k[indice ϑ] ‒ k[indice ϑ]L[indice ϑ] a été développé. Les constantes du modèle ont été fixées d'après les contraintes déjà définies. Le modèle complet a d'abord été appliqué sur les écoulements de similitude. Des tests du modèle dynamique k ‒ kL effectués avec le code elsA ont montré les excellentes performances du modèle qui s'est avéré meilleur que la plupart des modèles existants.
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Galera, Larissa 1990. "Análise da influência das características geométricas de selos de fluxo aplicados a rotores." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263035.
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Orientador: Katia Lucchesi Cavalca DediniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:13:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galera_Larissa_M.pdf: 7841610 bytes, checksum: b4caff2b3c8de6cf54d4ef086fd47585 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: A análise dinâmica de rotores visa prever o comportamento e identificar desvios caracterizados por meio das respostas dinâmicas do conjunto, fornecendo indicadores de mau funcionamento ou diagnóstico de falhas, e minimizando os riscos de paradas imprevistas no sistema. O estudo dinâmico de máquinas rotativas deve ser realizado considerando a interação entre os componentes envolvidos na sua construção, como por exemplo, rotores, eixos, mancais, selos de fluxo e estruturas de suporte. Os selos de fluxo causam forças de reação que podem ser representadas por coeficientes dinâmicos. Este componente é o principal responsável por diferenças entre um modelo usando apenas eixo-mancal e a vibração real do sistema, como por exemplo, em bombas centrífugas. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho tem por objetivo a determinação dos coeficientes dinâmicos de três tipos de selos planos, sendo eles: cilíndrico, cônico e escalonado, os quais serão integrados ao modelo global de sistemas rotativos, de modo a tornar a análise do conjunto girante mais completa. A análise dos selos de fluxo será realizada utilizando o método de volumes finitos para determinar a distribuição de velocidade circunferencial e de pressão ao longo do selo, que caracterizam as forças de reação. Estas, por sua vez, podem ser representadas em coeficientes de rigidez, amortecimento e inércia. Além disso, será verificada a influência de diversos parâmetros geométricos e operacionais nestes coeficientes. A inserção dos coeficientes dinâmicos dos selos planos e a análise do conjunto girante, a partir do pacote computacional Rotortest®, permitirá verificar a influência desses tipos de selos no sistema rotativo, analisando como este elemento modifica as características do conjunto e como acopla o eixo à fundação
Abstract: The dynamic analysis of rotors aims to predict its behavior and identify deviations characterized by the dynamic response of the set, providing malfunction indications or failure diagnosis, and minimizing the risk of having unexpected halts on the system. The dynamic study of rotating machines must be conducted by taking in account the interactions between the components involved in its construction, such as rotors, shafts, bearings, fluid seals, and support structures. The fluid seals cause reaction-forces, which can be represented for dynamic coefficients. This component is mainly responsible for the differences between a model using only a rotor-bearing and the actual vibration of the set, for example in centrifugal pumps. In this context, this work aims the determination of the dynamic coefficients of three types of plain seals, namely: straight, tapered, and stepped seals, which will be integrated with the global model of rotating systems, in order to make the analysis of the rotating set more complete. The fluid seals analysis will be accomplished through the finite volume method in order to determine the circumferential velocity and pressure distribution along the seal, which characterizes the reaction forces. Those can be, in turn, represented by stiffness, damping, and inertia coefficients. Besides, it will be verified the influence of several geometric and operational parameters on these coefficients. The insertion of the dynamic coefficients of plain seals and the analysis of the rotating set in the computational package Rotortest®, will verify the influence of these seals on the rotating system, analyzing how this element modify the set's characteristics and the coupling of the shaft to the foundation
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica
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Rizzo, Luciana Varanda. "\"Os fluxos turbulentos de partículas e de compostos orgânicos voláteis, e a distribuição vertical de aerossóis na baixa troposfera da Amazônia\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-28032007-165933/.
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A Amazônia constitui um ecossistema complexo, no qual a biosfera e a atmosfera estão intrinsecamente relacionadas. Às fontes biogênicas naturais somam-se emissões de queimadas, que alteram significativamente as características da população de aerossóis, e que afetam processos importantes no funcionamento do ecossistema. O presente trabalho integra observações de propriedades físicas de aerossóis na Amazônia sob diferentes condições: i) o transporte turbulento de partículas entre o dossel e a camada limite (experimento LBA/ZF2-2004); ii) a evolução de propriedades de aerossóis de queimada durante o transporte entre a camada limite e a troposfera livre (experimento LBA/SMOCC-2002). Medidas de fluxos por vórtices turbulentos foram realizadas em uma torre situada na Reserva Biológica de Cuieiras (AM), sendo que o valor médio obtido para o fluxo de partículas foi de 0,05 106 m-2 s-1, indicando um fluxo líquido próximo de zero. Durante o dia predominou a emissão de partículas, enquanto que à noite a deposição foi o processo dominante. Alguns eventos foram associados à variabilidade dos fluxos de partículas, tais como: gradientes verticais ascendentes de concentração de partículas grossas contendo fósforo e potássio durante a noite; e eventos de súbito aumento da concentração de partículas finas também durante a noite. Esses eventos podem estar relacionados a emissões biogênicas. Fluxos de isopreno e monoterpenos (precursores de aerossóis orgânicos secundários) atingiram, respectivamente, valores máximos de 7,4 e 0,82 ?gC/m2/h em torno do meio-dia, sem associação direta com os fluxos de aerossóis. Não foram observados eventos claros de nucleação de novas partículas. A distribuição vertical dos aerossóis da baixa troposfera foi estudada a partir da compilação de 31 vôos realizados sobre áreas impactadas em Rondônia, e também sobre áreas relativamente limpas na Amazônia Ocidental. Nas regiões impactadas, a concentração de partículas decaiu a uma taxa média de 800 partículas/cm3/km na troposfera livre. Perfis verticais mostraram que os aerossóis de queimada tendem a acumular-se no topo da camada limite, com possíveis implicações óticas para a superfície. Nos sítios impactados, observou-se um aumento do diâmetro médio das partículas, da eficiência de espalhamento e da eficiência de ativação de NCN na troposfera livre, possivelmente causados por processamento dos aerossóis no interior de nuvens. Por outro lado, nas localidades de floresta não-impactada as propriedades medidas na camada limite e na troposfera livre apresentaram valores similares. Dessa maneira, foram caracterizados os dois tipos de partículas existentes na Amazônia: as partículas de queimada e as partículas naturais biogênicas. Os resultados mostraram que o processo de envelhecimento de partículas de queimada influenciou significativamente as propriedades físicas da população de aerossóis. Quanto às partículas biogênicas, ainda permanecem desconhecidos os mecanismos biofísicos que governam os processos de emissão e deposição, sendo necessária a realização de novos experimentos em longo prazo.The Amazon tropical forest constitutes a complex ecosystem, in which the biosphere and the atmosphere are intrinsically related. To the natural biogenic sources, biomass burning emissions are summed up, changing significantly some aerosol characteristics, which in turn may affect important processes in the ecosystem. This work integrates observations of aerosol physical properties in Amazonia under two different conditions: i) turbulent transport between the forest canopy and the atmosphere (LBA/ZF2-2004 experiment); ii) evolution of biomass burning aerosol properties along the transport from the surface to the lower free troposphere (LBA/SMOCC-2202 experiment). Turbulent flux measurements were performed by eddy covariance in a tower at the Reserva Biológica de Cuieiras (AM), with an average particle flux of 0,05 106 m-2 s-1, denoting a net flux close to zero. During the day, particle emission was the predominant process, while the deposition dominated at night. Some events were associated to particle flux variability, such as: ascendant vertical gradients of coarse particles containing phosphorus and potassium at night; and events of abrupt increase in fine particles concentration also at night. Those events can be related to biogenic emissions. Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes (secondary organic aerosols precursors) reached, respectively, maximum values of 7.4 and 0.82 ?gC/m2/h around noon, without any apparent association with aerosol fluxes. Also, no clear events of nucleation were observed during the experiment. The aerosol vertical distribution were achieved from the compilation of 31 flights over impacted areas in Rondonia, and also over relatively clean areas on Western Amazon. Over the impacted areas, particle concentrations diminished with an average tax of 800 particles/cm3/km at the free troposphere. Vertical profiles showed that biomass burning aerosols have a tendency to accumulate at the top of the boundary layer, with possible optical implications at surface. Over impacted areas, an increase on particle average diameters, as well as on scattering and CCN activation efficiencies were observed at the free troposphere, possibly due to in cloud aerosol processes. Otherwise, over clean forest areas no significant differences on aerosol properties were observed inside the boundary layer and at the free troposphere. In this way, the two types of Amazonian aerosol particles were characterized in this work: biomass burning and natural biogenic particles. Results showed that biomass burning aging process affected significantly some physical properties of the aerosol population. As for biogenic particles, the biophysical mechanisms that govern their emission and deposition processed are still unclear, so that long range particle flux experiments are required for a better understanding of this issue.
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Santos, Daniel Michelon dos. "VARIAÇÃO SAZONAL DA ACUMULAÇÃO E FLUXO NOTURNOS DE ESCALARES EM UMA PASTAGEM NA REGIÃO AMAZÔNICA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10257.
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Carbon dioxide and Radon nocturnal vertical accumulations over a pasture site at the Amazon region are investigated. The site is characterized by a strong thermal stability along the night, which is responsible for suppressing a good portion of the local turbulent mixing. Therefore, it is problematic to use techniques such as the eddy covariance for estimating nocturnal turbulent fluxes. The analysis considers the seasonal variation of the averaged nocturnal profiles between the wet season, from January to June and the dry season, from July to December. Radon profiles are analyzed with the purpose of helping to understand the physical processes affecting CO2 profiles, by comparing them to an independent and inert scalar. The analysis also considers the prevailing nocturnal wind direction. Results indicate that there is a large difference between CO2 fluxes and vertical gradients from one season to the other. Nocturnal CO2 vertical gradients between the two uppermost levels at the micrometeorological tower are often positive, indicating that the concentration increases with height. Such inversions are rarely observed on the Radon profiles,
which follow the canonical form of a monotonical decrease with height. At the dry season, gradient inversions are more frequent and are, in general, associated to a
direction inversion of the turbulent vertical CO2 flux, indicating that there is a downward vertical transport of this scalar at the measurement level. It causes flux
convergence and an intense accumulation just above the surface. A cospectral analysis shows that such downward transport happens on the largest temporal scales of the motion, suggesting that it is associated to exchange between the surrounding forest and the pasture, in the form of mesoscale fluxes. Seasonally averaged behavior is well defined and uniform along the night, but case studies show that the processes are dominated by specific intense events. Radon fluxes measured during experimental field campaigns are used to estimate CO2 fluxes from the
relationship between the vertical gradients of both scalars on six nights, three on each season. The comparison to the eddy covariance fluxes is satisfactory during the wet season, but poor during the dry season and the motives for that are discussed.As acumulações verticais noturnas de dióxido de Carbono e de Radônio são investigadas em um sítio de pastagem na região Amazônica. Este sítio é caracterizado por forte estabilidade térmica durante a noite, que suprime uma boa porção da mistura turbulenta local, de forma que técnicas como a covariância dos vórtices apresentam dificuldades para a estimativa de fluxos turbulentos noturnos. A análise considera a variação sazonal dos perfis médios noturnos entre a estação úmida, de janeiro a junho e a seca, de julho a dezembro. Perfis de Radônio são analisados com o objetivo de se entender os processos que afetam os perfis de CO2 ao se comparar com um escalar independente e inerte. A análise também considera a direção do vento predominante durante a noite. Os resultados indicam que há uma grande diferença entre os fluxos e gradientes noturnos de CO2 entre as duas estações. Os gradientes verticais noturnos de CO2 entre os dois níveis mais altos da torre micrometeorológica freqüentemente são positivos, indicando aumento da concentração com a altura. Tais inversões são observadas com muito menos freqüência nos perfis de Radônio, que seguem a forma canônica de diminuição monotônica com a altura. Na estação seca as inversões de gradiente são mais freqüentes e estão, em geral, associadas à inversão da direção do fluxo vertical turbulento de CO2, indicando que no nível de medida há um transporte vertical para baixo deste escalar, o que proporciona convergência de fluxos e intensa acumulação junto à superfície. Uma análise coespectral mostra que este transporte para baixo ocorre nas maiores escalas temporais do movimento, sugerindo que esteja associado com transferências entre a floresta vizinha e a pastagem, na forma de fluxos de mesoescala. Os comportamentos médios sazonais são bem definidos, e uniformes ao longo da noite, mas estudos de caso mostram que estes processos são dominados por eventos específicos. Os fluxos de Radônio medidos em campanhas experimentais são utilizados para estimar os fluxos de CO2 através da relação entre os gradientes entre os dois escalares em seis noites, três em cada estação. A comparação com os fluxos determinados pela covariância dos vórtices é satisfatória na estação úmida, mas ruim na estação seca e os motivos são discutidos.
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Schmid, Hans Peter Emil. "Spatial scales of sensible heat flux variability : representativeness of flux measurements and surface layer structure over suburban terrain." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29385.
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The surface character of a suburban area is far from the uniform, smooth and flat planes over which current surface-layer theory is valid and where vertical eddy-fluxes can be assumed to be almost constant horizontally and vertically. The complexity of the surface introduces considerable variability into the atmosphere at small spatial scales. This variability is partly reduced and spatially-averaged by turbulent mixing but still leaves the concerns about the spatial representativeness of sensible heat flux measurements over a suburban area.
The spatial scales of sensible heat flux variability are discussed in terms of the distribution of surface temperature and roughness elements. It is shown that :
(1) an eddy-correlation measurement can be considered spatially representative, if its surface zone of influence (source area) is large enough to include a spatially representative sample of surface temperature and roughness elements.
(2) a quantitative measure of spatial representativeness can be estimated by use of the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the surface temperature and roughness element distributions (i.e. by the normalized integrated variance spectrum).
(3) the source area of an eddy correlation measurement may be evaluated by a numerical model based on a probability density function plume diffusion model. The source area model developed herein can also be used to estimate the relative influence of specific surface sources or sinks upon an eddy-flux measurement in the surface layer.
These concepts are tested in a suburban residential area in Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Remotely sensed surface temperatures and a digitized roughness element inventory are used as data-bases for the Fourier transforms to develop representativeness criteria for eddy-flux measurements. A set of sensible heat flux measurements at six sites and the corresponding source area calculations are used to formulate recommendations for the objective evaluation of the spatial representativeness of sensible heat flux measurements over a suburban area. The validity of the suggested evaluation methods is confirmed by the observations.
Internal boundary layer growth, estimated by the source area model, compares well with existing work. Some consequences of complex surfaces on the surface layer structure are briefly discussed.Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
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Eigenmann, Rafael Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Foken. "Free convection and turbulent fluxes over complex terrain / Rafael Eigenmann. Betreuer: Thomas Foken." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1059353326/34.
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Vendrame, Nadia. "Study of vegetation-atmosphere interactions over vineyards: CO2 fluxes and turbulent transport mechanics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425729.
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The study of vegetation‒atmosphere exchanges is today of great interest in order to understand and model plant responses to environmental conditions and their potential influence on global climate change. A special attention is usually given to carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and, in general, natural ecosystems such as forests received more attention. In the present work we investigated vegetation‒atmosphere interactions over vineyards, focusing on the annual carbon budget and turbulent transport processes driving exchanges of mass and energy.
Vineyard is a complex ecosystem with distributed sources/sinks of scalars (water vapour, carbon dioxide, heat), where vines and soil surface combine to give the overall flux of the canopy. In Northern Italy vineyard inter-row is often grassed, playing then an important role in the whole carbon budget. In this context, the partitioning of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) into soil and vine components deserves a special attention. We monitored vineyard NEE applying the eddy covariance (EC) method for three years, while soil CO2 flux measurements have been carried on using soil chambers (transparent and dark). In 2015, the annual carbon budget of the vineyard was about ‒ 80 g C m‒2 y‒1, however the largest part of carbon assimilation was due to grassed soil compartment (‒ 60 g C m‒2 y‒1). The interannual variability of seasonal carbon budget showed to be high and significantly affected by heat waves and drought spells in summer. During the growing season of 2014, characterized by plenty of rainfall, NEE reached its maximum value of about ‒ 250 g C m‒2.
The organization in rows of the vineyard determines a peculiar turbulent transport dynamics within the canopy. However, the morphological structure of the vineyard is greatly variable over the year, shifting from an empty canopy during vine dormancy to dense foliage in summer. We investigated the influence of foliage development on turbulence statistics deploying a vertical array of sonic anemometers. Turbulent flow showed to be greatly influenced by canopy structure. Without leaves, turbulent regime is typical of a rough‒wall boundary layer flow, whereas at full foliage development it assumes the features of a mixing‒layer flow, even if the inflection point at canopy top is weak, due to sparseness of the vineyard. Coherent structures involved in momentum transport and their temporal scales have been also investigated, showing the increasing importance of sweeps throughout the growing season. The average duration of dominating coherent structures was in the order of 6 ‒ 10 s and no clear influence by canopy structure evolution was detected.
The research demonstrated the importance of long‒term monitoring of vegetation‒atmosphere exchanges, and also the complexity of turbulent transport dynamics in the canopy space. However, only a thorough comprehension of this mechanics could lead to a solid interpretation of the role of vegetation in fundamental biogeochemical cycles.Lo studio delle interazioni tra vegetazione e atmosfera è oggi un tema di grande interesse nell’ottica di migliorare la comprensione della risposta delle piante alle variabili ambientali e la modellizzazione del loro ruolo nel cambiamento climatico globale. Particolare attenzione è di solito rivolta ai flussi di anidride carbonica (CO2) e, in genere, gli ecosistemi naturali come le foreste hanno ricevuto una maggiore attenzione. In questa ricerca sono state studiate le interazioni vegetatione-atmosfera su una coltura agraria importante per il bacino mediterraneo, quale il vigneto, focalizzandosi sul monitoraggio del bilancio annuale di carbonio e approfondendo lo studio della meccanica del trasporto turbulento che è alla base degli scambi di energia e materia. Il vigneto è un sistema complesso con diverse sorgenti e sink di scalari (vapore d’acqua, anidride carbonica, calore), in cui le due principali componenti, vite e suolo, compongono il flusso totale della canopy in un rapporto che varia nel corso dell’anno. Nei vigneti del Nord Italia, l’interfila è solitamente non lavorata e inerbita, giocando un ruolo importante nel bilancio del carbonio del sistema. In questo contesto, risulta cruciale la ripartizione dello scambio netto di CO2 dell’ecosistema (Net Ecosystem Exchange, NEE) nelle componenti suolo e vite. Nel corso di questa indagine, la NEE di un vigneto è stata monitorata per tre anni utilizzando la tecnica micrometeorologica dell’ eddy covariance (EC), mentre la misura dei flussi di CO2 al suolo è stata effettuata con camere (a cupola trasparente e oscura). Nel 2015, il bilancio annuale di carbonio del vigneto è stato di circa ‒ 80 g C m‒ 2 a‒ 1, dimostrando quindi la capacità di agire da sink, ma la maggior parte dell’assimilazione è risultata legata al suolo inerbito (‒ 60 g C m‒2 a‒1). In ogni caso, il sistema ha dimostrato un’elevata variabilità interannuale del bilancio del carbonio stagionale, in cui ondate di calore e periodi di siccità estivi hanno giocato un ruolo primario. Nella stagione 2014, caratterizzata da un regime di precipitazione abbondante, la NEE ha raggiunto il valore massimo di circa ‒ 250 g C m‒2. L’organizzazione del vigneto in filari determina una particolare dinamica del trasporto turbolento dentro canopy. Inoltre, la struttura morfologica del vigneto è altamente variabile durante il corso dell’anno, passando da una canopy praticamente vuota nel periodo di dormienza della vite a una situazione dove il fogliame è denso e concentrato nelle file al culmine della stagione vegetativa. L’influenza dello sviluppo della densità fogliare sulle statistiche della turbolenza è stato studiato installando un profilo verticale di anemometri ad ultrasuoni. Il flusso turbolento è risultato fortemente influenzato dalla struttura della canopy. Senza foglie, il regime turbolento è caratteristico di un flusso di parete, mentre con lo sviluppo completo del fogliame assume le proprietà tipiche di un flusso con mixing‒layer, sebbene il flesso al limite superiore della canopy sia poco accentuato, a causa della bassa densità fogliare del vigneto. Infine, è stata condotta un’analisi specifica delle strutture coerenti coinvolte nel trasporto di quantità di moto e sulle loro scale temporali. L’importanza di eventi discendenti che trasportano aria più veloce del flusso medio (sweeps) è aumentata nel corso della stagione. La durata media delle strutture coerenti dominanti è stato nell’ordine di 6 ‒ 10 s e, in questo caso, non è stata riscontrata nessuna chiara correlazione con lo sviluppo della struttura della canopy. Lo studio ha messo in evidenza l’importanza del monitoraggio a lungo termine degli scambi tra vegetazione e atmosfera, ma anche la complessità dei fenomeni di trasporto turbolento che li caratterizzano. Tuttavia, solo la piena comprensione della meccanica di questi processi può portare alla corretta interpretazione del ruolo della vegetazione nei cicli biogeochimici più fondamentali.
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Didorally, Sheddia. "Prévision des flux de chaleur turbulents et pariétaux par des simulations instationnaires pour des écoulements turbulents chauffés." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ESAE0015/document.
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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’amélioration des prévisions aérothermiques qui suscite l’intérêt croissant des industriels aéronautiques. Elle consiste à évaluer l’apport des méthodes URANS avancées de type SAS dans la prévision des flux de chaleur turbulents et pariétaux pour des écoulements turbulents chauffés. Elle vise aussi à situer ces approches par rapports aux modèles URANS classiques de type DRSM et hybrides RANS/LES comme la ZDES. Une extension de l’approche SAS à un modèle DRSM a d’abord été proposé afin d’obtenir une meilleure restitution des tensions de Reynolds résolues et modélisées. Ce modale SAS-DRSM a été implanté dans le code elsA de l’ONERA. Nous avons ensuite évalué les approches SAS disponibles avec ce code sur la prévention d’écoulements aérothermiques rencontrés sur avion dans un compartiment de moteur. Ces études ont montré que les approches SAS améliorent la représentation des écoulements par rapport aux modèles URANS classiques. Elles aboutissent à des écoulements fortement tridimensionnels avec de nombreuses structures turbulentes. Ces structures induisent un mélange turbulent accru et donc une meilleure prévision du flux de chaleur pariétal. De plus, nos travaux ont situé les approches de type SAS comme des méthodes plus précises que les méthodes URANS classiques sans augmentation importante du coût de calcul. Les modèles SAS ne résolvent pas les plus petites structures caractéristiques du mouvement turbulent par rapport à la ZDES qui montre des prévisions supérieures. Le modèle SAS-RDSM offre néanmoins la meilleur alternative de type SAS. Enfin, l’étude du flux de chaleur turbulent semble retrouver le fait que l’hypothèse classique de nombre de Prandtl turbulent constat n’est pas valable dans toutes les zones de l’écoulementThe improvement of aerothermal predictions is a major concern for aeronautic manufacturers. In line with this issue, SAS approaches are assessed on the prediction of wall and turbulent heat fluxes for heated-turbulent flows. This study also aims at evaluating these advanced URANS methods in regard to DRSM models and hybrid RANS/LES approaches as ZDES. Firstly, we proposed to combine the SAS approach and a DRSM model in order to better reproduce both resolved and modelled Reynolds stresses. This new model, called SAS-DRSM, was implemented in ONERA Navier-Strokes code elsA. Unsteady simulations of two heated turbulent flows encountered in an aircraft engine compartment were then performed to evaluate all the SAS models available in the code. These numerical studies demonstrated that SAS approaches improve prediction of the flows compared to classical URANS models. They lead to full 3D flows with many turbulent structures. These structures favour turbulent mixing and thus induce a better prediction of the wall heat fluxes. Moreover, the numerical simulations showed that SAS methods are more accurate than classical URANS models without increasing significantly calculation costs. SAS approaches are not able to resolve the smallest turbulent structures in relation to ZDES which provides better predictions. Finally, the investigation of the turbulent heat flux suggested that the constant turbulent Prendtl number assumption, that is characteristic of classical URANS models, may not be valid in some regions of the flow
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Furst, Jonathan Joseph. "An Investigation of Vertical Turbulent Transport Processes in Coastal Regions Using Tower Observations." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/814.
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High-resolution tower observations of turbulent transport processes in the coastal atmospheric surface layer show that the exchange coefficients for momentum, enthalpy, and moisture behave differently for different environmental and atmospheric conditions. The drag coefficient is closely tied to wind speed and turbulent intensity. The exchange coefficient for enthalpy shows a dependence on stability. Analysis of the turbulent kinetic energy budget yields a new parameterization framework that well explains the observed variation of the drag coefficient, particularly at low wind speeds.
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Said, Frédérique. "Etude expérimentale de la couche limite marine : structure turbulente et flux de la surface (expérience TOXANE-T)." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30022.
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Le travail presente est une etude experimentale des transferts turbulents de chaleur, humidite et quantite de mouvement dans la couche limite marine. La phase experimentale (experience toscane-t) s'est deroulee en mars 1985, au large de la baie d'audierne (finistere). Le principal vecteur utilise pour le travail presente est un avion instrumente pour la physique de l'atmosphere. Ce moyen a permis de determiner une topographie des caracteristiques turbulentes, sur une echelle horizontale de l'ordre de 50km sur 50km, et de calculer les flux par la methode des correlations. Les conditions experimentales rencontrees correspondent a des vents compris enre 3 et 12 metres par seconde et a des conditions d'instabilite caracterisees par des longueurs de monin obukhov negatives comprises entre 50 et 300 metres. La structure turbulente de la couche limite marine est presentee dans le cadre de la theorie de similitude. Les resultats obtenus sont en accord avec les donnees acquises en couche limite dynamique, marine ou continentale. Ils sont egalement compares aux caracteristiques turbulentes des couches limites convectives. La finalisation de cette etude est resumee au moyen d'une parametrisation des flux de surface. Celle-ci est utilisable dans les modeles de grande echelle et consiste a calculer les coefficients aerodynamiques. Dans les conditions experimentales de l'etude les valeurs obtenues sont les suivantes: 1. 8 10**(-3) pour la quantite de mouvement (cd::(10)); 1. 5 10**(-3) pour la chaleur sensible (ct::(10)); et 1. 5 10**(-3) pour la chaleur latente (cq::(10)); ces coefficients sont independants de l'echelle d'integration spatiale a laquelle ils ont ete determines (de 5 km sur 5 km a 50 km sur 50 km).
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BORGES, Camilla Kassar. "Estudo do comportamento dos fluxos de calor e massa no bioma caatinga na região semiárida da Paraíba." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1455.
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Capes
Ambientes áridos e semiáridos correspodem a 1/3 da superfície terrestre, nessas localidades a água é elemento importante e limitante para o crescimento da vegetação e produtividade de biomassa do ecossistema. A região semiárida no Brasil compreende em torno de 11,5% do território nacional, onde 76% desta foi originalmente composta pelo bioma Caatinga, tendo o déficit hídrico como característica marcante, média pluviométrica inferior a 800 mm e temperaturas elevadas de médias anuais variando entre 25oC e 30oC. Pesquisas sobre a dinâmica dos fluxos de massa e energia nesses ambientes não têm recebido tanta atenção, apesar de serem especialmente vulneráveis às alterações ambientais. E, técnicas como a de eddy covariance (EC) tem contribuído para estimar a magnitude e padrões das trocas turbulentas entre o ecossistema e a atmosfera. Neste estudo micrometeorológico, para uma área de Caatinga densa (CD) e outra de Caatinga rala (CR), pertencentes ao Instituto Nacional do Semiárido (INSA) em Campina Grande – PB, durantes os anos 2013 e 2014, observou-se que o albedo (α) e o saldo de radiação (Rn) foram mais intensos na CR em comparação a CD, pois a magnitude da radiação de onda curta incidente esteve mais elevada nessa área. Constatou-se que a maior parte da radiação líquida converteu-se em fluxo de calor sensível (H), principalmente durante o período seco na CR, seguida do fluxo de calor latente (LE) e bem menor partição em fluxo de calor no solo (G), em geral cerca de 50% para H e 20% para LE. Constatou-se através do fechamento do balanço de energia que os fluxos turbulentos (H+LE) foram subestimados em relação à energia disponível à superfície (Rn-G), sendo que na CD essa discrepância foi maior chegando a ser superiores a 30%. O ecossitema nos dois locais de estudo atuou como sumidouros de CO2, sequestrando mais de 700 gC/m2 e 550 gC/m2 para a CD e CR, respectivamente.
Arid and semi-arid environments correspond to 1/3 of the terrestrial surface, in these localities water is an important and limiting element for vegetation growth and ecosystem biomass productivity. The semiarid region in Brazil comprises around 11.5% of the national territory, where 76% of this was originally composed by the Caatinga biome, with water deficit as a striking feature, average rainfall less than 800 mm and high temperatures of annual averages ranging between 25oC and 30oC. Research on the dynamics of mass and energy fluxes in these environments have not received much attention, although they are especially vulnerable to environmental change. And, techniques such as eddy covariance (EC) have contributed to estimating the magnitude and patterns of turbulent exchanges between the ecosystem and the atmosphere. In this micrometeorological study, for an area of dense Caatinga (DC) and another of sparse Caatinga (SC) belonging to the National Institute of the Semiarid (INSA) in Campina Grande - PB, during the 2013 and 2014 years, it was observed that the albedo (α) and the net radiation (Rn) were more intense in the SC compared to DC, since the magnitude of incident short wave radiation was higher in this area. It was found that most of the net radiation it converted to sensible heat flux (H), mainly during the dry period in the SC, followed by the latent heat flux (LE) and much smaller partition in soil heat flux (G), usually about 50% for H and 20% for LE. Through the energy balance closure, it was verified that the turbulent fluxes (H + LE) were underestimated in relation to the available energy to the surface (Rn-G), being that in the DC this discrepancy was greater and reaching more than 30%. The ecosystem at the two study sites acted as CO2 sinks, sequestering more than 700 gC/m2 and 550 gC/m2 for DC and SC, respectively.
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Gengembre, Cyril. "Variabilité multi-échelles de la météorologie et des aérosols en situation littorale sous influence industrielle." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0489/document.
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Sur un site multi-influencé par des émissions urbaines et industrielles, l'analyse de la pollution aux aérosols, au voisinage des sources, requiert une connaissance multi-échelles de la dynamique atmosphérique. une campagne de mesure a été développée afin d'étudier la variabilité météorologique et micro-météorologique et l'évolution des particules, en particulier, submicroniques, sur une durée d'une année. Des oscillations de la concentration en aérosols, autour de la moyenne régionale, ont été identifiées le long du littoral dunkerquois, et attribuées aux phénomènes météorologiques locaux à proximité des industries. Des méthodes de reconnaissance et d'apprentissage supervisé, faisant appel aux mesures par anémomètre ultrasonique et aux profils verticaux du vent par lidar Doppler, ont été mises en œuvre pour établir la variabilité de phénomènes pertinents dans les événements de pollution de l'air : brise de mer, brouillard, front et tempête. L'analyse d'une base de données de six ans a permis de montrer que l’occurrence annuelle des brises de mer est corrélée à celle du nombre de journées anticycloniques. Par ailleurs, la fréquence annuelle des brouillards pourrait être liée à la concentration annuelle régionale en aérosols. L'analyse des covariances du vent a révélé deux situations contrastées, à faible et à fort flux turbulents. Le brouillard et la brise de mer, de faible flux, génèrent une pollution élevée aux PM₁, et sont le siège d'une forte concentration en aérosols organiques oxygénés (aérosols secondaires). Les situations à fort flux, favorisant les échanges verticaux, sont associées à une forte variabilité des sulfates particulaires. L'observation de longue durée a permis de mettre en évidence la construction d'épisodes de pollution particulaire, au cours de séquences de phénomènes météorologiques locaux, du fait des sources locales, mais aussi par incorporation de la pollution à plus grande échelleOn a site that is multi-influenced by urban and industrial emissions, the analysis of aerosol pollution, in the vicinity of sources, requires a multi-scale knowledge of atmospheric dynamics. A measurement campaign was developed in order to study the meteorological and micro-meteorological variability and the evolution of particles, in particular, submicronic evolution, during a one-year period.Oscillations of the aerosol concentration around the regional average were identified along the Dunkirk coastline, and were attributed to the local meteorological phenomena close to the industries. Recognition and machine learning methods using measurements by an ultrasonic anemometer and vertical wind profiles by a Doppler lidar, were implemented to define the variability of relevant phenomena in air pollution events : sea breeze, fog, front and storm. A six-years database analysis has highlighted a correlation between the annual sea breeze occurrence and the annual number of anticyclonic days. Furthermore, the annual fog frequency could be connected with the annual regional concentration of aerosols. Analysis of wind covariance revealed two contrasting situations, low-level and high-level turbulent fluxes. The fog and the sea breeze, with low-level fluxes, generate a high PM₁ pollution and are in favor of a high organic oxygenated aerosols concentration (secondary aerosols). High-level fluxes situations, favoring vertical exchanges, are associated with a large variability of sulfate aerosols. The long-term observation, made it possible to highlight the development of episodes of particulate pollution during local weather phenomena, owing to the local emissions, but also by taking into account the larger-scale pollution
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Sahlée, Erik. "Fluxes of Sensible and Latent Heat and Carbon Dioxide in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8184.
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Oceans cover about 70% of the earth’s surface. They are the largest source of the atmospheric water vapour and act as enormous heat reservoirs. Thus in order to predict the future weather and climate it is of great importance to understand the processes governing the exchange of water vapour and heat between the ocean and atmosphere. This exchange is to a large extent mediated by turbulent eddies. Current numerical climate and weather forecast models are unable to resolve the turbulence, which means that the turbulent exchange needs to be simplified by using parameterizations.
Tower based measurements at the Östergarnsholm Island in the Baltic Sea have been used to study the air-sea turbulent exchange of latent and sensible heat and the heat flux parameterizations. Although the measurements are made at an island, data obtained at this site is shown to represent open ocean conditions during most situations for winds coming from the east-south sector. It is found that during conditions with small air-sea temperature differences and wind speeds above 10 m s-1, the structure of the turbulence is re-organized. Drier and colder air from aloft is transported to the surface by detached eddies, which considerably enhance the turbulent heat fluxes. The fluxes where observed to be much larger than predicted by current state-of-the-art parameterizations. The turbulence regime during these conditions is termed the Unstable Very Close to Neutral Regime, the UVCN-regime.
The global increase of the latent and sensible heat fluxes due to the UVCN-regime is calculated to 2.4 W m-2 and 0.8 W m-2 respectively. This is comparable to the current increase of the radiative forcing due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, reported in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report (IPCC AR4). Thus the UVCN-effect could have a significant influence when predicting the future weather and climate.
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Lee, Hyunchang [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Dreizler, and Burak [Akademischer Betreuer] Atakan. "Thermographic PIV for Turbulent Flux Measurement / Hyunchang Lee. Betreuer: Andreas Dreizler ; Burak Atakan." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1112332898/34.
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Bateni, Sayed Mohyeddin. "Estimation of turbulent surface heat fluxes using sequences of remotely sensed land surface temperature." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66850.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 330-366).
Fluxes of heat and moisture at the land-surface play a significant role in the climate system. These fluxes interact with the overlying atmosphere and influence the characteristics of the planetary boundary layer (e.g. temperature and water vapor content), ultimately influencing the presence and growth of low level clouds and precipitation. Nevertheless, there is currently no network of in situ sensors that can map these fluxes globally. Recently a number of studies have focused on the estimation of surface energy flux components based on the assimilation of land surface temperature (LST) within a variational data assimilation (VDA) framework. This study provides the theoretical basis for why sequences of LST contain the necessary information to estimate surface fluxes with minimal reliance on ancillary data and empirical parameterizations. Furthermore this study addresses one of the main drawbacks of the existing VDA models. They use the simple force-restore equation for soil heat diffusion as a physical constraint. The force-restore equation provides a simplified description of the LST dynamics. Also, its performance is highly affected by the specification of a deep ground temperature. These shortcomings cause significant errors in the diurnal dynamics of heat diffusion in the soil and ultimately the retrieval of components of surface energy balance. This study advances the VDA scheme by using the full heat diffusion equation as a constraint in lieu of the forcerestore approximation. The new VDA scheme is tested over several experimental field sites. The results show that inclusion of the heat diffusion equation decreases the phase error associated with the ground heat flux diurnal cycle, and improves surface heat flux estimation. The VDA scheme is further advanced by incorporating model uncertainty in order to account for measurement and model errors. Tests indicate that the VDA scheme with model uncertainty captures measurement errors as well as structural model errors. In order to provide coupled estimates of surface heat fluxes and vegetation dynamics, remotely sensed LST and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation are assimilated into a surface energy balance and a vegetation dynamics model. The application of the assimilation over West Africa shows that the scheme provides reliable estimates of important vegetation dynamics parameters that are required for understanding the role of plant phenology on surface energy balance and vice-versa.
by Sayed Mohyeddin Bateni.
Ph.D.
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Sapkota, Deependra. "TRIPPING OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OVER ROUGH AND FULLY TURBULENT SUBCRITICAL FLUME." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1801.
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The distance required for flow entering a laboratory channel to become fully-developed and uniform can be substantial. Given the need to establish fully-developed uniform flow, if the length of a laboratory channel is not substantial then it likely that the flume cannot be used to conduct open-channel flow research. In laboratory studies where the channel bed is hydraulically rough, the noted problem can be lessened by minimizing the length over which the flow becomes fully-developed and uniform (Lunif). For this study it is hypothesized that if bed material with a roughness height (ks, ∆) is placed at the channel entrance and ks, ∆ is greater has the roughness height of bed material placed throughout the channel (ks, bed) then Lunif can be reduced. The length over which the larger bed material is referred to as the tripping zone length (∆). A second hypothesis for this study is that if ∆ is longer, then Lunif will be shorter. The primary objective of this study is to test the above mentioned hypothesis and to develop a relationship for predicting Lunif as a function of Δ. For this study, physical tests were performed in a rectangular Plexiglas flume with a variable slope. The flume was 6.1 m long, 45.7 cm wide, and 45.7 cm deep. The channel has smooth walls and the bed was lined with gravel (median particle size, d50 = 8.5 mm or 22 mm). Similarly tripping zone was lined with gravel of larger size (median particle size, d50 = 13 mm or 58 mm).Twelve tests were conducted for the study. For each test, longitudinal point velocity measurements (u) were made along the channel center, at five elevations (z), and at twelve longitudinal stations (x). An Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter was used to measure u. Lunif was determined by considering four indications of flow uniformity. Results indicate that having a tripping zone decreases Lunif and the magnitude of the decrease in Lunif was dependent on ∆. A function is presented for predicting Lunif /H = f (Rep, Fr, and Δ/H) where Rep is the Reynold's particle number, Fr is the Froude number and H is the flow depth.
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Gullman-Strand, Johan. "Turbulence and scalar flux modelling applied to separated flows." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-92.
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Souza, Armando Alvarez de. "Simulação numérica do escoamento turbulento de jato de ar em fluxo cruzado." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2007. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=450.
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As aplicações do escoamento de um jato em fluxo cruzado estão em diversas áreas, como na descarga do ar da cabine de aeronaves, no resfriamento das pás das turbinas a gás, no sistema de propulsão de foguetes. No presente trabalho foi realizada uma simulação numérica do escoamento em regime permanente utilizando o software FLUENT. Para validar o modelo numérico empregado baseou-se no trabalho realizado por Calay e Holdo [
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Bassit, Megalaa Gorg Abdelmassih. "Numerical and experimental study of steady and unsteady mixed convection flow in a cubical open cavity with the bottom wall heated." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396082.
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En aquest estudi s'analitzen els experiments i simulacions numèriques del flux de convecció mixta en una cavitat cúbica situada a la part inferior d'un canal quadrat. Els nombres de Reynolds en funció de la velocitat mitjana del flux i l'amplada del canal estan en el rang 100≤Re≤1500 i el nombre de Richardson varia entre 0.1≤Ri≤10. La tècnica PIV s'ha utilitzat per a les mesures en un canal d'aigua. Simulacions numèriques Tridimensionals s’han dut a terme amb un codi de volums finits de segon ordre considerant l'aproximació de Boussinesq ja que, per les condicions experimentals utilitzades, la variació de les propietats físiques amb la temperatura no té influència significativa en la topologia general de flux. Per 100≤Re≤1500 i Ri≤0.1 el flux és estacionari i consisteix en un remolí situat a l’interior de la cavitat cúbica que mostra velocitats majors a mesura que augmenta el nombre de Richardson. El flux és no estacionari a Re = 100 i Ri = 10. Prop de les parets laterals es produeixen, de forma alternada, ejeccions de flux, des de l’interior de la cavitat cap al canal, mentre que el flux entra a la cavitat des del canal a través de la part central de la cavitat. S'ha utilitzat una tècnica de mostreig condicional per elucidar l’estructura mitjana de l'evolució del flux turbulent a Ri = 10. S'ha trobat que les ejeccions de flux persisteixen durant tot el rang de Reynolds analitzat. Els números de Nusselt calculats estan d'acord amb els de les correlacions reportades a la literatura, vàlides per cavitats bidimensionalsEn este estudio se analizan los experimentos y simulaciones numéricas del flujo de convección mixta en una cavidad cúbica situada en la parte inferior de un canal de sección cuadrada cuadrado. Los números de Reynolds en función de la velocidad media del flujo y la anchura del canal están en el rango 100≤Re≤1500 y el número de Richardson varía entre 0.1≤Ri≤10. La técnica PIV se ha utilizado para las medidas en un canal de agua. Se han llevado a cabo simulaciones numéricas tridimensionales con un código de volúmenes finitos de segundo orden, considerando la aproximación de Boussinesq ya que, en las condiciones experimentales utilizadas, la variación de las propiedades físicas con la temperatura no tiene influencia significativa en la topología general de flujo. En los rangos 100≤Re≤1500 y Ri≤0.1 el flujo es estacionario y consiste en un remolino situado en el interior de la cavidad cúbica que muestra velocidades mayores a medida que aumenta el número de Richardson. El flujo es no estacionario a Re = 100 y Ri = 10. Cerca de las paredes laterales se producen de forma alternada eyecciones de flujo, desde el interior de la cavidad hacia el canal, mientras que el flujo entra en la cavidad desde el canal a través de la parte central de la cavidad. Se ha utilizado una técnica de muestreo condicional para elucidar la estructura media de la evolución del flujo turbulento a Ri = 10. Se ha encontrado que las eyecciones de flujo persisten durante todo el rango de Reynolds analizado. Los números de Nusselt calculados están de acuerdo con los de las correlaciones reportadas en la literatura, válidas para cavidades bidimensionales.
In this study we analyze experiments and numerical simulations of steady and unsteady mixed convection flow in a cubical cavity located at the bottom of a square channel. The Reynolds numbers based on the mean flow velocity and the channel width are in the range 100≤Re≤1500 and the Richardson numbers vary within 0≤Ri≤10. Particle Image Velocimetry has been used for the measurements in a water channel. Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations have been carried out with a second order finite volume code considering the Boussinesq approximation since, for the experimental conditions considered, the variation of the physical properties with temperature has no significant influence on the overall flow topology. For 100≤Re≤1500 and Ri≤0.1 the flow is steady and it consists in a single roll that exhibits larger velocities as the Richardson number is increased. An unsteady periodic flow is found at Re=100 and Ri=10. Alternate flow ejections from the cavity to the channel occur near the lateral walls while the flow enters the cavity from the channel through the central part of the cavity. A conditional sampling technique has been used to elucidate the evolution of the mean unsteady turbulent flow at Ri=10. It has been found that the alternate flow ejections persist for all the Reynolds analyzed. The computed Nusselt numbers are in general agreement with a previously reported correlation, valid for two dimensional cavities of different aspects ratios.
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Pianezze, Joris. "Modélisation de la structure verticale de la turbulence optique en milieu naturel." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830505.
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Les milieux complexes sont une source d'incertitude importante notamment lorsqu'il s'agit de développer des modèles climatique ou météorologique. Le développement de la couche limite atmosphérique à l'intérieur d'une vallée encaissée, incluant des vents de vallée et de pente, n'est, par exemple, pas résolu, ce qui a un impact considérable sur la prévision de la convection, du transport de polluants, etc... La simulation des grandes échelles de la turbulence (SGE) est un outil qui a montré sa capacité à reproduire finement les structures turbulentes dans ce type de contextes au travers des approches idéalisées. L'extension de la SGE aux milieux naturels est réalisée dans cette thèse qui s'articule en trois parties. La première partie présente les équations et les notions nécessaires à la compréhension des problèmes de turbulence dans la couche limite atmosphérique. On s'attache à décrire le cadre des lois issues de la théorie des similitudes et le cadre de la turbulence optique. La seconde partie présente des résultats issus de deux simulations idéales dans lesquelles nous comparons les résultats issus de la simulation avec d'une part les lois issues de la théorie des similitudes et d'autre part les données radar disponible lors de la campagne IHOP. L'utilisation d'un maillage raffinée près du sol permet d'améliorer les profils verticaux des champs turbulents en améliorant la prédiction des gradients à l'interface sol/atmosphère. De plus, le profil de couche limite est bien reproduit par les profils du paramètre de structure des fluctuations de l'indice de réfraction de l'air simulé si on compare avec les résultats issus du radar. Globalement, la dynamique des champs turbulents résolus par le modèle reproduise une dynamique et des ordres de grandeurs corrects conformes à nos attentes. Une fois l'évaluation du modèle effectuée, une simulation a été mise en place autour de la campagne d'observation VOTALP située dans le sud de la Suisse. Cette simulation comprend 5 domaines emboités allant de 16 kms de résolution horizontales pour le plus grand domaine à 100m pour le plus petit domaine. L'important dispositif déployé durant la campagne VOTALP située dans une vallée dans le sud de la Suisse a permis de confronter les résultats issus de la modélisation à haute résolution avec ces données d'observation. Les résultats obtenus ont, entre autre, montré que la simulation à haute résolution est un outil adapté pour l'étude des phénomènes de basses couches et notamment la turbulence optique en milieu complexe.
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Gamel, Hervé. "Caractérisation expérimentale de l'écoulement et de la dispersion autour d'un obstacle bidimensionnel." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0002/document.
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Depuis une dizaine d’années, l’évolution de la puissance des ordinateurs a permis de développer l’utilisation, dans les études d’ingénierie, des simulations 3D CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) pour l’étude de l’atmosphère à petite échelle, en particulier pour la dispersion de polluants sur des sites industriels et urbains complexes. Compte tenu de la complexité des domaines à étudier et des ressources de calcul généralement disponibles, ces études sont la plupart du temps réalisées à l’aide des modèles RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes), et particulièrement avec le modèle de fermeture k – e. Différents travaux de validation de l’approche RANS k – e ont mis en évidence quelques limitations à reproduire la dynamique de l’écoulement et de la dispersion dans des configurations géométriques complexes. Le travail de recherche réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objectif une caractérisation expérimentale fine de l’écoulement et de la dispersion turbulente autour d’un obstacle bidimensionnel placé dans une couche limite de surface, afin d’évaluer la validité des modèles RANS en vue de leur application pour l’étude de la dispersion atmosphérique.Dans un premier temps, nous avons utilisé des techniques d’anémométrie à fil chaud, d’anémométrie laser Doppler et d’anémométrie par image de particules, pour déterminer le champ de vitesse dans une couche limite de surface rugueuse et autour d’un obstacle bidimensionnel de section carrée. Une attention particulière a été portée sur l’analyse des termes de l’équation évolutive de l’énergie cinétique turbulente (ECT) et sur la détermination de la viscosité turbulente vt. Différentes approches ont également été utilisées pour estimer le taux de dissipation e de l’énergie cinétique turbulente. Nous avons mis en évidence que ces différentes approches fournissent des résultats comparables dans le cas de la couche limite, tandis que seule la technique estimant e comme le résidu de l’ECT est applicable dans le sillage de l’obstacle. De plus, nos mesures ont permis d’évaluer les paramétrisations du modèle k – e et de montrer que la valeur du coefficient Cμ = 0.09 ne semble pas adaptée dans le cas de la couche limite, conduisant à une surestimation de vt, alors que cette valeur apparait plus adaptée dans le cas de l’obstacle. Une étude de sensibilité, portant la détermination de la constante σk du modèle k – e, indique une contribution non négligeable des termes de corrélation entre la vitesse et la pression dans le sillage de l’obstacle.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié la dispersion d’un scalaire passif, en mesurant les différents moments statistiques de la concentration, au moyen d’un détecteur à ionisation de flamme. Nous avons également déterminé les flux turbulents de masse, par un couplage entre les mesures de vitesse et de concentration, en prenant soin de contrôler les influences réciproques des deux techniques de mesure. Ces mesures nous ont permis de tester la validité de différents modèles de fermeture de l’équation d’advection-diffusion pour estimer les flux dans le sens vertical et dans le sens longitudinal. Nous avons également pu déterminer expérimentalement le coefficient de diffusivité turbulente Dt, nous permettant d’évaluer un nombre de Schmidt turbulent Sct, afin de mettre en évidence que la valeur Sct = 0.7 est adaptée à la majorité des zones étudiées, excepté dans la zone de recirculation induite par l’obstacle. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés aux différents termes de l’équation de la variance de la concentration et plus particulièrement à son taux de dissipation. À nouveau, les mesures nous ont permis de tester un modèle de fermeture disponible dans la littérature et de montrer la bonne cohérence entre le modèle et l’expérienceIn the last decades, there has been an increasing use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)simulations to evaluate the impact of atmospheric pollutants dispersion in within industrial and urban sites. Given the high geometrical complexity of these sites, these simulations are mainly performed adopting a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach and using k−e closure models. As is well known from previous studies, RANS k−e simulations are affected by some limitations that prevent them correctly reproducing the dynamics of the flow and the pollutant dispersion in complex geometrical configurations. The aim of the PhD is to provide a detailed experimental characterization of the flow and the turbulent dispersion around an idealized two-dimensional obstacle placed within a boundary layer flow. This is subsequently used to analyse the reliability of RANS closure models as predictive tools for the atmospheric dispersion of airborne pollutants. Initially we focus on the flow dynamics of a boundary layer flow developing over a rough wall and in the wake of a 2D obstacle. The velocity field is investigated experimentally by means of different measurement techniques, namely Hot Wire Anemometry (HWA), Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and Stereo-Particle Imagery Velocimetry (PIV). A particular attention was devoted to the estimate of the turbulent viscosity nt as well as of the terms composing the turbulent kinetic energy budget (TKE), including its rate of dissipation e which was determined adopting different approaches. These measurements allowed us to analyse the accuracy of the parameterizations included in a standard k−e closure model. Our analysis show that a value of the coefficient Cμ = 0.09 leads to significant overestimation of nt in a boundary layer flow. Conversely, adopting Cμ = 0.09 provides a good agreement between modeled and direct estimates of nt in the wake of the obstacle. As a second step, we studied the dispersion of a passive scalar emitted by a ground level line source. To that purpose we measured the first four order moments of the concentration probability density function by mean of a flame ionization detector (FID). Furthermore, the coupling of the FID system with the LDA or HWA system allowed us to directly measure the turbulent mass transfer, i.e. the correlation between velocity and concentration fluctuations. The combination of these two techniques was carefully analyzed, in order to quantify eventual mutual disturbances of one measurement technique on the other. The measurements of the velocity/concentration correlations allowed us to determine experimentally the turbulent diffusivity Dt and the turbulent Schmidt number Sct , and therefore to test the accuracy of different closure models of the advection-distribution equation. Our results show that the value of the turbulent Schmidt number is approximately equal to 0.7 in most of the domain, except in the recirculation zone on the wake of the obstacle. Experimental data provide also a complete description of the spatial distribution of the concentration variance, and of the term composing its budget (with a focus on its dissipation). As for the velocity field, we test the reliability of different closure model proposed in the literature of the turbulent mass transfer terms, enlightening the shortcomings of simple gradient-law closer models
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Ducousso, Nicolas. "Coexistence et interactions de la circulation décennale moyenne et des ondes et tourbillons transitoires dans l'océan Atlantique Nord." Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2055.
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Les observations de la circulation océanique montrent que la circulation générale coexiste avec des structures de méso-échelle transitoires se présentant sous la forme d’ondes et de tourbillons cohérents. On cherche dans cette thèse à caractériser différents aspects des mécanismes d’interactions qui couplent ces mouvements. Deux tâches sont successivement menées : la première consiste en une revue critique des différents formalismes théoriques proposés pour répondre à cet objectif ; la seconde en l’analyse d’une simulation réaliste turbulente issue du projet DRAKKAR dans un cadre original, celui du formalisme isopycnal résiduel détaillé par McDougall et Mclntosh (2001). A la différence du traditionnel formalisme eulérien, ce formalisme met explicitement en évidence les fortes contraintes qu’imposent la stratification et la quasi-adiabaticité de l’océan intérieur sur la circulation moyenne et sur les mécanismes d’interactions. L’analyse illustre ces contraintes. Elle montre d’abord que la vitesse résiduelle moyenne est quasiment alignée sur les surfaces isopycnales et que sa composante diapycnale est très faible. Elle montre ensuite que les flux turbulents résiduels de chaleur et de sel sont quasiment alignés sur les surfaces isopycnales et que leur intensité est significative dans les zones frontales. Les diffusivités turbulentes finalement estimés sont partiellement en accord avec les valeurs communément acceptées dans la littératureObservations of the ocean circulation reveal that the large-scale general circulation coexists with transient waves and coherent vortices. This thesis aims at characterizing some aspects of the interaction mechanisms, which link these kinds of motion. This objective encompasses two tasks: the first task is a critical review of the theoretical frameworks previously published in the literature; the second task consists of the analysis of a numerical simulation provided by the DRAKKAR team. The diagnostic s performed within the Temporal Residual Mean framework, as detailed by McDougall and Mclntosh (2001). Indeed, this framework provides a valuable perspective, as the constraint of the stratification and the quasi-adiabaticity of the ocean interior on the mean circulation and the interaction mechanisms is made explicit. The analysis illustrates these constraints by showing two things. First, the residual mean velocity is nearly aligned with the isopycnal surfaces and its diapycnal component is very weak. Second, the residual eddy fluxes of heat and salt are nearly aligned with the isopycnal surfaces and their intensity are significant in frontal areas only. Eddy diffusivities evaluated from the residual eddy fluxes are in partial accordance with values commonly found in the literature
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Yun, Alexander. "Development and analysis of advanced explicit algebraic turbulence and scalar flux models for complex engineering configurations." Phd thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://elib.tu-darmstadt.de/diss/000579.
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Sanz, Garcia Elena. "Influence de la micromorphologie de surface dans les échanges thermiques convectifs." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ECDL0023.
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Cette thèse, de nature expérimentale, est centrée sur la compréhension des échanges thermiques dans une couche limite turbulente, en particulier sur l’action d’une rugosité ordonnée, tridimensionnelle et anisotrope, c’est à dire, une micromorphologie de surface, complètement immergée dans la sous-couche visqueuse. Une technique de mesure adaptée à cette étude, basée sur la technologie des couches minces, a été développée, testée et validée. Les résultats montrent un effet mesurable dans les échanges thermiques ainsi qu’une modification des profils de vitesse moyenne et d’intensité de turbulence. Cet effet est cependant inexistant dans une couche limite laminaire, et se trouve effacé par la présence d’une turbulence externe incidente. Ce résultat est donc attribuable aux interactions entre les éléments rugueux et les structures turbulentes générées à la paroi. On constate aussi une influence de cette rugosité dans la transition à la turbulence d’une couche limite laminaire. On réalise ensuite l’étude statistique du processus de transfert thermique dans une couche limite turbulente, soumise à une turbulence extérieure. On met en évidence une loi d’échelle temporelle avec un exposant caractéristique de −7/3 pour la température dans le sillage immédiat de la surface chauffée, ainsi qu’une dépendance de la pente du spectre de flux thermique en fonction du nombre de Reynolds, variant entre −5/3 et −7/3, comme observé dans le cas d’une turbulence homogène et isotrope avec injection de scalaire par un gradient moyenThis experimental thesis focuses on the understanding of heat transfer in a turbulent boundary layer. In particular we investigated the action of an ordered, three-dimensional and anisotropic roughness, which is completely immersed in the viscous sublayer of the turbulent boundary layer. A measurement technique has been developed in order to realize this study. This technique, based on thin film technology, has been tested and validated. Results show a measurable effect on the heat transfer coefficient, as well as on the mean velocity profiles. This effect is however not observed in a laminar boundary layer and it is quenched by an external freestream turbulence. Hence one can conclude that the observed effect is due to the interaction between the rough elements and the turbulent structures generated at the wall. An influence of this micro-roughness is also observed in the transition to turbulence of a laminar boundary layer. We also perform a statistical study of the heat transfer process in a turbulent boundary layer when subjected to freestream turbulence. The frequency spectra show a scaling law with a -7/3 exponent for the temperature in the immediate wake of the heated surface. The inertial range of the heat flux spectrum shows a dependence on the Reynolds number, with an exponent ranging from -5/3 to -7/3, as observed in the case of a homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in the presence of a mean temperature gradient
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Gruber, Matthew. "A new sensitivity analysis and solution method for scintillometer measurements of area-average turbulent fluxes." Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547616.
Full textAbstract:
Scintillometer measurements of the turbulence inner-scale length lo and refractive index structure function C2n allow for the retrieval of large-scale area-averaged turbulent fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer. This retrieval involves the solution of the non-linear set of equations defined by the Monin-Obukhov similarity hypothesis. A new method that uses an analytic solution to the set of equations is presented, which leads to a stable and efficient numerical method of computation that has the potential of eliminating computational error. Mathematical expressions are derived that map out the sensitivity of the turbulent flux measurements to uncertainties in source measurements such as lo. These sensitivity functions differ from results in the previous literature; the reasons for the differences are explored.
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Babel, Wolfgang [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Foken. "Site-specific modelling of turbulent fluxes on the Tibetan Plateau / Wolfgang Babel. Betreuer: Thomas Foken." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1059353237/34.
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Sopkin, Kristin L. "Heat fluxes in Tampa Bay, Florida." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002398.
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