Journal articles on the topic 'Turbidity currents, Geohazard, Numerical simulations'
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Jodeau, Magali, Sabine Chamoun, Jiawei Feng, Giovanni De Cesare, and Anton J. Schleiss. "Numerical Modeling of turbidity currents with Ansys CFX and Telemac 3D." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184003014.
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Turbidity currents may be a relevant lever to manage the accumulation of fine sediments in reservoirs. In this paper, we propose to show how two different numerical codes simulate the propagation of turbidity currents. Telemac 3D and Ansys CFX 17.1 solver were chosen as they are commonly used by many research and engineering teams. The simulations are performed on two configurations. The first case aims at modeling the plunging of a turbidity current. The second model is validated based on an experimental work performed at EPFL. The latter consisted on testing turbidity current venting as a solution to manage reservoir sedimentation. A long and narrow flume was used to simulate the reservoir where a turbidity current was triggered. The advantages and limits of both approaches are discussed in order to supply guidelines for the modeling of turbidity currents in real reservoirs.
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Alhaddad, Said, Lynyrd de Wit, Robert Jan Labeur, and Wim Uijttewaal. "Modeling of Breaching-Generated Turbidity Currents Using Large Eddy Simulation." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090728.
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Breaching flow slides result in a turbidity current running over and directly interacting with the eroding, submarine slope surface, thereby promoting further sediment erosion. The investigation and understanding of this current are crucial, as it is the main parameter influencing the failure evolution and fate of sediment during the breaching phenomenon. In contrast to previous numerical studies dealing with this specific type of turbidity currents, we present a 3D numerical model that simulates the flow structure and hydrodynamics of breaching-generated turbidity currents. The turbulent behavior in the model is captured by large eddy simulation (LES). We present a set of numerical simulations that reproduce particular, previously published experimental results. Through these simulations, we show the validity, applicability, and advantage of the proposed numerical model for the investigation of the flow characteristics. The principal characteristics of the turbidity current are reproduced well, apart from the layer thickness. We also propose a breaching erosion model and validate it using the same series of experimental data. Quite good agreement is observed between the experimental data and the computed erosion rates. The numerical results confirm that breaching-generated turbidity currents are self-accelerating and indicate that they evolve in a self-similar manner.
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He, Zhiguo, Liang Zhao, and Ching-Hao Yu. "HYDRODYNAMIC MECHANISM OF TURBIDITY CURRENTS IN ESTUARY STRATIFICATIONS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.80.
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Water stratification commonly exists in nature, such as thermocline in lakes and oceans and halocline in estuaries and oceans (He et al. 2017). Turbidity currents in estuary often encounter stratified sea water, which may significantly influence their propagation and deposition. This study presents high-resolution numerical simulations of lock-exchange gravity and turbidity currents in linear stratifications on a flat bed. Laboratory experiments are conducted to validate the numerical model and good agreements between numerical results and measurements are found. The evolution process, front velocity, internal wave, and entrainment ratio are analyzed based on the numerical results. For a gravity current in a strong stratification, its front velocity can be maintained as a near constant state for a long time after an initial acceleration period because of interactions between the current and internal waves. However, sedimentation of suspended particles due to the damping effect of ambient stratification on turbulence makes a turbidity current quickly lose its structure so the maintaining effect of the internal waves on its front velocity is quite weak. During the evolution process of a turbidity current, the ambient stratification is found to damp the turbulent structures, and front velocity. Stratification can also decrease the entrainment ratios between a gravity current and ambient water after the initial period, but it has an insignificant influence on the entrainment ratios of a turbidity current. This study provides a better understanding of gravity and turbidity currents in estuary stratifications.
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Parkinson, S. D., J. Hill, M. D. Piggott, and P. A. Allison. "Direct numerical simulations of particle-laden density currents with adaptive, discontinuous finite elements." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 7, 2014): 3219–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-3219-2014.
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Abstract. High resolution direct numerical simulations (DNS) are an important tool for the detailed analysis of turbidity current dynamics. Models that resolve the vertical structure and turbulence of the flow are typically based upon the Navier–Stokes equations. Two-dimensional simulations are known to produce unrealistic cohesive vortices that are not representative of the real three-dimensional physics. The effect of this phenomena is particularly apparent in the later stages of flow propagation. The ideal solution to this problem is to run the simulation in three dimensions but this is computationally expensive. This paper presents a novel finite-element (FE) DNS turbidity current model that has been built within Fluidity, an open source, general purpose, computational fluid dynamics code. The model is validated through re-creation of a lock release density current at a Grashof number of 5 × 106 in two, and three-dimensions. Validation of the model considers the flow energy budget, sedimentation rate, head speed, wall normal velocity profiles and the final deposit. Conservation of energy in particular is found to be a good metric for measuring mesh performance in capturing the range of dynamics. FE models scale well over many thousands of processors and do not impose restrictions on domain shape, but they are computationally expensive. Use of discontinuous discretisations and adaptive unstructured meshing technologies, which reduce the required element count by approximately two orders of magnitude, results in high resolution DNS models of turbidity currents at a fraction of the cost of traditional FE models. The benefits of this technique will enable simulation of turbidity currents in complex and large domains where DNS modelling was previously unachievable.
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Parkinson, S. D., J. Hill, M. D. Piggott, and P. A. Allison. "Direct numerical simulations of particle-laden density currents with adaptive, discontinuous finite elements." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 5 (September 5, 2014): 1945–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1945-2014.
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Abstract. High-resolution direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are an important tool for the detailed analysis of turbidity current dynamics. Models that resolve the vertical structure and turbulence of the flow are typically based upon the Navier–Stokes equations. Two-dimensional simulations are known to produce unrealistic cohesive vortices that are not representative of the real three-dimensional physics. The effect of this phenomena is particularly apparent in the later stages of flow propagation. The ideal solution to this problem is to run the simulation in three dimensions but this is computationally expensive. This paper presents a novel finite-element (FE) DNS turbidity current model that has been built within Fluidity, an open source, general purpose, computational fluid dynamics code. The model is validated through re-creation of a lock release density current at a Grashof number of 5 × 106 in two and three dimensions. Validation of the model considers the flow energy budget, sedimentation rate, head speed, wall normal velocity profiles and the final deposit. Conservation of energy in particular is found to be a good metric for measuring model performance in capturing the range of dynamics on a range of meshes. FE models scale well over many thousands of processors and do not impose restrictions on domain shape, but they are computationally expensive. The use of adaptive mesh optimisation is shown to reduce the required element count by approximately two orders of magnitude in comparison with fixed, uniform mesh simulations. This leads to a substantial reduction in computational cost. The computational savings and flexibility afforded by adaptivity along with the flexibility of FE methods make this model well suited to simulating turbidity currents in complex domains.
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Yang, Shihao, Yi An, and Qingquan Liu. "A two-dimensional layer-averaged numerical model for turbidity currents." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 477, no. 1 (May 23, 2018): 439–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp477.32.
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AbstractTurbidity currents occur widely in submarine environments, but field-scale numerical simulations of the flow features have not been applied extensively. Here, we present a two-dimensional layer-averaged numerical model to simulate turbidity currents over an erodible sediment bed, and taking into consideration deposition, entrainment and friction. The numerical model was developed based on the open-source code, Basilisk, ensuring well-balanced and positivity-preserving properties. An adaptive spatial discretization was used, which allows multi-level refinement. The adaptive criterion is based on the dynamic features of the flow and sediment concentrations. The numerical scheme has a relatively high computational efficiency compared with models based on the Cartesian mesh. A hypothetical case based on a true large-scale landform (the Moroccan Turbidite System, offshore NW Africa) was studied. Compared with previous models, the current model accounted for the coupling between flow, sediment transportation and bed evolution. This approach may improve simulation results and also allow the simulation of complex field-scale landforms, while preserving the flow details.
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Naruse, Hajime, and Kento Nakao. "Inverse modeling of turbidity currents using an artificial neural network approach: verification for field application." Earth Surface Dynamics 9, no. 5 (September 3, 2021): 1091–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1091-2021.
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Abstract. Although in situ measurements in modern frequently occurring turbidity currents have been performed, the flow characteristics of turbidity currents that occur only once every 100 years and deposit turbidites over a large area have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we propose a method for estimating the paleo-hydraulic conditions of turbidity currents from ancient turbidites by using machine learning. In this method, we hypothesize that turbidity currents result from suspended sediment clouds that flow down a steep slope in a submarine canyon and into a gently sloping basin plain. Using inverse modeling, we reconstruct seven model input parameters including the initial flow depth, the sediment concentration, and the basin slope. A reasonable number (3500) of repetitions of numerical simulations using a one-dimensional layer-averaged model under various input parameters generates a dataset of the characteristic features of turbidites. This artificial dataset is then used for supervised training of a deep-learning neural network (NN) to produce an inverse model capable of estimating paleo-hydraulic conditions from data on the ancient turbidites. The performance of the inverse model is tested using independently generated datasets. Consequently, the NN successfully reconstructs the flow conditions of the test datasets. In addition, the proposed inverse model is quite robust to random errors in the input data. Judging from the results of subsampling tests, inversion of turbidity currents can be conducted if an individual turbidite can be correlated over 10 km at approximately 1 km intervals. These results suggest that the proposed method can sufficiently analyze field-scale turbidity currents.
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Harris, Courtney, Jaia Syvitski, H. G. Arango, E. H. Meiburg, Sagy Cohen, C. J. Jenkins, Justin Birchler, et al. "Data-Driven, Multi-Model Workflow Suggests Strong Influence from Hurricanes on the Generation of Turbidity Currents in the Gulf of Mexico." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080586.
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Turbidity currents deliver sediment rapidly from the continental shelf to the slope and beyond; and can be triggered by processes such as shelf resuspension during oceanic storms; mass failure of slope deposits due to sediment- and wave-pressure loadings; and localized events that grow into sustained currents via self-amplifying ignition. Because these operate over multiple spatial and temporal scales, ranging from the eddy-scale to continental-scale; coupled numerical models that represent the full transport pathway have proved elusive though individual models have been developed to describe each of these processes. Toward a more holistic tool, a numerical workflow was developed to address pathways for sediment routing from terrestrial and coastal sources, across the continental shelf and ultimately down continental slope canyons of the northern Gulf of Mexico, where offshore infrastructure is susceptible to damage by turbidity currents. Workflow components included: (1) a calibrated simulator for fluvial discharge (Water Balance Model - Sediment; WBMsed); (2) domain grids for seabed sediment textures (dbSEABED); bathymetry, and channelization; (3) a simulator for ocean dynamics and resuspension (the Regional Ocean Modeling System; ROMS); (4) A simulator (HurriSlip) of seafloor failure and flow ignition; and (5) A Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbidity current model (TURBINS). Model simulations explored physical oceanic conditions that might generate turbidity currents, and allowed the workflow to be tested for a year that included two hurricanes. Results showed that extreme storms were especially effective at delivering sediment from coastal source areas to the deep sea, at timescales that ranged from individual wave events (~hours), to the settling lag of fine sediment (~days).
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Bastianon, Elena, Enrica Viparelli, Alessandro Cantelli, and Jasim Imran. "2D numerical simulation of the filling process of submarine minibasins: Study of deposit architecture." Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.105.
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ABSTRACT Intraslope basins, or minibasins, are topographic features of the continental slope that can be filled with sediment transported by submarine flows. These deposits may contain important hydrocarbon reservoirs. Here we present results of two-dimensional numerical simulations of multiple turbidity currents entering two linked minibasins. The numerical model accounts for the non-uniformity of sediment grain size in the flow and the resulting deposit. Model results reasonably reproduce the evolution of linked minibasins illustrated in the field based “fill-and-spill” conceptual model. The conceptual model was developed for the Brazos–Trinity system from field observations. Further, simulations of two linked minibasins show that the upstream basin traps most of the coarse sediment. This material is deposited in the proximal zone of the basin and fine sediment is transported farther downslope, resulting in the formation of a weak pattern of downstream fining. Model results with different initial and boundary conditions reveal that minibasin geometry and turbidity-current characteristics are important controls on the deposit shape and grain-size distribution.
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Lucchese, Luísa Vieira, Leonardo Romero Monteiro, Edith Beatriz Camano Schettini, and Jorge Hugo Silvestrini. "Direct Numerical Simulations of turbidity currents with Evolutive Deposit Method, considering topography updates during the simulation." Computers & Geosciences 133 (December 2019): 104306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2019.104306.
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ATHMER, WIEBKE, REMCO M. GROENENBERG, STEFAN M. LUTHI, MARINUS E. DONSELAAR, DIMITRIOS SOKOUTIS, and ERNST WILLINGSHOFER. "Relay ramps as pathways for turbidity currents: a study combining analogue sandbox experiments and numerical flow simulations." Sedimentology 57, no. 3 (November 30, 2009): 806–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01120.x.
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Nasr-Azadani, M. M., and E. Meiburg. "Turbidity currents interacting with three-dimensional seafloor topography." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 745 (March 21, 2014): 409–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.47.
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AbstractDirect numerical simulations are employed to investigate the interactions of bidisperse turbidity currents with three-dimensional seafloor topography in the form of Gaussian bumps. Results for two different bump heights are compared against currents propagating over a flat surface. The bump heights are chosen such that the current largely flows over the smaller bump, while it primarily flows around the taller bump. Furthermore, the effects of the settling velocity are investigated by comparing turbidity currents with corresponding compositional gravity currents. The influence of the bottom topography on the front velocity of turbidity currents is seen to be much weaker than the influence of the particle settling velocity. Consistent with earlier work on gravity currents propagating over flat boundaries, the influence of the Reynolds number on the front velocity of currents interacting with three-dimensional bottom topography is found to be small, as long as $\mathit{Re}\geq O(1000)$. The lobe-and-cleft structures, on the other hand, exhibit a stronger influence of the Reynolds number. The current/bump interaction deforms the bottom boundary-layer vorticity into traditional horseshoe vortices, with a downwash region in the centre of the wake. At the same time, the vorticity originating in the mixing layer between the current and the ambient interacts with the bump in such a way as to form ‘inverted horseshoe vortices’, with an upwash region in the wake centre. Additional streamwise vortical structures form as a result of baroclinic vorticity generation. The dependence of the sedimentation rate and streamwise vorticity generation on the height of the bump are discussed, and detailed analyses are presented of the energy budget and bottom wall-shear stress. It is shown that for typical laboratory-scale experiments, the range of parameters explored in the present investigation will not give rise to bedload transport or sediment resuspension. Based on balance arguments for the kinetic and potential energy components, a scaling law is obtained for the maximum bump height over which gravity currents can travel. This scaling law is validated by simulation results, and it provides a criterion for distinguishing between ‘short’ and ‘tall’ topographical features. For turbidity currents, this scaling result represents an upper limit. An interesting non-monotonic influence of the bump height is observed on the long-term propagation velocity of the current. On the one hand, the lateral deflection of the current by the bump leads to an effective increase in the current height and its front velocity in the region away from the bump. At the same time, taller bumps result in a more vigorous three-dimensional evolution of the current, accompanied by increased levels of dissipation, which slows the current down. For small bumps, the former mechanism dominates, so that on average the current front propagates faster than its flat bottom counterpart. For currents interacting with larger bumps, however, the increased dissipation becomes dominant, so that they exhibit a reduced front velocity as compared to currents propagating over flat surfaces.
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Alhaddad, Said, Robert Jan Labeur, and Wim Uijttewaal. "Breaching Flow Slides and the Associated Turbidity Current." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020067.
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This paper starts with surveying the state-of-the-art knowledge of breaching flow slides, with an emphasis on the relevant fluid mechanics. The governing physical processes of breaching flow slides are explained. The paper highlights the important roles of the associated turbidity current and the frequent surficial slides in increasing the erosion rate of sediment. It also identifies the weaknesses of the current breaching erosion models. Then, the three-equation model of Parker et al. is utilised to describe the coupled processes of breaching and turbidity currents. For comparison’s sake, the existing breaching erosion models are considered: Breusers, Mastbergen and Van Den Berg, and Van Rhee. The sand erosion rate and hydrodynamics of the current vary substantially between the erosion models. Crucially, these erosion models do not account for the surficial slides, nor have they been validated due to the scarcity of data on the associated turbidity current. This paper motivates further experimental studies, including detailed flow measurements, to develop an advanced erosion model. This will improve the fidelity of numerical simulations.
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Shringarpure, Mrugesh, Mariano I. Cantero, and S. Balachandar. "Dynamics of complete turbulence suppression in turbidity currents driven by monodisperse suspensions of sediment." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 712 (September 25, 2012): 384–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.427.
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AbstractTurbidity currents derive their motion from the excess density imposed by suspended sediments. The settling tendency of sediments is countered by flow turbulence, which expends energy to keep them in suspension. This interaction leads to downward increasing concentration of suspended sediments (stable stratification) in the flow. Thus in a turbidity current sediments play the dual role of sustaining turbulence by driving the flow and damping turbulence due to stable stratification. By means of direct numerical simulations, it has been shown previously that stratification above a threshold can substantially reduce turbulence and possibly extinguish it. This study expands the simplified model by Cantero et al. (J. Geophys. Res., vol. 114, 2009a, C03008), and puts forth a proposition that explains the mechanism of complete turbulence suppression due to suspended sediments. In our simulations it is observed that suspensions of larger sediments lead to stronger stratification and, above a threshold size, induce an abrupt transition in the flow to complete turbulence suppression. It has been widely accepted that hairpin and quasi-streamwise vortices are key to sustaining turbulence in wall-bounded flows, and that only vortices of sufficiently strong intensity can spawn the next generation of vortices. This auto-generation mechanism keeps the flow populated with hairpin and quasi-streamwise vortical structures and thus sustains turbulence. From statistical analysis of Reynolds stress events and visualization of flow structures, it is observed that settling sediments damp the Reynolds stress events (Q2 events), which means a reduction in both the strength and spatial distribution of vortical structures. Beyond the threshold sediment size, the existing vortical structures in the flow are damped to an extent where they lose their ability to regenerate the subsequent generation of turbulent vortical structures, which ultimately leads to complete turbulence suppression.
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Scarpa, Gian Marco, Federica Braga, Giorgia Manfè, Giuliano Lorenzetti, and Luca Zaggia. "Towards an Integrated Observational System to Investigate Sediment Transport in the Tidal Inlets of the Lagoon of Venice." Remote Sensing 14, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 3371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143371.
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An observation system integrating satellite images, in situ water parameters and hydrodynamic measurements was implemented in a tidal inlet of the Venice Lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy). The experimental infrastructure was developed to autonomously investigate suspended sediment dynamics in the two channels of the Lido inlet in relation to the longshore currents in the littoral zone and the tidal circulation along the lagoon channel network. It provided time series of turbidity at the surface, water flow and acoustic backscatter, which was converted into turbidity along the vertical column during different tidal phases and meteo-marine conditions. Accurate turbidity maps were derived from Sentinel-2 (Copernicus) and Landsat 8 (NASA) satellites. Long-term in situ data from field surveys enabled the calibration and intercalibration of the instrumental setup and validation of satellite-derived products. Time series from the instrumental network were analyzed in order to evaluate the temporal variability of suspended sediment in relation to tidal phases and the different meteo-marine conditions. The integration of available datasets with satellite images also permitted the testing of the methodology for a 3-D reconstruction of the suspended sediment pattern in calm sea conditions, under the effect of the sole hydrodynamical forcing. Remotely sensed data provide a synoptic distribution of turbidity in the inlet area allowing the analysis of the surficial patterns of suspended sediment and the inferring of information on the transport processes at different spatial scales. In calm sea conditions, the results show that the transport is driven by tidal currents with a net seaward transport related to a larger export of materials from the northern basin of the Lagoon of Venice. During typical northeasterly storms, materials mobilized on the beaches and in the shoreface are transported into the inlet and distributed into the lagoon channel network, following the flood tidal currents and determining net import of materials. The multitude of information provided by this system can support research on aquatic science (i.e., numerical simulations) and address end-user community practices. The ecosystem management will also benefit operational purposes, such as the monitoring of morphological transformations, erosion processes and planning of coastal defense in the future scenarios of sea level rise. The developed approach will also help to understand how the regulation of the inlet flow introduced by the operation of the flood barriers will affect the fluxes of particles and, in the long term, the lagoon morphodynamics.
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Tang, Hansong, Charles Reid Nichols, Lynn Donelson Wright, and Donald Resio. "Modeling Multiscale and Multiphysics Coastal Ocean Processes: A Discussion on Necessity, Status, and Advances." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080847.
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Coastal ocean flows are interconnected by a complex suite of processes. Examples are inlet jets, river mouth effluents, ocean currents, surface gravity waves, internal waves, wave overtopping, and wave slamming on coastal structures. It has become necessary to simulate such oceanographic phenomena directly and simultaneously in many disciplines, including coastal engineering, environmental science, and marine science. Oceanographic processes exhibit distinct behaviors at specific temporal and spatial scales, and they are multiscale, multiphysics in nature; these processes are described by different sets of governing equations and are often modeled individually. In order to draw the attention of the scientific community and promote their simulations, a Special Issue of the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering entitled “Multiscale, Multiphysics Modelling of Coastal Ocean Processes: Paradigms and Approaches” was published. The papers collected in this issue cover physical phenomena, such as wind-driven flows, coastal flooding, turbidity currents, and modeling techniques such as model comparison, model coupling, parallel computation, and domain decomposition. This article outlines the needs for modeling of coastal ocean flows involving multiple physical processes at different scales, and it discusses the implications of the collected papers. Additionally, it reviews the current status and offers a roadmap with numerical methods, data collection, and artificial intelligence as future endeavors.
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Ozdemir, Celalettin Emre, and Xiao Yu. "Direct numerical simulations of spanwise slope-induced turbidity currents in a fine sediment-laden steady turbulent channel: Role of suspended sediment concentration and settling velocity." Physics of Fluids 30, no. 12 (December 2018): 126601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5054664.
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Meiburg, Eckart, Senthil Radhakrishnan, and Mohamad Nasr-Azadani. "Modeling Gravity and Turbidity Currents: Computational Approaches and Challenges." Applied Mechanics Reviews 67, no. 4 (July 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4031040.
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In this review article, we discuss recent progress with regard to modeling gravity-driven, high Reynolds number currents, with the emphasis on depth-resolving, high-resolution simulations. The initial sections describe new developments in the conceptual modeling of such currents for the purpose of identifying the Froude number–current height relationship, in the spirit of the pioneering work by von Kármán and Benjamin. A brief introduction to depth-averaged approaches follows, including box models and shallow water equations. Subsequently, we provide a detailed review of depth-resolving modeling strategies, including direct numerical simulations (DNS), large-eddy simulations (LES), and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. The strengths and challenges associated with these respective approaches are discussed by highlighting representative computational results obtained in recent years.
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Haddadian, S., C. E. Ozdemir, B. L. Goodlow, G. Xue, and S. J. Bentley. "Direct Numerical Simulations of Miniature Along‐Shelf Current‐Supported Turbidity Currents: Conceptual Investigation of Velocity Structure and Drag Coefficient." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 126, no. 8 (August 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020jc016736.
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