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Journal articles on the topic 'Turbine modernization'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Obretenov,, V. S. "Modernization of Francis Water Turbine." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 11, no. 5 (October 2000): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm.2000.11.5.365.

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2

Grondahl, C. M., and M. E. Guiler. "MS3002 Advanced Tech Upgrade Application and Operating Experience." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906267.

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Modernization of MS3002 gas turbines produced by GE from 1951 to 1973 has been accomplished with the application of advanced technology components in a redesigned turbine hot section. Texas Eastern installed the first modernization package in 1986 and now has 10 units in service totalling more than 135,000 operating hours. This paper presents the user’s motivation to refurbish 30-year-old gas turbines, including details of the uprate installation and subsequent operating experience. Specifics of the advanced technology components in these units are provided including their impact on unit performance and reliability.
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3

Krzyżanowski, J. "On efficiency measurements for large steam turbine low-pressure stages." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 211, no. 4 (June 1, 1997): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650971537259.

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Current trends in the development of power engineering are turning attention towards modernization of the machinery and equipment. Modernization of the LP (low-pressure) part of a turbine is one of the most promising solutions. A natural question which arises concerns the effectiveness of such modernization, i.e. a comparison of the characteristics (efficiency) of this turbine part before and after modernization. Such a comparison may be based on measurements of the efficiency of the LP part and the last stage before and after the modernization, provided that the efficiency gain achieved exceeds the measuring error. This paper deals with the estimation of the accuracy of such a measurement, the principle and methodology of which have been developed at the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery (IFFM) for a real turbine.
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4

Kasner, Robert, Weronika Kruszelnicka, Patrycja Bałdowska-Witos, Józef Flizikowski, and Andrzej Tomporowski. "Sustainable Wind Power Plant Modernization." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061461.

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The production of energy in wind power plants is regarded as ecologically clean because there being no direct emissions of harmful substances during the conversion of wind energy into electricity. The production and operation of wind power plant components make use of the significant potential of materials such as steel, plastics, concrete, oils, and greases. Energy is also used, which is a source of potential negative environmental impacts. Servicing a wind farm power plant during its operational years, which lasts most often 25 years, followed by its disassembly, involves energy expenditures as well as the recovery of post-construction material potential. There is little research in the world literature on models and methodologies addressing analyses of the environmental and energy aspects of wind turbine modernization, whether in reference to turbines within their respective lifecycles or to those which have already completed them. The paper presents an attempt to solve the problems of wind turbine modernization in terms of balancing energy and material potentials. The aim of sustainable modernization is to overhaul: assemblies, components, and elements of wind power plants to extend selected phases as well as the lifecycle thereof while maintaining a high quality of power and energy; high energy, environmental, and economic efficiency; and low harmfulness to operators, operational functions, the environment, and other technical systems. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology to assess the efficiency of energy and environmental costs incurred during the 25-year lifecycle of a 2 MW wind power plant and of the very same power plant undergoing sustainable modernization to extend its lifecycle to 50 years. The analytical and research procedure conducted is a new model and methodological approach, one which is a valuable source of data for the sustainable lifecycle management of wind power plants in an economy focused on process efficiency and the sustainability of energy and material resources.
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5

Chmielniak, Tadeusz, Gerard Kosman, and Wojciech Kosman. "Analysis of Cycle Configurations for the Modernization of Combined Heat and Power Plant by Fitting a Gas Turbine System." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1765126.

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The application of a gas turbine generally allows to increase the number of possible configurations of cogenerated heat and electrical power systems, which became a significant substitute for classic, coal-fired power plants. They are characterized by better thermodynamical, economical, ecological, and operating indexes. Gas turbine units are also the best option for the modernization of existing power plants. This paper discusses the effectiveness of various technological configurations with gas turbines, which are to be applied during modernization projects of already existing conventional combined heat and power plants. In the analysis enthalpy and entropy methods were applied. Algorithms of the entropy method allow to determine the entropy generation in each section of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. Several criteria were taken into consideration while analyzing the effectiveness of technological cycle configurations with gas turbines. These include the energy effectiveness, the efficiency of the HRSG and the steam cycle, the efficiency of the whole thermal electric power station, the exergetic efficiency of the HRSG and the steam cycle, and the fuel efficiency index. It was assumed that gas turbines operate under their nominal conditions. The composite curves were also taken into consideration while choosing the type of the turbine. The modernization project tends not to eliminate those existing power plant sections (machines and equipment), which are able to operate further. The project suggests that those units should remain in the system, which satisfy the applied durability criterion. The last phase of the optimization project focuses on the sensibility verification of several steam-gas CHP plant parameters and their influence on the whole system.
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6

Abass, A. Z., D. A. Pavlyuchenko, A. M. Balabanov, and V. M. Less. "Inclusion of solar energy in iraq gas-turbine power plants as a method of solving the country's energy system shortage." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 22, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2020-22-1-98-107.

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At high ambient temperatures, the performance of gas turbine power plants drops significantly. Technical solutions of compensation for losses associated with the constant injection of water into the air intake of a gas turbine. This approach is not acceptable in regions with limited fresh water reserves. Radical solutions are required to reduce the cost of generated energy. Integrated Combined Solar Cycle (ISCCS) technology has proven itself on many projects. The addition of a combined cycle gas cycle with solar energy can significantly increase the overall efficiency of the power plant. Despite the increase in costs during the construction of its solar part, the total cost of operating solar collectors is several times less than a turbine installation. Given the global trend to fight carbon emissions, switching to a hybrid scheme is economically attractive. Trading in carbon credits for CO2 emissions will significantly reduce the payback period for the construction of gas turbine modernization under the ISCCS scheme. This paper presents an option to modernize a gas turbine power plant in the city of Basra (Iraq), using the advantages of solar radiation and recycling of combustion products from gas turbines. It is proposed to equip the existing 200 MW gas turbine plant with two steam turbine units with a capacity of 75 and 65 MW, working in conjunction with solar collectors producing low pressure water vapor. Due to modernization, the efficiency of the power plant should increase from 38% to 55%. The revision of the schematic and technical solutions of Iraq power plants will allow producing sufficient energy for the region.
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7

Chernousenko, O. Yu, V. A. Peshko, and D. V. Ryndiuk. "IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF MODERNIZATION OF STEAM TURBINE END SEALS ON THE RESIDUAL RESOURCE." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.3.2020.06.

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Modernization of sealing units with a change of design is carried out in order to improve the technical and economic parameters of steam turbines. It is known from experience of operation of the turbine equipment that, ring cracks in rotors arise in sealing areas. This is due to both seals design features and the accumulation of thermocyclic fatigue. The research is devoted to the study of resource parameters of the high-pressure rotor of the T-250/300-240 turbine equipped with seals of labyrinth, honeycomb and direct-flow type. Numerical experiments were performed on the basis of three-dimensional geometric models of interflow end seals of the high pressure rotor. The finite element method is used to discretize the computational area. The thermal state of the turbine is calculated for the starting mode from the cold state of the metal by solving the boundary value problem of thermal conductivity in a non-stationary setting. The calculation of the stress-strain state of the turbine takes into account the obtained data on temperature stresses and forces from the non-uniformity of temperature fields, as well as centrifugal forces and steam pressure. Differences in the stress-strain state of the rotor for different seal designs are established. It is indicated that after grooving of labyrinth interflow seals to the honeycomb structure, the stress level in the rotor decreased by 8 %, and when grooving to the direct-flow structure — by 21 %. The accumulated damage in the main metal of the turbine was determined using experimental curves of long-term strength of steel 25Cr1Mo1V. The calculation of resource indicators showed that in the transition from the labyrinth to the honeycomb design of the seals, the individual resource of the high-pressure rotor increases by 6.1 %, and in the transition to direct-flow — by 14.4 %. Ref. 10, Fig. 5, Tab. 1.
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8

Davidenko, N. N., and V. A. Solomeev. "Modernization of turbine equipment at nuclear power stations." Thermal Engineering 56, no. 5 (May 2009): 405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601509050085.

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9

Kikuta, H., R. Suzuki, S. Nakamura, and D. Anciger. "A runner modernization in a Deriaz turbine hydropower station." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 240 (March 27, 2019): 022059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/240/2/022059.

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10

Stepanov, D., N. Stepanova, and S. Bilyk. "ENERGY MODERNIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL BOILER HOUSE." Modern technology, materials and design in construction 29, no. 2 (2021): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2311-1429-2020-2-108-112.

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The current state of the energy sector is analyzed, the physical and moral obsolescence of the main equipment is revealed, the losses of electricity in the networks are increased. Coal combustion at power plants is accompanied by increased man-made load on the environment. To increase the energy, economic and environmental efficiency of energy supply of industrial enterprises, the use of decentralized cogeneration based on gas industrial boilers or the use of biomass boilers is proposed. Options for energy modernization on the example of an industrial dairy boiler house are considered. 8 variants of increase of reliability, energy efficiency, economy and environmental friendliness are offered, namely installation of boilers on biomass, gas turbine and gas-piston heat engines, creation of thermal power plant with steam turbine installation on saturated and superheated steam. The analysis of advantages and disadvantages of variants, and also rationality of their introduction on boiler houses of the industrial enterprise is executed. Calculations of economic indicators of different options for energy modernization of the boiler house allowed to identify effective methods to increase the efficiency of energy equipment. The analysis also takes into account the possibility of diversification of energy supply and reduction of dependence on electricity suppliers.
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11

Grondahl, C. M., R. D. Linnell, and T. J. Martin. "The Modernization of a 1965 MS5001 Gas Turbine: New Life for an Old Unit." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240303.

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Application of the GE MS5001 gas turbine performance improvement uprate package has been extended to an early model “K” unit at Texaco’s Convent, LA, refinery. This extensive modification required replacement of the turbine shell in addition to the installation of new technology components developed for more recent MS5001 models. This paper presents the customer’s motivation to refurbish a 22-year-old gas turbine. Gas turbine component design improvements and interfaces are discussed with performance and reliability gains. Field service engineering experience installing the uprate is also related.
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12

Abramovich, B. N., Yu A. Sychev, and P. A. Kuznetsov. "Modernization of gas-turbine engines with high-frequency induction motors." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 327 (March 2018): 052001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/327/5/052001.

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13

Nozhnitsky, Yuri, Boris Baluev, Yulia Fedina, and Dmitry Shadrin. "MODERNIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL BASE FOR INVESTIGATION OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE INTEGRITY." Perm National Research Polytechnic University Aerospace Engineering Bulletin, no. 57 (2019): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9982/2019.57.05.

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14

Bukin, V. A. "MODERNIZATION OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR LNG MAINLINE GAS TURBINE LOCOMOTIV." Journal of Dynamics and Vibroacoustics 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2409-4579-2014-1-2-13-19.

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15

Zhukov, V. A., and M. S. Kurin. "Modernization of gas turbine pressurization system of a converted diesel engine." Russian Engineering Research 27, no. 3 (March 2007): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x07030021.

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16

Перевезенцев, Виктор, Viktor Perevezentsev, Максим Шилин, and Maksim Shilin. "Improving the design of the seal gaps in the flow of the pumping unit GTK-10-4." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2015, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22746.

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Describes the methods of modernization seal the radial clearance of the gas turbine by using the honeycomb structure at the periphery of the wheel. Discusses the gas-dynamic and thermal engineering problems using honeycomb seals in turbomachinery.
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17

Yamaltdinov, A. A., Yu A. Sakhnin, A. Yu Ryabchikov, S. Yu Evdokimov, and S. V. Sergach. "Modernization of exhaust hoods of low-pressure sections of steam turbines manufactured by the Ural Turbine Works." Thermal Engineering 61, no. 12 (November 5, 2014): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s004060151412009x.

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18

Egorov, Mikle, and Vyacheslav Suslov. "Fluid mechanics tests of separator-reheater turbines." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 09009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824509009.

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The main aim of the current work is to increase operation efficiency and reliability of moisture separator-reheaters and turbines of NPPs. As the experience from MSR-500-1 operation showed the presence of large disperse moisture leads stops of the turbine. The high wetness level of steam downstream of separating devices observed since the first years of operation. Results from tests of the modernized separator-reheaters of the first unit at the Smolensk NPP with «Powervane» louvers developed by Balcke-Durr company are presented. Results from studies on the determination of wetness of the steam at the outlet from the separating part of the MSR-14, MSR-24, which demonstrate advantages of modernized construction are discussed. Modernization of separator-reheaters of the turbines TG-1, TG-2 resulted in eliminating non-uniformity of wetness over the perimeter and height of the steam space downstream the separation units. Success in modernization was caused by arranging separate outlets for moisture depositing at the walls, bottom of the inlet chamber. According to the results of the carried out studies an average value of the wetness at the outlet of the separation units was 0.6% which is close to the design value 0.5%.
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19

Jesionek, Krzysztof, Andrzej Chrzczonowski, Paweł Ziółkowski, and Janusz Badur. "Power enhancement of the Brayton cycle by steam utilization." Archives of Thermodynamics 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-012-0016-x.

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Abstract The paper presents thermodynamic analysis of the gas-steam unit of the 65 MWe combined heat and power station. Numerical analyses of the station was performed for the nominal operation conditions determining the Brayton and combined cycle. Furthermore, steam utilization for the gas turbine propulsion in the Cheng cycle was analysed. In the considered modernization, steam generated in the heat recovery steam generator unit is directed into the gas turbine combustion chamber, resulting in the Brayton cycle power increase. Computational flow mechanics codes were used in the analysis of the thermodynamic and operational parameters of the unit.
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20

Balashov, M. M. "IMPORT SUBSTITUTION IN THE POWER ENGINEERING INDUSTRY." Strategic decisions and risk management 11, no. 2 (September 23, 2020): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2618-947x-2020-2-182-195.

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This article discusses the issues of dependence of power engineering in the Russian Federation on imported equipment in general and in the field of gas turbine technologies. The paper describes the features of foreign-made equipment that is operated at the power facilities of the Russian Federation, identifies the countries that produce the installed foreign equipment in the power industry. Possible economic consequences for the energy-intensive industry from the implementation of the program for the modernization of generating equipment within the framework of the import substitution program are estimated. The forecast scenario of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on power consumption in the UNEG and the program for the modernization of generating equipment is also presented.
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21

Осипов, Александр, Aleksandr Osipov, Алексей Дроконов, Aleksey Drokonov, Андрей Волженцов, and Andrey Volzhentsov. "Economy increase of turboset flow unit." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2015, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17083.

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At present time a considerable part of installed facilities of steam – and gasturbine units exhausted the body resources in connection with that their modernization is an urgent problem. The effectiveness increase in the work of a flow part in turbine units can be achieved at the expense of peripheral leakage decrease in bandless and banded stages of steam and gas turbines. In banded stages it can be achieved due to the choice of optimum value in the peripheral overlap of turbine rotor blades. In the BSTU there was obtained a dependence allowing the approximate definition of the optimum value for the overlap. At the same time the design of peripheral honeycomb seal with variable geometry allowing the operation with increased gaps in vibrating dangerous modes (start and stop) and in nominal conditions – with reduced gaps that gives the decrease of operation heat leakage about 30% in comparison with a basic design is offered. For bandless stages on the outer outline of an impeller the spiral profile groove manufacturing is of-fered for the effect of flow blocking at periphery. In the BSTU on the test air benches it was established that at the optimum angle of spiral profile groove slope equal to 150 to the plane of the impeller rotation the efficiency increment for the stage of an average fanning is equal to about 1% in comparison with the variant of a smooth overlap. For the purpose of stage operation reliability increase at economy conservation there is offered a creation of the hollow chamber with 2…3mm depth in the middle part of the blade exterior cross section. The application of variants developed for the flow part modernization in turbomachines should contribute to effectiveness and reliability increase of powergenerating units and ensure the ecological characteristics improvement in plants at the expense of their vibro-acoustic activity decrease.
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22

PANCHENKO, Yevhen. "MODERNIZATION OF UKRAINE’S GAS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGES." Economy of Ukraine 2018, no. 10 (November 9, 2018): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2018.10.110.

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It is shown that Ukraine’s gas transportation system (GTS) plays a key role in the national energy sector and supplies of Russian gas to the EU. However, it is very outdated, has low competitiveness and needs urgent modernization. This is especially true of the technical-technological and organizational-managerial components of Ukraine’s GTS. In this regard, it is necessary to comprehensively study the conditions, trends and mechanisms for the modernization of Ukraine’s GTS in the context of convergence of the Ukrainian and European gas markets to enhance energy security and achieve sustainable development of Ukraine and the EU based on compliance with the requirements of the Third Energy Package. The research revealed the features of Ukraine’s GTS modernization related to: (i) its large scale (over 38.5 thousand km); (ii) depreciation of fixed assets; (iii) a very inefficient management system; (iv) low (less than 50%) capacity utilization. This leads to a low efficiency of the GTS operation and requires significant funds for its modernization. An important direction of technical and technological modernization of the GTS is the earliest creation, especially for Ukraine, of industrial gas turbine engines of the new generation that can increase efficiency to the level of the best foreign analogues. A separate component of the technical and technological modernization of Ukraine’s GTS is the adaptation of its parts to operate within underutilization of transport and pumping capacities. It is concluded that it is fundamentally impossible to increase the competitiveness of Ukraine’s GTS to the European level both in the process of ongoing modernization and in the future without partnership with leading foreign gas transport companies. Partners are needed by Ukraine’s operator not so much for sharing experience, but for cardinal modernization of the national GTS. Our chosen partner should take on some of the responsibility for the future fate of Ukraine’s GTS.
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23

Тумашев, R. Tumashev, Щеголев, N. Schegolev, Назаревич, and Konstantin Nazarevich. "Energy Saving Technologies for Wastewaters Treatment with Application of Utilization Gas-Turbine Units." Safety in Technosphere 6, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59019aab675f37.05755149.

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Improving the ecological condition of water basins is closely connected with reconstruction of systems for water disposal and wastewaters treatment. Modernization of old-fashioned wastewater treatment plants, and operating cost saving is possible by means of transition to effective technological solutions, including the process of substrate anaerobic digestion with production of biogas and raw material for high-quality fertilizers. Biogas can be used in power stations for production of thermal and electrical energy required for wastewater treatment plant needs. This energy also reduces the plant’s operating cost. A scheme of a module for anaerobic digestion has been proposed, and application of utilization cogeneration gas-turbine units with an external supply of warmth to cyclic air has been justified. Optimum parameters of utilization gas-turbine units have been determined. At air temperature in front of the turbine 1190 K the compression ratio in a cycle is equal to 4,2, electric efficiency — 0,313, the general one taking into account the developed warmth — 0,872. In some cases the gas-turbine unit can be manufactured without booster fuel compressor.
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24

Yu Marchukov, E., and I. N. Egorov. "Gas Dynamic Modernization of Axial Uncooled Turbine by Means of CFD and Optimization Software." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 302 (January 2018): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/302/1/012027.

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25

Красников, Александр Олегович, Юрий Иванович Торба, Александр Евгеньевич Занин, and Ростислав Ростиславович Климик. "ПРОВЕРКА ИЗНОСОСТОЙКИХ И ПРИРАБАТЫВАЕМЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.8.17.

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It is provided results of works on creation and operational development (improvement) of the unit on the incision, for check of various systems of coverings (wearproof, abradable, etc.), compressor or turbine. It is stated the problems concerning the creation of unit and criteria which must be considered in improvement and unit modernization. Some calculations were made for definition the unit’s operating modes, which should provide the possibility to model to (simulate) the operation of turbine and compressor covering, on various types of engines both modern and future. The unit should provide a wide temperature span and speeds of incision etc., the design of unit details should be technological and provide the possibility to put on the shovel and prorate simulator various systems of coverings. The offered coverings test method will allow to reduce expenses on the check of again developed coverings, and also to reduce terms on the check of again developed coverings. The technical project demands have not been provided during the initial tests of the unit (after designing and manufacturing). For the purpose of maintenance of the technical project, demands took on the tasks of the unit’s modernization. In our opinion, it was necessary to reduce weight and resistance to air medium of the blade to satisfy the requirements. It was able to reduce weight by means of «dovetail», instead of a bolt joint, and also application of turbine airfoil similar in shape to a real blade. According to the results of the spent analysis was accepted the solution to apply the blades of the compressor of real engines, made of various materials EP 718 ID and VT 8 as simulators of blades, for check of turbine coverings, the simulator heat sink nickel alloys will be designed. The improvement works of the available disk simulator were carried out for applying the new simulators of blades. For this purpose, the technology for producing dovetail-type locks was completed by milling. It was completed the improvement of the disk simulator by milling of dovetail-type grooves.
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26

Horbov, Viktor Mykhailovych, Serhii Mykolaiovych Movchan, and Denys Mykolaiovych Solomoniuk. "PROSPECTS OF MODERNIZATION OF THE UKRAINIAN GAS TRANSPORT SYSTEM WITH REGENERATIVE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS." POWER ENGINEERING: economics, technique, ecology, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1813-5420.1.2019.182489.

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27

Serbin, Sergey. "THERMO ACOUSTIC PROCESSES IN LOW EMISSION COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE CAPACITY 25 MW." Science Journal Innovation Technologies Transfer, no. 2019-2 (May 5, 2019): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36381/iamsti.2.2019.86-90.

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The appliance of modern tools of the computational fluid dynamics for the investigation of the pulsation processes in the combustion chamber caused by the design features of flame tubes and aerodynamic interaction compressor, combustor and turbine is discussed. The aim of the research is to investigate and forecast the non-stationary processes in the gas turbine combustion chambers. The results of the numerical experiments which were carried out using three-dimensional mathematical models in gaseous fuels combustion chambers reflect sufficiently the physical and chemical processes of the unsteady combustion and can be recommended to optimize the geometrical and operational parameters of the low-emission combustion chamber. The appliance of such mathematical models are reasonable for the development of new samples of combustors which operate at the lean air-fuel mixture as well as for the modernization of the existing chambers with the aim to develop the constructive measures aimed at reducing the probability of the occurrence of the pulsation combustion modes. Keywords: gas turbine engine, combustor, turbulent combustion, pulsation combustion, numerical methods, mathematical simulation.
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28

Sergeyev, Vitaliy, Irina Anikina, Konstantin Kalmykov, and Ivan Naletov. "Efficiency of using heat pumps with various refrigerants in real steam turbine power units with PT-80 and T-250 turbines." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 10001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914010001.

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Prospects for increasing the efficiency of heat and electric energy-generation and heat-and-power supply at thermal power plants obviously draw attention to such modern and innovative technologies as heat pumps. Heat pumps allow efficient redistribution of energy flows. The abundance of low-potential heat carriers and heat sources in the cycle arrangement of the thermal power plants operation requires modernization of production and increase of the fuel heat utilization factor, therefore, reduction of specific fuel consumption for the production of heat and electricity. This paper analyzes the influence and practicability of introducing heat pumps into the heating circuit of the return water of the heat network of power units with PT-80 and T-250 turbines. Heat pumps of various configurations provide invariant energy conversion factor and efficiency. To assess energy and economic efficiency, modeling of the operation of power units and calculation of heat pump circuits for various refrigerants are performed. The economic effect is represented in quarterly cash savings of operating costs.
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29

Sednin, Vladimir, Alexei Sednin, and Sergei Rumyantsev. "Modernization of a combined-cycle gas turbine unit for operation in the dynamic district heating mode." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801090.

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The ongoing changes in the unified power system of Republic of Belarus require cost-efficient technical solutions to increase flexibility and reliability of electricity supply. Expected power generation mix and plant load factor of the newly constructed sources give limited possibilities of cost-efficient and reliable operation. The paper introduces the optimization of peaking and reserve energy source constructed newly at site of the existing power plant. Transferring the existing combined-cycle gas turbine into a dynamic district heating mode enhances the operational and financial flexibility of total system in a long-term prospective.
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Simoyu, L. L., G. D. Barinberg, E. I. Efros, V. V. Ermolaev, L. A. Zhuchenko, A. I. Shklyar, Yu A. Sakhnin, S. I. Modenov, and B. B. Kalinin. "The effectiveness of modernization of the low-pressure cylinder of the T-185/220-12.8 turbine." Thermal Engineering 54, no. 4 (April 2007): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601507040088.

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Lebedev, A. S., A. Yu Pavlov, F. Richter, and A. A. Adamchuk. "Experience gained from operation of the GTE-160 gas turbine installation and prospects for its modernization." Thermal Engineering 60, no. 2 (January 7, 2013): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601513020043.

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32

Solodov, V. G., A. A. Khandrymailov, A. Yu Kultishev, M. Yu Stepanov, and A. A. Yamaltdinov. "Modernization of exhaust hood of low-pressure cylinder of a cogeneration turbine T-250/300-23.5." Thermal Engineering 62, no. 14 (December 2015): 1048–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s004060151514013x.

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Brodov, Yu M., M. A. Nirenshtein, K. É. Aronson, and A. Yu Ryabchikov. "Characteristics of in-service analysis of condensing heat exchangers in steam-turbine units for their modernization." Power Technology and Engineering 41, no. 5 (September 2007): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-007-0053-9.

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Manushin, E. A., and A. I. Melnikov. "The Use of Air Turbine Heat Recovery Units for the Mod-ernization of Gas Pumping Units with Gas Turbine Drive." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 7 (712) (July 2019): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2019-7-47-58.

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One of the urgent tasks of further developing natural gas transportation systems is the need to increase fuel efficiency and to improve environmental performance of the gas turbine units (GTU) that are used to drive superchargers of gas pumping units. Outdated GTUs with low efficiency are being replaced by units of a new generation, including those of the regenerative cycle. However, this requires significant capital expenditures, thus, the possibilities of upgrading the existing units are also being investigated. A significant proportion of the energy generated by the gas combusted in driven GTUs is lost in the form of heat of the exhaust combustion products. These gases have a temperature not lower than 670 K. To utilize the heat of the exhaust combustion products, it is proposed to compliment the main GTU by an air turbine heat recovery unit (ATU) that is simple in design and inexpensive in production. This well-known idea has not yet been realized in practice, thus there are no recommendations on the use of a GTU-ATU as a drive for natural gas superchargers. It is shown that to ensure the possibility of upgrading drive gas turbines at a minimum cost, it is advisable to use an ATU that is kinematically independent of the GTU. The ATU’s power is used to cover the own needs of the compressor station and other purposes. The calculations show that under equal conditions, the combined GTU-ATU is inferior in efficiency to the GTU of the regenerative cycle. However, it provides a much smoother flow of the efficiency parameter depending on the operation mode, which is important for gas pumping units. The potential of using the ATU for the modernization of drive GTUs is estimated. It is noted that in addition to generating additional power, the use of ATU’s can decrease the flue gas temperature and the mass concentration of harmful emissions.
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Boring, Ronald L., Thomas A. Ulrich, and Roger Lew. "Findings From an Operator-In-The-Loop Study on System Overview Displays in a Modernized Nuclear Power Plant." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621376.

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The second Operator Study of System Overviews (OSSO-2) was conducted with a three-person reactor operator crew in the Human Systems Simulation Laboratory (HSSL) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in August, 2017. The study supported control room modernization at a nuclear power plant and featured a benchmark comparison of three variants of a turbine control system (TCS): the existing analog TCS, a proposed standalone digital TCS with two displays, and the digital TCS with the addition of a third display depicting a system overview screen. TCS prototypes were developed at INL to allow evaluation of operator performance and preferences during realistic turbine scenarios in the full-scope simulator. The study revealed that completion of turbine startup was several minutes faster with the digital TCS variants than with the conventional analog TCS. Eye tracking revealed visual fixations were more widely distributed in the overview vs. standalone TCS condition, suggesting the overview screen may have cued reactor operators to verify values across the boards. Reviewing key plant parameters showed smoother transitions during load following for the digital vs. analog TCS. The study provides evidence that the new digital TCS could be used successfully by operators without extensive training or rewriting of the operating procedures, suggesting high usability for the digital TCS design. Further advantages were realized through the addition of the system overview screen to provide crews with at-a-glance indicators of key turbine parameters.
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Yurin, Valery, and Dmitry Bashlykov. "Predictive and comparative analysis of NPP modernization with an autonomous hydrogen power complex and gas turbine unit." Energy Safety and Energy Economy 3 (June 2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2021-3-23-30.

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Optimizing existing nuclear power plants adding developing power technology can help find effective ways of improving variable power loads in an electric power system. One of the most promising options is combining a nuclear power plant with a newly developed autonomous hydrogen complex reported in our research. The ability of storing unused energy and releasing it when needed will raise contribution of nuclear power plants in compensating improving variable power loads, shorten emissions as well as contribution of conventional thermal power plants into electric power generation. Also, as we demonstrated in our previous research results, a low-power steam turbine plant used in the said autonomous hydrogen complex can support an auxiliary power system of a nuclear power plant reusing residual reactor heat in case of an outage.
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Rusanov, Andrii V., Viktor L. Shvetsov, Anna I. Kosianova, Yurii A. Bykov, Natalia V. Pashchenko, Maryna O. Chuhai, and Roman A. Rusanov. "The Gas-Dynamic Efficiency Increase of the K-300 Series Steam Turbine Control Compartment." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pmach2020.04.006.

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The paper proposes ways to increase the efficiency of nozzle control for steam power turbines of the K-300 series, that, along with the K-200 series turbines, form the basis of thermal energy in Ukraine. The object of study is considered to be the control compartment (CC) of the high-pressure cylinder (HPC) of the K-325-23.5 steam turbine. In the paper, the calculation and design of the control compartment of the steam turbine was performed using the complex methodology developed in IPMach NAS of Ukraine, that includes methods of different levels of complexity, from one-dimensional to models for calculation of spatial viscous flows, as well as analytical methods for spatial geometries of flow parts description based on limited number of parameterized values. The complex design methodology is implemented in the IPMFlow software package, which is a development of the FlowER and FlowER–U software packages. A model of a viscous turbulent flow is based on the numerical integration of an averaged system of Navier-Stokes equations, for the closure of which the two-term Tamman equation of state is used. Turbulent phenomena were taken into account using a SST Menter two-parameter differential turbulence model. The research was conducted for six operation modes in the calculation area, which consisted of more than 3 million cells (elementary volumes), taking into account the interdiscand diaphragm leakage. According to the results of numerical studies of the original control compartment of the K-325-23.5 steam turbine, it is shown that the efficiency in the flow part is quite low in all operation modes, including the nominal one (100% power mode), due to large losses of kinetic energy in the equalization chamber, as well as inflated load on the first stage. On the basis of the performed analysis of gas-dynamic processes, the directions of a control compartment flow part modernization are formed and themodernization itself is executed. In the new flow part, compared to the original one, there is a favorable picture of the flow in all operation modes, which ensures its high gas-dynamic efficiency. Depending on the mode, the efficiency of the control compartment increased by 4.9–7.3%, and the capacity increased by 1–2 MW. In the nominal mode (100% mode) the efficiency of the new control compartment, taking into account the interdisc and overbandage leakage, is 91%.
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Legkii, Alexandr, Igor Stefanenko, Alexey Kudashev, Vladimir Zlobin, and Natalia Ermilova. "Study of a gas turbine unit energy efficiency." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 09027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128109027.

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The method of the gas turbine unit and the waste heat boiler gas-air duct circuit modernization is considered. The operation scheme of a gas turbine unit and a waste heat boiler with the use of a catalytic afterburner has been shown. There is also a decrease in nitrogen and carbon oxides in the exhaust steam-and-gas mixture due to a deeper cleaning process of the exhaust steam and gas mixture, which leads to an increase in the service life of the waste heat boiler [1]. A more complete process of heat transfer to the coolant in the furnace section of the boiler is performed due to the cleaner steam and gas mixture in the waste heat boiler and due to a decrease in the boiler tubes growth formation by the combustion products. This makes it possible to reduce the cost of fuel consumption by gas burners of the waste heat boiler. Also, as a result of this process, it is possible to reduce fuel consumption for the needs of heating the feed water and the auxiliary needs of a power unit. This article proposes to use lattice devices in the afterburner, treated with active substances by the ion implantation method, as one of the most promising ways of modifying lattice surfaces [2 – 6]. These processes occurring when the steam-and-gas mixture passes through the afterburner, allow increasing the cycle efficiency factor and limit of maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) emissions for various options for the exhaust steam-and-gas mixture utilization of a gas turbine unit (GTU) and heat supply to the waste heat boiler.
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Нерубасский, Вадим Владимирович. "РЫНОК И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЛЕГКИХ ВЕРТОЛЕТОВ С ГАЗОТУРБИННЫМИ ДВИГАТЕЛЯМИ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 5 (August 29, 2020): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2020.5.01.

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In the introductory part of the article, it is provided brief information about the main activity of JSC “Element”- developer and manufacturer of electronic control systems for aircraft engines, in particular unit RDTs-450M for AI-450M helicopter turboshaft gas turbine engines, created by SE “Ivchenko-Progress”. JSC ”Element”, together with its partners - SE “Ivchenko-Progress” and JSC “Motor-Sich” – for more than 10 years involved in the modernization of Mi-2 light helicopter.In the next section is gave the classification of helicopters, as well as a segment of light helicopters with turbine engines. It is outlined the scope of light helicopters. It is noted that the segment of light helicopters with turbine engines – the most popular in the world market of civil helicopters and provides a forecast of the supply of these helicopters for the next 10 years.Lists the world's major developers and manufacturers of light helicopters, and the technical characteristics of 12 models of light helicopters with turbine engines are depicted. It is noted that most helicopter models are not entirely new developments and have been modernized over many years. The characteristic design features of light helicopters with turbine engines, especially the layout of plant and equipment are depicted. There is a trend of using one model of helicopter multiple engine types.Lists the world's major developers and manufacturers of engines for light helicopters, as well as the technical characteristics of the six models of gas turbine engines are depicted. The main structural and compositional features of gas-turbine engines of different manufacturers and types of a helicopter on which they installed are described. Separately, brief information about the Ukrainian gas-turbine engines: AI-450M and MS-500V. It is noted that all, without exception, mentioned in the article, engines are equipped with a digital single or dual-channel FADEC type control system with hydro-mechanical redundancy.Brief information about individual conceptual samples of rotary-wing technology introduced in recent years is given. The main directions of work in the field of helicopter engines are described.In conclusion, the Ukrainian helicopter and Aero-engine industry are in a difficult economic situation, but remain competitive and require assistance and the expansion of the market.
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Yavorovsky, Yu V., A. I. Bartenev, I. A. Sultanguzin, A. Sh Alimgazin, S. A. Prishchepova, and I. D. Kalyakin. "Improving Energy and Environmental Efficiency of Combined Heat-and Power Plant Based on Absorption Heat Transformers." E3S Web of Conferences 178 (2020): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017801010.

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In the present paper the scheme for increasing the energy efficiency of combined heat and power plants (CHPP) using absorption heat transformers (AHT) is considered. The aim of the study is to increase the energy and environmental efficiency of natural gas use in power supply systems by application steam turbine plants and absorption heat transformers. The simulation of CHPP modernization and a harmful emissions dispersion assessment were carried out using the following software tools: ISC Manager, Thermoflex. All the calculations were made for one power unit of the CHPP in Moscow. Subsequently, the obtained data on energy efficiency increase and harmful emissions reduction were multiplied on the whole power system of Moscow, the main source of heat and electricity of which are the CHPP’s of PJSC “Mosenergo”.
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Manushin, E. A., and A. I. Melnikov. "The Selection of Parameters and Design of an Air Turbine Unit for Flue Gas Heat Recovery of a 16 MW Gas Turbine Unit for Gas Pumping Units." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 02 (719) (February 2020): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2020-2-45-58.

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The introduction of combined turbine units is a promising method to increase fuel efficiency (pumped natural gas) and improve the environmental performance of the gas turbine units (GTU) that are used to drive superchargers of gas pumping units (GPU). Such an installation consists of the main GTU operating on natural gas and an additional air turbine unit (ATU). The latter utilizes the heat of the combustion products leaving the gas turbine unit in a heat exchanger, behind which cooled air is mixed with flue gases. The efficiency of heat recovery is determined by solving a complex technical and economic problem of selecting the optimal weight-and-size parameters of the heat exchanger. When retrofitting a gas pumping unit, it is advisable to use a GTU that is slightly different in design and parameters as the basic gas turbine unit. The ATU does not have an operating equivalent. Its parameters should ensure achieving the maximum fuel efficiency factor of the combined installation, with acceptable weight-and-size parameters of the ATU and the heat exchanger. As an example of developing the GTU-ATU type installations, an option of modernizing a GTU for a 16 MW GPU is proposed, which constitutes the basis of the Gazprom fleet. A combined GTU-ATU is designed to include the main 16 MW GTU and an additional 1 MW ATU to drive the electric generator. The fuel efficiency factor of the GTU-ATU installation reaches 39.3%. The design of the developed ATU is simple and reliable. Plate-ribbed surfaces PlR-2/PlR-2 are used to achieve the optimum mass-and-weight and hydraulic parameters of the heat exchange. A layout of the units of the combined installation is proposed, in which acceptable hydraulic resistance in the pipelines is provided. The feasibility study shows that the project is economically feasible. The environmental effect of modernization using an ATU is characterized by a significant decrease in the temperature of flue gases and concentration of harmful emissions by 1.3 times.
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Boring, Ronald L., Thomas A. Ulrich, Roger Lew, Casey R. Kovesdi, and Ahmad Al Rashdan. "A Comparison Study of Operator Preference and Performance for Analog Versus Digital Turbine Control Systems in Control Room Modernization." Nuclear Technology 205, no. 4 (October 9, 2018): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2018.1509593.

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43

Smirnov, A. M., and S. A. Shamal'. "Problems of the design, reconstruction, and modernization of the systems converting turbine-generator units to a synchronous capacitor regime." Hydrotechnical Construction 33, no. 11 (November 1999): 655–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903434.

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44

Дроконов, Алексей, Aleksey Drokonov, Алексей Дроконов, and Aleksey Drokonov. "GENERATION AND METHODS FOR VIBRO-ACOUSTIC ACTIVITY DECREASE IN GASCOMPRESSOR UNITS WITH GAS TURBINE DRIVE." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2017, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24894.

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Block-modular gas compressor units (GCU) of a container type with an aircraft and ship gasturbine drive – a power source of vibration and noise pollution of environment. Their basic inner sources – gas turbine engine and a centrifugal compressor. Besides, to power noise sources in the structure of GCU belong multiplier, an air cleaner of the air inlet system, an exhaust shaft, section walls of an engine and a compressor. A gas turbine engine and a compressor define mainly a distant sound field and the rest of noise sources – near-in one. A complex modernization of such plants may be carried out on the basis of the investigations of the level of vibrations and noise of all elements of such units. With this purpose there were carried out inves-tigations of vibro-acoustic characteristics of GCU of GCU-16MG type with the capacity of 16 MW where as a drive of the centrifugal compressor of 370-18-1 NZL type serves a ship convertible engine of DG-90 type produced by “Zarya” Co. Noise sources and vibrations of blade machines are studied, their vibro-acoustic characteristics are analyzed and methods for the decrease of vibro-acoustic activities of GCUs of such a type are offered.
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45

Maximov, Maxim Olegovich. "INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF COMBINED PRODUCTION HEAT AND ELECTRICITY." Globus: technical sciences 7, no. 2(38) (May 19, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2713-3079-38-2-9.

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The main directions of increasing the efficiency of combined production of electric and heat energy are considered, associated with the improvement of power generating equipment, regime and circuit changes in heat supply systems while ensuring heat load. For many years, centralized heat supply based on combined heat and power generation has been successfully developing in Russia, which is a very attractive energy and nature saving technology. Its use makes it possible to save about 20 million tons of fuel annually, which is about 14% of the total volume of fuel consumed in Russia for the needs of heat supply. More than 50% of electricity is generated at CHPPs in Russia, and the efficiency of fuel use at them reaches about 70–75%. Such areas include the use of steam and gas technologies (CCGT units and gas turbine superstructures of equipment of operating CHPPs) and GTU-CHPPs, increasing the initial steam parameters at CHPPs, superstructure of hot water boilers with gas turbine units, improvement and modernization of existing turbine equipment and CHPP schemes, as well as rejection of peak boilers in favor of peak boilers at CHPPs, transition to a lower temperature schedule and a change in the structure of heat supply systems. The main advantages of these areas and the problems associated with their implementation are presented. The conditions of possible and expedient application of some directions are considered. It is shown that, in many respects, the choice of certain technical solutions, despite the energy efficiency, is determined by the conditions of the regional heat and electric energy markets.
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Ryabchikov, A. Yu, K. É. Aronson, Yu M. Brodov, S. I. Khaet, S. N. Blinkov, and N. V. Zhelonkin. "Modernization of heat exchangers in steam turbine units taking features of their operation at specific thermal power plants into account." Power Technology and Engineering 44, no. 3 (September 2010): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-010-0166-4.

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47

Кравченко, Игорь Федорович, and Сергей Александрович Хомылев. "РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ СТУПЕНИ ВЫСОКОНАГРУЖЕННОЙ ТУРБИНЫ НИЗКОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 5 (October 22, 2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.5.04.

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One of the characteristic features of high loaded low-pressure turbine (LPT) with a low flow coefficient is the high-level flow deflection in the blade rows, which have sufficiently thin and strongly curved cross-section profiles. Such profiles are very sensitive to off-design flow angles, especially to positive incidence. Therefore, the effectiveness of a high loaded LPT strongly depends on the working conditions. At the same time, for various reasons, in the process of research tests or operating the engine, the operating conditions may differ greatly from the design ones. Therefore, the creation of a robust LPT design is an actual task. The article considers the computational approbation of the method of increasing the resistance to large off-design angles of attack of vane and blade rows of the intermediate stage of a high loaded LPT of an experimental engine by changing the shape of the leading edges. The turbine was previously tested as part of a full-scale engine, where it was determined that the operating conditions of the LPT and its efficiency are significantly different from the calculated ones. Numerical (CFD) analysis of the flow showed that one of the reasons for the low efficiency is the large angles of attack on the vane and blade rows of the second stage, which lead to the flow separation and an increase of the energy losses coefficients at final. The modernization of the profiles was carried out by reducing the radius and a local increase of the leading edges wedge angle without changing the basic profiles. According to the calculation results, it was allowed to significantly improve the stream. The intensity of the flow deceleration behind the shock wave at the point of transition from the circumference of the edge to the suction surface was reduced, this made it possible to eliminate or reduce the intensity of the flow separation in the vane row and significantly reduce the energy losses coefficient. A more favorable flow was also achieved in the blade row, where a slight decrease in the losses coefficient was also obtained. As a result, the efficiency of the stage and the whole LPT was increased at the off-design operating conditions. This approach can be recommended both to increase the efficiency of the turbine at the experimental development, and when designing new turbines to increase their robustness.
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Kobernik, V. S. "Fuel consumption of thermal power technologies under maneuvering modes." Problems of General Energy 2020, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pge2020.04.045.

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A characteristic feature of the present day development of power engineering lies in the increase in the unevenness of power systems schedules. The structure of generating powers of Ukrainian energy engineering is overloaded with basic powers and characterized by a sharp deficit of maneuvering wanes. To cover the uneven load of the power system during the operation of existing and construction of new power plants, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of their operation under maneuvering modes. This paper determines the influence of work of power plants i under maneuvering modes on the specific consumption of conditional fuel on the released electric energy at working on gas or coal fuel. Fuel consumption for starting of a unit depends on its type and downtime in reserve. The use of steam–and–gas facilities and gas turbines helps to enhance the maneuverability of power plants. Alternative options for the development of thermal energy are the introduction of gas–piston power plants and power units with fluidized–bed boilers. We present formulas for the calculations of fuel consumption on by power units for start–ups and specific consumptions depending on the load and degree of their involvement to regulating loads for different thermal energy technologies: steam–turbine condensation and district heating power units; steam–and–gas and gas turbine plants; gas piston installations; power units with fluidized bed boilers. For enhancing the maneuverability of power plants, working on fossil fuels, their modernization and renewal of software are necessary. Quantitative assessment of the efficiency of power units and separate power plants during their operation under variable modes is important for forecasting the structure of generating capacities of power systems, the need to introduce peak and semi–peak capacities, the choice of the most profitable composition of operating equipment at different schedules of electrical loads Keywords: thermal power, power unit, maneuverable mode, electrical load, specific fuel consumption
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Park, Nohyun, Jin-Hyuk Kim, Seung-Jun Kim, Jungjae Hyun, Jongwoong Choi, and Yong Cho. "Study of a Model Turbine Design Case Via Application of Spiral Case and Draft Tube Shape in Hydraulic Power Plant Modernization." New & Renewable Energy 16, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7849/ksnre.2020.2058.

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50

Karapetyan, K. V., K. B. Sargsyan, S. Kh Eritsyan, G. C. Petrosyan, A. V. Avtandilyan, M. V. Mrktchyan, and A. A. Arakelyan. "Modernization of the power unit no. 5 of the Razdan TPP with a gas-turbine topping according to a discharge arrangement." Thermal Engineering 59, no. 2 (January 25, 2012): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601512020061.

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