Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tumeurs – Métabolisme'
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Lonjon, Michel. "Exploration du métabolisme tumoral cérébral par microdialyse : étude expérimentale et clinique." Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE5688.
Full textLussey, Charlotte. "Apport de l'imagerie multimodale à l'étude de l'angiogenèse et du métabolisme des tumeurs liées aux mutations SDHB." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB151/document.
Full textPheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PCC/PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumours that arise from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia respectively. Around 15% of PCC are malignant. SDHB mutations are associated with malignancy and poor prognosis. SDH deficiency leads to succinate accumulation that induces a cellular pseudohypoxic phenotype, promoting in particular VEGF and GLUT-1 expression and increasing angiogenesis and glucose metabolism. The high malignancy hazard associated with SDHB and the absence of curative treatment of metastatic forms of the disease make it essential to develop a mouse model for preclinical trials launching. The quest for a predisposed mouse model of Sdhb-deficient tumors being unsuccessful, Sdhb-/- and wild-type (WT) immortalized mouse chromaffin cells previously generated in the laboratory were propagated in the fat pad of NMRI nude mice, thereby providing the first pattern of Sdhb- deficient tumors. These mice were compared to a control group receiving non-mutated imCC (WT) and characterization was performed in vivo by multimodality imaging. Optical imaging assessing the tumor angiogenesis with Angiostamp®, an RGD fluorescent peptide, found an increased expression of integrins αvβ3 in the Sdhb-/- group 12 h after tracer injection. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) showed an overall tumor enhancement significantly higher in the Sdhb-/- model secondary to an increase of the tumor blood flow (F) and of the intratumoral capillary volume fraction (Vb) (compartmental analysis using PhysioD3D software). Metabolic imaging assessed by 18FDG-PET confirmed the expected high glucose consumption by Sdhb-/- tumors. Finally, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) detected succinate accumulation in Sdhb-/- tumors and not in WT tumors. This result was confirmed by mass spectrometry and this innovative procedure for in vivo detection of succinate was translated into patients suffering from PCC/PGL. A succinate peak was specifically observed in SDHx-related PCC/PGL patients. In conclusion, these results show strong differences between Sdhb-/- and WT allografts and suggest that preclinical therapeutic studies could be implemented in this unique model of Sdhb-deficient tumour. Our noninvasive, highly sensitive and specific method allowing in vivo detection of succinate, the major biomarker of SDHx-mutated tumors was translated into clinical imaging
Bessière, Laurianne. "Exploration génomique et fonctionnelle des tumeurs des cellules de la granulosa ovarienne." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC308.
Full textFemale gametes consist of an oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells. These can form ovarial granulosa cells tumors (GCT). Two types of tumors are described: the adult form (95% of cases AGCT) or juvenile (JGCT). The AGCTs feature a FOXL2 mutation p. C134W, found in 95% o cases; no genetic marker is set for JGCTs. My PhD work was divided into two areas, according to the two types of tumors. The first was th search for a common genetic marker to JGCTs. We used a global approach to characterize th tumors and candidate genes approach, oriented towards the PI3K / AKT / mTOR pathway. W identified duplications in phase in the AKT1 protein in 60% of our samples. We they characterized the mutant proteins of AKT1: they are enriched in the membrane, under hyper phosphorylated and hyper-active form and give cells a shaggy membrane phenotype. We have also found point mutations, different from one tumor to another. The activity of these mutation remains to be characterized, as it is unclear why the found duplications are specific JGCTs. The second focus of the work was to better understand the mechanisms of action of the C134V mutation FOXL2. We have created a cell- tool containing a copy of our gene of interest unde wild or mutated form, at a specific and unchanging locus. The objective is to determine if tht mutation C134W influences the binding of the protein to DNA or affect the interaction witl partners
Bergeaud, Marie. "Etude de la nature et du rôle de l'interaction de la protéine suppresseur de tumeurs p53 avec la mitochondrie." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0032.
Full textThe p53 tumor suppressor protein is found inactivated in most human cancers. Currently, there is increasing evidence for a role of p53 in metabolism regulation notably in proliferative cells exposed or not to low stress. These p53’s activities could be of major importance on p53 oncosuppressive function. We present evidence, that p53 is localized in mitochondria, in primary and tumor human and rodent cells in unstressed condition. More precisely, p53 localizes on the surface of mitochondria but also in the inter-membrane space and matrix. Furthermore this protein is mostly soluble or weakly bound to mitochondria membranes. Interestingly, we found that p53 interacts, either directly or indirectly, with a matrix protein named OSCP a subunit of F1F0-ATP synthase complex. In order to precise p53 direct role at mitochondria, we have established stably expressing cells with a matrix or inter-membrane space mitochondria-targeted p53 protein and we have investigated the effects of p53 on mitochondrial physiology. We have given rise that cells expressing matrix p53 produced less reactive oxygen species than p53 null cells. It seems that matrix localized p53 could also promote mitochondrial respiration, increase mitochondrial ATP production and favour formation of complex IV and V of OXPHOS. Conversely inter-membrane space localized p53 doesn’t seem to be implicated in these different process. Interestingly, matrix p53 interacts with OSCP, this interaction is not found when p53 localized in inter-membrane space. Taken together, our results indicate that p53 protein could have an important role in regulating mitochondrial physiology in proliferative conditions
François, Charlotte. "Rôles respectifs des oestrogènes et des gonadotropines sur la pathogenèse des tumeurs ovariennes de la granulosa et sur l'activité de l'ovaire avant la puberté." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC059.
Full textThe granulosa cell tumors are rare and aggressive. Recurrences may appear more than 10 years after the removal of the primary tumor, causing the death of 80% of patients. This disease is accompanied by hyperestrogenism in 70% of cases. The first part of my thesis shows that E2 limit spreading of metastases from granulosa cell tumors. Indeed, in vitro studies on cell lines-derived from a primary tumor of human granulosa (C0V434) or from metastases (KGN) highlight that E2 did not affect their proliferation, but significantly reduces the capacity of migration and invasion of KGN cells. This effect is caused by a rapid non-genomic mechanism that inhibits the activity of ERK1 / 2 via the GPER receptor (François et al. , 2015). The "mini-puberty", present in mammals after birth, is characterized by very high amounts of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and E2. This early activation of the hypothalamic—pituitary—gonadal axis occurs at a time when the ovary contains growing follicles. The second part of my thesis shows that high levels of FSH in infantile period are essential to optimize the production of E2 by the follicles white blocking their growth and protecting them from premature maturation. Indeed, in vivo and ex vivo studies highlight that high concentrations of FSH provide significant production of E2 by increasing the expression of aromatase, but that they have no more action on the induction of the expression of cyclin D2, a key factor in the proliferation of granulosa cells (François et al. , in preparation)
Gadéa-Deschamps, Émilie. "Impact de la chimiothérapie sur le métabolisme énergétique des patientes atteintes d'un cancer du sein non métastatique : Mécanismes impliqués et conséquences métaboliques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF1MM04.
Full textToday, women face two strong epidemiological trends: a steady increase in the incidence of obesity, and an increase in the incidence of breast cancer. French women over the age of 50 face these two major public health problems, with postmenopausal obesity increasing the risk of breast cancer by 30 to 50%. Nevertheless, thanks to advances in screening and therapies, mortality is decreasing, and the number of women who have received treatment for breast cancer is increasing.Chemotherapy treatments have many side effects, including a significant change in weight during treatment (gain or loss) that seems to persist over time. Whether it is gain or loss, such weight variation has been associated with poor prognosis for these patients. Since data come mainly from American cohorts with a higher BMI than a European population, the Jean Perrin Center conducted a retrospective study to verify these results in a French population (Thivat et al., 2010). This study first confirmed that a high BMI at the time of diagnosis was associated with a poor prognosis. In addition, the weight change observed during chemotherapy treatment (gain and loss ≥5% of initial weight) was associated with a significant increase in the risk of relapse and death. Nevertheless, the causes of this weight variation and the mechanisms involved in this poor prognosis are still insufficiently understood. The objective of this work is to characterize the variation of weight in terms of body composition and to study the factors of the energy balance responsible for these variations. Biological factors associated with the change in body composition, potentially implicated in the poor prognosis, are also studied. The first chapter consists in a bibliographic review describing the pathology of breast cancer (Part I), the changes in energy metabolism following chemotherapy treatment (Part II), the role of brown adipose tissue in the regulation of energy metabolism (Part III) and finally, the impact of changes in energy metabolism on patient health (Part IV). In the second chapter the results of the studies carried out are presented. The first study, still in progress, is presented as a report, while the next two are in article form. A general discussion of all the results identifies the research perspectives to be considered in order to follow up on this work
Pham, Minh Hien. "Etudes sur le métabolisme de l'acide flavone-8-acétique (FAA), un composé à visée antivasculaire antitumorale." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05P631.
Full textFlavone-8-acetic acid (FAA) was shown to be very active against solid tumours in the mouse, but was not active in man. Because metabolism could be responsible for this interspecies difference, our aim was to compare FAA metabolism in mouse and man. We showed that FAA is metabolized into 6 new metabolites using mouse microsomes. Compared with human microsomes, FAA was a better substrate for mouse microsomes and yielded more metabolites. Several cytochrome P450s and epoxide hydrolase were identified in FAA metabolism in vitro. Several metabolites were also identified in vivo in the mouse. In vitro, biological results of major FAA metabolites suggest that FAA metabolism could be involved in the marked difference in anticancer activity observed between the two species
Dayot, Stéphanie. "Rôle antitumoral de l'orexine A et des ligands biaisés dans les cancers digestifs : Impact sur le trafic intracellulaire d'OX1R." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC301.
Full textOrexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides, which have two isoforms, A and B (OxA and OxB, respectively). They interact with two G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes, OX1R and OX2R. Once activated, these two receptors induce the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ via the Gq protein. In the team, where I began my PhD, it was clearly show that the orexins/OX1R system had anti-tumor properties in some cancers including colon cancer (Voisin et al., 2011). It has been showed that OxA but also OxB induce mitochondrial apoptosis via OX1R. These results mean that the orexins/OX1R system represents a potential target in the treatment of colon cancer.My first objective was to study the role of orexins and in particular OxA on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in human. This work showed that OX1R was expressed in 96% of PDACs tested. In addition, I have shown that OX1R is expressed early in pre-cancerous lesions (PanIN). I have demonstrated that the PDAC-derived human cell line, the AsPC-1 line, expressed OX1R, and that OxA was able to induce mitochondrial apoptosis comparable to that observed in colon cancers (Voisin et al. 2011). Finally, suprisingly, my results show that almorexant, a DORA antagonist, has antitumor properties identical to OxA, the natural agonist of OX1R. The unexpected results of the almorexant with regard to its anti-tumor properties challenged me and thus determined the axis of my second objective. So I wanted to know if this effect was only related to the PDAC or if it was more widely effective in other cancers in particular colon cancer. For this, I studied the effect of almorexant in cell lines derived from human colon adenocarcinoma, lines HT-29 and LoVo. In addition, in collaboration with B. Robert's group (CRCM, INSERM U1194, Montpellier)we have developed, by a "phage display" strategy, an agonist antibody that mimicked the effects of OxA on the same cancer cells. My third objective was to study the phenomena of OX1R internalization under the action of OxA and its intracellular traffick by confocal microscopy and images analysis approaches. Indeed, so far, little or nothing is known. Several vesicle markers associated with the internalization of proteins have been used. Of course, in view of the almorexant unexpected effects, it seemed important for me to study its impact on the regulation.To conclude, the OX1 receptor is a potential target for the therapeutic treatment of human adenocarcinoma of the colon and pancreas. In addition, the demonstration that almorexant and the C2 antibody mimic the proapoptotic and antitumor effects of OxA, represents a very good alternative to the natural peptide whose disadvantages in terms of stability and administration may represent a brake in its possible therapeutic use. In addition, the membrane expression of the OX1 receptor within the cell and its fate is different depending on the ligand. These data are therefore of interest for a therapeutic point of view because the almorexant as the antibody C2 allow the OX1 receptor to stay expressed on the cell surface and thus to be available for its proapoptotic activity
Rémy, Chantal. "Intérêt de la spectroscopie RMN pour l'étude in vivo du métabolisme cérébral dans le cas de pathologies globales et localisées." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10110.
Full textBerthe, Julie. "Rôle de la protéine immuno-régulatrice PD-L1 sur le métabolisme des cellules tumorales." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S006.
Full textEvolving to a neoplastic state, normal cells acquire many characteristics; indeed, tumor cells follow abnormal metabolic pathways and exhibit the ability to avoid immune destruction, partly by exploiting immune checkpoints. Many of these are currently under clinical investigation for new cancer treatments, notably the PD-1/PD-L1 axis.Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) molecule belongs to the B7 immunoregulatory proteins family and was originally described as mediating tumor immuno-escape through interaction with its receptor PD-1 on T cells. Associated with poor cancer outcome, aberrant PD-L1 expression has been observed in hematologic malignancies and in multiple solid tumor types. Actually, this protein has been shown to regulate tumor cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy through apoptosis inhibition, without interacting with PD-1. However, cellular mechanisms modulated by PD-L1 and involved in these functions are still unclear. Abnormal metabolic pathways are known for contributing to tumor growth and therapy resistance; therefore, the objective of my PhD thesis was to investigate the impact of PD-L1 in breast cancer cell metabolic reprogramming.Using genome editing, we knocked-out the CD274 gene encoding PD-L1 in breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and investigated metabolic functions after PD-L1 overexpression in the same cells. We observed that PD-L1 induces a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, indicating this molecule promotes the Warburg effect in these tumor cells. To validate PD-L1 metabolic reprogramming, we performed metabolomic profiling that highlighted significantly increased levels of glycolysis intermediated such as F6P, F1,6P, GAP, DHAP, PEP and pyruvate in PD-L1-expressing cells, confirming our latter results. Moreover, in agreement with an increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, transcriptomic study suggested that PD-L1 represses NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway, especially NQO2, GSTM3 and ABCC2 genes. Furthermore, in silico analysis of breast cancer patients databases highlighted a correlation between PD-L1/CD274 gene and oxidative stress gene signature (GSTM3; CYBB) or glucose transporters genes (SLC2A1; SLC2A3) expressions, supporting our results. Besides, glucose is mostly used by cancer cells to favor biosynthesis of diverse biomolecules required for cellular proliferation; the above results could explain our human breast cancer cells xenograft experiments in Nude mice demonstrating that PD-L1 increases tumoreginicity.Thus, the work presented in this thesis evidences novel PD-L1 intrinsic tumor-promoting functions, suggesting that therapeutic agents inhibiting these mechanisms would be promising for breast cancer treatment
Bouvard, Claire. "Rôle de la sous-unité d'intégrine alpha6 dans l'angiogènese et la vasculogènese." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077062.
Full textIn tumors or after the obstruction of an artery, ischemic tissues secrete growth factors to promote their revascularization. Integrins α6ß1 and α6ß4 are receptors for laminin, the major component of the endothelial basement membrane. We studied the role of α6 in neovessel formation. Tie2-dependent α6 gene deletion (using the cre-lox System) reduced the reperfusion and the revascularization of the ischemic leg in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia, due to a decreased angiogenesis, a decreased recruitment of proangiogenic Tie2-expressing macrophages and decreased endothelial progenitors fonctions. Indeed, α6 expression at the surface on endothelial progenitors is important for their adhesion and migration on laminin containing substrates. Consequently, endothelial progenitor lacking 016 displayed reduced mobilization from the bone marrow and recruitment at the site of ischemia was reduced. We also demonstrated that Tie-2 dependent α6 deletion reduces tumor growth and vascularization, with a decreased recruitment of Tie2-expressing macrophages
Iankova, Irena. "Régulation de PPARγ et son implication dans le métabolisme et le cancer." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T025.
Full textRobert, Olivier. "RMN et extraits tissulaires cérébraux : RMN du proton et gradation des tumeurs cérébrales primitives humaines, RMN du proton et modifications métaboliques chez les brebis atteintes de tremblante, RMN du fluor et métabolisme du 5-fluorouracile dans les tumeurs gliales chez le rat." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30177.
Full textIn this manuscript we used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy () in vitro for the study of brain samples in three different cases. The first part, which forms the principal work of this manuscript, consists of the analysis of human cerebral tissue extracts by 1H NMR. We established metabolic profiles, characteristic of cerebral pathologies. In the second part, we used 1H-NMR to compare brain extracts of healthy and scrapie sheeps. In this case, we also established metabolic profiles for this pathology in two brain areas. In the last part, we used 19F-NMR for the study of 5-fluorouracile (5-FU) metabolisation in experimental rat gliomas
Bousseau, Simon. "Implication de la phostine 3.1a sur l’angiogenèse, le métabolisme endothélial et les pathologies associées." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0029/document.
Full textActual anti-angiogenic therapies are limited, and targeting endothelial metabolism is a new promising strategy. One of the lead compound of the Phostin family, PST 3.1a has anti-glioblastoma properties both in vitro and in vivo. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of PST3.1a on angiogenesis and endothelial metabolism. Angiogenesis is a complex process describing the growth of new blood vessels from existing vasculature, triggered by local pro-angiogenic factors such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Angiogenesis takes part in various pathological conditions and particularly in tumor growth. PST 3.1a (10 μM) inhibited the main steps leading to angiogenesis in vitro including migration, proliferation, adhesion and tube formation. PST 3.1a also reduced physiological angiogenesis in both mice and zebrafish models, and pathological angiogenesis and glioblastoma progression in vivo. In addition, our results highlight the alteration of the interaction between VEGF receptor 2 and galectin-1, a binding known as a key component of the regulation of angiogenesis associated to tumor resistance.These results provide a new route towards an innovative and original approach to target angiogenesis related diseases, including cancer
Robil, Noemie. "Recherche d'antigènes spécifiques de tumeurs et analyse des cellules souches de glioblastomes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ057/document.
Full textGlioblastoma are the most common and aggressive nervous system tumors. With a median overall survival smaller than 2 years, usual therapies remain inefficient. This failure could be explained in part by the existence of cancer stem cells. These cells share several properties with stem cells which make them resistant to glioblastoma treatments. This is why it is important to identify and target them to suppress the whole tumor.The goal of this thesis work is to identify glioblastoma stem cells (gCSCs) biomarkers. To this end, we first developed a global method predicting cancer antigens from microarray data. Then, by studying gCSCs we identified several putative biomarkers and generated insights concerning the calcium signals which are deregulated in numerous cancers
Exner, Cécile. "Hyperaldostéronisme primaire par adénome de Conn et normotension : à propos d'un cas." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M061.
Full textBouzier-Sore, Anne-Karine. "Etude par RMN du 13 C du métabolisme de la cellule C6 et du cerveau de rat sain ou porteur d'un gliome." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28735.
Full textAndré, Fanny. "Influence du métabolisme mitochondrial dans la survie et la mort des cellules tumorales : intérêt du ciblage mitochondrial pour le traitement des cancers." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S001/document.
Full textMitochondria occupies a key role in cancer cells. As the main source of ATP synthesis and the site of anabolic and catabolic reactions, mitochondria support tumor development. Besides, mitochondria are also involved in the response to cellular stress regulating autophagy or cancer cell death.In this context, we have demonstrated that mitochondrial function may alter the ER stress response thus promoting tumor cell survival. Indeed, overexpression of the Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper protein (GILZ) protein attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated cell death. This is achieved by maintaining the mitochondrial network and the increase of mitochondrial function. In this study, we demonstrated that maintaining mitochondrial function is important for the protective effect of GILZ since using melanoma cell lines lacking mitochondrial activity (ρ0 cell lines) and overexpressing GILZ are susceptible to death induced by reticular stress inducers. Our studies have also shown that the increase of mitochondrial function induced by GILZ can be used to re-sensitize the cancer cells to death induced by prooxidant molecules as elesclomol.In another tumoral context, we have also demonstrated that a sub-population of BRAF mutated melanoma cells can increase mitochondrial metabolism to survive to ER stress-mediated cell death induced by several MAPK inhibitors. Resistance to MPAki involves a significant increase in mitochondrial OXPHOS associated with mitochondrial network remodeling around the ER, which facilitates mitochondrial calcium uptake. Our results have shown that mitochondrial function is crucial for the survival of cancer cells. Altogether our data indicate that given their multiple cellular roles, cancer cell mitochondria constitute attractive therapeutic targets
Tournel, Gilles. "Analyse du profil d'expression des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme et le transport des xénobiotiques dans les tissus broncho-pulmonaires humains : identification d'un polymorphisme génétique du cytochrome P450CYP2F1." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S049.
Full textSoues, Sylvie. "Etude des mécanismes de résistance cellulaire sélectionnés in vitro sous l'action combinée de deux agents antitumoraux." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30132.
Full textNlend, Tjomb Albert. "Une thrombose veineuse profonde révélatrice d'un glucagonome pancréatique." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M188.
Full textSchumacher, Yoann. "Régulations et fonctions biologiques du co-activateur transcriptionnel CRTC1 dans l'épithélium colique : implication dans l'expression de gènes pro-tumoraux en réponse aux PGE2." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077158.
Full textFirst identified as a dedicated CREB co-activator, CRTC1 has been widely implicated in varions neuronal functions due to its predominant expression in the brain. However, recent evidences converge to indicate that CRTC1 is aberrantly activated in an expanding number of adult malignancies. In this study, we provide strong evidences of enhanced CRTC1 protein content and transcriptional activity in mouse models of sporadic (APCmin/+ mice) or colitis¬associated colon cancer (AOM/DSS treated mice), and in human colorectal tumors specimens compared with adjacent normal mucosa. Among signals that could activate CRTC1 during colonie carcinogenesis, we demonstrate that treatment with COX2 inhibitors reduced nuclear active CRTC1 levels in colonie tumors of APCmin/+ or AOM/DSS mice. In accordance, PGE2 exposure to human colon cancer cell lines promoted CRTC1 dephosphorylation and parallel nuclear translocation, resulting in enhanced CRTCI transcriptional activity, through EP I and EP2 receptors signaling and consecutive calcineurin and PKA activation. Identification of the transcriptional program triggered by enhanced CRTC1 expression during colonie carcinogenesis, revealed some notable pro-tumorigenic CRTCI target genes including NR4A2, COX2, AREG and IL-6. Finally, we demonstrate that COX2, AREG and IL-6 promoter activities triggered by CRTCI are dependent on functional API and CREB transcriptional partners. Overall, our study establishes CRTC1 as new mediator of PGE2 signaling, unravels the role of its dysregulation in colon cancer and strengthens its use as a bona fide cancer marker
Masliah-Planchon, Julien. "Complexe SWI/SNF et cancer _ Altérations génétiques et anomalies métaboliques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS112/document.
Full textNearly 20 years ago, the demonstration of truncated bi-allelic mutations in the SMARCB1 gene in rhabdoid tumors established the first demonstration of alterations in the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex in oncology. Since then, the advent of high-throughput molecular analysis techniques applied to oncology has shown that alterations in other genes of the SWI/SNF complex are present in a wide variety of cancers. Through the presentation of several types of SWI/SNF deficient tumors and our models of rhabdoid tumors, we show that the loss of SMARCB1 is associated with an increase of the serine biosynthesis pathway and the downstream metabolic pathways important for oncogenesis.These results could lead to a therapeutic option for rhabdoid tumors or, more generally, for other models of SWI/SNF-deficient tumors. Finally, the prospect of these metabolic changes with the epigenetic alterations observed in SWI / SNF deficient tumors may be relevant to continue to deepen our knowledge of these tumors
Misticone, Stanislas. "Mécanismes post-traductionnels contrôlant la conformation, la localisation et la signalisation du suppresseur de tumeurs PTEN." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC151.
Full textPTEN restrains the PI3K/Akt pathway through its activity against PIP3 and regulates numerous cellular functions. Alterations of mechanisms that control PTEN expression and function are observed in cancers. Molecular definition of how these mechanisms go awry is essential to understand PTEN downregulation in cancers. We developped an intromolecular BRET biosensor to follow dynamic PTEN conformationnal change. Changes in BRET indicating conformational rearrangement were observed following mutations that disrupt intramolecular PTEN interaction and also following signal-dependent PTEN activation. The biosensor thus represents a new tool to probe dynamic PTEN functional change in live cells. The PTEN gene is targeted by numerous missense mutations in cancers. We investigated the changes associated with a mutation of the lysine 254 localized inside of a PTEN SUMOylation site. The K254E mutant abrogates SUMOylation and provokes a conformational switch in PTEN. This results in increased PTEN polyubiquitination, which reduces PTEN stability, but also augments its nuclear accumulation through enhanced monoubiquitination. PTEN K254E displays defective plasma membrane-targeting resulting in loss of capacity to inhibit the PI3K/Akt pathway and cellular proliferation, despite displaying intact catalytic activity in vitro. Our results show how a non-catalytic mutant can alter PTEN function by impacting PTEN conformation, post-translational modification and subcellular localisation
Mrad, Marguerite. "Etude des altérations du métabolisme de la sphingosine-1-phosphate dans le mélanome cutané : rôle sur l'infiltration et la polarisation des macrophages associés aux tumeurs." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30215/document.
Full textMelanoma infiltration by macrophages (TAM) is often correlated with poor prognosis. However, the mechanisms that regulate the recruitment and function of these cells remain poorly understood. Recent studies have shown a major role of tumor sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), the enzyme that produces sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in tumor stroma remodeling. The aim of this project was to investigate the role of tumor SK1 on the inflammatory microenvironment, particularly macrophages, during the development of melanoma. In vitro, we showed that the inhibition of SK1 in melanoma cells: 1) blocks macrophage migration. Conversely, overexpression of this kinase in tumor cells stimulates the migration of inflammatory cells. This effect is dependent on S1P binding to its receptors (S1PR) on the macrophage surface; 2) reduces the secretion of TGF-ß and 3) stimulates macrophage differentiation towards an antitumor M1 phenotype. The latter phenomenon does not depend on S1P nor S1PRs, but on the secretion of TGF-ß by tumor cells. Indeed, macrophage differentiation can be reversed by adding recombinant TGF-ß in the tumor cell-conditioned medium. In vivo, our results showed that orthotopic injection, i.e. intradermal, of murine melanoma cells invalidated for SK1 in C57BL / 6 syngenic mice was associated with a reduction in tumor growth compared to mice having received control melanoma cells. Furthermore, the invalidation of tumor SK1 leads to a significant increase in the expression of anti-tumor cytokines and a Th1 polarization within the tumor. This phenomenon is accompanied by a reduction in the percentage of CD206+MHCIIlow M2 macrophages, and conversely, an increase in the percentage of M1 macrophages CD206-MHCIIhigh as well as CD4+ and CD8+ cells infiltrated into the tumor. These results suggest a key role of tumor SK1 in the recruitment of macrophages and their polarization in melanoma. Thus, the axis SK1 / TGF-ß could be a promising therapeutic target in controlling the growth of this tumor
Gueddari, Nai͏̈ma. "Mise en évidence et expression du récepteur aux LDL dans des lignées tumorales humaines : étude de sa régulation dans la lignée d'adénocarcinome pulmonaire A549." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30160.
Full textLe, Goff Jean-Marc. "Contenu et métabolisme des C-19 A⁵-stéroïdes dans les tumeurs mammaires Shionogi (androgeno-dépendantes ou-indépendantes) : hypothèse d'adaptation enzymatique de cancers hormono-regules lors de la castration." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33553.
Full textMontréal Trigonix inc. 2018
Deneubourg, Laurence. "Etude du rôle potentiel de SHIP2 et PTEN dans un modèle de tumeurs stromales gatrointestinales (GIST), les souris KitK641E." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209764.
Full textLe but de ce travail de thèse a été de mettre en évidence un rôle potentiel de SHIP2 et/ou PTEN dans un modèle murin de tumeurs stromales gastro-intestinales (GIST) ;ce modèle exprime une forme constitutivement active du récepteur tyrosine kinase Kit muté sur l’acide aminé 641. Les souris qui ont été générées par le groupe du Dr Brian Rubin (Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland) sont dénommées, les souris KitK641E.
La caractérisation des souris KitK641E nous a permis de montrer que SHIP2 et PTEN étaient exprimés dans les cellules Kit positives, les cellules de Cajal et qu’ils semblaient régulés de façons différentes.
En effet, nous avons pu mettre en évidence une augmentation de l’expression de PTEN dans l’antre gastrique des souris KitK641E homozygotes. Cette augmentation d’expression a également été observée dans l’antre gastrique de souris double transgéniques KitK641E x PTEN+/- alors que l’expression de PTEN dans le foie, un tissu n’exprimant pas de cellules Kit positives, était bien diminuée. Des expériences de PCR quantitative ont également permis de montrer que cette augmentation d’expression de PTEN ne provenait pas d’une augmentation du taux d’ARNm mais qu’elle se situait plutôt au niveau post-traductionnel. Ces données nous permettent de conclure que l’augmentation d’expression de PTEN dans les cellules Kit positives des souris KitK641E homozygotes est influencée par l’activation constitutive du récepteur Kit.
A l’inverse, l’expression de SHIP2 dans les cellules Kit positives n’a pu être mise en évidence qu’après activation constitutive du récepteur Kit. En parallèle, l’étude des voies de signalisation dépendantes du récepteur Kit nous ont permis de montrer que la phosphorylation de PKB ne semblait pas être affectée et que ce serait plutôt la voie des MAPK kinases qui interviendrait dans ce modèle.
Nous avons également observé la localisation subcellulaire de SHIP2 et de PTEN en utilisant un modèle cellulaire de cellules GIST882 (cellules dérivées d’un GIST humain portant la mutation correspondante à notre modèle murin). Dans ce modèle, PTEN est principalement localisé dans le noyau alors que SHIP2 est localisé à la fois au sein du noyau et du cytoplasme. Ce modèle nous a également permis de montrer que la forme phosphorylée sur tyrosine de SHIP2 (Y1135) était localisée dans le noyau et qu’elle était modulée en fonction du cycle cellulaire.
En conclusion, ces travaux ont permis de montrer que dans le modèle de souris KitK641E, SHIP2 et PTEN étaient localisés au sein des cellules Kit positives et qu’ils étaient modulés par des mécanismes différents. L’augmentation d’expression de PTEN observée dans les souris KitK641E homozygotes pourrait constituer un mécanisme de rétrocontrôle négatif afin de modifier l’impact de voies de signalisation en aval du récepteur Kit dans ce modèle oncogénique.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Jonckheere, Nicolas. "Régulation des gènes de mucines humaines et murines par le TGF-β et par les facteurs de transcription impliqués dans la différenciation gastro-intestinale." Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL2S027.
Full textDuring my thesis, We focused on the regulation of epithelial mucin genes and especially that of MUC4, which is a transmembrane glycoprotein and the ligand of oncogene ErbB2. MUC4 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer whereas it is not expressed in normal pancreas. Using transient transfection, RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, gel-shift and immunohistochemistry, we showed that TGF-b upregulates the expression of MUC4 both at the mRNA and protein levels in well-differentiated pancreatic cancer cells. The activation goes through Smad2/Smad4 pathway with translocation of Smad4 in the nucleus where it binds directly to Smad binding elements present throughout both promoters of MUC4. When the Smad pathway is inactive, TGF-b is able to activate MUC4 via MAPK, PKC and PI3K signaling pathways. In undifferentiated pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1, which do not express MUC4, we have shown that MUC4 expression is repressed by histone deacetylation. We also studied MUC2 (main mucin gene expressed in the intestine) and MUC4 regulation by HNF-1/-3/-4, GATA-4/-5/-6 and Cdx-1/-2 transcription factors that are involved in cytodifferentiation in organs derived from primitive gut (respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts). These two genes are expressed very early during fetal development before the mucus-secreting cell cytodifferentiation has started (MUC4 at 6. 5 weeks and MUC2 at 10 weeks of development). We showed that MUC4 is a target gene of these transcription factors. The regulation is cell-specific and depends on the state of cellular differentiation. Moreover, we showed that Cdx-1 and Cdx-2 up-regulates MUC2 mucin gene expression in gastric and colonic carcinoma cells. We have also isolated, characterized and studied the regulation of the 5'-flanking region of mouse mucin genes Muc5b and Muc5ac in order to develop new tools for future study in animal models. We have shown that TGF-b induces Muc5ac expression and that Smad4 and Sp1 transcription factors act in a cooperative manner to up-regulate Muc5ac transcription. Human and mouse promoters of MUC5B mucin genes are very conserved (67. 5 %) in their proximal part. We have shown that Muc5b is regulated by Sp1 and USF-1, two ubiquitous factors, and by TTF-1/Nkx2. 1 and GATA-4/-5/-6 transcription factors involved in respiratory tract differentiation and lung morphogenesis
D'Almeida, Sénan. "Rôle de l’éctonucléotidase CD39 dans l’acquisition d’un phénotype immunorégulateur par les macrophages associés aux tumeurs." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0006/document.
Full textTumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are immunosuppressive cells that can massively accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (ME). In patients with ovarian cancer (OC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), their density is correlated with poor prognosis. Targeting mediators that control the recruitment or the polarization of immunoregulatory macrophages (M ) represents therapeutic challenge to overcome tumor-associated immunosuppression. The ectonucleotidase CD39 hydrolyzes ATP into extracellular adenosine that exhibits potent immunosuppressive properties. We report here thatCD14+CD163+ TAM isolated from OC patients and Mgenerated in vitro with M-CSF, express high levels of the membrane ectonucleotidase CD39 compared to classically activated M . CD39 blockade diminished some of the immunosuppressive functions ofCD163+CD39hugh, such as IL-10 secretion. We identified the cytokine IL-27, secreted by tumorin-filtrating neutrophils, located close to infiltratingCD163+ M , as a major rheostat of CD39 expression and consequently, on the acquisition of immunoregulatory properties by macrophages. Accordingly, the depletion of IL-27 down-regulatedCD39, PD-L1 expression as well as IL-10 secretion byM-CSF-M . In parallel, we showed that pleural effusion of MPM induced monocytes migration via CCL2, the polarization of monocytes into CD163+ and induced protection to tumor cell death after chemotherapeutic treatments. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting the recruitment (CCL2) or molecules that maintain the immunosuppressive phenotype of TAM(CD39, drived by IL-27 and M-CSFR ligands) could give substantial benefit to the treatment of some solid tumors
Abitbol, Shirley. "Etude du rôle de l'Axine1 dans la physiopathologie hépathique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC043.
Full textHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primitive liver cancer and represents the second cause of cancer death worldwide. It is a heterogeneous tumor both on the histological level and molecular level. TheWnt/β-catenin pathway is the most frequently pathway deregulated in HCC. Furthermore, AXIN1 is ascaffolding protein, initially identified as the limiting factor of the β-catenin degradation complex. Until nowgenomics studies placed the AXIN1-mutated tumors and those mutated for β-catenin (CTNNB1) in the same group of tumors activated for this pathway. However, CTNNB1 tumors form a sub-group of nonsteatosic, cholestatic, chromosomally stable tumors with a better prognosis, whereas, on the other hand, AXIN1-mutated tumors are genetically unstable, steatosic and associated with a poor prognosis. The objective of my thesis project was to elucidate this contradiction by studying the human databases of HCCand by developing a murine model of constitutive or inducible hepatic invalidation of AXIN1. Firstly, the study of two cohorts of human HCC characterized by their transcriptomic expression profile as wellas by their genetic mutations allowed us to show that the majority of AXIN1 mutated HCC do not express aCTNNB1 program whereas more than 80% of CTNNB1 mutated HCC strongly express this program. Then, we developed two murine models inactivated for AXIN1 in the liver. These models spontaneously developprimitive liver cancer in 40% of cases. In vivo studies of these models confirm the absence of induction of targetgenes of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway both at early times and in the tumors induced by the loss of Axin1. Our data allowed us to confirm that AXIN1 is a tumor suppressor gene which deletion requires the involvementof other oncogenic molecular pathways to induce tumorigenesis. We defined a common signature of 329 genes,in human and murine HCC, significantly enriched in genes of Notch and YAP pathways. Lastly, thecholesterol/mevalonate pathway is also activated in livers inactivated for Axin1, prior to tumoral development. Thus, at the time of personalized medicine, these results could lead to therapeutic directions adaptated to the type of mutation, in particular for AXIN1-mutated HCC
Paolini, Léa. "Impact de l’acide lactique sur le phénotype et le métabolisme des macrophages humains." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0036.
Full textIn established tumors, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) orchestrate unresolving cancer-related inflammation (M1-related properties) and favor tumor development, metastasis and angiogenesis (M2-like properties). However, to date, the nature of the polarization factor(s) able to confer M1 and M2 functional properties to human macrophages remains unknown.Lactic acid (LA), a metabolite produced at high levels in most established tumors, can impact the phenotype and functions of cells present in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we analyzed the impact of LA on the human monocyte differentiation. Results showed that LA skews monocytes (differentiated in the presence of GM-CSF) into macrophages (GM+LA-Mφ) exhibiting an atypical CD14high CD163high IL-10low IL-12low phenotype. Interestingly they harbor M1 and M2 phenotypic features, as assessed the production of a wide variety of inflammatory and growth factors and the expression of prototypic M2-like genes. A similar profile is induced by culturing monocytes with glycolytic human primary cancer cells. These effects of LA on macrophage polarization require the entry of lactate into the cells (via the monocarboxylate transporter 1) and its oxidation into pyruvate and are mediated via HIF-1α stabilization and autocrine M-CSF consumption by differentiating cells. These results identify tumor-derived LA as a missing link reconciling the M2-like features of TAM with their inflammatory properties. They also reinforce the interest of aerobic glycolysis inhibitors to modulate the functions of TAM
Lessard, Frédéric. "Rôle de arf, de l'ubiquitinylation et de la sumoylation dans la régulation de TTF-I et dans la biogénèse des ribosomes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28327/28327.pdf.
Full textPerrière, Clémentine. "Effets d’un mélange de polluants organiques persistants sur le métabolisme énergétique de cellules cancéreuses coliques humaines." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05P629.
Full textDuring tumorigenesis most of cancer cells exhibit an altered metabolism that is characterized by an elevated uptake of glucose and an increased glycolytic rate; this phenomenon is known as the Warburg effect. Compelling recent evidences suggest that alteration of cellular metabolism is critical during cancer development and constitutes a major feature of aggressive tumour. Considering the recent observations on the impact of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on cell metabolism, we hypothesize that POPs could exert their carcinogenic effects by promoting metabolic alterations that could converge to a metabolic shift supporting a tumoral phenotype. Proliferating colon cancer cells (Caco2) were treated with TCDD (25 nM) or/and α-endosulfan (10 µM), two environmental pollutants mainly produced by human activities and designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probably or well-established carcinogenic to humans. A significant decrease of glucose and glutamine oxidation (60%) was observed after a treatment for 48 hours with the two pollutants while each pollutant alone had no significant effect. These observations are correlated with an increased lactate production by two fold. These effects are maintained in the presence of antioxidative NAC (10 mM), suggesting that they are independent of the oxidative status of the cell. We also observed a decreased incorporation of glucose in total lipids (50%). The ATP production and the cell respiration level were significantly decreased by the mixture by about 50% and 80%, respectively. In the same conditions, the glycogen production and the NADPH/NADPH,H+ ratio were unchanged. Taken together, these results suggest that POPs could worsen the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying the POPs-induced metabolic reprograming are under investigation and should provide a better understanding of the signalling pathways involved in POPs action on the regulation of the energetic metabolism balance and their consequence on cancer
Rakotomalala-Andrianasolo, Andria. "Développement et caractérisation de modèles cellulaires pour l'étude du rôle de l'oncohistone H3.3 K27M dans le phénotype agressif et la réponse aux thérapies des gliomes pédiatriques diffus de la ligne médiane." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS015.
Full textH3K27-altered DMG treatment is one of the most significant challenges in pediatric neuro-oncology,with no improvement in patient survival over the past 50 years. In 2012, it was shown that DMGs harbor a specific histone 3 mutation (oncohistone) called H3.3 K27M with a very high prevalence (70-80% of cases). Although theH3.3 K27M impact on the epigenetic landscape has been well described, studies are needed to understand betterits role in DMG cells’ aggressiveness and response to therapies.To study the H3.3 K27M mutation impact on DMG cell phenotypes precisely, we developed andcharacterized pediatric high-grade glioma isogenic cellular models induced and knock-out for the oncohistone.Using these models, we aimed to decipher the oncohistone impact on DMG cell biology and response to anticancertherapies, including radiation therapy, the only current standard of care for DMGs. Characterization of our H3.3 K27M-induced pediatric supratentorial glioma cell lines reveals that the oncohistone affects the response to ionizing radiations and specific targeted therapies in a cellular context-dependentway. Based on these results, we settled to characterize oncohistone biological impacts in a more relevant cellular context of DMG. In that sense, we established H3.3 K27M knock-out cellular models and characterized them regarding their parental DMG H3.3 K27M mutated cell lines. Through omic (transcriptomic and proteomic)and cell metabolism characterizations of these models, we notably showed the H3.3 K27M mutation impact on DMG cells’ lipid metabolism. In 3D spheroid models, this H3.3 K27M-induced lipid metabolism rewiring appeared conditioned by microenvironment factors still under investigation.On the other hand, a functional pharmacological screen identified H3.3 K27M-driven dependencies tospecific DNA repair pathways. In addition, ongoing radiobiological characterization of our models indicates anH3.3 K27M-associated radiosensitivity correlating with a decrease in DNA repair efficiency following ionizingradiations. Beyond this DNA repair impact, our pharmacological screen also revealed an H3.3 K27M-relatedsensitivity to cardiac glycoside drugs. This result makes sense with our transcriptomic data showing enrichmentin genes involved in cardiomyopathies and ion homeostasis among differentially expressed genes with theoncohistone. In this context, we began unraveling the molecular and biological processes underlying thisH3.3 K27M-driven effect.Finally, we used our isogenic cellular models to show that the H3.3 K27M oncohistone drives lipidmetabolism modifications. These metabolic changes could prime H3K27-altered DMG cells to specific regulatedcell death pathways (e.g., ferroptosis) and affect the response to certain therapies. Moreover, the H3.3 K27Mseems to drive specific sensitivities, notably to radiation therapy and cardiac glycoside drugs. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms governing these H3.3 K27M-associated Achille heels could highlight newinsights into the oncohistone role in DMG cells and provide rationales for developing new therapeutic strategies
Charlot, Anouk. "Caractérisation du rôle délétère des glucides dans la physiopathologie de l’obésité et le cancer du sein et rôle bénéfique de l’alimentation cétogène." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ011.
Full textObesity and cancer are the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and their prevalence increase is partly linked to our lifestyle. However, the role of the alimentation in their pathophysiology and management remains a topic of debate. In a murine model of obesity, we demonstrated that a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet is responsible for the development of obesity complications, whereas a ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat but low-carbohydrate diet, prevents their development, despite a similar caloric intake. In a murine model of spontaneous breast cancer, we demonstrated that tumor development induces hepatic adaptations with the activation of endogenous glucose pathways. Removing glucose intake through the KD reduces tumor growth but exacerbates hepatic neoglucogenesis activation. Our work highlights the central role of sugar and carbohydrates in the pathophysiology of obesity and breast cancer, indicating that the ketogenic diet, through its carbohydrate restriction, is an interesting therapeutic strategy in their management
Reinhardt, Camille. "Impact de la voie d’import mitochondrial contrôlée par le complexe AIF/CHCHD4 sur la survie des cellules cancéreuses et la réponse aux traitements anticancéreux." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS542.
Full textIn the vast majority of cases, mitochondria are required for tumorigenesis and also for the tumoral response to signals generated by the microenvironmental factors (e.g. nutrient deprivation, hypoxia) or to the effects of anti-cancer treatments (e.g. chemotherapy, radiotherapy). As almost all mitochondrial proteins are nuclear-encoded and imported into the organelle, specialized import machineries have evolved in order to meet the need for protein import. Among these machineries, the one that operates in the intermembrane space and is controlled by CHCHD4/Mia40, regulates the import of a group of proteins (substrates) that play important roles in survival and stress response. Substrates of CHCHD4/Mia40 are involved in a broad panel of mitochondrial activities that includes the biogenesis of respiratory chain complexes, lipid homeostasis, calcium storage, as well as ultrastructure and mitochondrial dynamics. This thesis program was dedicated to the study of the CHCHD4/Mia40 import pathway in cancer cells, with a particular interest for one of the CHCHD4/Mia40 substrates that shapes mitochondrial ultrastructure. Using RNA interference approach and recombinant protein overexpression technique, in a colon cancer model, we showed that the expression of this substrate had a crucial effect on proliferation and tumor growth. Our data also involved this protein in the response to anti-cancer treatments. All together, this work opens a new field of investigations that will not only shed new lights on the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells but also help to identify new metabolic biomarkers
Perquin, Magali. "Etude épidémiologique et moléculaire des voies métaboliques associées au glutathion dans le cancer du sein." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN11322.
Full textGlutathione S-transferases (GST) and glutathione peroxidases, (GPX), together with glutathione reductase (GSSR) catalyse essential reactions for cell defence from toxic agents such as anticancer drugs and/or reactive oxygen species. With glutathione as the central component, this metabolic pathway is activated in most tumours and linked to resistant phenotype. Two approaches have been developed in this work. 1) An epidemiological study, on 41 patients, showed higher glutathione contents and an increase of the above-mentioned glutathione-dependent enzymes in the breast tumours, resulting in the improvement of the intracellular redox status. The numerous correlations between the components of the glutathione system observed only in non-cancerous breast suggest a highly coordinated and organised system that is disrupted in cancerous breast. The increased levels of GSH contents and its related enzymes activities are correlated with various prognostic factors linked to cell proliferation, suggesting the incidence of these inductions in resistance and tumour aggressiveness in breast cancer. 2) A molecular study was performed on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 sensitive or resistant to doxorubicin and/or vincristine. GST as well as GPX activities and expressions were increased according to cellular resistance levels, whereas GSSR and glutathione contents decreased. We focused on the one hand on the role of GPX, that we selectively induced with selenium, which nonetheless did not improve the antioxidative defence and, on the other hand, on GSTT2 subunit overexpressed in vincristine resistant cells and whose 5' regulatory gene region was isolated in order to further study its expression. Resistant phenotype could result from a concomitant variation of parai lei metabolic pathways, distinct from the early adaptive response to a defined cytotoxic agent
Mohamed, Amerh Amira. "Nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques en développement pour les tumeurs neuroendocrines d'origine gastroentéropencréatiques et hypophysaires : preuves de concept in vitro." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5049.
Full textGEPNETs represent, in terms of prevalence, the second digestive cancer. Octreotide (Sst2 agonists) effectively control their secretion and partially cell growth. we developed a primary cell culture of human GEPNETs. Cell culture allowed the study of antisecretory and antiproliferative effect of pasireotide and everolimus, alone or in combination, as compared to octreotide, in 20 tumors. We highlighted a significant and similar maximal inhibitory effect of octreotide and Pasireotide either on cell viability or on chromogranin A secretion in all analyzed tumors. However, the intracellular trafficking of Sst2 was strikely different in the presence of pasireotide and octreotide. In all analyzed tumors, everolimus inhibits cell viability and secretion of GEPNETs similarly to SSA. We couldn’t reveal any additivity between everolimus and SSA in cell viability suppression.My second goal was to study the effect of overexpression of Sst2 by adenoviral transfer in cells of human prolactinomas and NFPA. In both cell types. Nevertheless, octreotide efficiently suppressed PRL secretion and cell proliferation (NFPA). Overexpression of Sst2 did not improve the efficcacy of dopastatines (chimeric Sst2 - D2DR agonists) on prolactin secretion in prolactinomas, but clealy improved suppression of cell proliferation in NFPA. These results suggest that dopostatin promotes a Sst2 D2DR cooperation in NFPA, but not in prolactinomas, where DRDR activation remains dominant. In conclusion, GEPNETs primary cell culture represents a good model for pharmacological In pituitary adenomas, Sst2 overexpression opens an interesting perspective for gene therapy in recurrent NFPA after surgery
Le, Grand Marion. "La protéine Akt, lien entre mitochondries et microtubules dans le mécanisme d'action des agents anti-microtubules ou quand les MTA s'invitent dans de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5017/document.
Full textMicrotubule-Targeting Agents (MTA) are a broad group of anticancer drugs that are currently administered in a lot of cancers. Nevertheless, they can cause undesired side effects and can lose their effectiveness as a result of resistance development. The main objective of my PhD work was to characterize the MTA’s mechanism of action in order to optimize their administration in the future. In the first part, we demonstrated the important role of the kinase Akt in MTA effects. In the second part, we evaluated the interest to combine MTA with anti-Akt drugs. We observed that MTA efficacy is highly important with Akt targeting drugs, particularly in lung adenocarcinoma. These promising results will need further explorations in order to develop more convenient cancer therapy strategies
Desmée, Solène. "Modélisation conjointe de données longitudinales non-linéaires et de données de survie : application au cancer de la prostate métastatique." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC115.
Full textTreatment evaluation for metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC) relies on time-to-death. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), assumed to be linked to survival, is frequently measured. Joint modelling which consists in the simultaneous analyse of biomarker's evolution and survival is particularly adapted, but often limited to linear longitudinal process. The objective of this PhD is to study joint modelling when biomarker kinetics is described by a nonlinear mixed-effects model (NLMEM). We established by simulations that the SAEM algorithm of Monolix provided unbiased parameter estimations of a nonlinear joint model, with satisfying type 1 error and power to detect a link between the processes. Then we developed a mechanistic joint model to characterize the relationship between PSA kinetics and survival in mCRPC patients treated by docetaxel. The structural model of the NLMEM was defined by a system of differential equations (DE) describing the mechanism of PSA production by docetaxel-sensitive and -resistant cells. Model selection and evaluation were detailed. The final model showed the predominant role of the non-observed resistant cells on survival. Lastly we expanded tools developed in a linear context for individual dynamic prediction using nonlinear joint model. A Bayesian method provided the distribution of individual parameters. Predictive performances of the model were assessed using time-dependent discrimination and calibration metrics. These works open the way for the development of mechanistic joint models, which enable to account for the impact of several biomarkers on survival through DE, in order to improve therapeutic evaluation and prediction
Chico, Galdo Vanessa. "Etude in vivo et in vitro de l'action de xénobiotiques sur la tumorigénèse thyroïdienne et la régulation de l'expression génique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210095.
Full textDans le modèle in vitro, nous avons d’abord testé l’effet de l’acrylamide sur les propriétés caractéristiques de la thyroïde, qui pourraient expliquer la spécificité de cette substance pour ce tissu. Dans un premier temps, nous avons donc testé l’effet de l’acrylamide sur l’accumulation d’AMPc (médiateur de la croissance) et sur la génération d’H2O2 potentiellement cancérigène mais nous avons montré qu’aucun de ces deux paramètres n’est modulé suite au traitement des cellules thyroïdiennes. Nous avons ensuite montré que l’acrylamide n’avait pas d’effet sur la prolifération dans les lignées thyroïdienne de rat, un facteur qui aurait pu expliquer l’effet tumorigène de l’acrylamide mais pas sa spécificité thyroïdienne. Nous avons enfin testé en utilisant l’essai comète la capacité de l’acrylamide à générer des cassures au niveau de l’ADN. Ceci nous a permis de montrer que l’acrylamide était capable d’induire des cassures dans l’ADN de lignées thyroïdiennes de rat ainsi que dans des cultures primaires de thyroïde humaines, de chien et de mouton. Afin de déterminer que l’effet observé sur l’ADN était dû à des cassures double brin, nous avons utilisé une technique de détection de l’histone H2AX phosphorylée. En effet, la phosphorylation de cette histone se produit lorsque des cassures d’ADN double brin sont présentes. Les résultats obtenus ne soutiennent pas l’hypothèse que l’acrylamide provoque des cassures double brin. Néanmoins ces dommages à l’ADN sont susceptibles d’induire des mutations qui peuvent jouer un rôle dans le processus de tumorigénèse de l’acrylamide.
Nous avons donc testé l’effet de l’acrylamide sur un modèle in vivo. Pour cela nous avons traité des souris avec de l’acrylamide additionné à l’eau de boisson à des doses comparables à celles administrées aux rats pendant 2, 6 ou 8 mois. Ce traitement a également été combiné avec de la thyroxine (T4) afin de mettre la thyroïde au repos ou avec du méthimazole qui inhibe la sécrétion des hormones thyroïdiennes et par conséquent induit la sécrétion de TSH, ce qui a pour effet de stimuler la glande. Ces traitements modérés ont eu les effets attendus au niveau des taux de TSH et de T4 circulants ainsi que sur la morphologie de la glande. L’acrylamide a eu de faibles effets sur le système nerveux périphérique traduit par une paralysie des membres postérieurs. Par contre nous n’avons pas observé d’apparition de tumeurs dans la thyroïde des souris. La cible thyroïdienne de l’acrylamide chez le rat semble donc spécifique de l’espèce et jette un doute sérieux sur un rôle cancérigène potentiel chez l’homme au niveau thyroïdien.
Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons investigué la réexpression de certains gènes thyroïdiens dans des lignées cancéreuses humaines. En effet nous avons montré au sein du laboratoire que la plupart des lignées thyroïdiennes les plus utilisées avaient perdu les gènes de différentiation spécifiques de la thyroïde. Pour cela nous avons utilisé des agents capables de modifier soit la méthylation de l’ADN comme la 5-aza-2’-déoxycytidine (5-AzadC) soit la compaction de la chromatine comme la trichostatine A (TSA), ce qui a pour conséquence de moduler le niveau d’expression des gènes. Ces traitements ont été utilisés à différentes concentrations, différents temps, seuls ou en combinaison. La 5-AzadC, utilisée seule a permis de réexprimer fortement les gènes Duox1 et Duox2 et faiblement NIS. En combinaison avec la TSA et la forskoline (un activateur de la voie AMPc), nous avons montré une forte réexpression de NIS mais au stade actuel de notre étude celui-ci n’est pas fonctionnel. Ceci montre que les agents modifiant la chromatine peuvent influencer l’expression des gènes de différenciation, cependant nous devons investiguer de façon plus large les différents agents ainsi que les conditions de culture pouvant mener à la réexpression d’un NIS fonctionnel. Grâce à ce traitement différenciant, qui permettrait un rétablissement du transport de l’iodure, un traitement par l’I131 des cancers indifférenciés de la thyroïde pourrait être réenvisagé.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Leguelinel, Géraldine. "Rôle des récepteurs des xénobiotiques CAR (Constitutive Androstane Receptor, NR1I3) et PXR (Pregnane X receptor, NR1I2) dans le métabolisme des chimiothérapies conventionnelles du cancer colorectal." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON13512.
Full textColorectal cancer is characterized by high mortality in advanced stages due to the high rate of tumor recurrence after chemotherapy. The prediction of the efficacy and toxicity of cytotoxic drugs represents a major challenge in the coming years. Because the majority of cancer drugs are supported by the enzymes and transporters whose expression is controlled by the level of expression and activation of the xenosensors CAR (NR1I3) and PXR (NR1I2), it is likely that they may represent predictive factors in the management of cancer. Our team has recently shown that xenobiotic receptors PXR (Raynal et al, 2010) and CAR are expressed in cell lines and human colon tissues. Their overexpression in colon cancer cell lines LS174T and T84 leads to resistance to irinotecan and to its active metabolite SN38, while their inhibition reverse this resistance. Irinotecan metabolites detection assays of SN38 and SN38G, and the quantification of UGT1As and MDR1 mRNA, show that CAR and PXR increase the detoxifying metabolism and the efflux of SN38. The impact of overexpression of these xenosensors on LS174T cell viability to different classes of cytotoxic agents (anti-metabolites, DNA intercalators, topoisomerase inhibitors, antimitotic agents) was then evaluated. We observed that the expression of CAR or PXR results in a significant drug resistance to paclitaxel, docetaxel and 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide whereas PXR leads to a marked sensitization to cisplatin and carboplatin by increasing the amount of platinum adducts the DNA. Microarray studies of our cell models allowed us to identify the target genes potentially involved in these changes in cytotoxicity. Further studies by pharmacological modulation or interfering RNAs of these target genes are in progress and will allow us to clarify the mechanisms involved in the changes in chemosensitivity. This work should help us to understand the impact of CAR and PXR xenosensors on the intratumoral metabolism of cytotoxic drugs and potentially on the response to various chemotherapies
Gapihan, Guillaume. "Etude du cluster oncogénique miR17-92 dans les lymphomes B agressifs humains." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC321.
Full textPrimary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) shares pathological features with diffuselarge B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and molecular features with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). The miR-17-92 oncogenic cluster, located at chromosome 13q31, is a region that is amplified in DLBCL. Here we compared the expression of each member of the miR-17-92 oncogenic cluster insamples from 40 PMBL patients versus 20 DLBCL and 20 cHL patients, and studied the target genes linked to deregulated miRNA in PMBL. We found a higher level of miR-92a in PMBL than in DLBCL, but not in cHL. Acombination of in silico prediction and transcriptomic analyses enabled us to identify FOXP1 as a main miR-92a target gene in PMBL, a result so far not established. This was confirmed by 3’UTR, and RNA and protein expressions in transduced cell lines. In vivo studies using the transduced cell lines in mice enabled us to demonstrate a tumor suppressor effect of miR-92aand an oncogenic effect of FOXP1. The higher expression of miR-92a and the down regulation of FOXP1 mRNA and proteinwere also found in human samples of PMBL, while miR-92a expression was low and FOXP1was high in DLBCL. We concluded to a post-transcriptional regulation by miR-92a through FOXP1 targeting in PMBL, with a clinico-pathological relevance for better characterisation of PMBL
Perchet, Thibaut. "Roles of hepatic group 1 ILC during the early stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC314.
Full textNon-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver pathologies that encompass diseases such as steatosis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). With a constant increase of patients diagnosed, NAFLD is becoming a major concern of public health worldwide. A “multiple hits” hypothesis has been described to regroup the metabolic disorders that are associated with the transition from steatosis to NASH. This transition is a critical step during NAFLD pathogenesis as untreated NASH can further develop into fibrosis, cirrhosis and ultimately to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, the analysis of early events occurring during during NAFLD is critical to understand its evolution to more severe pathologies. In the liver, diverse cell populations are involved in hepatic metabolism, function and immune surveillance. Among them, the group 1 ILC is enriched in the liver and can quickly induce an immune response by producing cytokines or inducing cell death. Hepatic group 1 ILC is composed of Natural Killer (NK) cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells 1 (ILC1), two cell populations that share a similar phenotype. Nevertheless they constitute two distinct cell lineages that have unique features. Here we propose to study the roles of NK cells and ILC1 during the early stages of NAFLD.In this work, we demonstrated that NK cells and ILC1 diverge in phenotype and function during the early stages of NAFLD pathogenesis. While ILC1 showed a down-regulation of inhibitory markers and down-regulation of granzyme B, we detected an increase of interferon gamma (IFNg) secreting NK cells. These modifications were found shortly after the induction of steatosis and preceded other hepatic immune cell recruitment or activation. Our work highlighted the role of the immune intestinal populations during liver inflammation and identified the intestinal lamina propria as a potential source of NK cells during this process. Finally, we demonstrated that IFNg is inducing liver damage, but is not involved in hepatic group 1 ILC recruitment or modification in our model of steatosis.This study brings new insights on the early events of NAFLD and the role of hepatic group 1 ILC during liver inflammation. It also underlines the importance of distinguishing the roles of NK cells and ILC1 in liver pathologies
Seillier, Marion. "Implication du suppresseur de tumeur TP53INP1 dans l'autophagie et le métabolisme lipidique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4067.
Full textTP53INP1 is a p53 target gene coding a protein with a tumor suppressor activity. In absence of TP53INP1, we observe deregulation of different cellular phenomena implicated in tumoral progression, such as cell death, proliferation, migration or even genetic instability. Some of them are modulated by chronic oxidative stress existing in TP53INP1-deficient cells or organs. The aim of this work is to better characterize the molecular mechanism of action of TP53INP1 in order to better understand its tumor suppressor role related to regulation of oxidative metabolism. Firstly, we demonstrated that TP53INP1 is involved in autophagy, through its direct interaction with LC3/Atg8 family proteins within autophagosomes, and induces autophagy-dependent cell death. Then we evidenced that a defect in mitophagic process is at the origin of chronic oxidative stress noticed in absence of TP53INP1. This elevated ROS level induces lipid metabolism deregulation, observed in vitro in TP53INP1-deficient cells (lipid droplets accumulation), and mirrored in vivo in TP53INP1 KO mice (predisposition to obesity and to insulin resistance phenomenon). A derepression of Pparg gene expression, which regulates lipo- and adipo-genesis, and inhibition of lipolysis process would explain our phenotype. Altogether these findings allow a better understanding of the tumor suppressive function and regulation mechanisms of TP53INP1
Cacheux, Wulfran. "Analyse moléculaire des conséquences de l’activation de la voie Wnt/b-caténine : mise en évidence del’autophagie au cours de la carcinogenèse intestinale." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T071.
Full textOver 80% of colorectal cancers are linked to an Apc mutation. To identify new therapeutic targets, we used mouse models with Apc mutations and performed microarray experiments to identify key molecular events involved in intestinal carcinogenesis. This approach allowed usto identify an activation of the Notch signaling all along tumor progression. However, this induction is dispensable for tumor development since its inhibition did not prevent the Apc phenotype. In addition, we have identified an induction of autophagy throughout intestinal carcinogenesis which appears to be an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of CRC patients
Janin, Maxime. "Phénotype métabolique des tumeurs associées à des anomalies du cycle de Krebs." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T025/document.
Full textThe Krebs cycle has a central role in cellular metabolism and is at the junction of many essential pathways. Since 2000, a link has been shown between the development of particular cancers and mutations affecting genes coding for several Krebs cycle enzymes, i.e., succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase or iso-enzymes 1 and 2 of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). The IDH mutations are found in 15 to 20 % of acute myeloid leukemias and up to 80% of specific gliomas. These mutations affect the enzyme active site and are responsible for an neomorphic activity that is the production and accumulation of a putative oncometabolite : the D stereoisomer of the 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) which is linked to energetic and epigenetic deregulations in the cell. To better understand the mechanisms between these abnormalities and human pathology, my PhD work involved the development of different analytical tools : - First of all, a robust method of separation and quantification of the stereoisomers D and L by chiral derivatization of the 2-HG, in tandem mass spectrometry, - GC tandem MS was also used to develop targeted metabolomic methods with high specificity for the analysis of more than 120 compounds of clinical interest, - An analytical non-targeted method using high mass resolution (exact mass; n=360 compounds) adapted to the study of fibroblast cells, - and finally, methods for the study of metabolic flux in culture cell based on derivatives of stable labeled tracers. The development of these methods led to the following results. I highlight the importance of the D-2-HG as a biomarker of the presence of IDH1/2 mutations in a large cohort of leukemic patients, for the diagnostic and the follow-up of patients under treatment. Our pilot study was the starting point for routine usage of this test in the clinical setting at the Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR; Villejuif). The study of metabolic profiles related to the mutations affecting IDH enzymes and succinate dehydrogenase allowed us to identify compensatory mechanisms of the dysfunction of the Krebs cycle, notably, the overactivation of pyruvate carboxylase. Moreover, we have shown that because these mechanisms are only partially efficient; they have potential to provide therapeutic targets. An IDH2(R140Q) mutation is shared between patients with AML and patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a very rare hereditary disease of the metabolism. A specific inhibitor of the IDH2 enzyme mutant for R140Q is currently used in a clinical trial at the IGR institute. We studied the effects of this compound in fibroblasts of our aciduria patient. We confirmed the expected effect in the IDH enzyme and also observed moderate off-target effects concerning the lipid and the Krebs cycle metabolism, both in control and patient fibroblasts. Because this inhibitor is known to have effects in the cellular differentiation, our results could explain the underlying mechanisms. This work provides new tools for the exploration of traditional inherited metabolic diseases, as well as particular cancers, and illustrates the power of the metabolic approach to identify therapeutic targets and for the personalized monitoring of patients ("theranostics")
Mezouar, Soraya. "Involvement of platelets in inflammation and cancer." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5045.
Full textIn cancers, the blood coagulation cascade and platelets can be activated to form thrombosis. This state will mainly due by the tumor and their microparticles (MPs) expression of tissue factor (TF), key protein of the coagulation cascade. In the first part of this study, we demonstrated that TF and the TF pathway inhibitor expressed by cancer MPs and the platelet P-selectin are involved in tumor progression, metastasis and the associated thrombosis in pancreatic cancer in mice. We showed the key role-play by αvβ3 and αvβ1 integrins and neutrophils extracellular traps in the interaction between cancer cells-derived MPs and platelets. We also evaluated the effect of clopidogrel, but not aspirin, treatment exhibits an anti-tumor action and limits thrombosis formation in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. This study initiates a national investigation of a multicenter clinical phase III study to evaluate the therapeutic potential of clopidogrel in pancreatic cancer patients. In the second part of this study, we identified a “population of neutrophils expressing TF” that acts like a starter of the thrombus formation. At the reverse, in a sterile inflammatory model, our work showed the primordial role of platelet P-selectin in the slow rolling, the adhesion and the transmigration of neutrophils. All together our results suggest that the cooperation between the endothelium, platelets, MPs and neutrophils constitute essential mechanisms acting in the thrombosis and the inflammation
Gouirand, Victoire. "Etude de la reprogrammation des voies métaboliques des acides aminés au cours de la carcinogenèse pancréatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0673.
Full textThe malignant progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is accompanied by a profound desmoplasia, depriving tumor cells from oxygen and nutrients, which forces tumor cells to adapt their metabolism to proliferate. The thesis purpose is to define the metabolic changes related to ADKP. Using a transcriptomic analysis of PDAC from mice model, we established the PDAC metabolic profile. Focusing on amino acid metabolic pathways, we identified the metabolic pathways of proline and the branched-chain amino acid, especially the leucine catabolism, as the most deregulated in ADKP compared to the normal pancreas. We demonstrated that tumor cells take up collagen-derived fibroblasts, thanks macropinocytosis, when they are nutrient deprived. Once collagen is internalized, its subsequent digestion supplies TCA with proline. Also, inhibition of proline degradation leads to a decrease in tumor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We have shown leucine catabolism is specific to tumor cells and the final degradation products: the β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) appears as a key element of this metabolism. To produce βOHB, tumor cells use HMGCL, a crucial enzyme involved in leucine degradation. In our work we demonstrated that HMGCL suppression in PDAC cells decreases their oncogenic and metastatic capacities in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we have demonstrated in vivo that βOHB increases tumor growth and metastasis formation. Thus, our works show 1/ the metabolic plasticity of cells, 2/the influence of microenvironment on tumor cell metabolism, 3/ the importance to study tumor metabolism for the finding of new therapeutic targets