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Books on the topic 'Tumour active'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Kushida, Michelle Mayumi. Identification of CIS-active targets of MHC class 1 transcritional downregulaton in tumour cells. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1996.

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2

Bates, P. I. Radiosynthesis and biological studies with platinum and carbon labelled JM216: An orally active platinum anti-tumour complex. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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3

Orentas, Rimas. Cancer vaccines and tumor immunity. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience, 2008.

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4

service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Innate and Adaptive Immunity in the Tumor Microenvironment. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, 2008.

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5

Ilgren, E. B. Mesotheliomas of animals: A comprehensive, tabular compendium of the world's literature. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1993.

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6

1950-, Morstyn George, Foote MaryAnn, and Lieschke Graham J, eds. Hematopoietic growth factors in oncology: Basic science and clinical therapeutics. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2004.

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7

C, Dale David, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Oncology. Boston, MA: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2011.

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8

Gen, Sobue, and New York Academy of Sciences, eds. Integrated molecular medicine for neuronal and neoplastic disorders. Boston: Blackwell Pub. on behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006.

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9

Tamoxifen: Molecular basis of use in cancer treatment and prevention. Chichester: J. Wiley & Sons, 1994.

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10

L, Spitzer Hugh, ed. Receptor-mediated biological processess: Implications forevaluating carcinogenesis : proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, held in Austin, Texas, on December 8-11, 1992. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1994.

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11

J, Vinken P., Bruyn G. W, and Wolff F. A. de, eds. Intoxications of the nervous system. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1994.

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12

Faddegon, Stephen, Ephrem O. Olweny, and Jeffrey A. Cadeddu. Ablative technologies for renal cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0087.

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Nearly two-thirds of newly detected renal masses are clinical stage 1, with T1a tumours accounting for 60% of the newly detected stage 1 tumours. Guideline panels convened by the American Urological Association and the European Association of Urology recommend nephron-sparing surgery as the gold standard treatment for small renal masses, with active surveillance and thermal ablation recommended as alternative strategies in select patients. However, there is a dearth of studies directly comparing outcomes for energy-based ablation to those for traditional surgical treatments for small renal masses, and future prospective randomized trials will be invaluable in this regard. Ongoing research in renal tumour ablation targets several areas, including but not limited to achieving larger ablation sizes, decreasing morbidity, and development of novel technologies for renal tumour ablation.
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13

Laws, Edward R., Whitney W. Woodmansee, and Jay S. Loeffler. Pituitary tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0018.

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Pituitary tumours are common, usually benign, lesions ordinarily well controlled by multidisciplinary management. The several subtypes of pituitary tumours reflect the hormones produced by the pituitary gland, and each may require a complex sequential programme of treatment. Modern laboratory evaluation and imaging is capable of extensively characterizing the tumours, and is the basis for the recommended therapies. The tumours that produce excess active levels of pituitary hormones may be amenable to very satisfactory medical therapy, which reduces hormone levels towards normal, and often causes shrinkage of the tumour. Surgical management is appropriate for tumours that are not producing excess hormones but by nature of their bulk can compress the optic nerves and cause visual loss. These tumours respond well to surgical management, which is usually done using the transnasal, transsphenoidal route of access. Patients with persistent or recurrent tumours and persistent hormonal excess can be effectively treated with modern techniques of radiation therapy. A multidisciplinary approach with specialists from different fields concentrating on the patient and the problem offers a comprehensive and effective solution for most patients with pituitary disorders.
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14

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Madhumita Bhattacharyya. Gynaecological cancers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0020_update_001.

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Genitourinary cancers examines the malignancies arising in the kidney, ureter, bladder, prostate, testis, and penis. Renal cancer has high propensity for systemic spread, largely mediated by overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Treatments include surgery, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. Wilms tumour, a childhood malignancy of the kidney, warrants specialist paediatric oncology management to provide expertise in its unique pathology, staging, and treatment, often with surgery and chemotherapy. Cancer of the bladder and ureters, another tobacco related cancer, may present as either superficial or invasive disease. The former is managed by transurethral resection and intravesical therapy. The latter may require radical surgery, preoperative chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. Prostate cancer, the commonest male cancer, is an androgen dependent malignancy. It has attracted controversy with regards to PSA screening, and potential over treatment with radical prostatectomy. Division into low, intermediate, and high risk disease according to tumour grade, stage, and PSA helps in deciding best treatment, antiandrogen therapy for metastatic disease, radiotherapy and adjuvant hormone therapy for locally advanced disease, either surgery or radiotherapy for early intermediate risk disease, and active monitoring for low risk cases. Testicular cancer divides according to pathology into seminoma, nonseminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCT), and mixed tumours, the latter two frequently producing tumour markers, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and/or human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Stage I disease is managed by inguinal orchidectomy and surveillance or adjuvant chemotherapy. More advanced disease is managed by chemotherapy, with high probability of cure in the majority. Penile cancer, often HPV related, can be excised when it presents early, but delay in presentation may lead to regional and systemic spread with poor prognosis.
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15

Joniau, Steve, S. Van Bruwaene, J. Karnes, G. De Meerleer, P. Gontero, M. Spahn, and A. Briganti. High-risk prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0066.

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In this chapter, patients with adverse tumour characteristics and a high risk of tumour progression are discussed. In the current era of PSA testing, the proportion of patients presenting with high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) is estimated between 10% and 20% with a 10-year cancer specific survival approaching 40% for those not receiving active local treatment. The prevalence of high-risk disease varies with community PSA use, and is higher in countries (e.g. 30% in the United Kingdom) with little PSA testing. Adequate staging with magnetic resonance imaging for tumour extension, computer tomography for visceral metastases, and bone scan for skeletal metastasis is advocated in this group. The treatment of locally advanced or high-risk prostate cancer is a contemporary challenge.
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16

Raheja, Amol, and William T. Couldwell. Endocrine Active Pituitary Tumor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0015.

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This chapter presents an illustrative case demonstrating the principles of diagnosis and management in endocrine active pituitary tumor. The index case involves a 30-year-old male patient who presented with phenotypic markers of acromegaly. On radiological and endocrinological evaluation, growth hormone–secreting pituitary macroadenoma was identified. The philosophy of decision-making and management paradigm is discussed to demonstrate the pros and cons of medical, radiation, and surgical options. Technical nuances of the surgical procedure and its complication management are stressed. A brief review of literature is included to elaborate on the current evidence, including outcomes for the various management options for such tumors, with special emphasis on multimodality management.
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17

Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Gastrointestinal tumours. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0204.

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Gastrointestinal (GI) tumours can affect any part of the GI tract, and colorectal cancer is the most common. Throughout the GI tract, chronic inflammation seems to promote the development of neoplasia: for example, chronic reflux oesophagitis is linked to oesophageal adenocarcinoma; chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is linked to gastric cancer; chronic pancreatitis is linked to pancreatic cancer; cirrhosis is linked to hepatocellular cancer; chronic biliary inflammation is linked to cholangiocarcinoma; untreated coeliac disease is linked to intestinal lymphoma; and chronic inflammatory bowel disease is linked to colorectal cancer. Symptoms depend on the location of the tumour, and occur as a result of local anatomical disruption, with consequent functional consequences and, less frequently, as a result of hormonal, metabolic, and immune effects. Weight loss is a common symptom seen in the gastroenterology outpatient clinic, given the high overall incidence of GI tumours. Often, the associated symptoms will direct the doctor to the site of a possible underlying cancer. Anaemia is another non-specific finding with a strong association with luminal cancers. Patients with anaemia with or without weight loss will normally undergo upper and lower GI investigations, usually via oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy (either CT or endoscopic colonoscopy). In tumours that are difficult to identify or assess the malignant potential, PET scanning can provide a large amount of information. PET scanning is a nuclear medicine scanning technique that utilizes 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is taken up by metabolically active tissue. When combined with CT scanning it can provide information about both anatomical and metabolic activity. FDG is rapidly taken up by malignant tumours and, as a result, is often used for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring response in cancers.
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18

Connor, Thomas, and Patrick H. Maxwell. Von Hippel–Lindau disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0332.

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Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations in the VHL tumour suppressor gene. The most frequent manifestations of VHL disease are retinal and central nervous system haemangioblastomas, clear cell renal cell carcinomas, and phaeochromocytomas. Genetic testing and active screening for clinical manifestations is now started in childhood and has greatly improved the prognosis for patients with VHL disease. The VHL protein plays a critical role in regulating the cellular response to changes in oxygen tension. Loss of VHL function results in constitutive activation of a range of angiogenic and metabolic pathways. New drug therapies have been developed that reverse some of the cellular consequences of VHL loss of function in kidney cancer.
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19

Taylor, Jennie W., and Scott R. Plotkin. Familial CNS Tumor Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0135.

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Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder caused by constitutional mutations in the NF2 tumor-suppressor gene. Bilateral vestibular schwannomas are the hallmark of the syndrome, though meningiomas, ependymomas, and other peripheral schwannomas are common. Inheritance is autosomal dominant and de novo mutations are found in about 50% of patients. Standard treatment for symptomatic tumors is surgery. Radiation therapy may be considered for progressive tumors that are not surgically accessible, but secondary cancers after radiation have been reported. Retrospective studies suggest that bevacizumab may be active for progressive vestibular schwannomas and trials of chemotherapy for NF2-related tumors are in progress. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, genetic features, clinical characteristics, and current treatments for patients with NF2.
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20

Mathe, G. Cancer Active Immunotherapy: Immunoprophylaxis and Immunorestoration. Springer, 2012.

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21

Mathe, G. Cancer Active Immunotherapy: Immunoprophylaxis and Immunorestoration. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2012.

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22

Eisen, Tim. The patient with renal cell cancer. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0172.

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Renal cancer is the commonest malignancy of the kidney and worldwide, accounts for between 2% and 3% of the total cancer burden. The mainstay of curative treatment remains surgery. There have been significant advances in surgical technique, the most important ones being nephron-sparing surgery and laparoscopic nephrectomy. The medical treatment of advanced renal cell cancer has only improved markedly in the last decade with the development of antiangiogenic tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin, and a diminished role for immunotherapy.Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor therapy results in reduction of tumour volume in around three-quarters of patients and doubles progression-free survival, but treatment is not curative. The management of side effects in patients on maintenance tyrosine-kinase inhibitors has improved in the last 3 years, although still presents difficulties which have to be actively considered.The molecular biology of renal cell carcinoma is better understood than for the majority of solid tumours. The commonest form of renal cancer, clear-cell carcinoma of the kidney, is strongly associated with mutations in the von Hippel–Lindau gene and more recently with chromatin-remodelling genes such as PBRM1. These genetic abnormalities lead to a loss of control of angiogenesis and uncontrolled proliferation of tumour cells. There is a very wide spectrum of tumour behaviour from the extremely indolent to the terribly aggressive. It is not currently known what accounts for this disparity in tumour behaviour.A number of outstanding questions are being addressed in scientific and clinical studies such as a clearer understanding of prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers, the role of adjuvant therapy, the role of surgery in the presence of metastatic disease, how best to use our existing agents, and investigation of novel targets and therapeutic agents, especially novel immunotherapies.
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23

Orentas, Rimas, James W. Hodge, and Bryon D. Johnson. Cancer Vaccines and Tumor Immunity. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.

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24

Rimas, Orentas, Hodge James W, and Johnson Bryon D, eds. Cancer vaccines and tumor immunity. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

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25

Orentas, Rimas, James W. Hodge, and Bryon D. Johnson. Cancer Vaccines and Tumor Immunity. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2007.

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26

Cancer Vaccines and Tumor Immunity. Wiley-Liss, 2008.

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27

Bruce, Wesley Bernard. Characterization of functional domains of a T-DNA promoter active in sunflower tumors. 1987.

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28

Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Principles of oncogenesis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0322.

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It is obvious that the process of developing cancer—oncogenesis—is a multistep process. We know that smoking, obesity, and a family history are strong independent predictors of developing malignancy; yet, in clinics, we often see that some heavy smokers live into their nineties and that some people with close relatives affected by cancer spend many years worrying about a disease that, in the end, they never contract. For many centuries scientists have struggled to understand the process that make cancer cells different from normal cells. There were those in ancient times who believed that tumours were attributable to acts of the gods. Hippocrates suggested that cancer resulted from an imbalance between the black humour that came from the spleen, and the other three humours: blood, phlegm, and bile. It is only in the last 100 years that biologists have been able to characterize some of the pathways that lead to the uncontrolled replication seen in cancer, and subsequently examine exactly how these pathways evolve. The rampant nature by which cancer invades local and distant tissues, as well its apparent ability to spread between related individuals led some, such as Peyton Rous in 1910, to suggest that cancer was an infectious condition. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1966 for the 50 years of work into investigating a link between sarcoma in chickens and a retrovirus that became known as Rous sarcoma virus. He had shown how retroviruses are able to integrate sequences of DNA coding for errors in cellular replication control (oncogenes) by introducing into the human cell viral RNA together with a reverse transcriptase. Viruses are now implicated in many cancers, and in countries where viruses such as HIV and EBV are endemic, the high incidence of malignancies such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma is likely to be directly related. There are several families of viruses associated with cancer, broadly classed into DNA viruses, which mutate human genes using their own DNA, and retroviruses, like Rous sarcoma virus, which insert viral RNA into the cell, where it is then transcribed into genes. This link with viruses has not only led to an understanding that cancer originates from genetic mutations, but has also become a key focus in the design of new anticancer therapies. Traditional chemotherapies either alter DNA structure (as with cisplatin) or inhibit production of its component parts (as with 5-fluorouracil.) These broad-spectrum agents have many and varied side effects, largely due to their non-specific activity on replicating DNA throughout the body, not just in tumour cells. New vaccine therapies utilizing gene-coding viruses aim to restore deficient biological pathways or inhibit mutated ones specific to tumour cells. The hope is that these gene therapies will be effective and easily tolerated by patients, but development is currently progressing with caution. In a trial in France of ten children suffering from X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and who were injected with a vector that coded for the gene product they lacked, two of the children subsequently died from leukaemia. Further analysis confirmed that the DNA from the viral vector had become integrated into an existing, but normally inactive, proto-oncogene, LM02, triggering its conversion into an active oncogene, and the development of life-threatening malignancy. To understand how a tiny change in genetic structure could lead to such tragic consequences, we need to understand the molecular biology of the cell and, in particular, to pay attention to the pathways of growth regulation that are necessary in all mammalian cell populations. Errors in six key regulatory pathways are known as the ‘hallmarks of cancer’ and will be discussed in the rest of this chapter.
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29

Sieper, Joachim. Ankylosing spondylitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0113.

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Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the spine. It starts normally in the second decade of life and has a slight male predominance. The prevalence is between 0.2 and 0.8% and is strongly dependent on the prevalence of HLA B27 in a given population. For the diagnosis of AS, the presence of radiographic sacroiliitis is mandatory. However, radiographs do not detect active inflammation but only structural bony damage. Most recently new classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) have been developed by the Assessement of Spondylo-Arthritis international Society (ASAS) which cover AS but also the earlier form of non-radiographic axial SpA. MRI has become an important new tool for the detection of subchondral bone marrow inflammation in SIJ and spine and has become increasingly important for an early diagnosis. HLA B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis but its exact interaction with the immune system has not yet been clarified. Besides pain and stiffness in the axial skeleton patients suffer also from periods of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and uveitis. New bone formation as a reaction to inflammation and subsequent ankylosis of the spine determine long-term outcome in a subgroup of patients. Currently only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers have been proven to be effective in the medical treatment of axial SpA, and international ASAS recommendations for the structured management of axial SpA have been published based on these two types of drugs. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are not effective.
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30

Sieper, Joachim. Axial spondyloarthropathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0113_update_003.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the spine. It starts normally in the second decade of life and has a slight male predominance. The prevalence is between 0.2% and 0.8% and is strongly dependent on the prevalence of HLA-B27 in a given population. AxSpA can be split in patients with radiographic axSpA (also termed ankylosing spondylitis (AS)) and in patients with non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA). For the diagnosis of AS, the presence of radiographic sacroiliitis is mandatory. However, radiographs do not detect active inflammation but only structural bony damage. Most recently new classification criteria for axSpA have been developed by the Assessment of Spondylo-Arthritis International Society (ASAS) which cover AS but also the earlier form of nr-axSpA. MRI has become an important new tool for the detection of subchondral bone marrow inflammation in SIJ and spine and has become increasingly important for an early diagnosis. HLA-B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis but its exact interaction with the immune system has not yet been clarified. Besides pain and stiffness in the axial skeleton patients suffer also from periods of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and uveitis. New bone formation as a reaction to inflammation and subsequent ankylosis of the spine determine long-term outcome in a subgroup of patients. Currently only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers have been proven to be effective in the medical treatment of axial SpA, and international ASAS recommendations for the structured management of axial SpA have been published based on these two types of drugs. Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are not effective.
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31

Weller, Michael, Michael Brada, Tai-Tong Wong, and Michael A. Vogelbaum. Astrocytic tumours: diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, and gliomatosis cerebri. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0003.

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Astrocytic gliomas are primary brain tumours thought to originate from neural stem or progenitor cells. They are assigned grades II, III, or IV by the World Health Organization according to degree of malignancy as defined by histology. The following molecular markers are increasingly used for diagnostic subclassification or clinical decision-making: 1p/19q co-deletion status, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status, and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutation status. Extent of resection is a favourable prognostic factor, but surgery is never curative. Radiotherapy prolongs progression-free survival across all astrocytic glioma entities. Alkylating agent chemotherapy is an active treatment in particular for patients with MGMT promoter-methylated tumours. Anti-angiogenic therapies have failed to improve survival, and the current focus of major clinical trials is on novel targeted agents or on immunotherapy.
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32

Hellman, Samuel. Research. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650551.003.0004.

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Research is an integral part of the author’s academic life. His clinical research began with how best to combine surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy to increase tumor cure. Since these modalities had different mechanisms of action as well as different toxicities and limitations, combining them offered the potential of more effective and less morbid treatments. While he began these studies with Hodgkin and other lymphomas, breast cancer was a major emphasis throughout his career. Lymphoma treatment has improved greatly, resulting in marked increases in cure rates. Breast cancer treatment now is more efficacious, with a significant reduction in the extent of surgery and its resulting functional and aesthetic effects. The author was an active participant in these efforts internationally. With Ralph Weichselbaum’s group he has shown how metastases can be cured early in their evolution.
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33

Nikravan, Sara, and Frederick Mihm. Pathophysiology and management of functional endocrine tumours in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0264.

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Thyroid hormones act on most tissues via nuclear T3 receptors. Thyroid hormones stimulate oxygen consumption and heat production, influence cell growth and maturation (central nervous system, bone), and modulate metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, drugs). Treatment for presumed thyroid disease frequently has to be initiated before the results of diagnostic tests are available. Treatment of hyperthyroidism should result in the reduction of serum thyroid hormone levels and their action on peripheral tissues with concurrent treatment of the precipitating event. In severe hypothyroidism the choice of thyroid hormone (thyroxine or tri-iodothyronine), optimal dosing, and the route of administration remain controversial
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34

Rossor, Martin. Coma. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0749.

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Many pathological processes can be responsible for stupor or coma, for example, head injury, tumour, vascular and inflammatory lesions, and most commonly toxic and metabolic states which usually lead to unconsciousness primarily through their effect upon the brainstem. In the series of Plum and Posner (1980) of 500 cases of stupor or coma, initially of unknown aetiology, 101 proved to be due to supratentorial lesions probably producing their effects by indirect action upon the brainstem, 65 to subtentorial lesions, and 326 to diffuse or metabolic brain.
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35

Close, Frank. 8. Applied nuclear physics. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198718635.003.0008.

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Nuclear physics is a rich and active field. The large amounts of latent energy within the nuclei of atoms can be liberated in nuclear reactors. Together with nuclear weapons, this is the most familiar application of nuclear physics, but ‘Applied nuclear physics’ provides a summary of other applications to industry, medical science, and human health. The phenomenon of natural radioactivity provides beams of particles, which may be used to initiate other nuclear reactions, or to attack tumours in cancer treatment. Forensics via induced radioactivity, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are also described.
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36

Bran, Eduardo López. Estudio Del Melanoma B16 Trasplantado en Su Portador Singenico el Ratón 657Bl/6J. Inmunoterapia Es Pecífica Activa Polivalente en Dicho Tumor. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2005.

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37

Heidenreich, Axel. Testis cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0092.

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Testicular germ cell tumours represent the most common solid neoplasms in the age group of 20 to 40 years. These cancers have an excellent prognosis, with a 90% long-term survival rate due to well-established, interdisciplinary guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Independent on the clinical stage at time of diagnosis, treatment after orchidectomy is performed on an individual risk adapted approach. In clinical stage I seminoma, active surveillance is the recommended therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin remains an option in men not suitable for surveillance. Clinical stage IIA/B and IIC are treated by radiation therapy and by systemic chemotherapy following orchidectomy. Clinical stage I non-seminomas are either treated by active surveillance or by one cycle of adjuvant PEB chemotherapy. Clinical stages IIA-C and advanced stages of GCT are treated by 3-4 cycles of PEB chemotherapy depending on IGCCC risk profile. Relapsing cases should be treated at tertiary referral centres only.
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38

Okita, K. Hcv/Oxidative Stress and Liver Disease. Springer, 2013.

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39

Bawa, Sandeep, Paul Wordsworth, and Inoshi Atukorala. Spondyloarthropathies. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.010004.

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♦ Spondyloarthropathies are related conditions typically associated with axial skeletal involvement, absence of rheumatoid factor, familial clustering, and a variable positive association with HLA-B27♦ Ankylosing spondylitis is the prototype with sacroiliac joint involvement being a prerequisite for diagnosis♦ Diagnosis is frequently delayed for several years but the use of magnetic resonance imaging to detect sacroiliitis greatly facilitates the establishment of an early diagnosis♦ Psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis have prominent peripheral joint involvement with variable degrees of spinal involvement♦ Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and physical therapy are the cornerstones of management but slow-acting disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs only have a role in peripheral arthritis♦ Anti-tumour necrosis factor biologic agents have revolutionized the treatment of the spondyloarthropathies.
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40

Gordon-Williams, Richard M., and Anthony H. Dickenson. Pathophysiology of pain in cancer and other terminal illnesses. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0092.

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Cancer pain involves a myriad of peripheral changes in the function of tissue and nerves, at the site of the tumour growth, as well as a number of consequent changes in the processing of pain messages at the spinal cord level with implications for the pain experience at higher centres. This chapter reviews the changes in peripheral pain signalling, notes the likely prevalence of both inflammatory and neuropathic components, and describes the altered events at spinal levels that can come some way towards explaining ongoing pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynias that patients with cancer and other terminal illnesses such as HIV/AIDs experience. Finally, changes induced by cancer at the level of the brain are discussed. The mechanisms of action of therapies, both existing and potential novel approaches, are included at peripheral and central levels.
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41

Cooperberg, Matthew, and Peter Carroll. Prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0064.

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Management of prostate cancer remains controversial, in large part because of its wide heterogeneity in terms of aggressiveness and prognosis. Early detection efforts based on prostate specific antigen (PSA) and aggressive treatment of high-risk cancers have yielded major improvements in mortality rates, but overtreatment of low-risk cancers—those unlikely to cause symptoms or threaten life if they were never detected—is associated with high rates of avoidable toxicity and cost. Prostate cancer can be effectively risk-stratified based on tools (e.g. nomograms, CAPRA score) integrating the PSA level, Gleason grade, clinical stage, and extent of biopsy tissue involvement. Most men with low-risk tumours are eligible for active surveillance, a programme of careful monitoring based on PSA and follow-up biopsies. Men with higher-risk cancers are best served with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy.
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42

Freifeld, Alison G. An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0100.

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This chapter focuses on solid tumors and how they can be treated. Solid tumors, lymphomas, and leukemias represent a widely diverse array of cancers. Until recently, the general approach to treating all of them was to administer cytotoxic anticancer drugs that damage proliferating cells by interfering with mitosis and other essential steps in cellular replication. Localized solid tumors are largely treated by surgical resection and radiotherapy, with cytotoxic chemotherapy being commonly used adjunctively or in cases of metastatic disease. A major drawback of this approach has been the lack of specificity in that cytotoxic drugs will destroy actively dividing normal cells as well as malignant cells. The “shotgun approach” of using intensive cytotoxic chemotherapies has been the mainstay of cancer treatment for at least 6 decades. The chapter concludes that in addition to the tissue damage and immunomodulating effects of anticancer drugs, it should be remembered that cancers themselves may increase the chances for infection.
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43

Golan, Amos. Advanced Inference in the Real World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0006.

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In this chapter I continue the voyage into info-metrics in action, with an emphasis on more advanced info-metric inference in real-world environments. I develop a sequence of increasingly complex applications. In the first example, the maximum entropy method is extended for inferring interval information, with an application to weather data. The next example introduces additional conditional information into the constraints. It is a laboratory example, complemented with simulated data matched to observed population frequencies. The last example is the most complex, using surprisal analysis and Bayes’s rule to infer conditional probabilities from brain tumor data. In each problem the quantities whose entropy is maximized are identified and motivated. These examples demonstrate the power and generality of the info-metrics framework by showing that it allows inference in a variety of realistic settings.
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44

Pitt, Matthew. Needle EMG findings in different pathologies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0007.

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In this chapter, the inability of electromyography (EMG) to be able to further progress the diagnosis of myopathy on its own—requiring muscle biopsy and other modalities such as genetics to complete this process—is emphasized. The role of EMG particularly in the era of genetics is discussed. Findings in neurogenic abnormality are next described and the important hereditary conditions such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), distal SMA, Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome, segmental anterior horn cell disease, conditions with progressive bulbar palsy, SMARD1, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia with spinal muscle are discussed in detail. The differential diagnosis of 5q SMA type 1 is specifically outlined. Acquired forms of anterior horn disease, including Hirayama disease, poliomyelitis and enteropathic motor neuropathy, Hopkins syndrome, tumours, and vascular lesions are covered. There is discussion of the use of physiological tests to monitor progress in SMA, with tests including compound muscle action potential amplitude and motor unit number estimation. Finally, the important correlation between muscle biopsy and EMG is highlighted.
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45

Stevens, Philip, and Paul Dark. Ileus and obstruction in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0182.

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Obstruction is the commonest cause of acute intestinal failure in critical care. Management is dependent upon whether it is adynamic or mechanical in origin. Paralytic ileus is managed conservatively by correction of electrolyte disturbances, nutritional support, and minimization of enterostatic drug use. Pharmacological agents aimed at reducing sympathetic stimuli may be useful, although widespread application is limited due to anti-muscarinic side effects. Peripherally acting μ‎-opioid receptor antagonists, may have a role, although data in critical illness are lacking. Prokinetic agents have not been shown to reduce ileus in clinical trials. Colonoscopic decompression may be required when conservative management fails. Rarely, surgical decompression becomes necessary if ileus arises in the context of abdominal compartment syndrome. Mechanical obstruction is more likely to require surgery, although adhesional obstruction, responsible for 80% of small bowel obstruction, may settle within 7 days of conservative management. Large bowel obstruction is more commonly due to tumours, diverticular stricture, or volvulus, and more likely to require endoscopic or surgical intervention. The hallmark of obstruction is colic, characterized by an inability to settle, in contrast to the peritonitic patient who lies completely still. Peritonitis in the presence of obstruction indicates possible perforation or necrosis for which urgent operative intervention is required. Clinical features may be absent in sedated patients hence the index of suspicion should remain high in any critically-ill patient intolerant of enteral feeding.
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46

Morstyn, George, MaryAnn Foote, and Graham J. Lieschke. Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Oncology: Basic Science and Clinical Therapeutics. Humana Press, 2012.

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47

Morstyn, George, MaryAnn Foote, and Graham J. Lieschke. Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Oncology: Basic Science and Clinical Therapeutics. Humana Press, 2004.

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48

Dale, David C., Gary H. Lyman, and Gary Lyman. Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Oncology. Springer, 2012.

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49

Kiwamu, Okita, ed. HCV/oxidative stress and liver disease. Tokyo: Springer, 2003.

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50

Okita, K. HCV/Oxidative Stress and Liver Disease. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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