Journal articles on the topic 'Tungstene carbide'
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1
Idrees, Maria, Husnain Ahmad Chaudhary, Arslan Akbar, Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed, and Dina Fathi. "Effect of Silicon Carbide and Tungsten Carbide on Concrete Composite." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062061.
Abstract:
Flexural strength of concrete is an important property, especially for pavements. Concrete with higher flexural strength has fewer cracking and durability issues. Researchers use different materials, including fibers, polymers, and admixtures, to increase the flexural strength of concrete. Silicon carbide and tungsten carbide are some of the hardest materials on earth. In this research, the mechanical properties of carbide concrete composites were investigated. The silicon carbide and tungsten carbide at different percentages (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) by weight of cement along with hybrid silicon carbide and tungsten carbide (2% and 4%) were used to produce eleven mixes of concrete composites. The mechanical tests, including a compressive strength test and flexural strength test, along with the rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), were conducted. It was concluded that mechanical properties were enhanced by increasing the percentages of both individual and hybrid carbides. The compressive strength was increased by 17% using 4% tungsten carbide, while flexural strength was increased by 39% at 4% tungsten carbide. The significant effect of carbides on flexural strength was also corroborated by ANOVA analysis. The improvement in flexural strength makes both carbides desirable for use in concrete pavement. Additionally, the permeability, the leading cause of durability issues, was reduced considerably by using tungsten carbide. It was concluded that both carbides provide promising results by enhancing the mechanical properties of concrete and are compatible with concrete to produce composites.
2
Zhong, Li Sheng, Yun Hua Xu, Peng Yu, Xiao Jie Liu, Fang Xia Ye, and Hong Hua Yan. "Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Characteristics of In Situ WC Bundles – Reinforced Iron Matrix Composites." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.265.
Abstract:
An in-situ synthesis process combining an infiltration casting with a subsequent heat treatment was applied to fabricate special tungsten carbide (WC) bundles-reinforced iron matrix composites in this work. The microstructure and wear-resistance of the tungsten carbide bundles reinforced iron matrix composites were studied by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and wear tester. Results showed that the tungsten carbide bundles distributed in the matrix with the center-to-center spacing 2.2 mm, and the diameter of each tungsten carbide bundle is about 1 mm. Most of the tungsten carbides agglomerated, but still there were tungsten carbide particles and the size of tungsten carbide particle was about 10—15 μm. The weight loss of the tungsten carbides bundle reinforced iron matrix composites increased with the increase of the loads and the weight loss of the composites is much less than those of the gray cast iron under the same condition. The wear mechanism of tungsten carbide bundles-reinforced iron matrix composites appears as: micro-cutting, micro-ploughing, broken tungsten carbide and broken particles re-embedded in the matrix.
3
Pu, Juan, Yu-Bo Sun, Lei Wu, Peng He, and Wei-Min Long. "Effect of CeO2 Content on Microstructure and Properties of Ni-Based Tungsten Carbide Layer by Plasma Arc Cladding." Coatings 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2022): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030342.
Abstract:
A Ce-containing Ni-based tungsten carbide layer was prepared on the surface of Q345 steel by plasma arc cladding technology. The effect of CeO2 additions on the microstructure and properties of the Ni-based tungsten carbide cladding layer was investigated. The results showed that the Ni-based tungsten carbide cladding layer had no pores and cracks and that their microstructural composition remained unchanged with CeO2 in the powder. After adding CeO2 into the powder, Ce atoms were absorbed on the surface of tungsten carbide particles to promote their dissolution and spheroidization. The preferentially formed high-melting-point Ce2O3 acted as a nucleating agent to induce the formation and dispersion of carbides. The shape of carbide particles changed from an irregular shape to a spherical shape. When the content of CeO2 was less than 0.2 wt.%, with the increase of CeO2 additions, the microstructure was refined. Meanwhile, the hardness and wear resistance of Ni-based tungsten carbide cladding layer increased. When the content of CeO2 was 0.2 wt.%, the refinement effect of CeO2 on the microstructure reached an optimum value, and the hardness value reached the maximum of 1139 HV10. Moreover the wear resistance was the best. This was attributed to the dispersion strengthening of undissolved tungsten carbide particles, the solid solution strengthening of Ni-based solid solution, and the precipitation strengthening of carbides. However, as the content of CeO2 exceeded 0.2 wt.%, excessive CeO2 increased the viscosity of the solution, resulting in component segregation. Thus, the refinement and spheroidization action of CeO2 weakened, and irregular-shaped carbides appeared again. The hardness and wear resistance of the Ni-based tungsten carbide cladding layer obviously decreased. Ce-containing Ni-based tungsten carbide layer can be widely used in deep-sea mining and other fields due to its high hardness and wear resistance.
4
Novoselova, Inessa, Serhii Kuleshov, Anatoliy Omel’chuk, Valerii Bykov, and Olena Fesenko. "ELECTROREDUCTION OF DITUNGSTATE AND CARBONATE ANIONS IN CHLORIDE MELT." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 87, no. 12 (January 21, 2022): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.87.12.2021.97-108.
Abstract:
Electrocatalysis is one of the actively developing fields of application of tungsten carbides. For the synthesis of catalytically active carbides (materials with a large specific surface area, small particle size and structural defects) a large number of different technologies are being developed in the world. The method of high-temperature electrochemical synthesis is promising one. For its successful realization, it is necessary to study in detail the electrochemical behavior of each carbide component (tungsten and carbon) and the features of their partial and joint discharge. The aim of this paper is a voltammetric study of the partial and joint electroreduction of Na2W2O7 and Li2CO3 in molten NaCl–KCl electrolyte under CO2 pressure at a temperature of 750 °C.
As a result of research, it was found that in the system Na,K|Cl–Na2W2O7–Li2CO3–CO2 joint reduction of tungsten carbide synthesis components occurs from lithium complexes of tungstate (LixWO4)2-x and carbonate- (LixCO3)2-x anions at potentials -1.65 – -1.8 V. Introduction of СО2 into the system (creation of its excess pressure in the cell) is necessary for the binding of oxide anions O2-, released during the discharge of anionic complexes, into a carbonate complex. The released oxide anion in the near-electrode layer inhibits the cathodic process. Also, a necessary condition for the sustainability production of tungsten monocarbide WC is the presence of free carbon, which is formed during the decomposition of CO2.
Nanosized composites of tungsten carbides with free carbon WC/C (5 wt%) were obtained by potentiostatic electrolysis at a potential of -1.8 V as a cathode product. The properties of the obtained compounds were analyzed by XRD, SEM, BET, and Raman spectroscopy. Tungsten carbide has a particle size of ~ 10 nm and consists of hollow spherical structures. The synthesized composite is mesoporous material with a specific surface area of ~ 140 m2/g.
The properties of the synthesized composite, namely: structural defects, the presence of free carbon, spherical morphology, nanometer size and high specific surface area, make it possible to use it as an effective electrocatalyst, for example, in the reaction of hydrogen evolution in acidic aqueous solutions.
5
Gezerman, Ahmet Ozan, and Burcu Didem Çorbacıoğlu. "Effects of Mechanical Alloying on Sintering Behavior of Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Hard Metal System." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8175034.
Abstract:
During the last few years, efforts have been made to improve the properties of tungsten carbides (WCs) by preparing composite materials. In this study, we prepared WC particles by mechanical alloying and investigated the effects of mechanical alloying conditions, such as mechanical alloying time and mechanically alloyed powder ratio, on the properties of 94WC-6Co. According to experimental studies, increasing the mechanical alloying time causes an increase in the density of tungsten carbide samples and a decrease of crystal sizes and inner strength of the prepared materials. With the increase of mechanical alloying time, fine particle concentrations of tungsten carbide samples have increased. It is observed that increasing the mechanical alloying time caused a decrease of the particle surface area of tungsten carbide samples. Besides, the amount of specific phases such as Co3W3C and Co6W6C increases with increasing mechanical alloying time. As another subject of this study, increasing the concentration of mechanically alloyed tungsten carbides caused an increase in the densities of final tungsten carbide materials. With the concentrations of mechanically alloyed materials, the occurrence of Co6W6C and Co3W3C phases and the increase of crystallization are observed.
6
Lu, Hao, Chong Zhao, Haibin Wang, Xuemei Liu, Rong Yu, and Xiaoyan Song. "Hardening tungsten carbide by alloying elements with high work function." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 75, no. 6 (November 8, 2019): 994–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520619012277.
Abstract:
There is intensive searching for superhard materials in both theoretical and experimental studies. Refractory and transition metal carbides are typical materials with high hardness. In this study, first-principles calculations were performed first to analyze the electronic structures and mechanical properties of the tungsten-carbide-based compounds. The results indicated that tungsten carbide could be hardened by alloying elements with high work functions to tailor the Fermi level and electron density. Guided by the calculations, a new type of tungsten carbide alloyed with Re was synthesized. The Young's modulus and hardness of the Re-alloyed tungsten carbide are increased by 31% and 44%, respectively, as compared with those of tungsten carbide. This study provides a new methodology to design superhard materials on a feasible electronic base using work function as a simple guiding parameter.
7
Tarraste, Marek, Jakob Kübarsepp, Arvo Mere, Kristjan Juhani, Märt Kolnes, and Mart Viljus. "Ultrafine Cemented Carbides with Cobalt and Iron Binders Prepared via Reactive In Situ Sintering." Solid State Phenomena 320 (June 30, 2021): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.320.176.
Abstract:
Reactive sintering of cemented carbides involves mechanical and thermal activation of precursor elemental powders, followed by in-situ synthesis of tungsten carbide. This approach promotes formation of ultrafine microstructure favored in many cemented carbide applications. Our study focuses on the effect of mechanical activation (high-energy milling) on the properties of powder and following thermal activation (sintering) on the microstructure characteristics and phase composition. Reactive sintering proved effective – an ultrafine grained microstructure of cemented carbides with Co and Fe binders was achieved. Formation of tungsten carbide grains was complete at low temperature during reactive spark plasma sintering, resulting in textured microstructure with anisotropic grain formation and growth.
8
Горленко, Александр, Aleksandr Gorlenko, Сергей Давыдов, and Sergey Davydov. "Material implantation techniques based on tungsten carbide to increase friction surface durability." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 1, no. 9 (August 23, 2016): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21233.
Abstract:
The modification of steel friction surface at the expense of the formation on it a surface layer implanted and compound strengthened with tungsten carbides together with the formation of a sub-layer consisting of cellular super-cooled austenite stabilized by tungsten and reinforced with tungsten carbide grid consisting of packaged nano-sized particles is considered. The influence of implanted tungsten carbides upon the formation in friction surfaces of wear-resistant structures formed during the realization of combined electro-mechanical working techniques is investigated. It is shown that at a thermo-power effect in the area of deformation takes place an intensive austenitizing of steel with the dilution of a tungsten carbide powder and further formation of composite nano-structures as a result of the dissociation of super-cooled austenite oversaturated with tungsten. There are shown results of tribotechnical tests of cylindrical samples by a normalized method.
9
Lima, Maria Jose S., M. V. M. Souto, A. S. Souza, M. M. Karimi, F. E. S. Silva, Uilame Umbelino Gomes, and Carlson P. de Souza. "Synthesis of Nanostructured Tungsten Carbide (WC) from Ammonia Paratungstate-APT and its Characterization by XRD and Rietveld Refinement." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.31.
Abstract:
The carbides of refractory metals like tungsten carbide (WC), tantalum carbide (TaC) and niobium carbide (NbC), has been extensively studied due to their applications in several areas of industry, because of their specific properties; such as high melting point, high hardness, wear resistance, oxidation resistance and good electrical conductivity. The tungsten carbide, particularly, is generally used at hardmetal industries due to its high hardness and wear resistance. New synthesis techniques have been developed to reduce the synthesis temperature of refractory metal carbides using more reactive precursors and gas-solid reactions for carbon reduction. The result is producing pure carbides suitable properties for production of high quality cemented carbides and more selective catalysts. In this work, pure and nanostructured WC was obtained from the ammonium paratungstate hydrate (APT), at low temperature and short reaction time. Hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) were used as a reducing gas and carbon source, respectively. The precursor and obtained product were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained by diffraction of X-rays showed that complete reduction and carburization of APT have been took place resulted in pure WC formation. The average crystallite size was in nanometer order reaching values of approximately 20.8 nm and a surface area (BET) of 26.9 m2/g.
10
Wu, Yung-Yi, and Dong-Yea Sheu. "Investigating Tungsten Carbide Micro-Hole Drilling Characteristics by Desktop Micro-ECM with NaOH Solution." Micromachines 9, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9100512.
Abstract:
Due to their hardness and low tool wear, tungsten carbides are widely used in industrial applications, such as spray nozzles, wire drawing dies and spinning nozzles. However, there is no conventional machining process that is capable of fabricating micro-holes, slots and complicated shapes in tungsten carbide. In this study, a low-cost desktop micro electro-chemical machining (ECM) was developed to investigate the characteristics of tungsten carbide micro-hole drilling. The performance parameters of the machining conditions by desktop micro-ECM, such as the machining time, material removal rate, relative tool wear rate, surface quality and dimensional accuracy, were also investigated in this study. The experimental results demonstrate that the low-cost desktop micro-ECM could fabricate micro-holes in the tungsten cemented carbide (WC-Co) workpiece.
11
Halfa, Hossam, Asiful H. Seikh, Hany S. Abdo, Ibrahim A. Alnaser, Mahmoud S. Soliman, and Sameh M. Ragab. "Study on the Microstructure of Vanadium-Modified Tungsten High-Speed Steel-Coded SAE-AISI T1 Steel." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (December 30, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3469305.
Abstract:
The essential goal of this research is to evaluate the modification process on phase transformation, matrix chemical composition, and precipitated carbide types for modified SAE-AISI T1 steel and their effects on the hardness values after optimum heat treatment conditions. This research adopts the alloying design strategy to enhance one of the most important tools steel coded SAE-AISI T1 (T12001). Therefore, two alloying enhancement processes took place through partial or total tungsten replacement. Investigated steel was modified first through the addition of vanadium and then through the addition of vanadium and carbon. Substitute 5 wt modified SAE-AISI T1 steel. % tungsten with 1 wt. % vanadium, in addition to carbon content, varied from 0 to 1 wt. %. Therefore, to fulfill the goals of this work, Thermo-Calc software was utilized to get the following: (i) thermodynamic equilibrium information, (ii) the expected microstructure, (iii) the constituent volume fraction, and (iv) carbide chemical composition. The chemical composition of the expected phases was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). In addition, volume fractions of different constituents were estimated by using Thermo-Calc software and authenticated by the imaging analysis process. The experimental findings for the variations in the chemical composition of the matrix and eutectic carbides precipitated, e.g., MC and M6C carbides, agree well with the calculated findings. Tungsten replacement by vanadium with and without extra carbon at traditional SAE-AISI T1 steel encourages MC carbide formation instead of M6C, M23C6, and M7C3 carbides. MC carbide precipitated in vanadium with extra carbon-modified steel contains more carbon, chromium, and tungsten but less vanadium compared with vanadium-modified steel. Vanadium with extra carbon-modified steel precipitated more M6C carbide and gamma-austenite. Hardness measurements emphasized that modified steel is a promising material for its use as a tooling material with low tungsten content and, in turn, produces cutting-tool materials with economical cost.
12
Zhudra, A. P. "Tungsten carbide based cladding materials." Paton Welding Journal 2014, no. 6 (June 28, 2014): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2014.06.13.
13
Zatoka, A. E., D. V. Drobot, S. P. Merchev, S. V. Nevezhin, A. S. Gerasimov, and D. А. Ronzhin. "THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF LASER SURFACING ON THE PROPERTIES OF NiCrBSiC-WC COMPOSITES." Fine Chemical Technologies 13, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2018-13-4-58-66.
Abstract:
It was investigated the influence of technological parameters of laser cladding on the thickness of the carbide composite coatings with similar composition and properties of matrix and different types of reinforcing inclusions (spherical tungsten carbides (WC) and recycled carbides). Special attention is paid to physical-mechanical and service properties of the composites such as hardness and resistance to abrasive wear. It is established that the thickness of the carbide composite coatings increases with increasing laser power and flow rate of the carrier gas, and with decreasing speed of the laser and the step of cladding. The study showed that at the addition of 50 wt.% WC matrix has smaller hardness values 540-560 HV, which allows to obtain the structure of the carbide composite coatings without cracks. At the same time, at addition of 80 wt.% WC matrix has higher hardness 670 HV, which does not provide the structure without cracks. Resistance of composites NiCrBSiC-WC to cracking, as well as their wear resistance, increases with increasing content of tungsten carbide. The wear resistance of the coatings received from powder Technicord 655-SL, with a reinforcement by recycled carbide, comparable to that for coatings from spherical tungsten carbide Tekmat WC-125. Coatings NiCrBSiCWC, obtained by laser cladding, are used to increase the service life of the equipment telemetering systems, in particular, it is possible to prevent of abrasion and provide of increasing the service life of the contact pads of the equipment for measurement while drilling.
14
Kuzmichev, E. N., S. V. Nikolenko, and P. G. Chigrin. "Preparation of Tungsten Based Metal-Ceramic Alloys by the Plasma Chemical Synthesis from the Mineral Concentrate Mined in the Far Eastern Region." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.809.
Abstract:
s The paper considers the development of an alternative method for obtaining functional materials based on tungsten carbide and its compounds using simple and sufficiently productive equipment. This method will allow using mineral dumps as a raw material base, in addition, it gives an opportunity to obtain new compounds based on tungsten. Obtained during plasma-chemical synthesis, the WxCW alloy from a mixture based on a tungsten-containing concentrate has a two-phase composition consisting of carbides of the WxCW group and metallic tungsten. According to preliminary calculations, the content of the carbide phase in the alloy is 88% and depends on the plasma synthesis processes, on the concentrate composition, and on the introduced carburetor volume. The synthesis was carried out using tungsten-containing concentrates by treatment of high-density energies (g> 104 - 105 W/cm2) in an inert gas medium. The stage of plasma-chemical synthesis of the WxCW semi-finished product made it possible to obtain nanosized tungsten carbide crystals. This makes a possibility to synthesize a high-quality alloy with an ordered structure of the carbide phase during refinement and pressing. The carbide phase ordered structure contributed to an increase in the strength characteristics of the new refractory material.
15
Rosso, Mario, Ildiko Peter, and Federico Gobber. "Focus on Carbide-Tipped Circular Saws when Cutting Stainless Steel and Special Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1114 (July 2015): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1114.13.
Abstract:
Circular saw blades are used exclusively for cut-off work, ranging from small manual feed operations, up to very large power fed saws commonly used for sectioning stock as it comes from a rolling mill or other manufacturing processes for long products. The teeth profile, as well as the tooth configuration are of fundamental importance for the blade performances; through a combination of blade rigidity and grinding wheel condition a good quality surface finish is attained for tools of commercial standard. The materials used for the production of circular saw blades are ranging from high speed steel to cemented carbides. In particular, cemented carbides, being characterized by high hardness and strength, are used in applications where materials with high wear resistance and toughness are required. The main constituents of cemented carbides are tungsten carbide and cobalt. Tungsten carbide imparts the alloys the necessary strength and wear resistance, whereas cobalt contributes to the toughness and ductility of the alloys. The WC-Co alloys are tailored for specific applications by the proper choice of tungsten carbide grain size and the cobalt content. The grain size of the tungsten carbide in WC-Co varies from about 40 µm to around 0.3 µm, the cobalt content from 3 to 30 wt%. The coarse grained hardmetals are mainly used in mining applications, the smallest grain size being about 3 µm and the minimum cobalt content 6 wt%. The grain size of tungsten carbide in the metal cutting industry, as well as for universal applications lies in the range of 1-2 µm. However, with the advent of near net shape manufacturing and thin walled components, the use of submicron carbide is growing, since their high compressive strength and abrasive wear resistance can be used to produce tools with a sharp cutting edge and a large positive rake angle.In this invited paper, a general overview on the actual trends in the choice of the best material when cutting special alloys will be presented and discussed. Based on the recent and past literature some examples of their up-to-date application, such as circular saws used to cut stainless steels and some high strength alloys, are talk over.
16
Covington, Leroy, Kamalesh Munirathinam, Akand Islam, and Kenneth Roberts. "Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured molybdenum & tungsten carbide materials, and study of diffusion model." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-012-0055-8.
Abstract:
Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured molybdenum & tungsten carbide materials, and study of diffusion model Powders of two molybdenum carbides (Mo2C and MoC1-x) and tungsten carbide (WC) were prepared by means of temperature programmed reaction (TPR) method. Mo2C and MoC1-x were synthesized by reacting MoO3 with a preselected molar ratio of methane/hydrogen and carbon monoxide/hydrogen gas mixtures respectively. WC was prepared using tungsten oxide (WO3) and a methane/hydrogen gas mixture. These carbides were ultrasonically dispersed in de-ionized water. Samples were characterized using room temperature x-ray diffraction and scanning microscopy. A kinetic diffusion model is also studied to determine diffusivities in solids where the diffusing species desorbs or reacts at the external surfaces, and where the diffusivity does not vary appreciably with concentrations. The method involves measuring the flux of the diffusive species into the solid under the influence of a temperature program.
17
Gianessi, Antonio, Christian Gierl-Mayer, and Herbert Danninger. "Bimodal Particle Reinforcement for Wear Resistant Powder Metallurgy Steels." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.1001.
Abstract:
Reinforcement of powder metallurgy steels with fused tungsten carbide (FTC) has been shown to improve the wear resistance under certain loading conditions. A weakness is however the low hardness of the matrix, which results in selective wearing of the matrix between the carbide particles, i.e. “washing-out” effects. In the present study, in a first round fine metallic or carbidic particles were added to the iron-graphite powder mix, and the blends were die compacted and sintered in protective atmosphere. The specimens were then tested under different wear loads. It showed that also metallic powders added were transformed into carbides during sintering, thus resulting in reinforcement by fine carbides. Since Mo alloying proved to be most effective with regard to hardness and strength, specimens Fe-3%Mo-0.8%C reinforced with 20% coarse FTC (all in mass%) were sintered and tested according to ASTM G65, Continuous Impact Abrasion and dry sliding against ball bearing steel. It showed that Mo addition had quite pronounced positive effect on the G65 erosion resistance and, somewhat less, on dry sliding, while wear resistance in CIAT was less affected; the basic wear mechanisms however remained unchanged.
18
KIDUNG TIRTAYASA, PUTRA PANGESTU, WAYAN DARMAWAN, DODI NANDIKA, IMAM WAHYUDI, LUMONGGA DUMASARI, and USUKI HIROSHI. "PERFORMANCE OF COATED TUNGSTEN CARBIDE IN MILLING COMPOSITE BOARDS." WOOD RESEARCH 66(4) 2021 66, no. 4 (September 9, 2021): 606–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.4.606620.
Abstract:
The purpose of this research was to analyze the performance (wear resistance, surface roughness, chip formation, and noise level) of AlCrN, TiN, and TiAlN coated tungsten carbides in cutting composite boards. The composite boards of wood plastic composite, laminated veneer lumber, andorientedstrand board were cut by the coated tungsten carbide tools in a computer numerical control router. The results show that the differences in structure among the composite boards resulted in the difference in clearance wear, chip formation, surface roughness, and noise level phenomenon. The abrasive materials in wood plastic composite generated the highest clearance wear on the coated carbide tools tested. TiAlN coated carbide tool provided better wear resistance, smoother composite boards surfaces, and lower noise levels.
19
Kushkhov, Hasbi, Marina Adamokova, Vitalij Kvashin, Anzor Kardanov, and Svetlana Gramoteeva. "Electrochemical Synthesis of Binary Carbides of Tungsten and Iron (Nickel, Cobalt) in Halide-Oxide Melts at 823 K." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2007-1213.
Abstract:
Iron, cobalt and nickel powders are used as binding components for the production of articles of tungsten carbide by the hot pressing method. This fact and the unique properties of binary carbides of tungsten-iron triad metals encouraged the search for new ways of their synthesis. In the present work, the attempt to synthezise binary tungsten-nickel (cobalt, iron) carbides in molten KCl-NaCl-CsCl at 823 K was made. As a result of voltammetry research, it was established that in eutectic KCl-NaCl-CsCl melts the deposition potentials ofWand Ni (Co, Fe) differ by 150 - 350 mV from each other, which makes their co-deposition difficult. It is possible to shift the deposition potentials of tungsten and metals of the iron triad metals towards each other by changing the acid-base properties of the melt. The products of electrolysis in these molten system were identified by X-ray analysis. They are mixtures of tungsten and nickel (cobalt, iron) carbides: Ni2W4C, W6C2.54; Co3W3C, Co6W6C, W2C, Co3C; FeW3C.
20
Zou, De-Ning, and Han-Guang Fu. "Influence of Ce, K, and Na on spheroidization of eutectic carbides in low-tungsten white cast iron." International Journal of Materials Research 96, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 1328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2005-0231.
Abstract:
Abstract Tungsten alloy white cast iron (TAWCI) exhibits strong brittleness and a narrow application scope. The influences of Ce, K and Na on the microstructure and performance of TAWCI have been studied, and the idea to estimate the spheroidization effect of carbides using circular degree (C.D.) is put forward. The results show that eutectic carbides turn from network into sphericity after the modification. Carbide is refined and uniformly distributed and the C.D. of eutectic carbides increases. The mechanism of carbide spheroidization has been analyzed. The impact toughness and wear resistance of TAWCI obviously improves with the rise of C.D. of carbides. The service life of a modified TAWCI roll is 35 % higher than that of high-chromium cast-iron roll, its production cost is reduced by 25 %.
21
Chen, Tzung Ming, Yuan Ching Lin, and Jiun Nan Chen. "Analysis of Wear Behaviour of Sintering Carbide against DLC Coated and Nitriding Steel." Advanced Materials Research 579 (October 2012): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.579.60.
Abstract:
In this paper, tribological behaviours for sintering carbides and DLC/nitride film are discussed. During the wear test, two types of hardened steel are setting to sliding against eight series of carbide specimens in order to compare the wear mode and evaluate the wear performance of sintering carbides, which are made by different process parameters. The experiment result shows that a density ratio of sintering carbide between 86% and 99% does not have obviously different effect on wear resistance. Moreover, molybdenum binder with high diffusibility can improve the wear performance of tungsten carbide, but wear performance of titanium carbide is dependent on the amount of nickel/cobalt binder, separately. On the other hand, SAE52100 substrate absorbs the heat of friction and maintains the coated diamond-like carbon film in an excellent wear performance.
22
Sarhan, Ahmed AD. "Dissimilar vacuum brazing of WC-Co and cold work steel utilizing a new near-eutectic silver-copper filler alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, no. 6-7 (December 24, 2019): 1019–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405419893854.
Abstract:
Tungsten carbides are extremely high in hardness and they are wear-resistant materials. However, they are extremely brittle materials that render them ideal for many applications. Brazing technology has been proved to be a promising approach for joining tungsten carbide to tough metals to create high strength, tough and impact-resistant joint in the final assembly. In this research work, a dissimilar brazing of tungsten carbide (WC-Co) and cold work steel will be achieved using a new type of filler, a silver-copper near-eutectic alloy (BAg-8T) (Ag70Cu28Ti2). (BAg-8T) as a mixed alloy (eutectic and titanium) can melt/solidify completely in a very narrow temperature range (778 °C/800 °C), lower than any other existing brazing filler alloy; this will reduce the possibility of partial fastening while solidification. In addition, (BAg-8T) filler will act as the soft-iron gauze. Being soft and ductile metals, they will creep and absorb the movement due to differential contraction of the carbide and tool shank. Besides, they will improve the wetting on the carbide. In this research work, the effect of the joining parameters (brazing temperature and cobalt percentage in the tungsten carbide) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the brazed joint will be investigated to determine the best joint performance.
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Hashish, M. "Observations of Wear of Abrasive-Waterjet Nozzle Materials." Journal of Tribology 116, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928861.
Abstract:
This paper addresses the wear characteristics of the mixing tube of an abrasive-waterjet nozzle. An effective nozzle material should possess high values of both hardness and toughness. The mixing tube, which is where the abrasives are mixed, accelerated, and focused with the high-pressure waterjet, is the component in the abrasive-water jet nozzle that receives the greatest wear. Accelerated wear tests were conducted on relatively soft (steel) mixing tubes using a typical soft abrasive (garnet sand) and on harder (tungsten carbide) tubes using a harder abrasive material (aluminum oxide). A wide range of candidate tool materials, including several carbides and ceramics, was also tested using actual machining parameters. The tungsten carbide grades exhibited greater longevity than the harder ceramics, such as boron carbide, when garnet abrasives were used. The reverse trend was observed with aluminum oxide abrasives. Wear trends suggest that the wear mechanisms along the mixing tube change from erosion by particle impact at the upstream sections to abrasion at the downstream sections. Linear cutting tests were also conducted on several candidate nozzle materials to gain more information related to wear performance. It was found, for example, that the binder in tungsten carbide, which controls these properties, is a critical factor that also controls the lifetime of tungsten carbide mixing tubes.
24
Fujiwara, Junsuke, Keisuke Wakao, and Takeshi Miyamoto. "Influence of Tungsten-Carbide and Cobalt on Tool Wear in Cutting of Cemented Carbides with Polycrystalline Diamond Tool." International Journal of Automation Technology 7, no. 4 (July 5, 2013): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2013.p0433.
Abstract:
The influence of the tungsten-carbide (WC) particle size and Co contents of cemented carbides on polycrystalline diamond tool wear during turning was investigated experimentally. The main results obtained were as follows. (1) Tool wear increased with increasing Co content. (2) It is important to cut off the binder between the WC particles and the Co. (3) Cemented carbides containing small WC particles are more effective than cemented carbides containing large particles.
25
Adachi, Shinichiro, Takuto Yamaguchi, Keigo Tanaka, Takashi Nishimura, and Nobuhiro Ueda. "Effects of Solid-Solution Carbon and Eutectic Carbides in AISI 316L Steel-Based Tungsten Carbide Composites on Plasma Carburizing and Nitriding." Metals 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13081350.
Abstract:
AISI 316L stainless-steel-based tungsten carbide composite layers fabricated via laser metal deposition are used for additive manufacturing. Heat treatment practices such as low-temperature plasma carburizing and nitriding improve the hardness and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels via the formation of expanded austenite, known as the S phase. In the present study, practices to enhance the hardness and corrosion resistances of the stainless-steel parts in the composite layers have been investigated, including single plasma carburizing for 4 h and continuous plasma nitriding for 3.5 h following carburizing for 0.5 h at 400 and 450 °C. The as-deposited composite layers contain solid-solution carbon and eutectic carbides owing to the thermal decomposition of tungsten carbide during the laser metal deposition. The eutectic carbides inhibit carbon diffusion, whereas the original solid-solution carbon contributes to the formation of the S phase, resulting in a thick S phase layer. Both the single carburizing and continuous processes are effective in improving the Vickers surface hardness and corrosion resistance of the composite layers despite containing the solid-solution carbon and eutectic carbides.
26
Göhl, Daniel, Holger Rueß, Andrea M. Mingers, Karl J. J. Mayrhofer, Jochen M. Schneider, and Marc Ledendecker. "Electrochemical Passivation Properties of Valve Transition Metal Carbides." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 011502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac47e6.
Abstract:
Transition metal carbides have the potential to be employed as corrosion protective coating for a variety of applications such as e.g. steel based bipolar plates, porous transport layers or as catalyst support in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Yet, little is known of their fundamental, intrinsic corrosion and passivation properties. Herein, we conducted a detailed electrochemical passivation study of various valve transition metal carbides such as titanium carbide, tantalum carbide or tungsten carbide. Via flow cell measurements coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, the in situ transition metal dissolution was monitored, and the faradaic dissolution efficiency was calculated. Together with the determination of the grown oxide layer via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a thorough evaluation of the passivation efficiency was conducted. Moreover, it was shown that a beneficial stabilization effect can be achieved through alloying of different carbides which paves the way towards tailor-made coatings or catalyst support materials.
27
Kuleshov, Serhii, Inessa Novoselova, and Olha Medvezhynska. "ELECTROLYTIC CATALYSTS BASED ON TUNGSTEN AND CARBON COMPOUNDS FOR THE HYDROGEN EVOLUTION REACTION." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 89, no. 6 (July 28, 2023): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.89.06.2023.79-96.
Abstract:
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one of the most promising methods of obtaining high-purity hydrogen. However, the high cost and limited resources of materials with low cathodic hydrogen evolution overvoltage values, such as platinum group metals, are the main obstacles to the use HER for obtaining hydrogen on an industrial scale. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new alternative materials and methods of their production. One of the promising materials are catalysts based on refractory metals, in particular tungsten carbides. Metal tungsten can also be used for these purposes. In our opinion, high-temperature electrochemical synthesis (HTES) in molten salts can be a promising method of obtaining materials with properties that meet the requirements for effective catalysts, namely: ultra-dispersity, high specific surface area, mesoporosity and defective structure, high chemical and electrochemical stability. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to evaluate the electrocatalytic activity of a group of materials for HER, which are obtained by HTES in melts. Four samples of electrolytic materials were chosen for the study: tungsten, carbon, tungsten mono- and semi-carbides (WC and W2С). All samples were characterized in detail using X-ray diffraction (phase composition), SEM (morphology), Raman spectroscopy (structure of carbon phases), DTG (free carbon content).
Based on the analysis of the obtained data, it was established that all samples can be used as catalysts: crystallites have a nanometer size and a large number of structural defects; morphology provides increased surface area; tungsten carbide particles are covered with a layer of free carbon, which prevents oxidation of carbide to WO3, which has a lower catalytic activity; carbon particles are nanosized (20–30 nm) and contain a large number of structural defects; tungsten carbide-based samples contain free carbon, which increases the specific surface area, but does not cause clogging of pores.
Polarization measurements were carried out at room temperature at a polarization rate of 5 mV/s in a standard three-electrode cell with an Ag|AgCl reference electrode. 1N H2SO4 was used as a base solution, which was bubbled with high-purity argon. Onset potentials for all samples are -0.05 – -0.25 V (in order WC/C – W2C/WC/C – C – W). The overvoltage and Tafel slope were calculated and WC/C composite was shown to have the lowest values of -0.2 V and -75 mV, respectively.
Electrolytic composite of tungsten carbide/carbon have demonstrated the best characteristics, so we plan to continue the development of synthesis method of carbide compounds, which will allow us to reveal even greater potential of carbide catalysts and pave the way for their wide application in catalytic processes.
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Ismail, A., and Norhaslina Abd Aziz. "Corrosion Behavior of WC-Co and WC-Ni in 3.5% NaCl at Increasing Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.135.
Abstract:
Tungsten carbides (WC) are widely used as wear resistant components such as seal, valves, rings, nozzle and bearings. But in some processing operations, the environment necessarily includes severe corrosion or extremes of temperatures. In paper reveal, the corrosion performance of commercial cobalt tungsten carbide (WC-6%Co) and nickel tungsten carbide (WC-9%Ni) in seawater with 3.5% salinity. The experiment was performed in four different temperatures (20°C, 40°C, 60°C and 80°C) and the surface structure by corrosion attack was reveal under SEM. TheIcorrvalue of WC-9%Ni is lower than WC-6%Co, elucidate that WC-9%Ni is better in corrosion resistance compare to WC-6%Co. As the temperature increased, the corrosion rate for every material increased as expected. Decreasing in hardness value for both materials reveal that, the material’s hardness decrease after corrosion has attacked.
29
Zhang, Hui, Jian Xin Deng, Gui Yu Li, Xing Ai, and Jun Zhao. "Effect of Ambient Temperature on Wear of Cemented Carbide Tool Material." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.276.
Abstract:
Cemented carbide has relatively good mechanical properties, so it is widely used as cutting tools. In this paper, a sliding wear test at high ambient temperature between cemented carbide tool material and ceramic was carried out using a ball-on-disc wear-test machine. The characteristics as to wear rate and friction coefficient were investigated. The special wear rate increased with an increase in operating temperature. The cemented carbide material with addition of TiC phase gave better wear resistance than cemented tungsten carbides at elevated temperature. SEM technology was adopted to observe the worn surfaces of specimens and wear mechanism were simultaneously discussed.
30
Ogierman, Witold, and Wojciech Grzegorzek. "The influence of the WC-Co composite microstructure model on stress field heterogeneity at the microstructure level: FEM based study." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 26, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2017-0421.
Abstract:
AbstractThe paper is devoted to finite element method based study of stress field heterogeneity at microstructure level of two-phase cemented carbides. Special attention is put on investigation of influence of the microstructure model type on the stress field distributions. Two- and three-dimensional models of the microstructures have been generated. Moreover, two different representations of the microstructure have been considered. The first one assumes uniformly distributed cobalt phase forming continuous boundaries between tungsten carbide particles. The second one assumes that the cobalt phase shape and distribution are created in a way that allows for no differentiation of continuous boundaries between tungsten carbide grains. Finite element analyses have been carried out with different microstructure models. The results of the simulations are stress distributions in each phase of the material. Furthermore, a numerical homogenization has been conducted to investigate the phase properties’ influence on the effective elastic constants of the cemented carbide.
31
Krutskii, Yu L., T. S. Gudyma, T. M. Krutskaya, А. О. Semenov, and A. V. Utkin. "Carbides of transition metals: Properties, application and production. Review. Part 2. Chromium and zirconium carbides." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 66, no. 4 (August 19, 2023): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-445-458.
Abstract:
The properties, application, and methods for producing chromium and zirconium carbides are considered. These carbides are oxygen-free refractory metal-like compounds. As a result, they are characterized by high values of thermal and electrical conductivity. Their hardness is relatively high. Chromium and zirconium carbides exhibit significant chemical resistance in aggressive environments. For these reasons, they have found application in modern technology. Chromium carbide is used mainly as component of surfacing mixtures to create protective coatings that resist intensive abrasive wear, including at elevated temperatures (up to 800 °C) in oxidizing environments. This compound is also used in the manufacture of tungsten-free hard alloys and carbide steels. Chromium carbide, along with vanadium carbide, is used as a grain growth inhibitor in WC – Co hard alloys. Powdered zirconium carbide can be used to polish the surface of items made of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The properties of refractory compounds depend on the content of impurities and dispersion (particle size). To solve a specific problem associated with the use of refractory compounds, it is important to choose the right method for their preparation, to determine the permissible content of impurities in the initial components. This leads to the existence of different methods for the synthesis of carbides. The main methods for their preparation are: synthesis from simple substances (metals and carbon), metallothermal and carbothermal reduction. Plasma-chemical synthesis (vapor-gas phase deposition) is also used to obtain carbide nanopowders. A characteristic is given to each of these methods. Information on the possible mechanism of the processes of carbothermal synthesis is presented.
32
Acchar, Wilson, and Harim Revoredo de Macedo. "Influence of NbC-Addition on Mechanical Properties of WC-Co." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.363.
Abstract:
Cemented carbides have been intensively used as cutting tool through their high hardness, high fracture toughness and high wear resistance. A considerable amount of works has been developed in order to improve the mechanical properties of alternate cemented carbide systems. This work has the purpose to reports the first results obtained to WC-Co reinforced with 5 wt.% NbC. The mixture of powders was hot-pressed at 1250 °C in a inert atmosphere. Hardness and fracture toughness were carried out in a Vickers hardness testing machine. The results have showed that the addition of niobium carbide improves the hardness of tungsten carbide and inhibits the WCgrain growth.
33
Liu, T., Song Zhang, and Jiang Feng Li. "Analysis of Element Diffusion between Alloy Cast Iron and WC/Co Cemented Carbides." Materials Science Forum 874 (October 2016): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.874.339.
Abstract:
An alloy cast iron has special properties by adding some alloying elements to the ordinary cast iron ASTMNo35A. Diffusion wear is one of the main cutting tool wear mechanisms in machining of the alloy cast irons. The diffusion of tungsten (W) and iron (Fe) between the alloy cast iron and the WC/Co cemented carbides was investigated in this paper by means of heating diffusion couple. It has be proved from the experiment that Fe in the alloy cast iron diffused a deeper distance in the WC/Co cemented carbides with the higher Co content; while the diffusion of W element in the WC/Co cemented carbides the alloy cast iron was not serious. The Vickers-hardness analysis of the alloy cast iron and K20 cemented carbide couple was determined. The elements diffusion impaired the hardness of the alloy cast iron and WC/Co cemented carbide cutting tool.
34
Korobov, Yury, Yulia Khudorozhkova, Holger Hillig, Alexander Vopneruk, Aleksandr Kotelnikov, Sergey Burov, Prabu Balu, Alexey Makarov, and Alexey Chernov. "The Effect of Thickness on the Properties of Laser-Deposited NiBSi-WC Coating on a Cu-Cr-Zr Substrate." Photonics 6, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6040127.
Abstract:
Ni/60WC coatings on copper substrate were placed via laser deposition (LD). A structural study was conducted using electron microscopy and a microhardness evaluation. Two body abrasive wear tests were conducted with a pin-on-plate reciprocating technique. A tool steel X12MF GOST 5960 (C-Cr-Mo-V 1.6-12-0.5-0.2) with a hardness of 63 HRC was used as a counterpart. The following results were obtained: Precipitation of the secondary carbides takes place in the thicker layers. Their hardness is lower than that of the primary carbides in the deposition (2425 HV vs. 2757 HV) because they mix with the matrix material. In the thin layers, precipitation is restricted due to a higher cooling rate. For both LD coatings, the carbide’s hardness increases compared to the initial mono-tungsten carbide (WC)-containing powder (2756 HV vs. 2200 HV). Such a high level of microhardness reflects the combined influence of a low level of thermal destruction of carbides during laser deposition and the formation of a boride-strengthening phase from the matrix powder. The thicker layer showed a higher wear resistance; weight loss was 20% lower. The changes in the thickness of the laser deposited Ni-WC coating altered its structure and wear resistance.
35
Gnyusov, S. F., V. G. Durakov, and S. Yu Tarasov. "Structure and Abrasive Wear of Composite HSS M2/WC Coating." Advances in Tribology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/502714.
Abstract:
Features of phase-structure formation and abrasive wear resistance of composite coatings “WC-M2 steel” worn against tungsten monocarbide have been investigated. It was established that adding 20 wt.% WC to the deposited powder mixture leads to the increase in M6C carbide content. These carbides show a multimodal size distribution consisting of~5.9 μm eutectic carbides along the grain boundaries,~0.25 μm carbides dispersed inside the grains. Also a greater amount of metastable austenite (~88 vol.%) is found. The high abrasive wear resistance of these coatings is provided byγ→α′-martensitic transformation and multimodal size distribution of reinforcing particles.
36
Nikolaenko, Irina V., Nikolay Kedin, and Gennadii Shveikin. "Two-Step Synthesis of Ultrafine and Nanosized Powders of Tungsten Oxide and Carbide." Advances in Science and Technology 88 (October 2014): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.88.9.
Abstract:
In this work a new method of nanoand ultrafine powder of tungsten oxide and carbide synthesis by means of combinating carbon carrier supported classic liquid-phase precipitation and low-temperature microwave treatment was offered. The full range of intermediate substances obtained during thermolysis, reduction and carbidization precursors to final products were presented. The thermolysis of tungstic acid with the formation of tungsten oxide and carbide ultrafine particles of different modifications were studied. It was shown, that cooling ammonium tungstate solution to 4 °C, and use of carbon carrier on the precipitation stage can increase specific surface area from 20 to 100 m2g-1. With the use of SEM precursors particles size were examined (∼200 nm) and the morphology of initial, intermediate and final products was shown.
37
Myachina, Maria, Natalia Gavrilova, Ksenia Poluboyarinova, and Victor Nazarov. "Molybdenum–Tungsten Blue Nanoparticles as a Precursor for Ultrafine Binary Carbides." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030761.
Abstract:
Herein, we demonstrate a promising method for the synthesis of ultrafine carbide particles using dispersions of molybdenum–tungsten nanoparticles. Dispersions of molybdenum–tungsten blue nanoparticles with different initial molar ratios of molybdenum/tungsten were synthesized through the reduction of molybdate and tungstate ions by ascorbic acid in an acidic medium (pH = 1.0–2.5). Molybdenum–tungsten blue nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet–visual (UV–VIS), infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies; transmission electronic microscopy (TEM); and dynamic light scattering (DLS). We demonstrated that molybdenum–tungsten blue nanoparticles belong to toroidal polyoxometalate clusters (λmax = 680–750 nm) with a predominant particle size of 4.0 nm. Molybdenum–tungsten blue dispersions were shown to be monodispersed systems with a small particle size and long-term stability (>30 days) and are suitable for further catalytic applications.
38
Khodosovskaya, O. Yu, L. V. Ovsyanikova, and T. V. Gapeenko. "Features of microstructure of carbide blanks." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 10, 2024): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2024-1-47-50.
Abstract:
The task of modern science and technology is to develop new and improve the characteristics of already used materials for the production of competitive products. Due to the reorientation of sales markets and the search for alternative suppliers of carbide tools, OJSC “BSW – Management Company of “BMK” Holding” began cooperation with Chinese firms‑manufacturers/ suppliers of carbide blanks. The article examines the features of the microstructure of carbide blanks. The blanks differ from the serially used blanks in microstructure, in particular, in the class of tungsten carbide grain. This is explained by the fact that grades of alloy with nanoscale tungsten carbide grain are used for the production of blanks to achieve the necessary durability during operation. The features in the microstructure of the hard alloy also led to changes in the “density” parameter towards reduction, which is also inherent in all Chinese blanks and does not affect their operational properties. Inhibitors of grain growth – transition metal carbides, for example, VC, Cr2C3, NbC, TaC are added to hard alloy mixtures to prevent grain growth during sintering. Recently, there has been a trend towards introducing TaC + TiC additives into WC–Co alloys, which prevent grain growth and have a negligible effect on all other properties of hard alloys.
39
Popov, Vladimir, Anna Borunova, Evgeny Shelekhov, Oksana Koplak, Elizaveta Dvoretskaya, Danila Matveev, Alexey Prosviryakov, Ekaterina Vershinina, and Vladimir Cheverikin. "Decrease in the Starting Temperature of the Reaction for Fabricating Carbides of Refractory Metals When Using Carbon Nanoparticles as Precursors." Inventions 7, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040120.
Abstract:
Metal matrix composites with a matrix of refractory metals (niobium, tungsten) and reinforcing nanodiamond particles were prepared for studying the possibility of decreasing the starting temperature of carbide synthesis. The size of primary nanodiamond particles was 4–6 nm, but they were combined in large-sized agglomerates. Mechanical alloying was used for producing the composites by crushing agglomerates and distributing nanodiamonds evenly in the metal matrix. The initial and fabricated materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal processing leads to the reaction for carbide synthesis. Studies have found that the usage of carbon nanoparticles (nanodiamonds) as precursors for fabricating carbides of refractory metals leads to a dramatic decrease in the synthesis temperature in comparison with macro-precursors: lower than 200 °C for tungsten and lower than 350 °C for niobium.
40
Stepchenkov, A. K., A. V. Makarov, E. G. Volkova, S. Kh Estemirova, and E. V. Kharanzhevskiy. "The influence of tungsten carbide and boride additives on the structure and microhardness of CrFeNi equiatomic coating formed by short-pulse laser cladding." Frontier materials & technologies, no. 1 (2024): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2782-4039-2024-1-67-8.
Abstract:
A coating based on a single-phase medium-entropy CrFeNi alloy with a face centered cubic structure has good ductility, relatively high anti-corrosion properties, low cost, but insufficient strength for its widespread use. It is assumed that adding strengthening particles in the form of tungsten carbides and borides to the CrFeNi equiatomic coating will lead to an increase in its mechanical properties. This work studies the influence of tungsten carbide and boride additives on the structure and microhardness of a CrFeNi equiatomic coating. The coatings were formed by layer-by-layer short-pulse laser cladding with preplaced powder on a multifunctional laser installation equipped with a solid-state laser with a lamp pump based on an Nd:YAG crystal. The change in phase composition when adding strengthening particles was detected using X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both methods confirmed the precipitation of Cr23C6 chromium carbide in the deposited coatings. TEM photographs indicate that the precipitated phase is distributed along the grain boundaries of the -solid solution. The study found that the addition of 6 wt. % WC and 3 wt. % WB increases the level of microhardness of the CrFeNi coating by 26 % (from 340±6 to 430±12 HV 0.025). This occurs due to the presence of Cr23C6, WC particles in the structure and possible microdistortions of the crystal lattice of the -phase as a result of doping with tungsten atoms released during the dissolution of tungsten borides and carbides in the process of high-temperature short-pulse laser heating.
41
Ren, Xiaoyong, Zhijian Peng, Zhiqiang Fu, and Chengbiao Wang. "Effect of SiC Nanowhisker on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of WC-Ni Cemented Carbide Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/673276.
Abstract:
Ultrafine tungsten carbide-nickel (WC-Ni) cemented carbides with varied fractions of silicon carbide (SiC) nanowhisker (0–3.75 wt.%) were fabricated by spark plasma sintering at 1350°C under a uniaxial pressure of 50 MPa with the assistance of vanadium carbide (VC) and tantalum carbide (TaC) as WC grain growth inhibitors. The effects of SiC nanowhisker on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-prepared WC-Ni cemented carbides were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that during spark plasma sintering (SPS) Ni may react with the applied SiC nanowhisker, forming Ni2Si and graphite. Scanning electron microscopy examination indicated that, with the addition of SiC nanowhisker, the average WC grain size decreased from 400 to 350 nm. However, with the additional fractions of SiC nanowhisker, more and more Si-rich aggregates appeared. With the increase in the added fraction of SiC nanowhisker, the Vickers hardness of the samples initially increased and then decreased, reaching its maximum of about 24.9 GPa when 0.75 wt.% SiC nanowhisker was added. However, the flexural strength of the sample gradually decreased with increasing addition fraction of SiC nanowhisker.
42
Ma, Binghui, Xiaonan Wang, Chunhuan Chen, Dongran Zhou, Peiquan Xu, and Xiujuan Zhao. "Dissimilar Welding and Joining of Cemented Carbides." Metals 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111161.
Abstract:
Cemented carbides have been widely used in aerospace, biomedical/wearable sensor, automobile, microelectronic, and other manufacturing industries owing to their superior physical and chemical properties at elevated temperatures. These superior properties, however, make it difficult to process these materials using conventional manufacturing methods. In this article, an overview of the welding and joining processes of cemented carbide and steel is given, followed by a few examples of welding processes. Cemented carbides can be successfully joined by sinter-bonding, brazing and soldering, laser beam welding, tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, diffusion welding, friction welding, electron-beam welding, and chemical vapor deposition. An overview of the benefits and drawbacks of brazing and soldering of cemented carbide and steel is presented, including reports on joint design, processes, and selection of brazing filler metals. The laser welding of cemented carbide and steel is addressed and reviewed, including reports on gap bridging ability, the inclusion/absence of filler metals, interlayers, and laser/TIG hybrid welding. Finally, a section is devoted to explaining the main issues remaining in the welding and joining of cemented carbide, corresponding solutions, and future work required.
43
Sun, Fan, D. Mantovani, and Frédéric Prima. "Carbides and their Role in Advanced Mechanical Properties of L605 Alloy: Implications for Medical Devices." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1354.
Abstract:
L605 (ASTM F90), a cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloy with excellent mechanical properties and high radiopacity, has been widely accepted as a suitable alloy for stent applications. The presence of carbides in this alloy, primary carbides and secondary carbides, leads to difficulties in controlling mechanical performances and therefore in optimizing stent size and performances. This work is thus to investigate the carbides and their role in advanced mechanical properties of L605 alloy for stent fabrication. Herein, the nature, nucleation, distribution and dissolution of the carbides were investigated in a series of recrystallized L605 tubes from hard-drawn (HD) state. The mechanical properties corresponding to each carbide state were examined by tensile tests and microhardness measurements. The results indicate important relationships among carbide precipitation, grain size and mechanical behaviors, as a function of annealing temperature and duration. The intergranular secondary carbides, induced at the onset of the recrystallization of L605 matrix, were preferentially precipitated at grain boundaries. The nucleation of such particulate phase leads to a pinning effect on grain coarsening, resulting in a strengthening effect of the material. However, the further growth of the secondary carbides brings about considerable reduction of ductility, which is inacceptable for stent application. Therefore, an optimization protocol on carbides controlling was developed to maintain the strengthening effect without losing ductility and small grain size.
44
Chaus, Alexander S., J. Chovanec, and M. Legerská. "Development of High-Speed Steels for Cast Metal-Cutting Tools." Solid State Phenomena 113 (June 2006): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.113.559.
Abstract:
As-cast high-speed steels heat-treated have completely much lower impact toughness than that of the steels of a similar chemical composition but undergone hot working – rolling or forging. That is attributed to the influence of eutectic carbides, which especially being coarse, provide easily brittle intergrain fracture sites under low stress intensity factor levels. This is especially real for cast cutting tools. In order to exhibit good all-round performance the impact toughness enhancement of as-cast high-speed steels is obligatorily needed. In this connection it is expedient to turn from high-speed steels of conventional ledeburitic origin to high-speed steels of hypereutectoid and ferritic-carbidic ones with considerably lower carbide heterogeneity resulting in enhanced impact toughness. In the present work special features of the structure, phase composition and properties of such high-speed steels designed for cast tool are studied. In order to substitute tungsten by chromium in as-cast high-speed steel a special alloying system has also been developed.
45
Jia, Xiao Ming, Yue Xin Song, and Suo Xia Hou. "Inhibition Effect of Compound Boricacidester on the Tungsten Carbide Leaching of the Cemented Carbide Tool." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.977.
Abstract:
Working fluid is commonly used in the making and using progress of cemented carbide tool. The tungsten carbide leaching of cemented carbide tool will be resulted in by the sodium carbonate in cutting fluid, because of the tungsten carbide will occur oxidative dissolution. The inhibitor that suppress tungsten carbide leaching of cemented carbide tool is investigated by soaking experiments, friction experiments, SEM analysis, and energy spectrum analysis. The test result shows that aqueous solution and sodium carbonate will cause tungsten carbide leaching through oxidative dissolution; but compound boricacidester contain benzotriazole could suppress tungsten carbide leaching. The Inhibition mechanism is that compound boricacidester contain benzotriazole could generate complete and compact protective film on the surface of cemented carbide tool, therefore, tungsten carbide leaching is inhibited. Add compound boricacidester contain benzotriazole to the water-based cutting fluid could suppress tungsten carbide leaching effectively.
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Novák, Pavel, Kateřina Nová, Lucyna Jaworska, and Andrei Shishkin. "Identification of Carbides in Tool Steel by Selective Etching." Defect and Diffusion Forum 395 (August 2019): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.395.55.
Abstract:
This paper describes simple metallographic technique for selective etching of individual types of carbides (MC, M2C and M6C and M7C3) in tool steel. Electrolytic etching in chromic acid was used in order to reveal the MC carbides. Chemical etching in permanganate solution revealed the M2C and M6C carbides, while the electrolytic etching in the latter solution enabled to observe M7C3, M2C and M6C carbides. These techniques were demonstrated on an experimental niobium-containing tool steel prepared by powder metallurgy. The results confirm that the MC carbides are highly thermally stable, while the M2C carbides decompose during austenitizing at the temperature of 1050 °C and higher. The M7C3 carbides dissolve in the austenite significantly. This exact and simple observation of the carbides behaviour enables to describe the role of particular carbides on heat treatment behaviour and also to save the carbide-forming elements, where the important ones (tungsten, vanadium) are listed as critical raw materials and the others (chromium and molybdenum) are also strategic.
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Arizmendi-Morquecho, Ana, Araceli Campa-Castilla, C. Leyva-Porras, Josué Almicar Aguilar Martinez, Gregorio Vargas Gutiérrez, Karla Judith Moreno Bello, and L. López López. "Microstructural Characterization and Wear Properties of Fe-Based Amorphous-Crystalline Coating Deposited by Twin Wire Arc Spraying." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/836739.
Abstract:
Twin wire arc spraying (TWAS) was used to produce an amorphous crystalline Fe-based coating on AISI 1018 steel substrate using a commercial powder (140MXC) in order to improve microhardness and wear properties. The microstructures of coating were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as the powder precursor. Analysis in the coating showed the formation of an amorphous matrix with boron and tungsten carbides randomly dispersed. At high amplifications were identified boron carbides at interface boron carbide/amorphous matrix by TEM. This kind of carbides growth can be attributed to partial crystallization by heterogeneous nucleation. These interfaces have not been reported in the literature by thermal spraying process. The measurements of average microhardness on amorphous matrix and boron carbides were 9.1 and 23.85 GPa, respectively. By contrast, the microhardness values of unmelted boron carbide in the amorphous phase were higher than in the substrate, approaching 2.14 GPa. The relative wear resistance of coating was 5.6 times that of substrate. These results indicate that the twin wire arc spraying is a promising technique to prepare amorphous crystalline coatings.
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Prakash, Leo J. "Application of fine grained tungsten carbide based cemented carbides." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 13, no. 5 (January 1995): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-4368(95)92672-7.
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Maslyuk, V. A. "Tungsten-Free Hardmetals and Carbide Steels with Chromium Carbides." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 53, no. 3-4 (July 2014): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-014-9599-x.
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Fu, Xiao Ming. "Fine Cemented Carbide Particles Prepared with Activated Tungsten Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.619.
Abstract:
Fine cemented carbide in the diameter of less than 1 μm is obtained activated tungsten oxide. The samples are characterized by laser particle size analyze, electron microscope and sclerometer. The experimental results show that the size of tungsten particles and tungsten carbide prepared with activated tungsten becomes small remarkably, and coarse tungsten particles decrease. The properties of cemented carbide prepared with activated tungsten oxide are better than those of cemented carbide made with blue tungsten oxide. Especially, the hardness of cemented carbide prepared with activated tungsten oxide increases by about 7 %.