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1
Branon, Tess C. "Directed evolution of TurboID for efficient proximity labeling in living cells and organisms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120909.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Protein interaction networks and protein compartmentalization underlie all signaling and regulatory processes in cells. Traditional approaches to proteomics employ mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to biochemical fractionation or affinity purification but require cell lysis prior to analysis which often results in false-negatives from missed interactions or incomplete purification and false-positives from contaminants. Enzyme-catalyzed proximity labeling (PL) has emerged as a new approach to study the spatial and interaction characteristics of proteins in which a PL enzyme can be genetically targeted to a subcellular region and used to tag surrounding endogenous proteins with a chemical handle that allows their identification by MS. Tagging is carried out in living cells in a distance-dependent manner, allowing data collection from a physiologically relevant environment with preservation of spatial information. Current PL methods are limited by poor catalytic efficiency or toxic substrates that limit their application in vivo. Therefore, we have developed a new proximity labeling method, called TurboID, that uses non-toxic labeling conditions and has high catalytic efficiency that allows its use in a wide variety of biological contexts. Here, we describe our use of yeast display-based directed evolution to engineer two promiscuous mutants of biotin ligase, TurbolD and miniTurbo. We describe our characterization of the evolved PL enzymes in microbes, cultured cells, in vitro, and in vivo in flies and worms, and show that TurbolD and miniTurbo have much greater catalytic efficiency than any other biotin ligase-based PL method currently available. Lastly, we demonstrate that TurbolD and miniTurbo can be used to obtain proteomes with the same size, specificity, and depth-of-coverage as existing biotin-ligase based PL techniques with over 100- fold shorter labeling times. In the Appendix, we discuss two separate projects. In Part I, we describe how fusion of the PL enzyme APEX2 to various mitochondrial proteins could be used to map the proteomes of mitochondrial subdomains and be used to visualize the localization of mitochondrial proteins in mitochondrial subdomains using APEX2 to generate contrast for electron microscopy imaging. In Part II, we discuss the development of two platforms that could be used to temporally control genome editing using light.
by Tess C. Branon.
Ph. D.
2
Hajj, Sleiman Nawal. "Approche par nanobody pour capturer les interactomes de complexes protéiques dimériques en contexte cellulaire vivant." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENSL0041.
Full textAbstract:
L’identité et le devenir de chaque cellule dépend du contenu en protéines et, en particulier, des réseaux d'interactions protéine-protéine (IPP, également appelés interactomes). Les protéines ont la propriété générale de s'engager dans des assemblages macromoléculaires très variés, chacun ayant des fonctions bien distinctes. Par conséquent, identifier les IPP et les lier à des complexes particuliers est un enjeu crucial mais difficile en biologie. Cette problématique a été au cœur de mon travail de doctorat. Une première partie de mon travail est dédiée à l'amélioration d'une méthode existante pour capturer de nouvelles IPP dans le contexte de fonctions biologiques définies. Ce travail a été réalisé avec ERK1, un régulateur clé en aval de plusieurs voies de signalisation impliquées dans de nombreux cancers. Les nouveaux outils ont été testés dans le contexte de fonctions de ERK1 sensibles à deux molécules inhibitrices dans les cellules humaines HEK293T. Une interaction a été confirmée aux niveaux fonctionnel et moléculaire, ainsi qu’en utilisant une stratégie d'imagerie originale pour accéder à la dynamique des IPP dans les cellules vivantes. La deuxième partie de mon travail de doctorat est dédiée à l'établissement d'une méthodologie pionnière pour capturer les IPP endogènes établies par un complexe protéique dimérique spécifique dans les cellules humaines vivantes. Cette méthodologie couple la Complémentation de Fluorescence Bimoléculaire (BiFC) et les technologies démarquage par la biotine de proximité. Plus précisément, elle repose sur l’utilisation d’un petit anticorps (appelé aussi « nanobody ») dirigé contre le complexe BiFC et fusionné à la ligase biotine TurboID. Ces outils ont été établis avec les complexes TAZ/14-3-3e et TAZ/TEAD2, qui traduisent respectivement l'activité de la voie de signalisation Hippo dans le cytoplasme et le noyau. Notre approche a permis de capturer les interactomes spécifiques de ces deux complexes protéiques et d'identifier un nouveau régulateur clé du complexe TAZ/14-3-3e pour contrôler ses fonctions de prolifération cellulaire. Dans son ensemble, mon travail de doctorat a introduit deux méthodologies complémentaires pour déchiffrer les réseaux d'IPP au niveau de fonctions biologiques spécifiques ou pour un complexe protéique spécifique en contexte cellulaire vivant. Ces approches offrent une nouvelle dimension pour comprendre les fonctions des protéines et les interactomes sous-jacents dans des contextes cellulaires normaux ou pathologiquesCell fate and fitness depend on the protein content, and in particular on the interaction networks (also called interactomes) connecting the different proteins. Proteins have the general property to engage in diverse and occasionally overlapping macromolecular assemblies, each serving distinct purposes. Therefore, identifying protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and linking them to complexes is a crucial yet challenging issue in biology. This issue was at the core of my PhD work. The first part of my work was dedicated to the improvement of an existing method for capturing novel PPIs in the context of defined biological functions. This work was established with ERK1, which is a key downstream regulator of several signaling pathways involved in many different cancers. The new tools were tested in the context of two different inhibitory molecules to capture drug-sensitive interactions of ERK1 in human HEK293T cells. One such interaction was confirmed at the functional and molecular levels, by using an original imaging strategy to access the PPI dynamics in live cells. The second part of my PhD work was dedicated to the establishment of a pioneer methodology to capture endogenous PPIs established by a specific dimeric protein complex in human live cells. This methodology couples Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) and proximity biotin labelling technologies. More specifically, it is based on a GFP-nanobody directed toward the BiFC complex and fused to the TurboID biotin ligase. Tools were established to map TAZ/14-3-3 and TAZ/TEAD complexes interactome, which translate the activity of the Hippo signaling pathway in the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively. Our approach allowed capturing specific interactomes of the two dimeric protein complexes and identifying a novel key regulator of TAZ/14-3-3 complexes in a cancer cell context. Collectively, my PhD work introduced two complementary methodologies for deciphering PPI networks in the context of specific biological functions or in the context of a specific protein complex in human live cells. These approaches provide a novel dimension for understanding protein functions and the underlying interactomes in normal or pathological cell contexts
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Lilliesköld, Anders. "Genomgång av Turbomin 100 : Förstudie och föreslagna förbättringar av undervisningsjetmotor Turbomin 100." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-11195.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT This project thesis has been written at the request of Mälardalens University, Västerås. The aeronautical engineering students at Mälardalens University and the pupils of Hässlö upper secondary school, all gets the opportunity to perform a computation lab with a real turbojet engine during their study. The goal of the lab from the University is that it should give the students applied experience from the theory part of which has been tought in the course “Aircraft Engine Technology”. The pupils of the Hässlö upper secondary school are performing simpler calculations from the measured values of the equipment. This turbojet engine is located at Hässlö airport in the premises of Hässlö upper seconday school. Since the installation 1989, the engine has lost both thrust and reliability. This makes the theoretical computations made by the students inaccurate. Computations don’t match up with measured values. Also if the engine is inoperational, that would affect the education adversely. The purpose of this project thesis is to find a suitable upgrade solution both economically and practically. The thesis was divided into three different bullet points: Find the costings to renovate the existing Turbomin 100 turbojet engine. Also to find a suitable upgrade of the presentation of the measuring instruments to better clarify the lab. Motivate the disadvantages and the benefints respectively. Find the costings to source new lab equipment matching the Turbomin 100 equipment and motivate why this would improve the lab. This purchase doesn’t need to be a purchase of an off-the-shelf solution, but can also imply the development of an inhouse solution. Motivate the disadvantages and the benefints respectively. Develop a new lab instruction which matching one of the choosen alternatives above. This study results in several solutions: Proposal 1: The existing Turbomin 100 has such a solid construction that only a few spare parts needs to be replaced to get its original characteristics back. The use of measure equipment from Campbell Scientific consisting of a datalogger and associated software makes the presentation possible on a computer, from which printing easily can be done. This type of presentation would improve the understanding amongst the students for where and why the measurements are being made in certain areas of the engine. Estimated price for this solution is: 46.060 kr Proposal 2: New lab equipment could consist of two different solutions. The first solution is to invest in two turbojet engines from JetCat with a thrust of 80N each. Having two engines would ensure the operations by having one operational and the other one as a spare when its time for the compulsory service after 50 hours of run time. This solution together with the above mentioned solution for measure equipment including pressure and temperature probes would cost around 104.300 kr.Another solution would be to invest in a complete engine and measure equipment from Turbine Technologies. Their turbojet engine comes in a test cabinet with all probes and instrument installed. Even a computer can be connected to get readings digitally. This makes it possible to print or even save the measured values. Quoted price for this solution is between 412.700 and 766.700 kr depending on solution. Recommended solution from above is Proposal 1 will the new lab instructions look like attachment H.
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Peiponen, K. E. (Kai-Erik). "Optical spectra analysis of turbid liquids." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514291685.
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Abstract
This thesis is devoted to methods of analyzing optical spectra obtained from turbid liquids, i.e., liquids that are optically very thick and/or scatter light. Data for spectral analysis were obtained with a new, multifunction spectrophotometer developed for industrial liquid samples. One characteristic of the spectrophotometer is that spectral analysis methods can be implemented into the software. Here, the emphasis was on data inversion methods, particularly the Kramers-Kronig analysis and the maximum entropy method, which can be used to gain information on the wavelength-dependent complex refractive index of liquid samples. Relating to such characteristics as density and colour, the complex refractive index also helps to identify the species that form a liquid. The methods were applied to study the internal reflection of light from the prism-liquid interface of the probe and to analyze surface plasmon resonance spectra. This study provided new methods of investigating the optical properties of relatively difficult objects, like offset inks, and of assessing adhesion forces between ink and the substrate system. Another important part of the thesis was the exploration of spectral analysis methods to obtain optical properties of nanoparticles in a liquid matrix. Bounds for the optical properties of multi-component structures in a liquid were considered with the aid of Wiener bounds.
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Esmonde-White, Francis. "Robust spectroscopic quantification in turbid media." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32512.
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This thesis explores four methods for improving quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in light scattering media. In the introduction theories of light propagation in scattering media, relevant instrumentation for measuring light scattering properties, spectral data processing methods, and spectroscopically active bioanalytes are outlined. Next, two novel instruments for practical scattering measurements, and two novel data processing techniques are presented. Finally, directions for future research into diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are suggested. A novel photon time-of-flight instrument is used to measure scattering coefficients in tandem with a portable diode spectrometer. Measured scattering coefficients are used to correct co-measured near infrared spectra for scattering and for improving quantification. Reduced scattering coefficients were measured with coefficients of variation of 11.6% at 850 nm and 14.1% at 905 nm. This allows practical correction of light scattering in point-spectra. Using scattering-correction, estimates of dye concentration were improved by 35%. A novel device imaging annular patterns is presented. This imaging instrument is used to measure reduced scattering coefficients and absorption coefficients. Reduced scattering coefficients were measured with a coefficient of variation of 12.6%, and absorption coefficients were measured with a coefficient of variation 50% lower than using traditional imaging methods. A novel method for using parsimony in the development of data processing methods using genetic algorithms is presented. Genetic algorithms have been used to identify spectroscopic data processing methods for complex samples. ACette thèse explore quatre méthodes pour l'amélioration de la spectroscopie de réflectance diffuse quantitative dans des milieux qui diffusent la lumière. En introduction, une description des théories de la propagation de la lumière dans des médias qui diffusent celle-ci, des instruments pour mesurer les propriétés de diffusion, des méthodes de traitement des données spectrales, et des bioanalytes avec activité optique est donné. Un nouvel appareil à «temps de vol de photon» est présenté. Cet instrument portatif est utilisé pour mesurer le coefficient de dispersion en tandem avec un spectromètre à diode portable. Les coefficients de diffusion mesurés sont ensuite utilisés pour corriger la dispersion dans les spectres infrarouges co-mesurée, ainsi que l'amélioration de la quantification. Les coefficients de dispersion ont été mesurés avec une variation de 11,6% à 850 nm et 14,1% à 905 nm. En prenant en compte la dispersion, les estimations de la concentration de teinture ont été améliorées de 35%. Un nouvel appareil utilisant les modes d'imagerie annulaire pour mesurer les coefficients de dispersion et d'absorption est présenté. Les coefficients de dispersion ont été mesurés avec un coefficient de variation de 12,6%, et les coefficients d'absorption ont été mesurés avec un coefficient de variation amélioré de 50% par rapport aux méthodes d'imagerie traditionnelle. Une nouvelle méthode pour améliorer l'utilisation des mesures de simplicité dans le développement de méthodes de traitement des données via des algorithmes génétiques est présentée. Les algorithmes génétiques ont été utilisés pour identifier les mét
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Doan, Thuy Kim Phuong. "Fonctionnement biogéochimique d'un barrage tropical : application au système turbide de Cointzio (Mexique)." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU011/document.
Full textAbstract:
La qualité globale des eaux continentales (lacs et réservoirs) continue à se détériorer dans de nombreuses régions du Mexique. Le réservoir Cointzio, situé dans la partie sud du Plateau Central Mexicain, sur la ceinture “Trans-Mexicain Volcanique Belt » (TMVB), ne fait pas exception. Ce réservoir tropical turbide est un système monomictique chaud (surface = 6 km2, capacité = 66 Mm3, temps de séjour ~ 1 an). Il est stratégique pour l'approvisionnement en eau potable de la ville de Morelia, capitale de l'état du Michoacán, et pour l'irrigation en aval pendant la saison sèche. Le réservoir est menacé par l'accumulation des sédiments et des nutriments provenant d'eaux non traitées dans le bassin versant amont. La haute teneur en particules d'argile très fines et le manque d'installations de traitement de l'eau conduisent à de graves épisodes d'eutrophisation (jusqu'à 70 µg chl. a L-1) ainsi qu'à des périodes saisonnières de forte turbidité (profondeur de Secchi < 30 cm) et d'anoxie (de Mai à Octobre). Sur la base de mesures intensives de terrain réalisées en 2009 (échantillonnage dans le bassin versant, sédiments déposés, profils verticaux de l'eau, bilan entrées et sorties) nous avons présenté une étude intégrée du fonctionnement hydrodynamique et biogéochimique du réservoir Cointzio. Les profils verticaux de température (T), de concentration en sédiment en suspension (TSS), d'oxygène dissous (DO), de chlorophylle a, de carbone et de nutriments ont été utilisés pour évaluer les cycles internes au réservoir. Pour compléter l'analyse des données de terrain, nous avons examiné la capacité de différents modèles numériques 1DV (Aquasim modèle biogéochimique couplé avec le modèle de mélange k-ε) à (i) reproduire les principaux cycles biogéochimiques dans le réservoir Cointzio et (ii) préciser les scénarios de réduction des éléments nutritifs (P and N) pour limiter l'eutrophisation dans les prochaines décennies. Le modèle k-ε s'est avéré le plus robuste pour reproduire les conditions hydrodynamiques, en particulier la stratification modérée liée à la très grande turbidité et au régime soutenu de vent thermique. Le modèle Aquasim s'est avéré pertinent pour reproduire les principaux cycles de l'oxygène dissous DO, des nutriments et de la chlorophylle a au cours de l'année 2009. Les différentes simulations ont souligné l'impact négatif à long terme du réchauffement climatique. A la fin du siècle (2090), une augmentation de la température de l'air atteignant 4.4° C a été prédite à partir de modèles de circulation mondiale. Couplé avec une année hydrologique sèche, une telle situation pourrait conduire à des conditions anoxiques sévères et à des blooms importants de chlorophylle a (jusqu'à de 94 µg L-1). Diverses simulations ont montré que la réduction drastique de l'apport de nutriments (à 90%) serait nécessaire pour réduire de façon significative les teneurs en chlorophylle a. Si de telles mesures d'atténuation sont adoptées, le pic maximal de chlorophylle a se stabiliserait à 40 µg L-1, au lieu de 94 mg L-1, après une période de cinq ans d'efforts. À notre connaissance, cette étude fournit la première application numérique de modèles k-ε et AQUASIM pour simuler les niveaux d'eutrophisation élevés dans un réservoir tropical très turbideLa qualité globale des eaux continentales (lacs et réservoirs) continue à se détériorer dans de nombreuses régions du Mexique. Le réservoir Cointzio, situé dans la partie sud du Plateau Central Mexicain, sur la ceinture “Trans-Mexicain Volcanique Belt » (TMVB), ne fait pas exception. Ce réservoir tropical turbide est un système monomictique chaud (surface = 6 km2, capacité = 66 Mm3, temps de séjour ~ 1 an). Il est stratégique pour l'approvisionnement en eau potable de la ville de Morelia, capitale de l'état du Michoacán, et pour l'irrigation en aval pendant la saison sèche. Le réservoir est menacé par l'accumulation des sédiments et des nutriments provenant d'eaux non traitées dans le bassin versant amont. La haute teneur en particules d'argile très fines et le manque d'installations de traitement de l'eau conduisent à de graves épisodes d'eutrophisation (jusqu'à 70 µg chl. a L-1) ainsi qu'à des périodes saisonnières de forte turbidité (profondeur de Secchi < 30 cm) et d'anoxie (de Mai à Octobre). Sur la base de mesures intensives de terrain réalisées en 2009 (échantillonnage dans le bassin versant, sédiments déposés, profils verticaux de l'eau, bilan entrées et sorties) nous avons présenté une étude intégrée du fonctionnement hydrodynamique et biogéochimique du réservoir Cointzio. Les profils verticaux de température (T), de concentration en sédiment en suspension (TSS), d'oxygène dissous (DO), de chlorophylle a, de carbone et de nutriments ont été utilisés pour évaluer les cycles internes au réservoir. Pour compléter l'analyse des données de terrain, nous avons examiné la capacité de différents modèles numériques 1DV (Aquasim modèle biogéochimique couplé avec le modèle de mélange k-ε) à (i) reproduire les principaux cycles biogéochimiques dans le réservoir Cointzio et (ii) préciser les scénarios de réduction des éléments nutritifs (P and N) pour limiter l'eutrophisation dans les prochaines décennies. Le modèle k-ε s'est avéré le plus robuste pour reproduire les conditions hydrodynamiques, en particulier la stratification modérée liée à la très grande turbidité et au régime soutenu de vent thermique. Le modèle Aquasim s'est avéré pertinent pour reproduire les principaux cycles de l'oxygène dissous DO, des nutriments et de la chlorophylle a au cours de l'année 2009. Les différentes simulations ont souligné l'impact négatif à long terme du réchauffement climatique. A la fin du siècle (2090), une augmentation de la température de l'air atteignant 4.4° C a été prédite à partir de modèles de circulation mondiale. Couplé avec une année hydrologique sèche, une telle situation pourrait conduire à des conditions anoxiques sévères et à des blooms importants de chlorophylle a (jusqu'à de 94 µg L-1). Diverses simulations ont montré que la réduction drastique de l'apport de nutriments (à 90%) serait nécessaire pour réduire de façon significative les teneurs en chlorophylle a. Si de telles mesures d'atténuation sont adoptées, le pic maximal de chlorophylle a se stabiliserait à 40 µg L-1, au lieu de 94 mg L-1, après une période de cinq ans d'efforts. À notre connaissance, cette étude fournit la première application numérique de modèles k-ε et AQUASIM pour simuler les niveaux d'eutrophisation élevés dans un réservoir tropical très turbide
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Pour, Moghadam Parsa, and Kiarash Khaksa. "Underhåll av Turbomin 100." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-21643.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Students at Mälardalen University have long performed their lab on a small turbojet engine in the course Aircraft Engine Technology. Since 2011, the engine has been dysfunctional. This was due to lack of maintenance. Since the lab has been an important element in teaching, the University had decided to get the engine functional again. This thesis project has been a request of Mälardalen University. The task we were assigned to was: 1. To make the engine functional. 2. Make the engine and the measuring equipment mobile. 3. Writing a brief maintenance program, such as what needs to be done before and after engine start. After we got the engine functional and mobile along with the measuring equipment, we have also developed a simple maintenance program which we strongly recommend in order to avoid similar accidents in the future. We also made suggestions on how to upgrade the engine and optimize it performance. Date: 29 Maj 2013 Utfört vid/Carried out at: Mälardalens Högskola Handledare vid MDH/Advisor at MDH: Mirko Senkovski Examinator: / Examinator: Tommy Nygren
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Ducay, Rey Nann Mark Abaque. "Direct Detection of Aggregates in Turbid Colloidal Suspensions." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1439434385.
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Šedý, Jakub. "Turbo konvoluční a turbo blokové kódy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219287.
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The aim is to explain the Turbo convolutional and block turbo codes and decoding the secure message. The practical part focuses on the design of a demonstration program in Matlab. The work is divided into four parts. The first two deal with theoretical analysis of coding and decoding. The third section contains a description created a demonstration program that allows you to navigate the process of encoding and decoding. The fourth is devoted to simulation and performance of turbo codes.
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Gareau, Daniel S. "In vivo confocal microsopy in turbid media : a thesis /." Restricted access until December 2007 at:, 2006. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,161.
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Umorin, Mikhail Pavlovich Lind Owen T. "Phytoplankton growth model for a turbid pulsed aquatic ecosystem." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/4194.
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Pardon, Ojeda Mauricio. "Treatment of turbid surface water for small community supplies." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1989. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2191/.
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Gorman, Geoffrey Allen. "Field deployable dynamic lighting system for turbid water imaging." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68945.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), September 2011."September 2011." "©2011"--P. 2. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-101).
The ocean depths provide an ever changing and complex imaging environment. As scientists and researches strive to document and study more remote and optically challenging areas, specifically scatter-limited environments. There is a requirement for new illumination systems that improve both image quality and increase imaging distance. One of the most constraining optical properties to underwater image quality are scattering caused by ocean chemistry and entrained organic material. By reducing the size of the scatter interaction volume, one can immediately improve both the focus (forward scatter limited) and contrast (backscatter limited) of underwater images. This thesis describes a relatively simple, cost-effective and field-deployable low-power dynamic lighting system that minimizes the scatter interaction volume with both subjective and quantifiable improvements in imaging performance.
by Geoffrey Allen Gorman.
S.M.
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Neuman, Magnus. "Angle Resolved Light Scattering in Turbid Media : Analysis and Applications." Licentiate thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, teknik och matematik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-13154.
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Light scattering in turbid media is essential for such diverse application areas as paper and print, computer rendering, optical tomography, astrophysics and remote sensing. This thesis investigates angular variations of light reflected from plane-parallel turbid media using both mathematical models and reflectance measurements, and deals with several applications. The model of most widespread use in industry is the Kubelka-Munk model, which neglects angular variations in the reflected light. This thesis employs a numerical solution of the angle resolved radiative transfer problem to better understand how the angular variations are related to medium properties. It is found that the light is reflected anisotropically from all media encountered in practice, and that the angular variations depend on the medium absorption and transmittance and on the angular distribution of the incident light. If near-surface bulk scattering dominates, as in strongly absorbing or highly transmitting media or obliquely illuminated media, relatively more light is reflected in large polar (grazing) angles. These results are confirmed by measurements using a set of paper samples. The only situation with isotropic reflectance is when a non-transmitting, non-absorbing medium is illuminated diffusely. This is the only situation where the Kubelka-Munk model is exactly valid. The results also show that there is no such thing as an ideal bulk scattering diffusor, and these findings can affect calibration and measurement procedures defined in international standards.The implications of the presented results are studied for a set of applications including reflectance measurements, angle resolved color and point spreading. It is seen that differences in instrument detection and illumination geometry can result in measurement differences. The differences are small and if other sources of error - such as fluorescence and gloss - are not eliminated, the differences related to instrument geometry become difficult to discern. Furthermore, the angle resolved color of a set of paper samples is assessed both theoretically and experimentally. The chroma decreases and the lightness increases as the observation polar angle increases. The observed differences are clearly large, and it is an open issue how angle resolved color should be handled. Finally, the dependence of point spreading in turbid media on the medium parameters is studied. The asymmetry factor is varied while maintaining constant the optical response in a standardized measurement geometry. It is seen that the point spreading increases as forward scattering becomes more dominant, and that the effect is larger if the medium is low-absorbing with large mean free path. A generic model of point spreading must therefore capture the dependence on all of these medium parameters.This thesis shows that turbid media reflect light anisotropically, and angle resolved radiative transfer models are therefore necessary to capture this. Using simplified models can introduce errors in an uncontrolled manner. The results presented potentially have consequences for all applications dealing with light scattering, some of which are studied here.
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Woo, Lirasari, and n/a. "Determination of phosphorus in turbid freshwaters using alkaline peroxodisulphate digestion." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1995. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061110.164738.
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Methods for determining phosphorus in turbid lake and river water using
heating with an autoclave or a microwave and employing alkaline
peroxodisulphate digestion have been investigated. Suspensions (up to 100
ugP/L) of two standard reference materials (NIES No. 3 Chlorella and NEES No.
2 Pond Sediment) were used to optimised procedures.
Quantitative recoveries of phosphorus were achieved when the final
solution to be digested contained 0.045 M potassium peroxodisulphate and 0.04
M sodium hydroxide and solutions were autoclaved at 120°C for 60 min. or
microwaved at 450 Watts for 5-10 min. Complete recoveries of phosphorus (99-
103%) from 20 ugP/U 50 ugP/L and 100 ugP/L Chlorella suspensions were
obtained using autoclave and microwave heating. For the Pond Sediment
suspensions complete recoveries of phosphorus (99-104%) from the 20 ugP/L
and 50 ugP/L were obtained using both heating methods. Higher recoveries from
the 100 u.gP/L Pond Sediment suspensions were obtained using microwave
heating (96±1%) than autoclaving (88±5%). Further analysis of Pond Sediment
suspensions using the autoclave heating showed that complete recovery of
phosphorus (98±l%) from 60 ngP/L suspensions was achieved with incomplete
recoveries (92.3±0.7%, 91�2% and 91�1%) from 70 ugP/L, 80 ugP/L and 90 ug
P/L suspensions respectively. Recoveries of phosphorus compounds
(orthophosphate and phosphonates) added to distilled water and turbid lake water
were near quantitative (91-117%) for both digestion methods.
A range of turbid lake and river water (TP = 57-106 ugP/L; Turbidity =
16-200 NTU) were analysed for total phosphorus (TP) using the optimised
alkaline peroxodisulphate digestion procedures and the APHA AWWA WPCF,
sulphuric acid - nitric acid digestion procedure. No difference in total
phosphorus measurements were found between the microwave digestion
procedure and the APHA AWWA WPCF, nitric acid - sulphuric acid procedure.
The autoclave procedure gave significantly lower recoveries of phosphorus
(p<0.01), however, differences were only 2-8%.
The effect of freezing (-20�C) water samples without or with the addition
of 1% hydrochloric acid before determination of total phosphorus (TP) and total
dissolved phosphorus (TDP) was also investigated. No significant change in total
phosphorus occurred when samples were stored frozen without the addition of
1% hydrochloric acid in high and low density polyethylene bottles for up to 20
weeks and 2 weeks respectively after collection. Significant changes were found
in total dissolved phosphorus when samples were stored frozen without the
addition of 1% hydrochloric acid in high and low density polyethylene bottles
after 1 day and 2 weeks respectively.
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Jones, Richard. "Application of ultrafast lasers to photorefractive holography through turbid media." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298783.
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Kyte, Elizabeth A. "Remote sensing of chlorophyll concentrations in a turbid shelf sea." Thesis, Bangor University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496105.
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Payne, Barry. "Interferometric photomechanical spectroscopy and imaging of biological and turbid media." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89303.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2001."February 2001."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-118).
The medical field is currently experiencing rapid growth in the area of optical diagnostics. Minimally-invasive spectroscopic and imaging modalities enable physicians to make increasingly accurate diagnoses in real time, without the cost and delay associated with traditional reliance on histopathology. We have developed an ultra-high resolution interferometric system which is well suited for clinical diagnostic applications. The interferometric system has a spatial resolution of 0.1 nm and a temporal resolution of 3 ns. We have utilized this high resolution interferometric system in two novel minimally invasive techniques. Both techniques measure surface deformation of a target after absorption of a short laser pulse. The time dependent surface deformation is a function of the target's spatially resolved optical, thermal and mechanical properties. Therefore, accurate measurement of surface displacement can be used to extract significant diagnostic information. The first technique is termed Interferometric Photomechanical Spectroscopy (IPMS), and is used to measure effective optical absorption depth of a sample. We used IPMS to measure effective absorption depth of both diffuse and speculary reflecting targets including well characterized colored glass samples and gelatin based tissue phantoms.
(cont.) phantoms. The second technique is termed Interferometric Photomechanical Tomography (IPMT), and is used to image sub-surface absorbers such as tumors or blood vessels. IPMT combines high optical contrast with low attenuation of sound propagation to localize sub-surface absorbers in highly scattering media. We have used IPMT to image sub-surface blood vessels in a phantom model and in vivo. Interferometric techniques compare favorably against diagnostic techniques which measure surface stress instead of surface displacement. This is primarily because interferometry is a non-contact epitaxial method capable of high resolution point measurements. Further, an interferometric system is easily implemented into an optical fiber setup for use in minimally- invasive catheter based procedures.
by Barry P. Payne.
Ph.D.
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Ambadipudi, Kamalakar. "Assessment of Polarimetric Methodologies for Backscattered Imaging in Turbid Media." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1236865442.
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Pichavant-Rafini, Karine. "Contribution à l'étude des capacités adaptatives du turbot (scophthalmus maximus) et du bar (dicentrarchus labrax) à une hypoxie exogène : aspects metaboliques et cellulaires." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2016.
Full textAbstract:
Face à une hypoxie modérée à long terme, les premières stratégies mises en oeuvre par le turbot et le bar consistent à diminuer certaines dépenses énergétiques compressibles associées au métabolisme de routine : prise alimentaire et croissance. Le turbot est un poisson oxyrégulateur. A partir du point critique, l'hyperventilation n'est plus suffisante pour compenser le déficit en o 2 du milieu. L’hypothèse d'un recours au métabolisme anaérobie est discutée. En hypoxie sévère, la diminution importante de la pression partielle d'o 2 du sang artériel jusqu'a un seuil de 32 mmhg induit la libération de catécholamines dans la circulation sanguine. Le maintien de la charge énergétique adenylique du muscle et du foie pourrait indiquer l'efficacité de la production d'atp par la glycolyse anaérobie. L’affinité de l'hémoglobine pour l'o 2 n'est pas modifiée chez le bar confronté à une hypoxie de longue durée quelle que soit sa sévérité. Il en est de même chez le turbot lors d'une hypoxie modérée à long terme. Par contre, pour des pressions partielles d'o 2 basses (40 mmhg), une diminution de l'affinité de l'hémoglobine a été mise en évidence chez cette espèce. Cette adaptation, permettant une meilleure libération de l'o 2 au niveau des tissus consommateurs, est pour la première fois mise en évidence chez les poissons. Chez le turbot, un échangeur na +/h + de la membrane érythrocytaire est mis en évidence in vitro par stimulation adrénergique. L’alcalinisation intracellulaire qui en résulte pourrait permettre au turbot de moduler rapidement l'affinité de l'hémoglobine pour l'o 2 via l'effet bohr suite à une hypoxie. Ce travail réalisé chez le turbot et le bar a permis de préciser des éléments sur les capacités adaptatives de ces deux espèces de téléostéens marins à une hypoxie exogène. D’après l'ensemble des résultats, ces poissons apparaissent résistants à l'hypoxie.
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Fournier, Stéphan. "Turbo codes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22763.pdf.
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Yan, Yun. "Turbo codes." Ohio : Ohio University, 1999. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175200238.
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Irles, Antón Esther. "Sistemas "single-pixel" para la obtención de imágenes a través de medios turbios. Aplicación en tejidos biológicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664782.
Full textAbstract:
En esta tesis se analiza el potencial de la técnica Single-Pixel Imaging (SPI) para la obtención de imágenes a través de medios turbios, especialmente tejidos biológicos. La técnica SPI emplea iluminación estructurada, generada mediante un modulador espacial de luz, y detección integrada, usando un sensor sin resolución espacial. Esta arquitectura óptica permite trabajar en regiones exóticas del espectro (donde no existen detectores pixelados) y obtener imágenes multidimensionales (hiperspectrales y/o polarimétricas, por ejemplo) mediante una elección adecuada del detector. Este trabajo demuestra la capacidad de SPI para atenuar la degradación causada por el scattering de la luz en la transmisión de imágenes a través de difusores (estáticos o dinámicos), en la reconstrucción de imágenes de objetos inmersos en tejidos de grosor milimétrico, así como en la obtención de imágenes de la retina humana in vivo y de la retina de un ojo artificial con catarata (simulada mediante un medio turbio).This thesis analyses the potential of single-pixel imaging (SPI) techniques to obtain images through turbid media, particularly biological tissue. The SPI technique employs structured illumination (generated by a spatial light modulator) and integrated detection (using a sensor without spatial resolution). This optical architecture allows us to work in exotic regions of the spectrum (where pixelated detectors do not exist) and to obtain multidimensional images (for example, hyperspectral and/or polarimetric images) using a suitable detector. This work shows the capability of SPI techniques to attenuate the image quality decrease caused by light scattering in applications such as image transmission through diffusers (static or dynamic), imaging objects embedded in biological tissue of millimeter thickness, and imaging the human retina in vivo, as well as the retina of an artificial eye with cataract (simulated by a turbid media).
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Serot, Thierry. "Les composes volatils de la chair de turbot (scophthal mus maximus) et leurs precurseurs : etude comparative du turbot sauvage et du turbot d'elevage." Nantes, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NANT2104.
Full textAbstract:
La perception de la qualite organoleptique des poissons d'elevage par les consommateurs est souvent negative. Le turbot n'echappe pas a cette regle. Les consommateurs souhaitent disposer de produits possedant des caracteristiques sensorielles les plus proches possibles de celles des poissons preleves dans le milieu naturel. Cette these a donc pour objectif d'evaluer les caracteristiques des composes impliques dans la flaveur de la chair de turbot sauvage et de turbot d'elevage ; en particulier celles des composes responsables de l'odeur de la chair de turbot apres cuisson mais aussi de leurs precurseurs lipidiques et amines. La chair de turbot d'elevage contient plus de lipides principalement sous forme de triglycerides la repartition des classes de phospholipides est identique dans la chair des deux groupes de poissons. Toutes les classes de lipides de la chair de turbot d'elevage contiennent des proportions plus faibles d'acides gras polyinsatures de la serie n3 mais des proportions plus elevees d'acides gras polyinsatures de la serie n6 et d'acides gras monoinsatures (20:1, 22:1). Le rapport n3/n6 est plus eleve dans toutes les fractions lipidiques de la chair du turbot sauvage excepte dans la fraction phosphatidyl inositol. Ces differences de compositions sont liees a des differences d'alimentation des deux populations de turbot. La chair de turbot d'elevage contient plus d'acides amines libres. Elle contient plus d'acides amines polaires alors que la chair de turbot sauvage contient plus d'acides amines apolaires. La majorite des composes volatils extraits de la chair du turbot sont des composes issus de l'oxydation des lipides. La chair de turbot d'elevage contient plus de composes volatils. Cependant, nous n'avons pas montre de difference quant a la nature des composes volatils presents dans la chair des deux groupes de poissons. Par des techniques d'olfactometrie nous avons montre que les composes qui contribuent a l'odeur de la chair de turbot cuit proviennent de l'oxydation des acides gras ((z)-4-heptenal (e, z)-2,6-nonadienal, (e, e)-2,4-decadienal). Mais des composes comme la trimethylamine ou la 2,3 butanedione presentent egalement des frequences de detection elevees et une forte intensite. Les resultats des tests sensoriels ne montrent de difference ni pour l'intensite ni pour les caracteristiques de l'odeur entre le turbot sauvage et le turbot d'elevage.
25
Rusin, Andrzej. "Trwałość wysokotemperaturowych elementów turbin cieplnych w ustalonych warunkach eksploatacji." Praca habilitacyjna, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej, 1996. https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=7622.
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Smith, Geoff C. "Methanogenic ether lipids in acoustically turbid and gas-free marine sediments." Thesis, Bangor University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266190.
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Nakonrat, Prasit. "Optical tomography and inhomogeneity localisation in turbid media by MC simulation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438560.
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Kůrečka, Jan. "Zlepšení hydraulických vlastností vírových turbin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254339.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis describes design of blade geometry of swirl turbines with different blade row density for given parameters Q11 = 1,9 [m3s-1], n11 = 170 [min-1], H=2,5 m, and =0,8. Goal is to found out differences between designs with high count of runner blades and design with fewer blades. Comparison of computed characteristics of three, seven and nine bladed runners is given.
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Pajevic, Sinisa, and George H. Weiss. "Effects of anisotropic optical parameters on the penetration of photons into a turbid medium: Effects of anisotropic optical parameters on the penetration ofphotons into a turbid medium." Diffusion fundamentals 4 (2007) 14, S.- 1-13, 2007. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14286.
Full textAbstract:
There are by now many applications of methods based on near- infrared radiation (NIR) used for optical imaging and
therapeutic purposes in medical settings. Such optical techniques are appealing in not requiring potentially harmful ionizing radiation, being non-invasive, and generally being easily implementable. Since photons are randomly scattered by cell components, successful use of NIR requires knowledge of the photon trajectories expressed in statistical terminology. Until now the necessary analysis has been based on diffusion theory assuming that the scattering coefficient is an isotropic material property. We analyze the properties of the penetration depth when this assumption is violated. By penetration depth will be meant the depth attained in the turbid medium, given its ultimate emission at the planar surface at a time T , as a function of the degree of anisotropy of the scattering coefficient. Our analysis will be based on a continuous-time random walk formalism. Properties of both time-gated and continuous-wave experiments will be derived.
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Raorane, Pooja Prakash. "Sampling Based Turbo and Turbo Concatenated Coded Noncoherent Modulation Schemes." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1279071861.
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Abbara, Mamdouh. "Turbo-codes quantiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00842327.
Full textAbstract:
L'idée des turbo-codes, construction très performante permettant l'encodage de l'information classique, ne pouvait jusqu'à présent pas être transposé au problème de l'encodage de l'information quantique. En effet, il subsistait des obstacles tout aussi théoriques que relevant de leur implémentation. A la version quantique connue de ces codes, on ne connaissait ni de résultat établissant une distance minimale infinie, propriété qui autorise de corriger un nombre arbitraire d'erreurs, ni de décodage itératif efficace, car les turbo-encodages quantiques, dits catastrophiques, propagent certaines erreurs lors d'un tel décodage et empêchent son bon fonctionnement. Cette thèse a permis de relever ces deux défis, en établissant des conditions théoriques pour qu'un turbo-code quantique ait une distance minimale infinie, et d'autre part, en exhibant une construction permettant au décodage itératif de bien fonctionner. Les simulations montrent alors que la classe de turbo-codes quantiques conçue est efficace pour transmettre de l'information quantique via un canal dépolarisant dont l'intensité de dépolarisation peut aller jusqu'à p = 0,145. Ces codes quantiques, de rendement constant, peuvent aussi bien être utilisés directement pour encoder de l'information quantique binaire, qu'être intégrés comme modules afin d'améliorer le fonctionnement d'autres codes tels que les LDPC quantiques.
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Barros, Jose da Silva. "Codigos turbo quaternarios." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259772.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Renato Baldini FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T16:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_JosedaSilva_M.pdf: 832396 bytes, checksum: 7c6800b84777316838807b03162e680f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003
Mestrado
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Xu, Lei. "OFDM turbo transceivers." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/64480/.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis a variety of different techniques designed for the sake of improving the attainable efficiency of wireless system are considered in the context of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). More explicitly, powerful turbo transceivers invoking Sphere Packing (SP) modulation are designed using EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts for both single-user and multi-user transmission. In order to provide an attractive suite of single-user OFDM transceivers, we contrive a SP-aided OFDM scheme for maximizing the achievable coding advantage. The corresponding capacity equation shows that the SP-OFDM scheme exhibits a higher capacity than its counterpart dispensing with SP. Furthermore, a carefully designed Sphere Packing symbol To Sub-Carrier Mapping (SPTSCM) scheme is contrived, which results in an improved Discrete Input Continuous Output Memoryless Channel (DCMC) capacity. This is achieved by reducing the correlation between the multiple OFDM sub-carriers conveying a specific SP symbol. In order to enhance the attainable BER performance of the SP-OFDM scheme, iterative detection is invoked for exchanging extrinsic information between the SP symbol-to-bit demapper and the channel decoder. In contrast to the classic SP signal construction, sophisticated SP schemes are designed with the aid of EXIT charts for the sake of improving the convergence behaviour of the iteratively detected schemes. Explicitly, an approximately 0.15bit/s/Hz DCMC capacity improvement is achieved and the proposed iterative detection aided SP-OFDM scheme becomes capable of performing within 2.1dB of the maximum achievable rate limit obtained using EXIT charts at BER = 10−4. Some of the proposed advances are then extended to a multi-user Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) OFDM scheme. Novel turbo MUDs are designed and investigated in terms of their complexity, EXIT characteristics and BER performance. More explicitly, the linear turbo MUDs considered include the Complex-valued Minimum Mean Square Error (SIC-CMMSE) scheme, the Soft Interference Cancellation based Real-valued Minimum Mean Square Error (SIC-RMMSE) arrangement and the Soft Interference Cancellation based Minimum Bit-Error Rate (SIC-MBER) MUD schemes. The SIC-RMMSE is only applicable in the context of BPSK modulated schemes. A Reduced-complexity Minimum Bit-Error Rate (RMBER) is also designed for the sake of arriving at a complexity reduction by slightly compromising the attainable performance in comparison to the SIC-MBER MUD. Furthermore, a hybrid scheme was designed to eliminate the performance degradation imposed by the RMBER MUD. In contrast to above-mentioned linear schemes, Bayesian turbo MUD and the K-best iterative Sphere Decoder (SD) belong to the family of non-linear MUDs. Then a general complexityreduction technique was contrived in order to reduce the complexity imposed by the turbo MUDs, which was referred to as the A-priori-LLR-Threshold (ALT) aided MUD algorithm, which was introduced for the sake of striking an attractive trade-off between the attainable complexity-reduction and the performance degradation imposed. Finally, the novel framework of Transmit Domain Processing based Detectors (TDPD) was contrived for a generalized multi-access or multiplexing based channel model in order to circumvent the exponentially increasing complexity imposed by the Maximum Likelihood (ML) MUD as a function of both the number of antennas and the number of bits per symbol. Explicitly, the TDPD may be separated into three basic steps including the MUD’s Search Center (SC) calculation, detection candidate list generation and LLR output calculation. A range of different schemes were considered for each of the three steps, and the SIC-CMMSE SC aided hybrid K-best subset combination based iterative TDPD was capable of achieving a similar BER performance to the optimal ML detector at a significantly reduced-complexity.
34
Ma, Steven Kwan Tung. "An evaluation of stereoscopic versus monoscopic video in a turbid underwater environment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0004/MQ45618.pdf.
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Ellis, Thomas Logan. "Field treatment and disinfection of highly turbid natural water for potable use." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_261_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Kocum, Esra. "Phytoplanktonic primary production along a eutrophic, turbid estuarine gradient (Colne estuary, UK)." Thesis, University of Essex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242264.
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Liu, Huizeng. "Ocean color atmospheric correction based on black pixel assumption over turbid waters." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/623.
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Accurate retrieval of water-leaving reflectance from satellite-sensed signal is decisive for ocean color applications, because water-leaving radiance only account for less than 10% of satellite-sensed radiance. The standard atmospheric correction algorithm relies on black pixel assumption, which assumes negligible water-radiance reflectance at the near-infrared (NIR) bands. The standard NIR-based algorithm generally works well for waters where the NIR water-leaving radiance is negligible or can be properly accounted for. However, the black pixel assumption does not hold over turbid waters, which results in biased retrievals of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). Therefore, this study aimed to improve atmospheric correction over turbid waters. Based on Sentinel-3, two ways to cope with nonzero NIR water-leaving reflectance were explored. First, this study proposed to use artificial neural networks to estimate and correct NIR water-leaving reflectance at TOA (ANN-NIR algorithm). The rationale of it is that hydrosol optical properties are much simpler at NIR spectral region, where pure water absorptions are the dominant factor. The proposed algorithm outperformed the standard NIR-based algorithm over highly turbid waters. Considering results demonstrated in this study, ANN-NIR algorithm should be useful for ocean color sensors with less than two SWIR bands. Second, this study adapted the SWIR-based algorithm for atmospheric correction of Sentinel-3 OLCI by coupling with the two SWIR bands of SLSTR. Three SWIR band combinations were tested: 1020 and 1613, 1020 and 2256, and 1613 and 2256 nm. The SWIR-based algorithm obviously performed better than NIR-based algorithm over highly turbid waters, while the NIR-based is still preferred for clear to moderately turbid waters. The SWIR band of 1020 nm combined with either SWIR band of 1613 or 2256 nm is recommended for the SWIR-based algorithm except for extremely turbid waters, because the band of 1020 nm has better radiometric performance. Over extremely turbid waters, the band combination of 1613 and 2256 nm should be used, since the water-leaving reflectance is still non-negligible at the band of 1020 nm over these waters. Considering atmospheric correction performance obtained by the NIR- and SWIR-based algorithms, the NIR-based and SWIR-based algorithm are practically applied over clear and turbid waters, respectively. This study revisited the effectiveness of the turbidity index for the current NIR-SWIR switching scheme. The turbidity index calculated from aerosol reflectance varies from 0.7 to 2.2, which is not close to one as expected. In addition to water-leaving reflectance, its value also depends on the spectral shape of aerosol reflectance, which varies with aerosol size distributions, aerosol optical thickness, relative humidity and observing geometries. To address this problem, this study proposed a framework to determine switching threshold for the NIR-SWIR algorithm. An Rrs threshold was determined for each MODIS land band centered at 469, 555, 645 and 859 nm, respectively. Their thresholds are 0.009, 0.016, 0.009 and 0.0006 sr-1, respectively. However, Rrs(469) tends to select SWIR-based algorithm wrongly for clear waters, while NIR-SWIR switching based on Rrs(859) tends to produce patchy patterns. By contrast, NIR-SWIR switching based on Rrs(555) with a threshold of 0.016 sr-1 and Rrs(645) with a threshold of 0.009 sr-1 produced reasonable results. Considering the contrasted estuarine and coastal waters, combined applications of NIR- and SWIR-based algorithm with the switching scheme should be useful for these waters. This study will contribute to better ocean color atmospheric corrections over turbid waters. Atmospheric correction algorithms based on black pixel assumption have been implemented and tested in this study, while combined applications of NIR-based and SWIR-based algorithms are recommended over contrasted transitional waters. However, further studies would still be required to further improve and validate atmospheric correction algorithms over turbid waters.
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Høydal, Arild. "Virkningsgradsmåling av en høyttrykks Francis turbin." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13694.
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19. mai ble det utført virkningsgradsm°alinger av Norconsult AS ved Nore I Kraftverk i Buskerud. På denne målingen var Stud. Techn. Arild Høydal medvirkende, og utførte samtidig egne målinger av energifordelingen i avløpet til bruk i masteroppgaven. Kraftverket består av åtte Peltonturbiner, hver på 26 MW, og har en fallhøyde på 343 m. Målingene ble utført på turbin 8, som nettopp ble satt i drift etter utskifting av løpehjulet. En garantiåaling av virkningsgraden skulle derfor utføres. Denne oppgaven består av to hovedmål. Det første er å sette seg inn i teorien bak termodynamiske virkningsgradsmålinger for å deretter være med på måling og utføre beregninger på virkningsgrad og usikkerhet basert på måledata. Det andre målet er å gjøre detaljerte målinger av både temperatur- og hastighetsfordeling i avløpet på kraftverket. Dette er for å se om kunnskaper om energifordelingen gjør at man kan få ned usikkerheten i målingene. Da vil det også være mulig å sammenligne den målte usikkerheten med usikkerheten man er anbefalt å sette på energifordelingen i avløpet. Målingen av virkningsgraden var vellykket med gode måleforhold og små forstyrrelser. Målingen av energifordelingen var bare delvis suksessfull, ettersom hastighetsmålingene ble vurdert til å være ugyldige. Dette var likevel et mindre problem, ettersom temperaturvariasjonene på tvers av avløpet ble funnet til å være rundt 1 mK. Dette gjorde at virkningsgraden varierte lite fra kontrollflate til kontrollflate, og en hastighetsvekting av kontrollflatene gav lite utslag. Måleusikkerheten ble funnet til å være 0.76% relativt til virkningsgraden for alle lastpunktene, som er en akseptabel usikkerhet for en virkningsgradsmåling. Denne usikkerheten ble derimot redusert til 0.47% når det ble brukt usikkerheter på energifordelingen i avløpet i stedet for anbefalte verdier fra IEC 41. Det demonstrerer fordelen av å kartlegge energifordelingen i avløpet. På bakgrunn av målingene utført ved Nore I og tidligere målinger på andre Francis- og Peltonturbiner, ble det konkludert med at usikkerheten på 0.60% for Em blir unødvendig høy for kraftverk med stor fallhøyde. Denne oppgaven støtter tidligere forslag om å heller sette en absolutt usikkerhet på 2 mK på temperaturen i avløpet, som er mer representativt for observerte forhold. Et forslag blir også fremmet om å skille mellom Francis og Pelton i IEC 41 når usikkerheten skal settes på energifordelingen i avløpet, observert data antyder en større energispredning i Francissugerør enn i Peltonavløp. Flere energikartlegging av avløp trengs for å avgjøre om det er riktig.
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Vosáhlo, David. "Návrh vírových turbin pro MVE Vrchlabí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230792.
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The aim of this master’s thesis is the optimal design of swirl turbines for small water power plant. It is described a different possibilities of turbine‘s install for locality Vrchlabí. It presents a design of turbines and draft tubes. For the installation of turbines is computed theoretical production of annual electric energy. Furthermore it describes a design of supply channel and intake structure.
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Kim, Taegeun. "Optical Scanning Holography for 3-D Imaging of Fluorescent Objects in Turbid Media." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35732.
Full textAbstract:
A holographic recording method using an optical heterodyne 2-D scanning techniquefor 3-D imaging of fluorescent objects in turbid media is described and experimentally
demonstrated. For the first time, 3-D imaging of fluorescentobjects in turbid media by a
holographic method is achieved, and the diffused photon rejecting process through a
heterodyne technique is analyzed. We also propose and realize a multiplexing and a digital
decoding method for removing twin-image noise in optical scanning holography. The
holographic method studied can be applied to 3-D biomedical imaging of fluorescent
objects in turbid media as well as diffusely reflecting objects.
Master of Science
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Mysore, Naveen. "Combined turbo coding and turbo equalization for wireless systems with antenna diversity." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33983.
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Emerging wireless communication systems strive for very high data rates, increased coverage and good quality of service. To achieve these goals under harsh conditions on many wireless channels (e.g., due to fading, multipath interference, power constraints and bandwidth limitations), both antenna diversity schemes and channel coding should be utilized.This thesis focuses on achieving reliable transmission over a class of multi-input multi-output Rayleigh faded channels at very low Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs). The transmitter and receiver designs are based on turbo coding, multiple transmit/receive antennas and turbo equalization. Simulation studies were performed for systems with different coding rates, numbers of antennas and interleaving strategies. They show the ability to achieve small bit error rates (10-4--10-5) for negative values of SNR.
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Tziraki, Maria. "The development of photorefractive holography through turbid media for application to biomedical imaging." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341934.
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Wu, Jun 1968. "Photon migration in turbid media : time-resolved optical imaging in tissue-like phantom." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10792.
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Koo, Tae-Woong 1974. "Measurement of blood analytes in turbid biological tissue using near-infrared Raman spectroscopy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8692.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2001.Includes bibliographical references.
Concentrations of blood constituents provide diagnostic information in clinical procedures. Among the medical community, there is great interest in developing an optical method of concentration measurements that eliminates reagents required in the current clinical chemistry techniques and is non-invasive. This thesis describes the methodology to develop a measurement technique of blood component concentrations using Raman spectroscopy. The sources of prediction error were identified. A Monte Carlo simulation model was developed to study the distribution of the Raman signal from turbid biological samples. A high sensitivity system for Raman spectroscopy of blood analytes was designed by optimizing the optical components. The new system had higher collection efficiency than the previous state-of-the-art system. Experiments were performed using the new system in order to collect Raman spectra of human whole blood. The collected Raman spectra were analyzed with multivariate calibration techniques, and compared with hospital measurements. The analysis of the spectra of whole blood samples demonstrate that many chemical components in ex vivo whole blood samples can be measured accurately with near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. A preliminary analysis based on the results of this thesis indicates that it is feasible to measure blood analytes non-invasively.
by Tae-Woong Koo.
Ph.D.
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Sharma, Prashant. "The right to information act in India : the turbid world of transparency reforms." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/579/.
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The enactment of the national Right to Information (RTI) Act in 2005 has been produced, consumed and celebrated as an important event of democratic deepening in India both in terms of the process that led to its enactment (arising from a grassroots movement) as well as its outcome (fundamentally altering the citizen-state relationship). This thesis problematises this narrative and proposes that the explanatory factors underlying this event may be more complex than thus far imagined. First, the leadership of the grassroots movement was embedded within the ruling elite and possessed the necessary resources as well as unparalleled access to spaces of power for the movement to be successful. Second, the democratisation of the higher bureaucracy along with the launch of the economic liberalisation project meant that the urban, educated, high-caste, upper-middle-class elite that provided critical support to the demand for an RTI Act was no longer vested in the state and had moved to the private sector. Mirroring this shift, the framing of the RTI Act during the 1990s saw its ambit reduced to the government, even as there was a concomitant push to privatise public goods and services. Third, the thesis locates the Indian RTI Act within the global explosion of freedom of information laws over the last two decades, and shows how international pressures, embedded within a reimagining of the role of the state vis-à-vis the market, had a direct and causal impact both on its content, as well as the timing of its enactment. Taking the production of the RTI Act as a lens, the thesis finally argues that while there is much to celebrate in the consolidation of procedural democracy in India over the last six decades, existing economic, social and political structures may limit the extent and forms of democratic deepening occurring in the near future.
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Otto, Sebastian, and Thomas Trautmann. "On a generalised G-function in radiative transfer theory of turbid vegetation media." Universität Leipzig, 2009. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16365.
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The simplified approach of a turbid medium is commonly applied in theory of radiative transfer for vegetation media. Oriented planar model leaves are assumed whose normals are always confined to the upper half space. These orientations are described with the help of so-called leaf normal distribution functions (LNDFs) so that, within the scope of the turbid theory, a radiative transfer equation can be derived in which the so called Ross-Nilson function G occurs explicitly. This function, as introduced by J. Ross, is based on geometrical considerations and is therefore called geometry function, or shortly G-function (GF). To solve the latter equation G must be known. GF is calculated from the LNDF and was originally derived in an explicit and analytical form for strongly simplified LNDFs only. We demonstrated in a previous work that GF can be calculated also for other standard LNDFs. Based on the latter LNDFs we introduce here a generalised trigonometric LNDF and present the respective formula for G.Die vereinfachte Annahme eines turbiden Mediums findet in der Theorie des Strahlungstransfers für Vegetationsmedien breite Anwendung. Darin werden orientierte ebene Modellblätter angenommen, deren Normalen stets in den oberen Halbraum weisen. Diese Orientierungen werden mittels sogenannter Blattnormalenverteilungen (BNV) beschrieben, so dass sich im Rahmen der turbiden Theorie eine Strahlungstransfergleichung ableiten lässt, in der die sogenannte Ross-Nilson-Funktion G explizit auftritt. Diese von J. Ross eingeführte Funktion basiert auf geometrischen Betrachtungen und wird daher auch Geometriefunktion genannt oder kurz G-Funktion. G muss zur Lösung der vorigen Gleichung bekannt sein. Es leitet sich aus der BNV ab und konnte in expliziter sowie analytischer Form bislang lediglich für stark vereinfachte BNV hergeleitet werden. Wie wir an dieser Stelle in einem früheren Beitrag gezeigt haben, lässt sich G darüber hinaus für andere standardisierte BNV berechnen. Auf letzteren aufbauend führen wir jetzt eine verallgemeinerte trigonometrische BNV ein und präsentieren die entsprechende Formel für G.
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Nguemaha, Valery Marcel. "ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX AND PARTICLESIZE IN HIGHLY TURBID MEDIA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1376416227.
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Worth, Bradley William II. "Experiments on Zeeman-based Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Optical Sensing in Turbid Media." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1388069839.
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Konuskan, Cagatay. "Turbo Equalization for HSPA." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54640.
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New high quality mobile telecommunication services are offered everyday and the demand for higher data rates is continuously increasing. To maximize the uplink throughput in HSPA when transmission is propagated through a dispersive channel causing self-interference, equalizers are used. One interesting solution, where the equalizer and decoder exchange information in an iterative way, for improving the equalizer performance is Turbo equalization.
In this thesis a literature survey has been performed on Turbo equalization methods and a chosen method has been implemented for the uplink HSPA standard to evaluate the performance in heavily dispersive channels. The selected algorithm has been adapted for multiple receiving antennas, oversampled processing and HARQ retransmissions. The results derived from the computer based link simulations show that the implemented algorithm provide a gain of approximately 0.5 dB when performing up to 7 Turbo equalization iterations. Gains up to 1 dB have been obtained by disabling power control, not using retransmission combining and utilizing a single receiver antenna. The algorithm has also been evaluated considering alternative dispersive channels, Log-MAP decoding, different code rates, number of Turbo equalization iterations and number of Turbo decoding iterations.
The simulation results do not motivate a real implementation of the chosen algorithm considering the increased computational complexity and small gain achieved in a full featured receiver system. Further studies are needed before concluding the HSPA uplink Turbo equalization approach.
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Barros, Jose da Silva. "Codigos turbo hibridos multiniveis." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/261099.
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Orientador: Renato Baldini FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e Computação
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Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos classes de códigos turbo não binários definidos sobre os campos e anéis de inteiros. Os códigos turbo multiníveis convencionais consistem em dois códigos componentes RSC M-ários, concatenados via um entrelaçador aleatório de N símbolos e com símbolos codificados transmitidos através da modulação M-PSK. Os códigos turbo híbridos multiníveis consistem em dois códigos componentes RSC, não necessariamente definidos sobre o mesmo alfabeto. Os codificadores componentes são separados por um entrelaçador e os símbolos codificados transmitidos através de um esquema híbrido de modulação PSK. O algoritmo de decodificação iterativa de máximo a posteriori, usado para decodificar os códigos concatenados binários, pode ser estendido para a classe dos códigos turbo não binários. Os resultados das simulações mostram que os códigos turbo híbridos multiníveis apresentam melhor desempenho, error floor mais baixo e menor complexidade de codificação e decodificação que os códigos turbo M-ários convencionais. Já os códigos turbo multiníveis M-ários são mais eficientes que os códigos turbo binários padrão
Abstract: This work presents classes of non-binary codes defined over rings and fields of integers. The conventional multilevel turbo codes consist of two M-ary RSC component codes concatenated via a random N-symbol interleaver and with encoded symbols are transmitted using a M-PSK modulation. The hybrid multilevel turbo codes consist of two RSC component codes, defined on different alphabets. The component encoder are separated by a interleaver and the encoder symbols are transmitted utilizing a hybrid M-PSK scheme. The iterative binary decoding algorithm is a maximum a posteriori scheme, which can be extended to the class of the non-binary turbo codes. The results of the simulations show that the hybrid multilevel turbo codes present better performance, lower error floor and lower encoding and decoding complexities than the M-ary conventional turbo codes. Moreover, the M-ary multilevel turbo codes are more efficient than the standard binary turbo codes
Doutorado
Engenharia de Computação
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica