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Journal articles on the topic 'Tumour metastasis'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Tang, Phua Hwee, and Sameema Nisa. "MEDB-10. Comparing pediatric medulloblastoma with and without spinal metastasis." Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2022): i106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac079.385.

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Abstract AIM: To compare pediatric medulloblastoma with and without spinal metastasis METHODOLOGY: Pediatric medulloblastoma cases from 1999 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed in this Institutional Review Board approved study. Imaging reports, presence of spinal drop metastases at diagnosis, degree of tumor excision, treatment given and survival status were captured. RESULTS: Brain and spine imaging at diagnosis was available in 54 medulloblastoma patients with no drop metastasis and in 7 with drop metastasis. Largest tumor dimension at presentation is 4.54 ± 0.94 cm with those with drop metastasis, similar to the 4.43 ± 0.94 cm in those without drop metastasis (p = 0.79). For the 54 medulloblastomas with no drop metastasis, 44 (81%) were completely excised, 9 (17%) partially excised and there was no follow up for 1. For the 7 medulloblastomas with drop metastasis, 3 (43%) of the primary tumours were completely excised, 3 (43%) partially excised and there was no follow up for 1. Post operative chemo/radiotherapy was given to 48 of the 54 with no drop metastasis, not given for 1 with no information available for 5. Chemo/radiotherapy was given to 6 of the 7 with drop metastasis with no information available for 1. At 1 year follow up of the 54 with no spinal drop metastasis at diagnosis , 42 remain tumour free, 3 have tumour, 4 are deceased and 5 are lost to follow up. At 1 year follow up of the 7 with drop metastasis, 2 are free of tumour, 2 have tumour and 3 are lost to follow up. Higher percentage of medulloblastomas without drop metastasis are completely excised (p<0.01). No significant difference between postoperative chemotherapy/radiation rates between groups CONCLUSION: Most medulloblastomas do not have spinal drop metastasis at diagnosis and complete excision is more frequently in those without drop metastasis.
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2

Honma, K., K. Hara, and T. Sawai. "Tumour-to-tumour metastasis." Virchows Archiv A Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology 416, no. 2 (March 1989): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01606320.

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3

Pickford, Ian, and G. D. Birnie. "Tumour metastasis." Lancet 340, no. 8815 (August 1992): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)91447-g.

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4

Ferronika, Paranita, Joost Hof, Gursah Kats-Ugurlu, Rolf H. Sijmons, Martijn M. Terpstra, Kim de Lange, Annemarie Leliveld-Kors, Helga Westers, and Klaas Kok. "Comprehensive Profiling of Primary and Metastatic ccRCC Reveals a High Homology of the Metastases to a Subregion of the Primary Tumour." Cancers 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11060812.

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While intratumour genetic heterogeneity of primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is well characterized, the genomic profiles of metastatic ccRCCs are seldom studied. We profiled the genomes and transcriptomes of a primary tumour and matched metastases to better understand the evolutionary processes that lead to metastasis. In one ccRCC patient, four regions of the primary tumour, one region of the thrombus in the inferior vena cava, and four lung metastases (including one taken after pegylated (PEG)-interferon therapy) were analysed separately. Each sample was analysed for copy number alterations and somatic mutations by whole exome sequencing. We also evaluated gene expression profiles for this patient and 15 primary tumour and 15 metastasis samples from four additional patients. Copy number profiles of the index patient showed two distinct subgroups: one consisted of three primary tumours with relatively minor copy number changes, the other of a primary tumour, the thrombus, and the lung metastases, all with a similar copy number pattern and tetraploid-like characteristics. Somatic mutation profiles indicated parallel clonal evolution with similar numbers of private mutations in each primary tumour and metastatic sample. Expression profiling of the five patients revealed significantly changed expression levels of 57 genes between primary tumours and metastases, with enrichment in the extracellular matrix cluster. The copy number profiles suggest a punctuated evolution from a subregion of the primary tumour. This process, which differentiated the metastases from the primary tumours, most likely occurred rapidly, possibly even before metastasis formation. The evolutionary patterns we deduced from the genomic alterations were also reflected in the gene expression profiles.
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Tulotta, Claudia, and Penelope Ottewell. "The role of IL-1B in breast cancer bone metastasis." Endocrine-Related Cancer 25, no. 7 (July 2018): R421—R434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-17-0309.

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Approximately 75% of patients with late-stage breast cancer will develop bone metastasis. This condition is currently considered incurable and patients’ life expectancy is limited to 2–3 years following diagnosis of bone involvement. Interleukin (IL)-1B is a pro-inflammatory cytokine whose expression in primary tumours has been identified as a potential biomarker for predicting breast cancer patients at increased risk for developing bone metastasis. In this review, we discuss how IL-1B from both the tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment influence growth of primary breast tumours, dissemination into the bone metastatic niche and proliferation into overt metastases. Recent evidence indicates that targeting IL-1B signalling may provide promising new treatments that can hold tumour cells in a dormant state within bone thus preventing formation of overt bone metastases.
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6

Gründker, Carsten, Matthias Läsche, Johanna Hellinger, and Günter Emons. "Mechanisms of Metastasis and Cell Mobility – The Role of Metabolism." Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 79, no. 02 (February 2019): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0805-9113.

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AbstractTumour metastasis is responsible for more than 90% of tumour-associated mortality. About one third of breast cancer patients in the early stage develop metastases. The transformation in tumour development referred to as the “metastatic cascade” or “metastatic cycle” is a complex and multi-stage event. While it is generally recognised that epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) plays a crucial role in cancer progression and metastasis, the metabolic events in this process have received little attention to date. We would therefore like to provide a brief overview here of the influence of the metabolism on the progression and metastasis of tumours.
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7

Zheng, Xiuli, Mingli Wu, Limian Er, Huiyan Deng, Gongning Wang, Lingyao Jin, and Shengmian Li. "Risk factors for lymph node metastasis and prognosis in colorectal neuroendocrine tumours." International Journal of Colorectal Disease 37, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00384-021-04082-7.

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Abstract Purpose The detection rate of colorectal neuroendocrine tumours (CR-NETs) is increasing, but their treatment is still controversial. Lymph node metastasis is an important reference index for the selection of treatment. The aim of our study was to investigate the factors associated with lymph node metastasis and prognosis of CR-NETs. Methods The case characteristics of patients with colorectal neuroendocrine tumours from January 2011 to December 2020 were retrospectively analysed, including age, gender, tumour size, tumour location, lymph node metastasis, pathological grade and follow-up. Results A total of 195 cases of CR-NETs were included in this study. When 15 mm was used as the cut-off value, the sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) of lymph node metastases were 95.9%, 95.2% and 0.986, respectively. Multivariate analysis suggested that tumour size ≥ 15 mm (OR: 30.517, 95% CI: 1.250 ~ 744.996, p = 0.036) and lymphovascular invasion (OR: 42.796, 95% CI: 2.882 ~ 635.571, p = 0.006) were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis. Age ≥ 56 (HR: 7.434, 95% CI: 1.334 ~ 41.443, p = 0.022) and distant metastasis (HR: 24.487, 95% CI: 5.357 ~ 111.940, p < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors in multivariable analyses. Conclusions When the size of a CR-NET is ≥ 15 mm, the risk of lymph node metastasis is higher, and it is recommended to choose the surgical method carefully. Tumour size and lymphovascular invasion were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis. Age ≥ 56 and distant metastasis were independent prognostic factors.
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8

Melis, Céline, Florence Ballaux, and Claire Bourgain. "Curious Residents of the Thyroid Gland: Two Case Reports of Colorectal Carcinoma Metastasis by Fine-Needle Aspiration Diagnosis." Acta Cytologica 62, no. 5-6 (2018): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490367.

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Background: The most frequent metastases to the thyroid originate in the kidney, lung or breast. Colorectal adenocarcinoma represents less than 4% of metastases to the thyroid gland. Solitary metastases of colorectal cancer with no other manifestation of disseminated cancer disease are exceedingly rare. Within the Bethesda Classification for Reporting ­Thyroid Cytopathology, metastases are included in Diagnostic Categories “Suspicious for Malignancy” and “Malignant.” Cases: We present 2 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the thyroid gland, diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). One metastasis occurred in normal thyroid parenchyma; the other was a tumour-to-tumour metastasis into a follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. The latter is the first published tumour-to-tumour metastasis of a colorectal carcinoma in the thyroid from which both components were diagnosed by FNA. Conclusion: Diagnosing a metastasis to the thyroid is challenging. On FNA, a dual cell population should raise suspicion. Immunocytochemical and molecular analysis may be helpful. Clinical information is essential in guiding specific ancillary technique panels in scant cellular material.
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9

Bashyam, A., V. Grammatopoulou, T. Crook, S. Di Palma, and VS Sunkaraneni. "Tumour-to-tumour metastasis: breast carcinoma to an olfactory neuroblastoma." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 102, no. 6 (July 2020): e118-e121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2020.0038.

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Tumour-to-tumour metastasis is a rare phenomenon. It occurs when a primary tumour is a recipient of a separate tumour within the same individual. We present a case of a 66-year-old woman with known breast cancer who presented with one-sided nasal symptoms. Examination and imaging revealed a unilateral polyp arising from the skull base. She underwent endoscopic polypectomy with the histology demonstrating tumour-to-tumour metastasis from a breast carcinoma to an olfactory neuroblastoma, a rare sinonasal tumour. Clinicians should be cautious of distant metastases in any patient presenting with head and neck symptoms and a known primary tumour. This is the first documented case of this type.
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10

Srirajaskanthan, R., K. Desai, A. Jayaratnam, E. Carras, C. Toumpanakis, T. Meyer, and M. Caplin. "Uncommon sites for metastasis of neuroendocrine tumor in adults." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e15683-e15683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e15683.

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e15683 Background: Neuroendocrine tumours are relatively slow growing tumours. They often present with significant metastatic disease affecting liver, lymph nodes, lungs and bone. However tumour masses may be found at unusual/uncommon sites e.g. breast, orbital soft tissue and the heart raising the possibility of this being metastatic focus or presence of another primary tumour. Detection of these sites could have a significant impact on the available treatment options. Aim: to determine the most appropriate imaging modality and type of tumour metastases. Methods: We reviewed 300 consecutive clinic patients. We identified 18 patients with metastasis at uncommon sites i.e. breast, orbital and cardiac. We retrospectively evaluated clinical notes and recent radiological investigations of these patients. To characterise these lesions additional investigations included cross sectional imaging, PET imaging (68Gallium DOTA Octreotate PET and 18F- FDG PET) and histological evaluation of the metastasis where appropriate. Patients with breast metastasis underwent bilateral mammogram, patients with peri-ocular involvement underwent MRI of the brain and the orbit. Results: 18 patients had tumour masses at uncommon sites. Of these 15 masses were in the breast; 4 were in the orbital muscles and 2 patients had pericardial metastasis. Of the 15 patients with breast lesions 12 had confirmed neuroendocrine tumour metastases and 3 had breast cancer. It should be noted that breast cancer lesions were positive on the 68Gallium Octreotate PET imaging. One patient who had a defined metastasis in the pericardium showed avid uptake on the 68Gallium DOTA Octreotate PET and scan and cardiac MRI, the other patient had pericardial metastases confirmed at post mortem. Conclusions: Clear knowledge of these uncommon sites of metastasis is useful in terms of arranging further investigations and excluding other cancers. It is also important to realise that although somatostatin receptor scintigraphy especially 68Gallium DOTA Octreotate PET is very useful in detecting NET metastasis, it may also show avid uptake in patients with breast cancer and hence histological evaluation of these lesions are important. Undoubtedly within our cohort of patients and generally there is an under-diagnosis of lesions in uncommon sites. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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11

Dmello, Rhynelle S., Sarah Q. To, and Ashwini L. Chand. "Therapeutic Targeting of the Tumour Microenvironment in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042067.

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Liver metastasis is the primary contributor to the death of patients with colorectal cancer. Despite the overall success of current treatments including targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy combinations in colorectal cancer patients, the prognosis of patients with liver metastasis remains poor. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the tumour microenvironment and the crosstalk within that determines the fate of circulating tumour cells in distant organs. Understanding the interactions between liver resident cells and tumour cells colonising the liver opens new therapeutic windows for the successful treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Here we discuss critical cellular interactions within the tumour microenvironment in primary tumours and in liver metastases that highlight potential therapeutic targets. We also discuss recent therapeutic advances for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
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12

Yılmaz, Taner, Şefik Hoşal, Enis Özyar, Fadıl Akyol, and Bülent Gürsel. "Post-operative radiotherapy in advanced laryngeal cancer: effect on local and regional recurrence, distant metastases and second primaries." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 119, no. 10 (October 2005): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002221505774481183.

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This was a retrospective study of patients who did or did not receive post-operative radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.The rates of local and regional recurrences, distant metastases and second primaries were evaluated in 236 patients who received radiotherapy following surgery. These rates were evaluated and compared with those from 294 patients treated with surgery alone.Multivariate analysis of irradiated patients revealed that local and regional recurrences were determined independently by tumour (T) and pathologic node (pN) stages (p < 0.05). The distant metastasis rate significantly depended on N stage (p < 0.05). Multiple primary tumours were not significantly affected by any of the factors studied (p > 0.05).Analysis of both irradiated and non-irradiated patients revealed that local and regional recurrence was determined independently by pathologic T (pT) stage, tumour localization, radiation status and pN stages (p < 0.05). The distant metastasis rate significantly depended on N stage and tumour localization (p < 0.05) and the rate of formation of multiple primary tumours was significantly affected by the patient's age and radiation status (p < 0.05).In conclusion irradiation of laryngeal cancer patients independently increases the risk of local and regional recurrence, and also increases the risk of multiple primary tumours while not significantly influencing the risk of distant metastasis. The risk of distant metastasis is affected by determinants of advanced lesions and tumour localization.
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13

Shen, Yi-Wei, Yi Yang, Hao Liu, Zhong-Jie Zhou, and Tao Li. "Metastatic Ceruminous Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Lumbar Spine Causing Neurological Compromise: A Case Report." Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation 13 (January 2022): 215145932211113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21514593221111357.

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Background Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine glands of the external auditory canal (EAC). Malignant tumours within the ceruminous glands are extremely rare, and the most common histological type is adenoid cystic carcinoma (ADCC), which has high recurrence and metastasis risks. Although a few cases of metastatic ADCC from other head and neck glands have been reported, metastatic ADCC originating from the ceruminous gland are extremely rare. Case presentation We present an unusual case of spinal metastases of ADCC from ceruminous glands. A 61-year-old woman complaining of low back pain and both lower limbs pain was referred to our department. The primary ceruminous tumour was resected 26 years ago and recurred 6 years later, which was treated by radiotherapy. Three years ago, she presented with low back pain and was diagnosed as multiple lungs and bone metastases. The patient underwent tumour excision, decompression and fusion. The biopsy revealed metastatic ADCC. The symptoms were alleviated after surgery. Conclusions ADCC of EAC is a pernicious malignant tumour that is characterized by slow-growing patterns and a high predisposition to recurrence and metastasis. Differential diagnoses of ADCC and benign tumours in the EAC are challenging, particularly at early stages. We report a rare case of ceruminous ADCC with a prolonged clinical history as well as spinal metastasis and highlight the significance of regular follow-ups for patients undergoing tumour excision in the EAC.
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Mamatjan, Yasin, Jeffrey Zuccato, Shirin Karimi, Michael Cabanero, Jessica Weiss, Hadas Sorotsky, Ming Tsao, Frances Shepherd, Kenneth Aldape, and Gelareh Zadeh. "BSCI-26. COMPARATIVE METHYLATION PROFILING OF EGFR MUTANT LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA AND PAIRED BRAIN METASTASIS." Neuro-Oncology Advances 1, Supplement_1 (August 2019): i5—i6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdz014.022.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinomas (ADC) are the most common lung tumours and EGFR-mutant lesions have a higher risk of brain metastasis development, which confers poorer survival. Genetic and epigenetic signatures of brain metastasis have not been comprehensively identified. The aim of this study is to compare the methylome of EGFR-mutant primary lung tumor and matched brain metastasis to identify mechanisms of brain metastasis and new treatment targets. METHOD: Seven matched primary to brain metastasis tumours were profiled using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip array. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analyses (PCA) were performed using most variable CpG sites. Supervised analyses were performed between lung and brain tumour samples. Copy number variation (CNV) plots identified alterations between pairs along with Leukocytes unmethylation for purity (LUMP) score and prediction lymphocyte proportion analyses to measure immune infiltration. RESULTS: Unsupervised clustering showed that the fourteen tumours clustered according to patient with similar methylation profiles between each of seven matched pairs. On the supervised analysis using 83K significant CpG sites, the fourteen samples clustered into two groups based on tumour site being lung or brain. Of these 83K CpG sites, 2.4K were either hypermethylated or hypomethylated in all lung samples. One quarter of these 2.4K CpG sites were located in promoter regions. CNV analyses showed losses of FGFR1, C19MC, CDKN2A, PTCH1, and MYCN genes with higher deep deletions in brain versus lung primary samples. Immune infiltration measures were similar between lung and brain metastasis pairs (LUMP-score=0.64) consistent with high immune cell infiltration. CONCLUSION: In this EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinomas and matched brain metastases, differentially methylated CpG sites and CNV alterations are identified that distinguish lung from brain samples. Further work with additional matched samples may further elucidate signatures specific to brain metastasis and aid in our understanding of the mechanisms of brain metastasis.
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Linton, K., A. P. Bath, and J. A. Lee. "Tonsillar metastasis from malignant pulmonary carcinoid tumour." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 112, no. 6 (June 1998): 581–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100141155.

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AbstractTumour metastases to the tonsil are rare and are usually due to spread from malignant melanoma and carcinomas of the breast, lung, kidney or stomach. We describe the clinical and histological findings of a tonsillar metastasis from a malignant pulmonary carcinoid tumour, an occurrence not previously reported.
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16

Honkanen, Tiia J., Milla E. K. Luukkainen, Antti Tikkanen, Peeter Karihtala, Markus Mäkinen, Juha P. Väyrynen, and Jussi P. Koivunen. "Immune cell profiles of metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer patients according to the sites of metastasis." Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 191, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06447-6.

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Abstract Purpose Recent works have characterized that metastatic site can affect the tumour immune profiles and efficiency of cancer immunotherapies. The prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancer is associated with the characteristics of the tumour immune microenvironment, with immunological cells playing a central role in efficiency of HER2-targeted antibodies. Here we investigated the prognostic significance of different metastatic sites and their correlation to tumour immune profiles in HER2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab. Methods We collected all (n = 54) HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab containing regimens at Oulu University Hospital 2009–2014. Pathological and clinical data were collected from electronic patient records. The tumour immune profiles were analysed from pre-treatment primary tumours using well-characterized immunological markers with computer-assisted immune cell counting. Results Of the metastatic sites, only liver metastases were associated with poor prognosis (hazard ratio 1.809, 95% confidence interval 1.004–3.262), especially when presented as the primary site of metastases. Of the other sites, pulmonary metastases characterized a patient profile with trend to improved survival. Of the studied tumour immunological markers, patients with liver metastases had low densities of CD3+ T cells (p = 0.030) and M1-like macrophages in their primary tumours (p = 0.025). Of the other studied markers and sites, patients with pulmonary metastases had low STAB1+-immunosuppressive macrophage density in their primary tumours. Conclusion Our results suggest that the site of metastasis is associated with prognosis in HER2-positive breast cancer, highlighted by the poor prognosis of liver metastases. Furthermore, liver metastases were associated with adverse tumour immune cell profiles.
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Varotsos Vrynas, Angelos, Julia Perea Paizal, Chris Bakal, and Sam H. Au. "Arresting metastasis within the microcirculation." Clinical & Experimental Metastasis 38, no. 4 (July 9, 2021): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10585-021-10109-8.

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AbstractThe behaviour of circulating tumour cells in the microcirculation remains poorly understood. Growing evidence suggests that biomechanical adaptations and interactions with blood components, i.e. immune cells and platelets within capillary beds, may add more complexity to CTCs journey towards metastasis. Revisiting how these mediators impact the ability of circulating tumour cells to survive and metastasise, will be vital to understand the role of microcirculation and advance our knowledge on metastasis.
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18

Zhou, Jiabao, Jennifer M. Down, Christopher N. George, Jessica Murphy, Diane V. Lefley, Claudia Tulotta, Marwa A. Alsharif, Michael Leach, and Penelope D. Ottewell. "Novel Methods of Targeting IL-1 Signalling for the Treatment of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis." Cancers 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 4816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194816.

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Breast cancer bone metastasis is currently incurable. Evidence suggests that inhibiting IL-1 signalling with the IL1R antagonist, Anakinra, or the IL1β antibody, Canakinumab, prevents metastasis and almost eliminates breast cancer growth in the bone. However, these drugs increase primary tumour growth. We, therefore, investigated whether targeting other members of the IL-1 pathway (Caspase-1, IL1β or IRAK1) could reduce bone metastases without increasing tumour growth outside of the bone. Inhibition of IL-1 via MLX01 (IL1β secretion inhibitor), VRT043198/VX765 (Caspase-1 inhibitor), Pacritinib (IRAK1 inhibitor) or Anakinra (IL1R antagonist) on tumour cell viability, migration and invasion were assessed in mouse mammary E0771 and Py8119 cells in vitro and on primary tumour growth, spontaneous metastasis and metastatic outgrowth in vivo. In vitro, Inhibition of IL-1 signalling by MLX01, VRT043198 and Anakinra reduced migration of E0771 and Py8119 cells and reversed tumour-derived IL1β induced-increased invasion and migration towards bone cells. In vivo, VX765 and Anakinra significantly reduced spontaneous metastasis and metastatic outgrowth in the bone, whereas MLX01 reduced primary tumour growth and bone metastasis. Pacritinib had no effect on metastasis in vitro or in vivo. Targeting IL-1 signalling with small molecule inhibitors may provide a new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer bone metastasis.
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Bergs, Gvido Janis, Raimonds Bricis, Arvids Jakovlevs, Andrejs Vanags, and Ilze Strumfa. "Prolonged Survival After Neurosurgical Resection of Lung Cancer Metastasis." Acta Chirurgica Latviensis 14, no. 1 (November 24, 2014): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/chilat-2014-0106.

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Summary Metastatic tumours in the brain occur more frequently than primary neoplasms. Despite the generally dismal prognosis, neurosurgical resection is indicated in certain patients and can yield prolonged survival. Here we describe an 82-year-old male with a history of neurosurgical resection of a single brain metastasis 6 years ago. Tumour immunophenotype disclosed lung adenocarcinoma with low proliferation fraction. However, the primary tumour remained occult then. At present, 3 new brain metastases were identified by computed tomography. Repeated resection was performed in 2 stages, resulting in removal of 2 metastases. Lung mass was now evident as well. The final diagnosis was lung adenocarcinoma with metachronous brain metastases, stage IV. In conclusion, prolonged survival, in this case 6 years, can be reached even in patients with metastatic cancer by successful selective application of neurosurgical treatment. The biological properties of the tumour including low proliferation also contributed to longer survival and demonstrated surgery as a successful treatment option.
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Tobar, Lucas E., Rae H. Farnsworth, and Steven A. Stacker. "Brain Vascular Microenvironments in Cancer Metastasis." Biomolecules 12, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12030401.

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Primary tumours, particularly from major solid organs, are able to disseminate into the blood and lymphatic system and spread to distant sites. These secondary metastases to other major organs are the most lethal aspect of cancer, accounting for the majority of cancer deaths. The brain is a frequent site of metastasis, and brain metastases are often fatal due to the critical role of the nervous system and the limited options for treatment, including surgery. This creates a need to further understand the complex cell and molecular biology associated with the establishment of brain metastasis, including the changes to the environment of the brain to enable the arrival and growth of tumour cells. Local changes in the vascular network, immune system and stromal components all have the potential to recruit and foster metastatic tumour cells. This review summarises our current understanding of brain vascular microenvironments, fluid circulation and drainage in the context of brain metastases, as well as commenting on current cutting-edge experimental approaches used to investigate changes in vascular environments and alterations in specialised subsets of blood and lymphatic vessel cells during cancer spread to the brain.
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Wadhwani, Meenakshi, Swati Phuljhele, Ritesh Kumar, and Abdul Shameer. "Cervical carcinoma leading to orbital apex syndrome and blindness." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 3 (March 2019): e226587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-226587.

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Orbit is an unusual and rare site for metastases from cancer. The most frequent site of a primary malignancy to metastasise to the orbit is the breast, followed by the lung. The malignant mixed mullerian tumour is a rare uterine and cervical carcinoma and accounts for <5% of uterine cancers. It is the primary tumour of the uterus, and de novo involvement of the cervix itself is extremely rare. We report the first case of cervical carcinoma with mixed mullerian aetiology to be associated with orbital metastasis and eventually leading to blindness and death
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Bloor, Malcolm I. G., and Michael J. Wilson. "A Mathematical Model of a Micrometastasis." Journal of Theoretical Medicine 1, no. 2 (1997): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10273669708833015.

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Experimental evidence indicates that tumour metastases can exist for long periods in a dormant state, with cell proliferation balancing cell death. However, this balance can be upset, by removing the primary tumour for instance, which causes the metastasis to grow, or by adminstering a substances inhabiting angiogenesis which causes the metastasis toi regress. A mathematical model is presented for the growth of a tumour metastasis, which by postulating the possibility of a local imbalance between cell proliferation and cell death though apoptosis, is able to explain some of these observations. A prediction of the model is that at any position within the metastasis there will be a radial movement of cells, even in the document state.
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Hughes, Ellyn, Sarah N. Lauder, Kathryn Smart, Anja Bloom, Jake Scott, Emma Jones, Michelle Somerville, et al. "Primary breast tumours but not lung metastases induce protective anti-tumour immune responses after Treg-depletion." Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 69, no. 10 (May 23, 2020): 2063–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00262-020-02603-x.

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Abstract Although metastatic disease is responsible for the majority of cancer deaths, tests of novel immunotherapies in mouse tumour models often focus on primary tumours without determining whether these therapies also target metastatic disease. This study examined the impact of depleting Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg), on lung metastases, using a mouse model of breast cancer. After Treg-depletion, generation of an immune response to the primary tumour was a critical determinant for limiting development of metastasis. Indeed, resection of the primary tumour abrogated any effect of Treg-depletion on metastases. In addition, whilst the immune response, generated by the primary tumour, prevented metastases development, it had little impact on controlling established disease. Collectively, the data indicate that metastatic cells in the lung are not controlled by immune responses induced by the primary tumour. These findings indicate that targeting Tregs alone will not suffice for treating lung metastases.
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Minton, Kirsty. "Mechanosurveillance of tumour metastasis." Nature Reviews Immunology 21, no. 5 (April 7, 2021): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41577-021-00546-7.

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Minton, Kirsty. "Mechanosurveillance of tumour metastasis." Nature Reviews Cancer 21, no. 6 (April 14, 2021): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41568-021-00360-2.

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Hart, I. R., and A. Saini. "Biology of tumour metastasis." Lancet 339, no. 8807 (June 1992): 1453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92039-i.

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Mahadevan, V., and I. R. Hart. "Tumour angiogenesis and metastasis." European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 27, no. 6 (June 1991): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5379(91)90163-8.

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Meyer, T., and I. R. Hart. "Mechanisms of tumour metastasis." European Journal of Cancer 34, no. 2 (February 1998): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(97)10129-0.

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29

Connolly, Cara, and Donal J. Buggy. "Opioids and tumour metastasis." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 29, no. 4 (August 2016): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aco.0000000000000360.

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Joseph, Julie, Bindu C. S., Saikiran Reddy, and Sathi P. P. "Appendiceal neuroendocrine tumour presenting as bilateral ovarian and breast metastasis." International Surgery Journal 4, no. 5 (April 22, 2017): 1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20171484.

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Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the appendix (formerly known 'carcinoids') are rare and are usually detected incidentally after appendectomy. The reported frequency of metastases from appendiceal carcinoids is gradually increasing, may be due to the increased longevity of the patients with benign/malignant diseases. Here we report a case of NET of appendix in an 80 year old female who presented with bilateral ovarian mass, and later developed metastasis in the breast. Though uncommon, NETs producing bilateral ovarian metastasis is well described in literature, the commonest primary being ileum. Only few cases of neuroendocrine tumor metastasis to breast have been reported in the literature, but none from appendix as primary.
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Wang, Yan, Haiquan Jia, Huiyun Lin, Xiaogang Tan, Zhiyan Du, Huihua Chen, Yuanji Xu, et al. "Metastasis-associated gene,mag-1improves tumour microenvironmental adaptation and potentiates tumour metastasis." Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 16, no. 12 (December 2012): 3037–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01633.x.

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Imrani, Kaoutar, Tlaite Oubaddi, Hounayda Jerguigue, Rachida Latib, and Youssef Omor. "Liver metastasis mimicking an abscess." BJR|case reports 7, no. 4 (July 2021): 20200201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjrcr.20200201.

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Hepatic metastases from carcinoid tumours are typically solid, hypervascular lesions on imaging. The cystic form, mimicking an abscess, is extremely rare. We report a case of a 48-year-old female presenting with a large hepatic mass that was diagnosed as a hepatic abscess, but the ultrasound-guided biopsy showed well-differentiated grade 1 neuroendocrine tumour. CT scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis was performed, looking for the primary tumour, it revealed an endobronchial mass of the right inferior lobe. Lung biopsy by rigid bronchoscopy was taken confirming the diagnosis of a typical carcinoid tumour.
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Murray, Gisela, Orlando De Jesus, Maria Correa-Rivas, and Jorge I. Cheverez-Ocasio. "Testicular yolk sac tumour metastasis to the L2 vertebra." BMJ Case Reports 15, no. 9 (September 2022): e250461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2022-250461.

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The role of surgery for metastases to the vertebra from yolk sac tumours has not been established. The main treatment for disseminated disease is chemotherapy. We present a man in his 30s with a left orchiectomy for a testicular mixed germ cell tumour with a prominent yolk sac component who, 12 months later, developed an asymptomatic metastasis to the L2 vertebra unresponsive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient underwent resection of the L2 vertebral body, leaving a small residual tumour anterior to the vertebra attached to the great vessels. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis of a metastatic testicular yolk sac tumour in the vertebra. The postoperative MRI 6 months later demonstrated significant expansion of the tumour at the soft tissues anterior to the expandable titanium cage encasing the great vessels and extending to the paraspinal areas. Additional salvage surgery was not recommended because of the advanced stage of the tumour.
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Robado de Lope, Lucía, Olwen Leaman Alcíbar, Ana Amor López, Marta Hergueta-Redondo, and Héctor Peinado. "Tumour–adipose tissue crosstalk: fuelling tumour metastasis by extracellular vesicles." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1737 (November 20, 2017): 20160485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0485.

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During metastasis, tumour cells must communicate with their microenvironment by secreted soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. Different stromal cell types (e.g. bone marrow–derived cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts) influence the growth and progression of tumours. In recent years, interest has extended to other cell types in the tumour microenvironment such as adipocytes and adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells. Indeed, obesity is becoming pandemic in some developing countries and it is now considered to be a risk factor for cancer progression. However, the true impact of obesity on the metastatic behaviour of tumours is still not yet fully understood. In this ‘Perspective’ article, we will discuss the potential influence of obesity on tumour metastasis, mainly in melanoma, breast and ovarian cancer. We summarize the main mechanisms involved with special attention to the role of extracellular vesicles in this process. We envisage that besides having a direct impact on tumour cells, obesity systemically preconditions the tumour microenvironment for future metastasis by favouring the formation of pro-inflammatory niches. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment’.
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Yang, Yi Ming, Lin Ye, Fiona Ruge, Ziqian Fang, Ke Ji, Andrew J. Sanders, Shuqin Jia, et al. "Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM), a Potential ‘Seed’ and ‘Soil’ Receptor in the Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastrointestinal Cancers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010876.

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Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM/CD166) is a cell–cell adhesion protein conferring heterotypic and homotypic interactions between cells of the same type and different types. It is aberrantly expressed in various cancer types and has been shown to be a regulator of cancer metastasis. In the present study, we investigated potential roles of ALCAM in the peritoneal transcoelomic metastasis in gastrointestinal cancers, a metastatic type commonly occurred in gastro-intestinal and gynaecological malignancies and resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Specifically, we studied whether ALCAM acts as both a ‘seed’ receptor in these tumour cells and a ‘soil’ receptor in peritoneal mesothelial cells during cancer metastasis. Gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer tissues with or without peritoneal metastasis were compared for their levels of ALCAM expression. The impact of ALCAM expression in these tumours was also correlated to the patients’ clinical outcomes, namely peritoneal metastasis-free survival. In addition, cancer cells of gastric and pancreatic origins were used to create cell models with decreased or increased levels of ALCAM expression by genetic knocking down or overexpression, respectively. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells were also genetically transfected to generate cell models with different profiles of ALCAM expression. These cell models were used in the tumour-mesothelial interaction assay to assess if and how the interaction was influenced by ALCAM. Both gastric and pancreatic tumour tissues from patients who developed peritoneal metastases had higher levels of ALCAM transcript than those without. Patients who had tumours with high levels of ALCAM had a much shorter peritoneal metastasis free survival compared with those who had low ALCAM expression (p = 0.006). ALCAM knockdown of the mesothelial cell line MET5A rendered the cells with reduced interaction with both gastric cancer cells and pancreatic cancer cells. Likewise, levels of ALCAM in both human gastric and pancreatic cancer cells were also a determining factor for their adhesiveness to mesothelial cells, a process that was likely to be triggered the phosphorylation of the SRC kinase. A soluble ALCAM (sALCAM) was found to be able to inhibit the adhesiveness between cancer cells and mesothelial cells, mechanistically behaving like a SRC kinase inhibitor. ALCAM is an indicator of peritoneal metastasis in both gastric and pancreatic cancer patients. It acts as not only a potential peritoneal ‘soil’ receptor of tumour seeding but also a ‘soil’ receptor in peritoneal mesothelial cells during cancer metastasis. These findings have an important therapeutic implication for treating peritoneal transcoelomic metastases.
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Hill, David, Lanpeng Chen, Ewe Snaar-Jagalska, and Bill Chaudhry. "Embryonic zebrafish xenograft assay of human cancer metastasis." F1000Research 7 (October 22, 2018): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16659.1.

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Cancer metastasis is the most important prognostic factor determining patient survival, but currently there are very few drugs or therapies that specifically inhibit the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Currently, human cancer metastasis is largely studied using transgenic and immunocompromised mouse xenograft models, which are useful for analysing end-point tumour growth but are unable to accurately and reliably monitor in vivo invasion, intravasation, extravasation or secondary tumour formation of human cancer cells. Furthermore, limits in our ability to accurately monitor early stages of tumour growth and detect micro-metastases likely results in pain and suffering to the mice used for cancer xenograft experiments. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, however, offer many advantages as a model system for studying the complex, multi-step processes involved during cancer metastasis. This article describes a detailed method for the analysis of human cancer cell invasion and metastasis in zebrafish embryos before they reach protected status at 5 days post fertilisation. Results demonstrate that human cancer cells actively invade within a zebrafish microenvironment, and form metastatic tumours at secondary tissue sites, suggesting that the mechanisms involved during the different stages of metastasis are conserved between humans and zebrafish, supporting the use of zebrafish embryos as a viable model of human cancer metastasis. We suggest that the embryonic zebrafish xenograft model of human cancer is a tractable laboratory model that can be used to understand cancer biology, and as a direct replacement of mice for the analysis of drugs that target cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Hill, David, Lanpeng Chen, Ewe Snaar-Jagalska, and Bill Chaudhry. "Embryonic zebrafish xenograft assay of human cancer metastasis." F1000Research 7 (December 20, 2018): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16659.2.

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Cancer metastasis is the most important prognostic factor determining patient survival, but currently there are very few drugs or therapies that specifically inhibit the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Currently, human cancer metastasis is largely studied using transgenic and immunocompromised mouse xenograft models, which are useful for analysing end-point tumour growth but are unable to accurately and reliably monitor in vivo invasion, intravasation, extravasation or secondary tumour formation of human cancer cells. Furthermore, limits in our ability to accurately monitor early stages of tumour growth and detect micro-metastases likely results in pain and suffering to the mice used for cancer xenograft experiments. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, however, offer many advantages as a model system for studying the complex, multi-step processes involved during cancer metastasis. This article describes a detailed method for the analysis of human cancer cell invasion and metastasis in zebrafish embryos before they reach protected status at 5 days post fertilisation. Results demonstrate that human cancer cells actively invade within a zebrafish microenvironment, and form metastatic tumours at secondary tissue sites, suggesting that the mechanisms involved during the different stages of metastasis are conserved between humans and zebrafish, supporting the use of zebrafish embryos as a viable model of human cancer metastasis. We suggest that the embryonic zebrafish xenograft model of human cancer is a tractable laboratory model that can be used to understand cancer biology, and as a direct replacement of mice for the analysis of drugs that target cancer invasion and metastasis.
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38

Sato, Yuya, Mikito Inokuchi, Yoko Takagi, Sho Otsuki, Yoshitaka Fujimori, Yoshimitsu Yanaka, Kenta Kobayashi, Kyoko Higuchi, Kazuyuki Kojima, and Tatsuyuki Kawano. "Relationship between expression of IGFBP7 and clinicopathological variables in gastric cancer." Journal of Clinical Pathology 68, no. 10 (June 4, 2015): 795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202987.

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AimsInsulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) is reported to have tumour suppressor function through an IGF-dependent pathway in various malignant tumours. However, the expression of IGFBP7 in adenocarcinoma and its relationship with tumour progression and survival differs among studies. Our aims were to investigate the relationship between the expression of IGFBP7 and clinicopathological variables and outcomes of patients with gastric cancer.MethodsTumour samples were obtained from 219 patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy. The expression of IGFBP7 protein was examined by immunohistochemical staining. IGFBP7 mRNA levels were analysed using real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR in 24 of the gastric cancer tumours and in adjacent non-tumour tissues. Correlation of IGFBP7 expression with clinicopathological features was analysed.ResultsThe protein expression of IGFBP7 was positively correlated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis or recurrence and pathological stage. High expression of IGFBP7 protein was associated with a significantly worse disease-specific survival (p<0.001) and was an independent prognostic factor in multivariable analysis (HR, 4.8; 95% CI 2.1 to 10.6; p<0.001). The IGFBP7 mRNA level was significantly higher in advanced gastric cancer than in early gastric cancer, in tumours with lymph node metastasis than in tumours without lymph node metastasis, and in tumours with distant metastasis or recurrence than in tumours without distant metastasis or recurrence.ConclusionsOverexpression of IGFBP7 was associated with tumour progression and poor survival in gastric cancer. IGFBP7 may play a role in tumour progression in gastric cancer.
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Sahin, Hilal, Naim Ceylan, Selen Bayraktaroglu, and Recep Savas. "Cardiac metastasis of osteosarcoma." Open Medicine 5, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-010-1018-5.

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AbstractCardiac osteosarcoma metastasis is extremely rare and is documented in several case reports in the literature. The behaviour of osteosarcoma metastases is similar to the primary tumour. Thoracic non-enhanced computed tomography (CT) examination is beneficial in the detection of calcific cardiac metastases. In this case report, we describe a 29-year-old woman with cardiac osteosarcoma metastasis after 7 years of follow-up, compare the demographic features with previous cases and discuss the imaging findings.
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40

Teo, Andrea York Tiang, Xiaoqiang Xiang, Minh TN Le, Andrea Li-Ann Wong, Qi Zeng, Lingzhi Wang, and Boon-Cher Goh. "Tiny miRNAs Play a Big Role in the Treatment of Breast Cancer Metastasis." Cancers 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13020337.

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Distant organ metastases accounts for the majority of breast cancer deaths. Given the prevalence of breast cancer in women, it is imperative to understand the underlying mechanisms of its metastatic progression and identify potential targets for therapy. Since their discovery in 1993, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of tumour progression and metastasis in various cancers, playing either oncogenic or tumour suppressor roles. In the following review, we discuss the roles of miRNAs that potentiate four key areas of breast cancer metastasis—angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the Warburg effect and the tumour microenvironment. We then evaluate the recent developments in miRNA-based therapies in breast cancer, which have shown substantial promise in controlling tumour progression and metastasis. Yet, certain challenges must be overcome before these strategies can be implemented in clinical trials.
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41

Brewis, C., I. D. Bottrill, S. B. Wharton, and D. A. Moffat. "Glomus jugulare tumour with metastases to cervical lymph nodes." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 114, no. 1 (January 2000): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215001903726.

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Glomus jugulare tumours are classically described as benign tumours with a long time course often measured in decades. Although these tumours may be locally invasive, most cases are histologically benign and metastases are rare. The case of a malignant glomus jugulare tumour with a particularly aggressive pattern of spread is presented. At the time of surgery, which was within 12 months of the development of symptoms, intracranial spread and metastasis to cervical lymph nodes had already occurred, demonstrating that glomus jugulare tumours are not always benign.
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42

Todorov, S. S., V. Yu Deribas, A. S. Kazmin, and S. S. Todorov (Jr.). "Peripheral nerve sheath malignancy with multiple metastasis: a rare clinical case." Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 28, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2021-28-1-125-137.

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Background. Tumours of peripheral nervous system are represented by benign and malignant neoplasms with different clinical and biological traits. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours of paraspinal localisation with the involvement of nerve structures are extremely rare and may occur isolated or comorbid with congenital neurofibromatosis. Current literature contains a few bioptic and selected autopsy clinical reports. Herewith, we present an own sectional observation of a rare malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour with multiple metastasis supplemented with morphological and immunohistochemical descriptions.Clinical Case Description. An autopsy was performed on a 30-yo man’s cadaver. A tumour infiltrate was observed along Th5—Th9 of the spinal column intimately associated with thoracic vertebral bodies. Metastases were detected in the right lung, myocardium, peripancreatic and perirenal adipose tissue. Histological tumour examination revealed heterogeneous solid and rosette-like structures. Tumour immunophenotype: vimentin+, pancytokeratin-, CD45-, S-100+, NSE+, GFAP-, proliferative activity index (Ki-67 = 75-80%). This profile is descriptive of peripheral nerve sheath malignancy of high grade with multiple organic metastases.Conclusion. The sectional observation presented illustrates the difficulty to in vivo diagnose rare peripheral nerve sheath malignancies due to their infiltrative growth into spinal bone marrow and metastasis to organs (lungs, myocardium, peripancreatic and perirenal adipose tissue).
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43

Snell, Cameron E., Madeline Gough, Kathryn Middleton, Michael Hsieh, Lauren Furnas, Brenton Seidl, Kristen Gibbons, et al. "Absent progesterone receptor expression in the lymph node metastases of ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer is associated with relapse on tamoxifen." Journal of Clinical Pathology 70, no. 11 (April 17, 2017): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204304.

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AimsProgesterone receptor (PR) expression is prognostic in early stage breast cancer. There are several reports of discordant expression between primary tumour and axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis expression of oestrogen receptor (ER) and PR. We sought to determine whether expression of these biomarkers in the synchronous ALN metastases of ER positive (+), HER2 negative (−) breast cancer could provide more accurate prognostic information.MethodsThe retrospective cohort included 229 patients from a single institution with ER+, HER2− breast cancer who had synchronous ALN metastatic disease (2005–2014). PR expression was correlated with relapse-free survival, and subset analysis was performed for patients who received adjuvant tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor.ResultsOne patient had an ER+ primary tumour, which was ER− in the ALN metastasis. 27 (11.3%) were PR− in the primary tumour and 56 (23.6%) in the ALN metastasis. The predominant change was from PR+ in the primary tumour to PR− in the lymph node. Absence of PR expression in the ALN was significantly associated with relapse; however, this was not the case in the primary tumour. In a subset analysis of patients taking adjuvant endocrine therapy, poorer prognosis was limited to those with PR− metastases on tamoxifen (HR=5.203, 95% CI 1.649 to 16.416, p=0.005). No significant prognostic effect of PR− metastases in patients taking aromatase inhibitors was seen (HR=1.519, 95% CI 0.675 to 3.418, p=0.312).ConclusionsEvaluation of PR expression in ALN metastasis may enable prediction of patients who are less likely to benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen. This study should be replicated in other cohorts.
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Çoban, Ganime, Zeynep Sezal, and Feray Günver. "Clinical and histopathological analysis of metastatic brain tumours: A single-centre experience." Medical Science and Discovery 8, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36472/msd.v8i6.557.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the demographic and clinical findings of cases which have been operated for a brain mass and have metastasis, to analyse the histopathological findings, to draw attention to the molecular tests that are effective in the treatment of the primary tumour, and to compare our results with the literature data. Material and Methods: One hundred seventy cases diagnosed with brain metastasis tumour between January 2012-2021 were analysed retrospectively. The clinical findings and demographic information of the cases were recorded from the hospital information system. The diagnoses of the patients diagnosed with metastasis, the analysis of the cases with or without a primary tumour at the time of diagnosis, and the immunohistochemical staining applied to detect the primary metastasis were recorded. Results: Sixty-seven of the cases were female, and one hundred three were male. The youngest case was 14, and the oldest case was 90 years old (Mean 55.6 ± 14). While the clinical findings in 35 of the cases were solely headache, 41 patients also had at least one of the symptoms such as dizziness, seizure, weakness, and ataxia in addition to headache. The primary was unknown at the time of diagnosis of brain metastasis in 63 of the cases. There was a single focus in 107 cases, and multiple metastasis focus in 63 patients. Among all cases, lung (84), breast (24) colorectal (15), kidney (9) metastases were the most common. Primary focus could not be detected in 2 of the cases (neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma) despite all imaging techniques as well as immunohistochemical findings. Conclusion: The possibility of metastasis is also present in cases with a single lesion and whose primary diagnosis is unknown, and histomorphological analysis become inevitable due to the increase in molecular examinations and the development of patient-specific treatment protocols. Besides, it should not be forgotten that the most common tumour-causing brain metastasis -whether or not the primary is known- is the lung. Kidney tumours may also present with metastasis without manifesting themselves.
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Avnet, Sofia, Silvia Lemma, Margherita Cortini, Gemma Di Pompo, Francesca Perut, Maria Veronica Lipreri, Laura Roncuzzi, et al. "The Release of Inflammatory Mediators from Acid-Stimulated Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Favours Tumour Invasiveness and Metastasis in Osteosarcoma." Cancers 13, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 5855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225855.

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Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumour with an impressive tendency to metastasise. Highly proliferative tumour cells release a remarkable amount of protons into the extracellular space that activates the NF-kB inflammatory pathway in adjacent stromal cells. In this study, we further validated the correlation between tumour glycolysis/acidosis and its role in metastases. In patients, at diagnosis, we found high circulating levels of inflammatory mediators (IL6, IL8 and miR-136-5p-containing extracellular vesicles). IL6 serum levels significantly correlated with disease-free survival and 18F-FDG PET/CT uptake, an indirect measurement of tumour glycolysis and, hence, of acidosis. In vivo subcutaneous and orthotopic models, co-injected with mesenchymal stromal (MSC) and osteosarcoma cells, formed an acidic tumour microenvironment (mean pH 6.86, as assessed by in vivo MRI-CEST pH imaging). In these xenografts, we enlightened the expression of both IL6 and the NF-kB complex subunit in stromal cells infiltrating the tumour acidic area. The co-injection with MSC also significantly increased lung metastases. Finally, by using 3D microfluidic models, we directly showed the promotion of osteosarcoma invasiveness by acidosis via IL6 and MSC. In conclusion, osteosarcoma-associated MSC react to intratumoural acidosis by triggering an inflammatory response that, in turn, promotes tumour invasiveness at the primary site toward metastasis development.
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46

Turchini, J., and J. Chen. "Tumour to tumour metastasis in a peripheral nerve sheath tumour." Pathology 48 (February 2016): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.231.

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47

Zuccato, Jeffrey, Yasin Mamatjan, Vikas Patil, Farshad Nassiri, Mathew Voisin, Kenneth Aldape, and Gelareh Zadeh. "EPCO-01. LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA BRAIN METASTASIS PREDICTION, PREVENTION, AND NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS USING METHYLATION SIGNATURES WITHIN TISSUE AND CIRCULATING TUMOUR DNA." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (November 2020): ii69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.280.

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Abstract BACKGROUND One quarter of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients develop brain metastases (BM) and experience a poorer median survival of 12 months despite treatment. Clinical variables do not robustly predict who will develop BM and targeted preventative treatments are limited. Tumour DNA methylation signatures predict outcomes in other cancers and can be detected in circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA). This work predicts BM development from LUAD using methylation data, identifies novel potential treatment targets to prevent metastases, and detects LUAD-BM ctDNA non-invasively. METHODS DNA methylation profiling was undertaken on N=124 LUAD tumours. A gradient boosted regression model built on differentially methylated CpGs (DMCs) between tumours with and without BM in 70% of samples was validated in an independent 30% testing cohort. Nine paired BM samples were profiled and DMCs between their corresponding LUAD tissue were identified along with copy number (CN) alterations. A total of 47 LUAD-BM plasma samples underwent sequencing of immunoprecipitated methylated ctDNA and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between LUAD-BM and intrinsic brain lesions were identified. RESULTS The methylation-based model significantly predicted time to brain metastasis development within the testing cohort independently from cancer stage in a multivariate analysis (HR=4.3, 95%CI 1.1–17, p=0.038). Genes/pathways involved in the process of brain metastasis were identified through assessment of 83K DMCs (FDR&lt; 0.2, mean difference &gt;|0.1|) between paired samples as well as the CN losses found in chromosome 12q/19 of BM samples. A total of 5.5K DMRs were identified that distinguish BM samples from gliomas or primary CNS lymphomas (FDR&lt; 0.05, logFC &gt;1). CONCLUSIONS DNA methylation signatures in lung adenocarcinomas predict brain metastasis development independently from prognostic clinical factors. Genes and pathways involved in metastasis were identified as novel potential therapeutic targets. Methylated circulating tumor DNA signatures differentiate lung brain metastases from other ring-enhancing brain lesions and may have potential for non-invasive diagnosis.
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48

Adachi, Y., H. Yamamoto, F. Itoh, Y. Hinoda, Y. Okada, and K. Imai. "Contribution of matrilysin (MMP-7) to the metastatic pathway of human colorectal cancers." Gut 45, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.45.2.252.

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BACKGROUND/AIMMatrilysin is one of the matrix metalloproteinases that has a critical role in tumour invasion, and is often expressed in gastrointestinal cancers. The aim of this study was to examine the role of matrilysin in metastasis of human colorectal cancers.PATIENTS (SUBJECTS)/METHODSThe relation between matrilysin expression and Dukes’s type was investigated immunohistochemically in 83 surgically resected colorectal cancers, including five with liver metastasis. Moreover, the effects of matrilysin on the in vivo invasive and metastatic potential of colon cancer cells transfected with matrilysin cDNA were examined after subcutaneous injection into SCID mice.RESULTSIn 46% of primary and all of metastatic liver tumours, over 10% of cancer cells were stained positively for matrilysin. The expression of matrilysin correlated significantly with the presence of nodal or distant metastases (p<0.05). In addition, matrilysin transfectants formed invasive tumours and multiple liver metastases in SCID mice, without producing any significant difference in the subcutaneous tumour growth from mock transfectants. Casein zymography showed that the invading and metastasised tumours showed conspicuous matrilysin activity, which correlated with the number of metastatic lesions (p<0.001).CONCLUSIONSMatrilysin showed a correlation with metastasis in a cohort of 83 colorectal cancer patients and marked metastatic potentiation in human colorectal cancer xenografts, indicating that it may play a critical role in the metastatic pathway of colorectal cancers.
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Evrard, Camille, Stéphane Messina, David Sefrioui, Éric Frouin, Marie-Luce Auriault, Romain Chautard, Aziz Zaanan, et al. "Heterogeneity of Mismatch Repair Status and Microsatellite Instability between Primary Tumour and Metastasis and Its Implications for Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 8 (April 17, 2022): 4427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084427.

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Deficient mismatch repair system (dMMR)/microsatellite instability (MSI) is found in about 5% of metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRCs) with a major therapeutic impact for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) use. We conducted a multicentre study including all consecutive patients with a dMMR/MSI mCRC. MSI status was determined using the Pentaplex panel and expression of the four MMR proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The primary endpoint was the rate of discordance of dMMR/MSI status between primary tumours and paired metastases. We included 99 patients with a dMMR/MSI primary CRC and 117 paired metastases. Only four discrepancies (3.4%) with a dMMR/MSI primary CRC and a pMMR/MSS metastasis were initially identified and reviewed by expert pathologists and molecular biologists. Two cases were false discrepancies due to human or technical errors. One discordant case could not be confirmed due to the low level of tumour cells. The last case had a confirmed discrepancy with a dMMR/MSI primary CRC and a pMMR/MSS peritoneal metastasis. Our study demonstrated a high concordance rate of dMMR/MSI status between primary CRCs and their metastases. The analysis of one sample, either from the primary tumour or metastasis, with consistent dMMR and MSI status seems to be sufficient prior to treatment with ICI.
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50

Correa, Fernanda de Lima, Luciana Wolfran, Aline de Marco Viott, Juliana das Chagas Goulart, Flávio Shigueru Jojima, and Paula Agostini. "Pulmonary metastasis of transmissible venereal tumour in a dog: a case report." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2021.15.3.9809.

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Abstract:
The transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) is one of the most frequent neoplasias in dogs. This tumour has specific characteristics, and it is exclusively of canines. Its transmission occurs through viable neoplastic cell transplantation when in contact with mucosa or unhealthy skin and rarely metastasise. This paper aims to report a rare presentation of pulmonary metastasis of widespread transmissible venereal tumours in a Blue Heeler dog. The patient was cachectic, dyspnoeic, and dehydrated and had multiple skin and pharynx nodulations. The cytology of all cutaneous nodulations showed round vacuolated cells with large eccentric nuclei and loose chromatin, which is compatible with TVT’s microscopic characteristics. Owing to the clinical evolution and reserved prognosis, the patient was euthanized. Necroscopy revealed a mass in the right pulmonary caudal lobe. The mass showed the same histopathologic characteristic of the others: not encapsulated infiltrative neoplastic proliferation of round vacuolated cells. The atypical manifestation of cutaneous metastasis and mainly pulmonary metastasis, in this case, denote the importance of TVT inclusion as a differential in cutaneous neoplasia, even if they show distant organ metastasis. Therefore, it emphasised the importance of cytology and histology in the diagnosis of nodular affections.
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