Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tumut'

Fauna conservation outside protected areas can make an important complementary contribution to conservation within reserves. This thesis aimed to contribute new information and analytical frameworks to the science of fauna conservation in human-modified landscapes. Two approaches were used: (1) empirical data collection and analysis, and (2) the discussion and development of conceptual landscape models. ¶ Empirical work focused on lizard distribution patterns in two production landscapes in southeastern Australia. Lizards were targeted because ectotherms are frequently neglected by conservation biologists. The “Nanangroe grazing landscape” was used for sheep and cattle grazing. In this landscape, approximately 85% of pre-European woodland cover had been cleared, and understorey vegetation was sparse. Lizards were surveyed at 16 landscape units, which were stratified by aspect, topographic position and amount of tree cover. Each landscape unit contained three sites, and each site contained three plots. Regression modelling showed that different species responded differently to their environment. For example, the four-fingered skink (Carlia tetradactyla) and Boulenger’s skink (Morethia boulengeri) were more likely to occur at woodland sites with northerly aspects, whereas the striped skink (Ctenotus robustus) and olive legless lizard (Delma inornata) were more likely to inhabit sites with a simple microhabitat structure. Statistical analysis further showed that the habitat attributes that lizards were related to varied continuously through space, and over different spatial scales. For example, invertebrate abundance (a proxy for food availability) varied most strongly over tens of metres, whereas the amount of grass cover varied most strongly over hundreds to thousands of metres. Thus, work at Nanangroe revealed spatially complex patterns of lizard occurrence and habitat variables. ¶ The “Tumut plantation landscape” was a spatial mosaic of native eucalypt (Eucalyptus) forest patches embedded within a plantation of the introduced radiata pine (Pinus radiata). In this landscape, thirty sites were surveyed for lizards. Sites were stratified by forest type and patch size, and included eucalypt patches, pine sites, and extensive areas of eucalypt forest adjacent to the plantation. Regression modelling showed that lizard species responded to various habitat attributes, including elevation, the amount of eucalypt forest within 1 km of a site, invertebrate abundance and ground cover. Variables related to habitat fragmentation often were significant predictors of lizard occurrence. However, work at Tumut suggested that important additional insights into lizard distribution patterns could be obtained by considering variables related to food and shelter resources, and climatic conditions. ¶ The Nanangroe and Tumut landscapes were in close proximity, but together spanned an altitudinal gradient of 900 m. An investigation of changes in lizard community composition with altitude showed that (1) only one species was common to Nanangroe and Tumut, (2) different species had different altitudinal preferences, and (3) ecologically similar species replaced one another with increasing altitude. These results highlighted that even in highly modified landscapes, natural gradients (such as climate) can play an important role in shaping animal assemblage composition and species distribution patterns. ¶ Empirical work suggested that, in some landscapes, the frequently used “fragmentation model” is a relatively weak conceptual basis for the study of animal distribution patterns. The fragmentation model implicitly assumes that “habitat patches” can be defined unequivocally across many species, and that patches are located within a relatively inhospitable matrix. Where these assumptions are breached, conservation guidelines arising from the fragmentation model may be too simplified. In spatially complex production landscapes, it may be more appropriate to maintain habitat heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales than to focus solely on the management of large, pre-defined patches. ¶ Given the potential limitations of the fragmentation model, a new, more holistic landscape model was developed. The “continuum model” was derived from continuum theory as developed for plant ecology. The continuum model recognises (1) spatial continua of environmental variables, and (2) species’ individualistic responses to these variables. For animals, key environmental variables may be related to the availability of food, shelter, sufficient space, and suitable climatic conditions. Unlike the fragmentation model, the continuum model is inherently process-based and thus may help to link the perceived gap between patterns and processes in landscape ecology. ¶ Three general conclusions arise from this thesis: 1. Some heterogeneous production landscapes support many native species, and therefore represent important conservation opportunities. 2. In some modified landscapes, the fragmentation model does not capture the complexity of animal distribution patterns. In those landscapes, conservation recommendations derived from the fragmentation model may be overly simplistic. 3. The continuum model may be a useful extension of the fragmentation model. It provides a process-based conceptual basis for empirical work on animal distribution patterns.

Humanist legal scholarship was the catalyst to historical revolution that took place in sixteenth-century France. French philologists succeeded in demonstrating the cultural distinctiveness of France from a heretofore assumed classical heritage shared with ancient Rome. As a result, scholars sought to retrace the historical origins of France in the non-Roman Gauls and Franks. Their intensive study of the laws, customs and institutions that developed in France, as distinct from ancient Rome, transformed the understanding of the national past. Following the introduction of the principles of historical anachronism and cultural relativism, the sixteenth century witnessed a transformation of traditional perceptions of historical time. It was during this period when the historical myths, legends and traditions that comprised the cultural fabric of French society were called into question, were transformed, and emerged as new myths that spoke more directly to the crises of the French Religious Wars. The purpose of this study is to attach greater significance to the Tumult of Amboise of 1560 than has previously been afforded in the scholarship of this period. The Tumult of Amboise provide not only the impetus for the civil wars that were waged in France for nearly half a century, but also served as the catalyst for an first expression of Protestant resistance theory that was to change the face of political discourse in this period. The debate centered around the Tumult of Amboise set the stage for constitutional theories regarding the laws of succession and the role of the Estates-General that were dominate political discourse in the latter half of the sixteenth century. As political polemicists increasingly sought to reconstruct an image of the mythical French past, in order to demonstrate the ancientness of the French constitution, the historical fiction that developed around these efforts became a functioning political ideology that should be viewed as one of the first concerted expressions of French nationalism. In this regard, the recreation of the national past took on a patriotic dimension heretofore absent from traditional, chroniclesty led medieval histories and, in time, developed into a uniquely Gallican mythology that stood defiantly as a rival to the cultural heterodoxy of Rome. Further, the purpose of this study is to demonstrate the developmental nature of political discourse in this period. As the civil wars progressed, doctrines of constitutionalism and limited monarchy began to be laced with more abstract theories regarding the nature of political obligation and the responsibility of the ruler to his subjects. Employing a comparative analysis of discourse from the 1560's to the succession of Henri IV, it will be shown that the transformation of political propaganda was direct! y dependent on the historical memory of the participants, who engaged in an effort to frame the political and religious crises within the context of their perceptions of the past.

My research revolves around the concept of authority in the Iberian Atlantic during the early modern era. Through the examination of official documentation generated during the period 1620- 1650, I seek to engage with notions of authority as they were perceived in the metropolitan court in Madrid before being transported to the Spanish-American metropolis of Mexico City, where they were discussed in situ and put into practice following the lengthy process of assessment of the Great Tumult of Mexico of 1624 and its aftermath. Ultimately, these same notions became part of a transatlantic system of power negotiation the outcome of which impacted on the Empire at several levels. Developing my analysis chronologically, I am interested in the extent to which this view of the Tumult enhances our understanding of the wider relationship between Spain and New Spain during the period. Analysing the reign of Philip IV in terms of the debate surrounding authority, loyalty, obedience, and reason of state, I focus upon the mandates of three viceroys who, to varying degrees, participated in the events surrounding the Tumult: the Marquis of Guadalcazar (1612-1620); the Marquis of Gelves (1621-1624); and the Marquis of Cerralbo (1624-1635). Three main lines of research have been followed: an examination of the extent to which a Spanish legal framework was shared across the Atlantic; an appraisal of the imposition of acts of power involving a controversial perception of authority; and an evaluation of trans-Atlantic mechanisms of communication and how they influenced Crown decisions concerning the Tumult. A re-assessment of the Tumult in the light of contrasting perceptions of authority, competing political agendas, and the language of early modern Spanish political culture formed the subject of my doctoral dissertation, the conclusions of which indicate that previous readings of the event may well rest on precarious foundations, particularly those which have tended to emphasise the opposition between Peninsulars and Creoles (e.g. J.I. Israel, 1975), or those which highlight the divisions between "incorruptible" and corrupt officers (e.g. M.E. Martinez Vega, 1990). Corollary points which have emerged include the strong impression that the concept of royal authority was an important part in negotiating power in both Spain and New Spain; that this concept was frequently adapted to different cases and political agendas; and that long term tension between secular and religious authorities was one of the principal issues before, during, and after the Tumult. Gauging common elements, as well as differences, between the administrative structures of the Iberian Peninsula and the viceroyalty of New Spain, the dissertation extends to embrace the activities of the two metropolitan bodies involved in the final assessment of the Tumult: the Council of the Indies and the junta del tumulto (1627-1637), which have been overlooked in previous scholarship.

D’abord « Indiens » pour leurs « découvreurs », « peuple de la Bible » pour les missionnaires qui les alphabétisèrent, et « sauvages » pour les écrivains exotiques, les Polynésiens voulurent enfin revendiquer leur propre identité quand la France installa le Centre d’Expérimentation du Pacifique et que les premiers essais nucléaires commencèrent à Moruroa en 1966. Ils se voulurent alors Ma’ohi tumu, autochtones bien ancrés dans le sol de leurs îles. Ils revendiquèrent, pour résister à l’agression, une identité ancienne qui leur permettait de renouer fièrement avec un passé et des traditions qu’ils avaient oubliés. Les premiers écrivains polynésiens se joignirent naturellement à ce mouvement de renouveau identitaire et célébrèrent, avec les autres militants, l’oralité et la terre de leurs ancêtres. Les femmes qui avaient eu assez peu la parole jusqu’alors trouvèrent dans la littérature le moyen de faire enfin entendre leur voix. La littérature, essentiellement féminine, remit peu à peu en cause un modèle identitaire qui privilégiait les valeurs masculines. Les écrivaines participent aujourd’hui à la construction d’une identité polynésienne qui prend en compte les individus et s’ouvre davantage à l’Autre
First referred to as “Indians” by those who “discovered” them, then as “the People of the Bible” by the missionaries who taught them how to read and write and at last as “savages” by exotic writers, Polynesians finally decided to assert their identity as the C.E.P. (nuclear testing center) was set up by France and as tests started in Moruroa in1966. They began to think of themselves as Ma’ohi tumu, that is to say natives solidly rooted in the ground of their islands. In order to resist aggression, they proclaimed an old identity which enabled them to revive traditions as well as a past which they had forgotten about. The first Polynesian writers naturally joined in this identity revival and celebrated, along with other activists, oral tradition together with the land of their ancestors. Women, who up to then had not really been entitled to make their voices heard, found a way to do so through writing. Literature, mainly female, gradually challenged an identity model which foregrounded male values. Nowadays, female writers are taking part into the making of a Polynesian identity which takes individuals into account and is opening up to the Other

The Marikana Massacre of 16th August 2012 was a watershed moment for post- Apartheid South African politics. News headlines and images depicting an ANC-led South African police killing 44 unarmed miners, striking for a wage increase, ruptured the TRC's official narrative that state violence of this proportion belonged to a bygone colonial, or Apartheid past. Following the massacre, the Marikana Commission of Inquiry was launched as an official inquiry into what was referred to as the 'tragic incidents at Marikana'. However, as the Commission conducted its work its actual role became increasingly ambivalent and ambiguous to the public, as well as to witnesses who testified. Legally, it was a judicial commission of inquiry with a strict fact-finding mandate, yet the official discourse invoked suggests it had additional distinctive aims to achieve 'truth, restoration, and justice', which are functions traditionally associated with Truth Commissions, in the field of Transitional Justice, and more particularly with South Africa's TRC. This ambiguity in the Marikana Commission's function points to the larger issue that this thesis addresses – the ambiguity in the exact role and function of, as well as the relationship between, generic commissions of inquiry and Truth Commissions. The functions are interrogated using the concept of 'tumult commissions', introduced by Adam Sitze-- a subtype of commission of inquiry used by colonial administrations in lieu of criminal tribunals, to investigate political violence following the State's violent suppression of some major insurgency. Over and above 'fact-finding', Sitze claims that 'tumult commissions' were political tools deployed to 'whitewash' and justify State killings as unfortunate necessities in order to restore peace and order, and to legitimate the authority of the state. I anchor the current ambiguity in the role of the Marikana Commission, both in legal capacity, its method and official discourse, in a longer historical trajectory that extends from the Jamaica Royal Commission (1866) to the Sharpeville Commission (1960) and the TRC (1996-1998). The notion of official truth-seeking is problematised using an analytical framework that distinguishes between objective 'fact-finding', 'truthseeking' and the various associated narrative genres of 'tumult commissions' and 'truth commissions'. Through a critical analysis of canonic academic literature, official commission reports and legislation, the thesis highlights glaring contradictions and inconsistencies in claims to official 'truth-seeking' when combined with quasi-judicial aims to achieve accountability and 'justice'. It concludes that the 'truth' of 'official' truth-seeking commissions is always constrained by the overall objectives of the government of the day. Although the TRC was able to promote a more open and inclusive institution to deal with the intractable issues of 'truth' and 'accountability' following state-sanctioned violence, the cases show that when broader social and economic issues are excluded from the 'regime of truth' of official commissions, it only creates fertile soil in which similar tragedies may reoccur in a post-colonial, and post- TRC South Africa.

Avec l’émergence de la technologie en champ proche (NFC), le terminal mobile est devenu un véritable instrument de paiement sans contact. Ce type de système constitue une nouvelle opportunité pour relancer les systèmes de paiement électronique (SPE) destinés aux micropaiements. L’objectif de cette recherche est de développer un modèle et des instruments de mesure permettant d’appréhender et de cerner les facteurs influençant l’acceptation de ces systèmes. En se basant sur les paradigmes de l’acceptation des technologies et les travaux de recherche autour des SPE, nous avons développé un modèle conceptuel qui intègre à la fois la TUAUT et l’ATT. Notre modèle permet à la fois de tenir compte des stratégies d’adoption des individus et de leur intention d’adoption. En effet, l’utilité perçue, la facilité d’utilisation perçue et les conditions facilitatrices ne sont plus suffisantes pour qu’une technologie soit adoptée. Il faut désormais que les caractéristiques de cette technologie conviennent et répondent aux caractéristiques et aux exigences de la tâche qu’elle va supporter. Nos résultats ont été mesurés et validés à l’aide d’une analyse par équations structurelles des données collectées auprès d’un échantillon de 629 individus
With the emergence of near-field technology (NFC), mobile terminal have become a true instrument of contactless payment. This type of system is a new opportunity to boost the electronic payment systems (EPS) for the micropayment. The objective of this research is to develop a model and measurement tools to handle and to identify factors influencing the acceptance of these systems. Based on the paradigms of the acceptance of technology and research around the SPE, we have developed a conceptual model which integrates the UTAUT and TTF. This model allows both to consider the adoption strategies of individuals and their intention to adopt. Indeed, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and facilitating conditions are no longer sufficient for a technology to be adopted. The capabilities of this technology have to match the tasks that the user will perform. Our result have been measured and validated thanks to structural equations analysis of data collected from a sample of 629 individuals

A presente dissertação propõe estudar o Impacto da utilização das TIC nas Instituições de Ensino Superior, através da sua aceitação/não aceitação por parte dos seus docentes. O tema encontra-se no Contexto da Gestão Pedagógica de Ensino e da Gestão das Novas Tecnologias por parte de docentes das Instituições de Ensino Superior. Tendo como base a Teoria Unificada da Aceitação e Uso das Tecnologias, investiga-se o papel de aceitação e utilização dos SI/TIC por parte dos docentes das instituições universitárias; Abstract: Impact of the use of ICT in Public Higher Education Institutions. The present Thesis proposes to study the impact of information and communication technologies in higher education institutions, through their acceptance / no acceptance by their teachers. The theme is in the Context of Educational Management Education and Management of new technologies by teachers of higher education institutions. Based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, investigates the role of acceptance and use of IS / ICT by teachers of universities.

This thesis demonstrates the value of bringing together local environmental knowledge and perspectives on change with professional knowledge. Since the first pastoralists displaced Aboriginal land owners in the Tumut region, the country has been shaped by successive waves of occupation and land use. Each time a new land use industry was imposed on the country, the knowledge base of previous occupants was devalued, and the country once again managed without a knowledge of its history. I explore the characteristics of local environmental knowledge in order to understand how it may be tapped by new land managers. In doing so, I analyse the subjective nature of local people’s memories as well as the information resource which they contain. By drawing on local knowledge, and contextualising it with reference to scientific and historical sources, it is possible to construct a more detailed picture of how a particular region has changed over time. The environmental impact of various land uses can be better understood and the social impact also becomes clearer.

This thesis aimed to contribute new information and analytical frameworks to the science of fauna conservation in human-modified landscapes. Two approaches were used: (1) empirical data collection and analysis, and (2) the discussion and development of conceptual landscape models. ¶ Empirical work focused on lizard distribution patterns in two production landscapes in southeastern Australia. Lizards were targeted because ectotherms are frequently neglected by conservation biologists. The “Nanangroe grazing landscape” was used for sheep and cattle grazing. Lizards were surveyed at 16 landscape units, which were stratified by aspect, topographic position and amount of tree cover. ... ¶ The “Tumut plantation landscape” was a spatial mosaic of native eucalypt (Eucalyptus) forest patches embedded within a plantation of the introduced radiata pine (Pinus radiata). In this landscape, thirty sites were surveyed for lizards. ...

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
國文學系
107
After the abolition of Martial Law, Taiwan’s economy boomed, government policy changed its direction, and female autonomy has increased; with the influx of various Western ideological trends, female consciousness emerges in poetry. Feminism brings along the awakening of sexual autonomy. Instead of conforming to the stereotype of composing sentimental, soft, and tender works, female poets transcend the restraint imposed by social conventions, embarking on the self-exploring journey, and develop self-awareness. These female poets start the changing process from sexual-depression to sensual writing and then to gender liberation; human bodies are utilized in their works to express their significant ideas, to liberate themselves, and to speak out for women’s rights. Their writings do not just focus on their own lives, but provide a wider reflection on human bodies, power, politics, and gender identity. This essay mainly examines the works of two brilliant female poets active in poetry after the abolition of Martial Law, Ling Yu and Ai-Lin Yan. Although from different generations, they share the same trait of focusing their writings on their own selves. What distinguishes them is that they write about human bodies in different styles. Yan’s poetry has characteristics of being blunt and edgy, while Ling Yu’s poems show more ambiguity and obscurity. Yan makes every effort to liberate bodies and sexuality in her works to prove her self-existence. In contrast, Ling Yu commented that her own writings do not contain much female consciousness. As we can see, Ling Yu deliberately blurs gender differences in her poems; is it a silent protest as well as the leakage of her subconsciousness? This essay will cover from the contemporary social background to the two poets, examining the process of them liberating themselves as well as the similarities and differences of their writing styles. Chapter 2, “The Emergence of Body Writing,” looks into how female poets in Taiwan are influenced by feminism thoughts after the abolition of Martial Law. Feminism movement shakes the world of poetry, making female poets shift their writing focus back to themselves, and frees them from writing the stereotypical subject matters for female writers. Chapter 3, “Categories of Body Writing,” analyzes how female poets write about sexual autonomy. Three writing categories, “Masculine Other,” “Androgyny,” and “Feminine Self,” are deployed in this chapter to review the poets’ subject matters, to observe the reflection of their internal mind, to scrutinize the depictions on the images of sexual organs, and to probe into the process from their resisting for the sake of resistance, which is just a camouflage, to their identification and appreciation of their own gender. Chapter 4, “The Liberation of Body Writing,” studies the changes that female poets undertake, from accepting self-existence passively to seeking self-validation actively. In the stages from sexual-depression to sexual-liberation, their sexuality is awakened, liberated, and recognized; their disapprovals toward the social surroundings are voiced.

Celem niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej jest rewizja obrazu konfliktów wyznaniowych w Rzeczypospolitej polsko-litewskiej obowiązującego w dotychczasowej literaturze przedmiotu poprzez analizę porównawczą tumultów w dwu stolicach Rzeczypospolitej polsko-litewskiej: w Krakowie i Wilnie. Praca składa się z czterech zasadniczych części. W części I zawarto rozdziały wprowadzające w zasadniczy temat pracy. Poza zwyczajowym wstępem (rozdział 1), szeroko omówionorawodawstwo oraz zabezpieczenia antytumultowe występujące w obu stolicach (rozdział 2). Badaniami objęto konstytucje generalne oraz mandaty dotyczące poszczególnych miast, jak również zarządzenia magistratów. Przedstawione zostały także miejskie siły porządkowe i ich organizacja. Następnie (rozdział 3) zwrócono uwagę na środowiska z których, wywodzili się główni uczestnicy tumultów wyznaniowych – Uniwersytet Krakowski i Akademię Wileńską. W rozdziale omówiono nie tylko sytuację obu wszechnic, ale także przywileje sądownicze i zakres jurysdykcji rektorów, co ma niebagatelne znaczenie w prawidłowym zrozumieniu batalii sądowniczych dotyczących sądzenia udziału studentów w tumultach wyznaniowych. W rozprawie zwrócono także uwagę na sytuację wyznaniową obu wszechnic, starając się zwrócić uwagę na złożoność badanego tematu i konieczność wyjścia poza obowiązujące schematy. Część II to zasadnicza część pracy zawierająca chronologiczną analizę najważniejszych tumultów wyznaniowych w Krakowie, a część III pracy dotyczy tumultów wyznaniowych w stolicy Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. W obu częściach zawarto nie tylko analizę największych zajść, które odbijały się echem w całym kraju, np. kolejne burzenia stołecznych zborów. W pracy uwzględniono bowiem także zajścia mniejszej skali, choć w opinii autora równie istotne dla zrozumienia badanego tematu, tj. napady na cmentarze, czy poszczególnych przeciwników wyznaniowych. Część IV zawiera obszerne podsumowanie podjętego tematu z podziałem na genezę, mechanizmy i uczestników tumultów wyznaniowych.
The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to revise the image of religious riots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth prevalent in the current literature through comparative analysis of riots in the two capitals of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: in Cracow and Vilnius. The work consists of four main parts. Part I contains the introductory chapters in the main subject of the thesis. In addition to the usual introduction (Chapter 1), the antiriots legislation and protections have been widely discussed (chapter 2). The research covered general constitutions and mandates for individual cities, ordinances of magistrates, as well as municipal security forces and their organization in the face of internal and external threats. In chapter 3 attention was paid to the the University of Cracow and the Vilnius Academy – environments from which, according to many sources, main participants of the religious riots were recruited. The chapter describes not only the situation of both universities, but also judicial privileges and the scope of the rector's jurisdiction. The latter issue is important to correctly understand many court battles regarding rights to judge students in religious riots. The dissertation also drew attention to the religious situation of the two universities, trying to raise awareness to the complexity of the subject and the need to go beyond the existing schemes. Both in Cracow and in Vilnius, in certain periods and under certain conditions, non-Catholics could participate in academic education and even enter the group of professors, which obviously complicates the simple vision of events presented so far in literature. Part II and and part III are the main parts of the work containing respectively a chronological analysis of the most important religious riots in Cracow, and religious riots in the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In both parts was included not only the largest religious riots that echoed throughout the country, but also the incidents of a smaller scale. In the author's opinion both groups of riots are equally important for understanding the phenomenon of religious hatered. Part IV contains a comprehensive summary of the subject taken, broken down into the origins, mechanisms and participants of religious riots.

L’objectif général de cette recherche doctorale est l’étude des déterminants de l’intégration pédagogique des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) par les professeurs à l’Université de Ouagadougou (UO). Cela nous a conduit à étudier respectivement les compétences technologiques des professeurs, les facteurs de résistance contraignant l’intégration pédagogique des TIC par ces professeurs, l’acceptation et les usages spécifiques des TIC par les professeurs. Ce travail s’est bâti autour des concepts théoriques sur les usages éducatifs des TIC, les compétences technopédagogiques, les facteurs de résistance, l’acceptation des TIC et l’intégration pédagogique des TIC. Ces concepts se sont inscrits dans les cadres d’analyses des modèles d’intégration des TIC par les professeurs et des modèles d’acceptation et d’utilisation d’une nouvelle technologie. La stratégie d’analyse des données s’est construite autour des approches descriptives et analytiques notamment au moyen de l’utilisation de la psychométrie et/ou de l’économétrie des modèles à variables dépendantes limitées. Utilisant la recherche quantitative, le recrutement de 82 professeurs par avis de consentement à participer, a permis de collecter les données sur la base de questionnaires dont la majeure partie est bâtie autour de questions à échelle de Likert. L’étude des compétences technologiques des professeurs a permis d’une part, de dresser un portrait des usages des TIC par les professeurs. En effet, les usages les plus répandus des TIC dans cette université sont les logiciels de bureautique, les logiciels de messagerie électronique et de navigation dans Internet. Elle a aussi permis de faire un portrait des compétences technologiques des professeurs. Ceux-ci utilisent à la fois plusieurs logiciels et reconnaissent l’importance des TIC pour leurs tâches pédagogiques et de recherche même si leur degré de maîtrise perçue sur certaines des applications télématiques reste à des niveaux très bas. Par rapport à certaines compétences comme celles destinées à exploiter les TIC dans des situations de communication et de collaboration et celles destinée à rechercher et à traiter des informations à l’aide des TIC, les niveaux de maîtrise par les professeurs de ces compétences ont été très élevés. Les professeurs ont eu des niveaux de maîtrise très faibles sur les compétences destinées à créer des situations d’apprentissage à l’aide des TIC et sur celles destinées à développer et à diffuser des ressources d’apprentissage à l’aide des TIC malgré la grande importance que ceux-ci ont accordée à ces compétences avancées essentielles pour une intégration efficace et efficiente des TIC à leurs pratiques pédagogiques. L’étude des facteurs de résistance a permis d’ériger une typologie de ces facteurs. Ces facteurs vont des contraintes matérielles et infrastructurelles à celles liées aux compétences informatiques et à des contraintes liées à la motivation et à l’engagement personnel des professeurs, facteurs pouvant susciter des comportements de refus de la technologie. Ces facteurs sont entre autres, la compatibilité des TIC d’avec les tâches pédagogiques et de recherche des professeurs, l’utilité perçue des TIC pour les activités pédagogiques et de recherche, les facilités d’utilisation des TIC et la motivation ou l’engagement personnel des professeurs aux usages des TIC. Il y a aussi les coûts engendrés par l’accès aux TIC et le manque de soutien et d’assistance technique au plan institutionnel qui se sont révelés enfreindre le développement de ces usages parmi les professeurs. Les estimations des déterminants de l’acceptation et des usages éducatifs des TIC par les professeurs ont montré que c’est surtout « l’intention comportementale » d’aller aux TIC des professeurs, « l’expérience d’Internet » qui affectent positivement les usages éducatifs des TIC. Les « conditions de facilitation » qui représentent non seulement la qualité de l’infrastructure technologique, mais aussi l’existence d’un soutien institutionnel aux usages des TIC, ont affecté négativement ces usages. Des éléments de recommandation issus de ce travail s’orientent vers la formation des professeurs sur des compétences précises identifiées, l’amélioration de la qualité de l’infrastructure technologique existante, la création d’un logithèque, la mise en œuvre d’incitations institutionnelles adéquates telles que l’assistance technique régulière aux professeurs, l’allègement des volumes horaires statutaires des professeurs novateurs, la reconnaissance des efforts déjà réalisés par ces novateurs en matière d’usages éducatifs des TIC dans leur institution.
The general objective of this doctoral research is the study of the determinants of the pedagogical integration of information and communication technology (ICT) by teachers at the University of Ouagadougou (UO). This led us to study respectively the technological skills of teachers, the resistance factors forcing the integration of ICT by these teachers together with the driving forces of ICT acceptance and ICT educational uses by teachers at this university. This work is built around theoretical concepts of educational uses of ICT, techno pedagogical competences, factors of resistance to ICT use, acceptance and use of ICT and pedagogical integration of ICT. These concepts are included in frameworks for analysis of ICT integration models by teachers and acceptance and use of new technology models. The strategy of data analysis is built around descriptive and analytical approaches, including the use of psychometrics and / or econometrics models with limited dependent variables. Using quantitative research, the recruitment of 82 professors of this university by a notice of consent to participate to the survey, has allowed collecting data on the basis of questionnaires, most of which being built around Likert scale questions. The study of teachers’ technological skills enables on the one hand, to portray a picture of ICT use by teachers. The most common ICT uses at the University of Ouagadougou are the office software, software for email and Internet browsing. On the other hand, it allows a portrait of teachers’ technological skills. They use many softwares and most of them recognize the importance of ICT to their teaching duties and research, but their degree of perceived control on some of ICT applications remains at very low levels. The teachers presented very high control over the skills to exploit ICT in situations of communication and collaboration and also those intended to seek and process information using ICT. These skills reflect their use of electronic means of communication and search engines and the importance that teachers attach to these ICT applications. Moreover, despite the great importance that teachers give to some advanced skills in ICT, they were found at very low levels of mastery of these skills which are those to create learning situations in using ICT and those intended to develop and disseminate learning resources using ICT. Although teachers already use and combine several applications of ICT, their current level of technology skills and teaching does not allow them to effectively use these technologies in their teaching practices. They must necessarily acquire these essential advanced skills. The study of resistance factors helped to establish a typology of these factors. They range from material and infrastructural constraints to those related to computer skills and the availability of support and technical assistance at the institutional level to promote the use of ICT applications in education. It also assessed the compatibility of ICT with teaching duties and research faculty, the perceived usefulness of ICT for educational activities and research facilities, the motivation and / or personal commitment of teachers to use ICT and the influence of social conditions on such uses. There are also the costs of ICT access (Internet and computer equipment), which have shown a negative influence on teachers and violating the development of these educational uses of ICT. The empirical assessment of determinants of acceptance and educational uses of ICT by teachers reveals that, it is mainly the teachers’ "behavioural intention" to go to ICT and "the Internet experience" that affect positively these uses. The "facilitation conditions" that represent not only the quality of the technological infrastructure, but also the existence of institutional support to use ICT, have negatively affected these practices. The elements that can improve educational uses of ICT in the university have been identified from the results of this research: these recommend the teachers’ training on specific identified skills, the improvement of the quality of the existing technological infrastructure, the creation a software library, the implementation of adequate institutional incentives such as regular technical assistance to teachers, the reduction of statutory hourly volumes to innovative teachers, the recognition of the efforts already made by these innovative educational uses of ICT within their institution.