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Journal articles on the topic 'Tungsten oxide gel'

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Published: 22 June 2024

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1

Zhang, Zeng Hai, Guang Ming Wu, Guo Hua Gao, Wei Feng, Xiao Bo Jin, and Jun Shen. "Structural Study of WO3 and MoO3 Compound Films in H2 Gasochromism." Key Engineering Materials 537 (January 2013): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.537.184.

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Sol-gel tequnique was used to prepare disordered tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide sols. A series ratio of W:Mo compound sols were obtained via mettalic powder co-peroxided by H2O2 as precursors in ethonal. Compound films were achieved by dip-coating method. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy were taken to characterize the structure of these compound films. Uv-visible Spectroscopy was used to test the gasochromic property. The results showed that the gasochromics property was much different from that of pure tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide sol-gel thin films. The effect was origined from the structrue alteration, which was not due to the spectrum superposition but the co-reaction of W and Mo.
2

Kim, Chang Yeoul, Seong Geun Cho, Seok Park, Tae Yeoung Lim, and Duck Kyun Choi. "Electrochemical and Optical Properties of WO3 Prepared by Sol-Gel Coating." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.1081.

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Electrochromic WO3 thin film was prepared by using tungsten metal solution in hydrogen peroxide as a starting solution and by a sol-gel dip coating method. The thermal analysis was conducted by DSC/TG method. A DSC/TG analysis and the XRD patterns showed that a tungsten oxide crystal phase was formed at 400oC. WO3 thin film when heat-treated at 300oC was amorphous and had a better electrochemical property than that of the crystalline phase. Crystallization of tungsten oxide decreased active sites of ion intercalation so that the current density decreased with heat-treatment temperature.
3

Mushtaq, Khizar, Pui May Chou, and Chin Wei Lai. "Review on the Synthesis Methods of Nano-Tungsten Oxide Dihydrate Colloid." MATEC Web of Conferences 335 (2021): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133503008.

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Tungsten being a transition element, forms oxide compounds of various oxidation states that enables it to form nanocolloids of tungsten oxide dihydrate. Multiple methods have been used in recent years to synthesize nano tungsten oxide dihydrate, including sol-gel synthesis, electrochemical deposition, hydrothermal synthesis and anodization. However, a universally accepted synthesis method for this material is not offered. The most appropriate method and its corresponding processing parameters for the synthesis of nano tungsten oxide dihydrate colloids were presented in the present study. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of processing parameters, i.e. applied voltage, temperature and anodizing duration on the particle size of nanocolloids. It is found that anodization is the easiest, efficient, and cost-effective method to synthesize the colloidal solution of nano tungsten oxide dihydrate. Conducting the synthesis at room temperature at a voltage of 50 V for 60 minutes yields the product with particle size of 40 – 60 nm, which can be used in wide array of applications. This paper also highlights the research gaps for future work and gives recommendations to extend this study particularly for the industrial application of tungsten oxide.
4

Özkan, E., and F. Z. Tepehan. "Optical and structural characteristics of sol–gel-deposited tungsten oxide and vanadium-doped tungsten oxide films." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 68, no. 3-4 (June 2001): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-0248(00)00361-5.

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5

Santos Garcia, Irene Teresinha, and Diego Soares de Moura. "Sodium tetratungstate/tungsten oxide films prepared with dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride as structuring agent." Revista Eletrônica Científica da UERGS 8, no. 3 (December 23, 2022): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21674/2448-0479.83.218-227.

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Abstract The multiple forms of structuring transition metal anions in solution are important aspects to be taken into account in obtaining oxides of these metals by the sol-gel method. The formation of polyanions in aqueous media can produce a variety of structures in the solid state. Films were obtained through sol-gel method with sodium tungstate as precursor and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) as structuring agent, after calcined at 700 °C in air. The films, structured as nanospheres, were composed mainly of triclinic sodium tetratungstate and monoclinic tungsten oxide. The cationic surfactant interacts in aqueous media with the precursor, affecting the obtained films' final morphology, without affecting their crystal structure. Their photocatalytic properties were also evaluated. Keywords: Colloidal synthesis; sol-gel; photocatalysis. Resumo Filmes de tetratungstato de sódio/óxido de tungstênio preparados com cloreto de dodeciltrimetilamônio como agente estruturante As múltiplas formas de estruturação de ânions de metais de transição em solução revelam aspectos importantes a ser levados em consideração na obtenção de seus óxidos pelo método sol-gel. Um desses aspectos é a formação de poliânions em meio aquoso, que pode produzir uma variedade de estruturas no estado sólido. Desta feita, foram obtidos filmes através do método sol-gel utilizando-se, como precursor, de tungstato de sódio e, como agente estruturante, cloreto de dodeciltrimetil amônio, que foram posteriormente calcinados a 700 ºC em ar. Observou-se que os filmes, estruturados como nano esferas, eram compostos principalmente de tetratungstato de sódio triclínico e óxido de tungstênio monoclínico. Por sua vez, conclui-se que o surfactante catiônico interage em meio aquoso com o precursor e afeta a morfologia final dos filmes obtidos, no entanto tem pouca influência nas suas estruturas cristalinas. Faz-se importante destacar que as propriedades fotocatalíticas foram também avaliadas na presente pesquisa. Palavras-chave: Síntese coloidal; sol-gel; fotocatálise. Resumen Películas de tetratungstato de sodio/óxido de tungsteno preparadas con cloruro de dodeciltrimetilamonio como agente estructurante Las múltiples formas de estructurar los aniones de metales de transición en solución son aspectos importantes a tener en cuenta a la hora de obtener sus óxidos por el método sol-gel. La formación de polianiones en medios acuosos puede producir una variedad de estructuras en estado sólido. Se produjeron películas por medio del método sol-gel utilizando tungstato de sodio como precursor y cloruro de dodeciltrimetilamonio como agente estructurante, luego calcinadas a 700 ºC en aire. Las películas, estructuradas como nanoesferas, estaban compuestas principalmente de tetratungstato de sodio triclínico y óxido de tungsteno monoclínico. El tensioactivo catiónico interactúa en medio acuoso con el precursor, afectando la morfología final de las películas obtenidas, pero tiene poca influencia sobre su estructura cristalina. Fueron evaluadas también las propiedades fotocatalíticas. Palabras clave: Síntesis coloidal; sol-gel; fotocatálisis.
6

Chai, Y., F. Y. Ha, F. K. Yam, and Z. Hassan. "Fabrication of Tungsten Oxide Nanostructure by Sol-Gel Method." Procedia Chemistry 19 (2016): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.123.

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7

Vidmar, Tjaša, Marko Topič, Petr Dzik, and Urša Opara Krašovec. "Inkjet printing of sol–gel derived tungsten oxide inks." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 125 (June 2014): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.02.023.

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8

Baker, A. P., S. N. B. Hodgson, and M. J. Edirisinghe. "Production of tungsten oxide coatings, via sol–gel processing of tungsten anion solutions." Surface and Coatings Technology 153, no. 2-3 (April 2002): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(01)01673-5.

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9

Dulgerbaki, Cigdem, Aliihsan Komur, and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz. "Tungsten Oxide Nanofibers for Electrochromic Device Application." Academic Perspective Procedia 1, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.01.01.152.

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The tungsten oxide (WO3) nanofibers were grown directly onto an ITO-coated glass via an electrospinning method for electrochromic applications. The electrochromic properties of WO3 nanofibers were investigated in the presence of different electrolytes including a series of ionic liquids and classic LiClO4-PC system. A significant optical modulation of 20.82% at 760 nm, reversible coloration with efficiency of 64.58 cm2/C and excellent cycling stability were achieved for the nanofiber electrochromic device (ECD) with ionic liquid based gel electrolyte.
10

Passerini, Stefano, Bruno Scrosati, Vincent Hermann, CarolAnn Holmblad, and Terese Bartlett. "Laminated Electrochromic Windows Based on Nickel Oxide, Tungsten Oxide, and Gel Electrolytes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 141, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2054835.

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11

Kim, Chang Yeoul, Jin Wook Choi, Tae Yeoung Lim, and Duck Kyun Choi. "Synthesis of WO3 Electrochromic Sensor by Sol-Gel Method and Characterization of Its Electrochemical and Optical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.807.

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Electrochromic WO3 thin film was prepared by using tungsten metal solution in hydrogen peroxide as a starting solution and by sol-gel dip coating method. XRD pattern showed that tungsten oxide crystal phase formed at 400. In the view of electrochemical property, WO3 thin film which was heat-treated at 300 and was amorphous had better than that of the crystalline phase.
12

Tian, Xiao Bing, and Wang Chao Qin. "Study on Modification and Performance of Nano Catalyst Used for Ceramic Purification." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.368.

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This paper takes the nano tungsten oxide as an example and researches the influence of modification on optical properties and catalytic performance through the doping modification in the preparation process of sol-gel. It adopts SEM spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-visible spectrophotometry methods for characterization of nano-doped tungsten oxide structure and optical absorption properties, and adopts the one-shot purification rate of formaldehyde, toluene and benzene for characterization of the purifying performance of the reforming catalyst that used to purify the ceramic material.
13

Mentus, S., D. M. Majstorović, B. S. Tomić, and R. Dimitrijević. "Reduction of NiO-WO3 Oxide Mixtures Synthesized by Gel-Combustion Technique: A Route to Ni-W Alloys." Materials Science Forum 494 (September 2005): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.494.345.

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The mixtures NiO-WO3 were synthesized by the combustion of gels obtained by drying common solutions of nickel nitrate, polytungstic acid and citric acid. The X-ray diffractograms of oxide mixtures confirmed mutual interaction of oxides during synthesis leading to a new phase, NiWO4. The reduction of oxide mixtures in hydrogen atmosphere was investigated thermogravimetrically. The temperature of reduction of the oxide mixture lies between the temperatures of reduction of pure oxides and monotonously increases with the increase in WO3 mole fraction; however, the reduction itself is a multi-step process, preferably in the composition region rich in NiO. The X-ray diffractometry of metallic residues evidenced Ni-W alloys and tungsten excess to be the reduction products.
14

Taylor, D. J., J. P. Cronin, L. F. Allard,, and D. P. Birnie. "Microstructure of Laser-Fired, Sol−Gel-Derived Tungsten Oxide Films." Chemistry of Materials 8, no. 7 (January 1996): 1396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm950570b.

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15

Panero, Stefania, Bruno Scrosati, Monique Baret, Barbara Cecchini, and Enrico Masetti. "Electrochromic windows based on polyaniline, tungsten oxide and gel electrolytes." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 39, no. 2-4 (December 1995): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(95)00042-9.

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16

Nishide, Toshikazu, and Fujio Mizukami. "Control of refractive index of sol-gel tungsten oxide films." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 6, no. 3 (1996): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00402697.

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17

Oakton, Emma, Georges Siddiqi, Alexey Fedorov, and Christophe Copéret. "Tungsten oxide by non-hydrolytic sol–gel: effect of molecular precursor on morphology, phase and photocatalytic performance." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 1 (2016): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj01973g.

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18

Trusova, Elena A., and Klara V. Kotsareva. "Preparation of Highly-Dispersed Powders of Cobalt, Nickel, Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxides by Modified Sol-Gel Technique." Advances in Science and Technology 87 (October 2014): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.87.42.

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The modified sol-gel technique for the preparation of Со, Ni, Mo and W oxides nanoand submicron powders as well as binary composites based on them was developed. The optimal parameters of synthesis of metal oxide nanopowders with a particle size less than 100 nm were determined. The developed approach allows to obtain the nanoscale metal oxide particles with the given sizes, varying their within range 10-1000 nm. Mesoporous composites containing Mo-, Co-, Ni-oxides, Al2O3 and Ti-silicate were synthesized, characterized and tested in the catalytic alcohol synthesis from CO and H2. It was found that selectivity to C1-C4-alcohols formed over model catalytic systems reaches 50-85% in temperature range 280-360°С.
19

Kim, Jae Young, Seung Yong Jeong, Gyo Jic Shin, Sang Kug Lee, and Kyung Ho Choi. "Near Infrared Cut-Off Characteristics of Various Perovskite-Based Composite Films." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 2733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.2733.

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Homogenous cesium tungsten tri-oxide (CsxWO3) and molybdenum tri-oxide (Cs0.33MoO3) powder was prepared by solvothermal reaction using (NH4)10H2(W2O7)6, H8MoN2O4 and Cs2CO3 aqueous solution followed by annealing. The cesium doped tungsten tri-oxide (CsxWO3) and the cesium doped molybdenum tri-oxide (CsxMoO3) nanocomposite films was deposited by the sol-gel bar-coating method onto PET-film (polyethylene terephthalate film, thickness 186 ㎛) substrate. The structure and sizes of ceramic particles was observed XRD and PSA spectrometer, the optical properties of their films were investigated by UV-VIS, NIR spectrometer. Synthesized particles typically formed cubic structure for good absorption of NIR, size observed as being 30-100 nm and 3 nanoparticles showed a high transmittance in the visible wavelength region as well as excellent shielding capability of near-infrared (NIR) wavelength, indicating that CsxWO3, Cs0.33MoO3 nanoparticles have a appropriate characteristic as solar filter applications.
20

Zayim, Esra Özkan, and F. Z. Tepehan. "Structural and Electrochromic Properties of Sol-Gel Made Tantalum Oxide and Tungsten Oxide Films." Key Engineering Materials 264-268 (May 2004): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.264-268.435.

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21

Luca, Vittorio, Mark G. Blackford, Kim S. Finnie, Peter J. Evans, Michael James, Matthew J. Lindsay, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, and Piers R. F. Barnes. "Sol−Gel Tungsten Oxide/Titanium Oxide Multilayer Nanoheterostructured Thin Films: Structural and Photoelectrochemical Properties." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111, no. 50 (November 29, 2007): 18479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0729112.

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22

Jian, Yuan, Shangguan Wenfeng, Liu Ming-zhi, and Ouyang shi-xi. "Preparation of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) modified tungsten oxide hybrid filmsvia sol-gel processing." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 18, no. 1 (March 2003): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02835074.

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23

NISHIO, Keishi, Tadanori SEI, and Toshio TSUCHIYA. "Preparation of Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide Thin Film by Sol-Gel Process." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 107, no. 1243 (1999): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.107.199.

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24

Balázsi, Csaba. "Nanosized Hexagonal Tungsten Oxide Based Sensors Prepared by Sol–Gel Method." Sensor Letters 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2010.1332.

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25

Kuboyama, Keiichi, Kazuhiro Hara, Hirotaka Okabe, and Kazumi Matsushige. "The pH Dependence on the Formation Process of Tungsten Oxide Gel." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 62, no. 1 (January 15, 1993): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.62.357.

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26

Hara, Kazuhiro, and Yoshihiro Ishibashi. "Evolution of Light Scattering and Electrical Properties of Tungsten Oxide Gel." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 57, no. 11 (November 15, 1988): 3838–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.57.3838.

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27

Orsini, Gabriele, and Vincenzo Tricoli. "Facile nonhydrolytic sol–gel route to mesoporous mixed-conducting tungsten oxide." Journal of Materials Chemistry 21, no. 38 (2011): 14530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1jm10777a.

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28

Sun, Xi Lian, Ai Hua Chen, Hai Zhong Zhang, and Hong Tao Cao. "Optical and Electrochromic Properties of Sol-Gel Deposited Mixed MoO3-WO3 Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.843.

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Mixed molybdenum-tungsten oxides of varying stoichiometry (MoxW1-xO3, 0 < x <1) were prepared by sol-gel deposition from peroxo-polymolybdotungstate solutions onto conductive fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates. The compositional and structure properties were characterized for MoxW1-xO3 films annealed at 450°C using energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. The optical transmittance of the films were recorded with respect to air in the reference beam in a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The transmittance modulation of the mixed oxide films were enhanced compared to the pure WO3 film and very broad spectral modulation features were observed for mixed oxide. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements were conducted to estimate ion storage capacities and reversibility of the films during the coloring/bleaching process for the mixed metal oxide films in an electrolyte solution of lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate. The subtle interplay between structural and compositional properties due to the uniform mixing of Mo and W oxide components shows that electrochromic and lithium ion transport properties are moderately enhanced relative to those of single-component WO3.
29

Jiang, Miao, Feng Hou, Ting Xian Xu, and Ming Xia Xu. "Study on Gas Sensing Properties of WO3 Thin Films." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.319.

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Tungsten oxide thin films were prepared by an inorganic-sol-gel dip-coating process, where the sol was obtained by adding citric acid, as chelating agent, to the ammonia solution of tungstic acid. The resultant thin films were a mixture of monoclinic and tetragonal phases of WO3 and, after being pretreated at 600°C and sintered at 650°C, the average grain size of the polycrystalline films was about 500 nm. The gas-sensing properties of WO3 thin films were tested at temperatures ranging from 500° to 600°C and in nitrogen gas containing 5vol% O2 or 5vol% H2. The WO3 sensors exhibited a good sensitivity and response speed at the temperature of 550°C.
30

Feng, Wei, Guang Ming Wu, Guo Hua Gao, and Zeng Hai Zhang. "The Process Optimization and Structural Analysis of Gasochromic Thin Films Derived by Peroxopolytungstic Acid." Key Engineering Materials 537 (January 2013): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.537.189.

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The sol-gel method with a combination of dip-coating process was employed to prepare peroxopolytungstic acid gasochromic thin films. The influence of preparation process on the structural and gasochromic durability was then discussed. We found that hydrogen peroxide content shown a significant impact on the structure of tungsten oxide thin films, which directly determined the gasochromic durability
31

Au, B. Wen Cheun, Kah Yoong Chan, Wai Leong Pang, Chu Liang Lee, and Abd Hamid Mustafa. "Tungsten Oxide (WO3) Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Spin-Coating Technique." Solid State Phenomena 280 (August 2018): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.71.

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Tungsten oxide (WO3) is a transition metal oxide with a wide range of applications such as displays, rear-view mirrors, electrochromic (EC) smart windows and gas sensors. Many techniques were adopted for the fabrication of WO3, namely magnetron sputtering, spray pyrolysis and sol-gel synthesis techniques. In this work, WO3films were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glasses by sol-gel spin-coating method. The film thickness was varied by depositing different number of layers. The WO3film thickness and optical transmittance were determined using step profilometer and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, respectively. WO3film thicknesses increased from 38 nm to 606 nmwith increasing number of deposited layers.The optical transmittance of the WO3films in visible range decreased with increasing film thickness. The optical transmittance were at least 70 % up to 10 deposited layers.WO3is a promising EC material in the application ofEC devices (ECDs).The application of WO3in the EC devices will be discussed.
32

Jia-Guo, YUAN, ZHANG Yu-Zhi, LE Jun, SONG Li-Xin, and HU Xing-Fang. "Spectrum Investigations of Chloro-Alkoxide Sol-Gel Nanostructured Tungsten Oxide Thin Films." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 25, no. 02 (2009): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb20090212.

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33

Kob, Nicholas, Russell S. Drago, and Vaneica Young. "Preparation, Characterization, and Acidity of a Silica Gel/Tungsten Oxide Solid Acid." Inorganic Chemistry 36, no. 22 (October 1997): 5127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic970090h.

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34

Srivastava, A. K., S. A. Agnihotry, and M. Deepa. "Sol–gel derived tungsten oxide films with pseudocubic triclinic nanorods and nanoparticles." Thin Solid Films 515, no. 4 (December 2006): 1419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.03.055.

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35

Paipitak, K., C. Kahattha, W. Techitdheera, S. Porntheeraphat, and W. Pecharapa. "Characterization of Sol-gel Derived Ti-doped Tungsten Oxide Electrochromic Thin Films." Energy Procedia 9 (2011): 446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.09.050.

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36

Badilescu, S., Nguyen Minh-Ha, G. Bader, P. V. Ashrit, Fernand E. Girouard, and Vo-Van Truong. "Structure and infrared spectra of sol—gel derived tungsten oxide thin films." Journal of Molecular Structure 297 (August 1993): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(93)80194-z.

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37

Deepa, M., A. G. Joshi, A. K. Srivastava, S. M. Shivaprasad, and S. A. Agnihotry. "Electrochromic Nanostructured Tungsten Oxide Films by Sol-gel: Structure and Intercalation Properties." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153, no. 5 (2006): C365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2184072.

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38

Hudson, Michael J., John W. Peckett, and Peter J. F. Harris. "Low-Temperature Sol−Gel Preparation of Ordered Nanoparticles of Tungsten Carbide/Oxide." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44, no. 15 (July 2005): 5575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie040247v.

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39

Zhuiykov, Serge. "Improved Functional Capabilities of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Tungsten Oxide Nanostructures." Key Engineering Materials 689 (April 2016): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.689.55.

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Electrical properties and morphology of orthorhombic β–WO3 nano-flakes with thickness of ~7-9 nm were investigated at the nanoscale using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and current sensing force spectroscopy atomic force microscopy (CSFS-AFM, or PeakForce TUNATM). CSFS-AFM analysis established good correlation between the topography of the developed nanostructures and various features of WO3 nano-flakes synthesized via a two-step sol-gel-exfoliation method. It was determined that β–WO3 nano-flakes annealed at 550°C possess distinguished and exceptional thickness-dependent properties in comparison with the bulk, micro- and nano-structured WO3 synthesized at alternative temperatures.
40

Haiduk, Yu S., A. A. Khort, M. A. Mokhovikov, and A. A. Savitsky. "Structure and gas sensitive properties of oxide compositions WO3—In2O3 and WO3—CO3O4." Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Materialy Elektronnoi Tekhniki = Materials of Electronics Engineering 22, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1609-3577-2019-1-53-66.

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Nanocrystalline tungsten oxide (WO3), indium oxide (In2O3), cobalt oxide (Co3O4) and mixed composites with different WO3—In2O3 and WO3—Co3O4 ratios were obtained by the sol-gel method after calcination of xerogels at 400—600 °C. The morphology, phase composition, and structural features of the materials obtained were studied by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The increase in the gas sensitivity of the joint composition compared to the initial oxides can be explained by a decrease in the crystallite size and an increase in the specific surface, as well as by the dependence of the surface state of the grains on the composition. The highest sensory response to nitrogen dioxide in both compositions lies in the range of 130—150 °C, and to carbon monoxide, above 230 °C. Low-power planar nitrogen dioxide sensors with a sensitivity of << 1 ppm and power consumption ≤ 85 mW were produced.
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Haiduk, Yulyan S., Alexander A. Khort, Maxim A. Makhavikou, and Alexander A. Savitsky. "Structure and gas sensitivity of WO3–In2O3 and WO3–Co3O4 oxide compositions." Modern Electronic Materials 5, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.5.3.52308.

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Using oxide compositions is a promising method of increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of semiconductor gas sensors on the basis of SnO2, In2O3, WO3 and other oxides. We have studied nanocrystalline tungsten oxide (WO3), indium oxide (In2O3), cobalt oxide (Co3O4) and mixed oxide compositions with different WO3/In2O3 and WO3/Co3O4 ratios synthesized using the sol-gel method after xerogel annealing at 400–600 °C. The morphology, phase composition and structure of the materials have been studied using X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. We showed that stable structures can be produced in WO3–In2O3 and WO3–Со3O4 nanoheterogeneous compositions. The growth of grain size in WO3 and In2O3, WO3 and Co3O4 during heat treatment of mixed compositions occurs slower than in simple oxides. An increase in the gas sensitivity of the compositions in comparison with simple oxides can be accounted for by smaller grain sizes and hence larger specific surface area, as well as by the dependence of grain surface state on material composition. Both compositions exhibit the greatest nitrogen dioxide response at 130–150 °C and the greatest carbon oxide response at above 230 °C. We have produced low-power nitrogen dioxide sensors with a sensitivity of &lt;&lt; 1 ppm and power consumption of ≤ 85 mW.
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Yamasaku, Naoki, Sosuke Matsuura, Yoshiaki Nishijima, Taro Arakawa, and Shinji Okazaki. "Response Characteristics of Silicon Microring Resonator Hydrogen Sensor." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (November 22, 2018): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130795.

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A silicon microring-resonator (MRR) hydrogen sensor which utilizes platinum-loaded tungsten oxide (Pt/WO3) thin film was fabricated and evaluated. The uniform film was deposited on MRR portion by using sol-gel technique. By the exposure to pure hydrogen gas, the sensor devise showed the large resonant wavelength shift at room temperature. It is suggested that the change in the optical properties of hydrogen sensitive layer results in this response.
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Matsuura, Sosuke, Naoki Yamasaku, Yoshiaki Nishijima, Shinji Okazaki, and Taro Arakawa. "Characteristics of Highly Sensitive Hydrogen Sensor Based on Pt-WO3/Si Microring Resonator." Sensors 20, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010096.

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Hydrogen gas has attracted attention as a new energy carrier, and simple but highly sensitive hydrogen sensors are required. We fabricated an optical hydrogen sensor based on a silicon microring resonator (MRR) with tungsten oxide (WO3) using a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible process for the MRR and a sol-gel method for the WO3 layer and investigated its sensing characteristics at device temperatures of 5, 20, and 30 °C. At each temperature, a hydrogen concentration of as low as 0.1 vol% was successfully detected. The gas sensitivity increased with decreasing temperature. The dependence of the sensitivity on the device temperature can be attributed to the thickness of tungsten bronze (HxWO3) formed by WO3 during exposure to hydrogen gas. In addition, a hydrogen gas sensor based on a silicon-MRR-enhanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MRR-MZI) is proposed and its significantly high sensing ability using improved changes in the transmittance of light is theoretically discussed.
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Utamarat, Nisida, Lek Sikong, and Kanadit Chetpattananondh. "Electrochromic Properties of Lithium Vanadate Doped Tungsten Trioxide Film." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.9.

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Lithium vanadate doped tungsten trioxide films were coated on conducting fluorine doped tin oxide substrate by the sol-gel and dip coating methods using lithium vanadate and peroxotungstic acid sol. The concentration of lithium vanadatewas varied and the effects of lithium vanadate on morphology, microstructure and electrochromic properties of WO3 film were investigated. The synthesized tungsten trioxide with 10 wt.% lithium vanadate can be identified as amorphous structure. It observed that the crystallinity of the films are increase and more smooth when Li concentration increased and exhibits excellent properties in electrochromic performance in terms of diffusion coefficient is about as 2.6×10-9 cm2s-1 with the potential scan from -1.0 to +1.0 V as a scan rate of 100 mVs-1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution.
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Paipitak, K., J. Rattanarak, D. Pakdeeyingyong, W. Techitdheera, S. Porntheeraphat, and Wisanu Pecharapa. "Enhanced Electrochromic Performance of Sol-Gel Derived WO3 Thin Films Assisted by Electrospun PVA Nanofibers." Advanced Materials Research 528 (June 2012): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.528.249.

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The paper describes the results obtained on the enhanced electrochromic performance of Tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films assisted by electrospun PVA nanofibers. WO3 was fabricated by spin coating technique with tungsten powder as starting precursor. The effect of electrospun-PVA nanofibers layer on structural, chemical composition, surface morphology and electrochromic properties of the films were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The XRD analysis suggested that the crystalline of WO3 can be identified as a monoclinic WO3 structure. XPS investigations also confirmed the existence of characteristic peaks of W. The significant enhancement of electrochromic properties of the films is achieved by additive electrospun-PVA nanofiber layer.
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Xu, Xuetang, Yuanxing Ge, Hong Wang, Bin Li, Liuhui Yu, Yanyan Liang, Kun Chen, and Fan Wang. "Sol–gel synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity of doped bismuth tungsten oxide composite." Materials Research Bulletin 73 (January 2016): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.09.024.

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Chai, Fang, Rongxin Tan, Fenghua Cao, Fengying Zhai, Xiaohong Wang, Changlu Shao, and Yichun Liu. "Dendritic and tubular tungsten oxide by surface sol–gel mineralisation of cellulosic substance." Materials Letters 61, no. 18 (July 2007): 3939–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.12.087.

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Özer, Nilgün. "Optical and electrochemical characteristics of sol-gel deposited tungsten oxide films: a comparison." Thin Solid Films 304, no. 1-2 (July 1997): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(97)00218-6.

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Inmae, Thitinun, Lek Sikong, and Kalayanee Kooptarnond. "The Effect of Lithium Molybdate in Tungsten Trioxide Electrochromic Film." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.32.

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Lithium molybdate doped tungsten trioxide electrochromic films were prepared from tungsten trioxide precursor and lithium molybdate powder by sol-gel and dip coating methods on fluorine doped tin oxide glass. The films, which synthesized were flat and amorphous structure, which confirmed by x-ray diffraction patterns. From UV-vis transmittance spectra within the wavelength from 400 to 800 nm. and cyclic voltammogram at the applying a potential of 1.0 V (bleached state) to -1.0 V (colored state) in sulfuric acid 0.5 M solution. The doping lithium molybdate 10 mol% films showed good result in terms of transmittance modulation, high diffusion coefficient and optimal surface area. Therefore, doping lithium molybdate 10 mol% has better outcome when compared to undoped lithium molybdate.
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Gonçalves, Alexandra, Gonçalo Gonçalves, Elvira Fortunato, António Marques, Ana Pimentel, Rodrigo Martins, Manuela A. Silva, Michael J. Smith, João Bela, and João P. Borges. "Study of Electrochromic Devices Incorporating a Polymer Gel Electrolyte Component." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.83.

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Electrochromic materials have attracted considerable attention during the last two decades as a consequence of their potential application in several different types of optical devices. Examples of these devices include intelligent windows and time labels. In this paper the authors describe results obtained with thin tungsten oxide films produced at room temperature by rf magnetron sputtering under an argon and oxygen atmosphere on transparent conductive oxide coated glass substrates. To protect the surface of the electrochromic film, prevent water absorption and obtain a good memory effect under open circuit voltages, a layer of Ta2O5 was deposited over the WO3 films. In this study, the effect of different electrolyte compositions on the open circuit memory of optical devices has been characterized. The best results were obtained for electrochromic devices with polymer gel p(TMC)3LiClO4 and p(TMC)8LiClO4 electrolytes. These prototype devices present an overall transmittance of ~75% in their bleached state and after coloration 40.5 and 52.5% respectively. These devices also show memory effect and an optical density considered satisfactory for some electrochromic applications.
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