Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tuberculosis in animals'
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García, Sáenz Ariadna. "Spatial epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals and evaluation of surveillance." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/328428.
Full textThe present PhD Thesis aimed to provide information about the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle and relevant data for the implementation of a risk based surveillance system. In the first study the space-time variation of the risk of bTB in cattle between 2006 and 2011 was analyzed. The results indicated that in some counties, between some years, the prevalence and the incidence of the disease was higher as compared to the global rate in the rest of the counties of Spain. The analysis of potential risk factors indicated that both, a large number of movements from counties with high incidence (>1%), and presence of bullfighting cattle herds increased the bTB risk. In the second study it was described a risk-based approach for bTB surveillance that is under development in New Zealand. Given that the presence of bTB in a herd is driven by a number of factors including previous infection history, the amount of testing carried out on individual herds, geographic location or herd movement behavior, the objective was to use routinely recorded data to derive a ‘risk score’ for each of these factors and then to combine them to return a composite bTB risk score for each herd. By this way, herds could be ranked and this would enable to focus surveillance in those herds with the highest risk score, providing effective surveillance coverage at a reasonable overall cost. In the third study the individual sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in Catalonian slaughterhouses of cattle was assessed. The probability of detection of a bTB-infected cattle by the slaughterhouses in Catalonia was estimated as the product of three consecutive probabilities: P1) the probability that a bTB-infected animal arrived at the slaughterhouse presenting Macroscopically Detectable Lesions (MDL); P2) the probability that MDL were detected by the routine meat inspection procedure, and P3) the probability that the veterinary officer suspected of bTB and sent the sample for laboratory confirmation. The mean individual bTB surveillance sensitivity of the different cattle slaughterhouses in Catalonia obtained in this study was 31.4% (CI 95%: 28.6-36.2). In the fourth study a stochastic compartmental SEI (Susceptible, Exposed (latent), and Infectious) model was developed to mimic Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) within-herd transmission dynamics. This model was used to infer several parameters related to bTB spread within Spanish cattle farms, in particular the cattle-to-cattle transmission rate (β) and the rate at which infected cattle become infectious (α). Also, given the controversy over the sensitivities of the single intradermal tuberculin test (SIT) application in field conditions, the probability of detection of both infected and infectious cattle (ϕ and ρ, respectively), were also evaluated. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo-Approximate Bayesian Computation (MCMC-ABC) method was used to generate posterior distributions and the mean within herd transmission rate (β) estimated in 33 Spanish herds varied between 0.0001 and 0.0002 per day, and the mean rate at which infected cattle become infectious (α) varied between 0.011 and 0.0001.
Raposo, André Santos Silva. "Contributo para o estudo epidemiológico da tuberculose bovina em animais domésticos e silváticos na região de Portalegre." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3058.
Full textA tuberculose bovina é uma doença infecciosa que atinge espécies domésticas, silváticas e o Homem, constituindo um problema para as entidades sanitárias veterinárias, devido ao seu potencial zoonótico, ao impacto económico e ao entrave causado à movimentação de animais e produtos. Portugal encontra-se numa fase de pré-erradicação da doença, tendo os esforços com vista a esse objectivo elevados custos para o Estado e para os produtores. Durante o estágio realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de casos de tuberculose em bovinos entre 2005 e 2009 e fez-se uma pesquisa de lesões desta doença em espécies de caça grossa, ambos na região de Portalegre. Averiguou-se a hipótese de transmissão da doença por animais silváticos em 35 focos de tuberculose bovina, concluindo-se que pode ter havido contactos entre javalis e bovinos domésticos em todos. Os veados, embora tenham uma distribuição mais limitada, coabitam com os bovinos em cerca de 45% das explorações em análise. Também se acompanhou uma montaria, identificando-se lesões macroscópicas compatíveis com tuberculose em 33,3% dos veados e 11,8% dos javalis abatidos, confirmando-se posteriormente em todos os casos a existência de infecção (através de exames histopatológicos e do isolamento de M. bovis). Tendo em conta que os resultados obtidos confirmam a existência de tuberculose em veados e javalis de vida livre e o seu contacto com bovinos domésticos em certas regiões, a transmissão da doença entre as diferentes espécies é uma possibilidade. É necessário esclarecer o papel das espécies silváticas como hospedeiros reservatório ou acidentais de tuberculose, de modo a melhorar a gestão da fauna silvática e dos recursos cinegéticos. Recomenda-se a vigilância sanitária continuada dessas espécies, integrando as boas práticas sanitárias e o acompanhamento médico-veterinário nos procedimentos de inspecção às peças de caça. Devem, ainda, ser implementadas medidas preventivas como a existência de planos de gestão cinegética que contemplem o controlo do tamanho das populações e um maior confinamento dos bovinos em áreas de risco. A tuberculose bovina é um problema emergente no nosso país, devendo as autoridades competentes, os médicos veterinários, os produtores e os caçadores unir esforços na luta para a erradicação da doença, sem esquecer o risco de as espécies silváticas estarem envolvidas na sua transmissão.
ABSTRACT - Contribution to the epidemiological study of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals and wildlife in Portalegre - Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects domestic animals, wildlife and Humans, and it remains a problem for veterinary health authorities due to its zoonotic potential, economic impact and obstacles to animal and products movements. Portugal hasn‟t achieved eradication yet, and the efforts towards that aim have high costs to the country and the farmers. During the traineeship it was performed a retrospective study on tuberculosis in cattle between 2005 and 2009 and also a survey for this infection in big game, both in the Portalegre region. The risk of bovine tuberculosis transmission from wildlife to cattle was studied in 35 outbreaks and in all of them contacts between wild boars and cattle where possible. Although deers have a more limited distribution, they cohabit with cattle in about 45% of the farms considered. A hunting journey was also accompanied, leading to the identification of gross tuberculosis lesions in 33,3% of the red deers and 11,8% of the wild boars killed. M. bovis infection was confirmed through bacteriological exams and histopathology was also positive. These results confirm the existence of tuberculosis in free range red deer and wild boar and its coexistence with cattle in some areas, enabling the transmission of this disease between domestic animals and wildlife. It is essential to clarify the role of wildlife either as spill-over or reservoir hosts for tuberculosis, in order to achieve a better management of wildlife and game resources. It is recommended a surveillance system for big game, integrating good health practices and veterinary supervision during game meat inspection schemes. Preventive measures such as the creation of game management plans to control population size and a higher confinement of cattle in risk areas should also be implemented. Bovine tuberculosis is an emerging problem in Portugal, and the competent authorities, veterinarians, farmers and hunters have to join efforts and continue the struggle to eradicate this disease, keeping in mind the risk of its transmission by wildlife.
Blankenheim, Thalita Masoti. "Resposta à tuberculinização em bovinos sensibilizados com inóculos inativados de Mycobacterium avium e de Mycobacterium bovis /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141991.
Full textBanca: Anna Monteiro Correia Lima
Banca: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho
Banca: Raphaella Barbosa Meirelles Bartoli
Banca: Samir Issa Samara
Resumo: A tuberculose causada pelo Mycobacterium bovis é uma importante doença dos bovinos e constitui um grande problema de saúde animal, podendo também atingir humanos. Para o diagnóstico da infecção, e para desencadear as medidas sanitárias decorrentes desse diagnóstico, o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação de Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT) estabelece a utilização de testes intradérmicos de tuberculinização. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as respostas à tuberculina (PPD) aviária e à tuberculina bovina apresentadas por animais sensibilizados com inóculos inativados de M. bovis e de M. avium, e comparar os resultados do teste da prega caudal (TPC), do teste cervical simples (TCS) e do teste cervical comparativo (TCC) para diagnóstico da tuberculose bovina nos animais sensibilizados e em animais não sensibilizados. Os resultados mostraram que: a repetição dos testes não influiu na proporção de resultados positivos; houve animais sensibilizados com M. bovis que apresentaram reação até 500 dias após a sensibilização; em animais sensibilizados com M. avium, a especificidade do TCC foi superior à do TCS e à do TPC, e o TCC mostrou-se efetivo para discriminar reações induzidas pelo inóculo desse microrganismo; em animais sensibilizados com M. bovis, o TCC apresentou menor sensibilidade do que os outros dois testes; o ponto de corte do TCS e do TCC com melhor combinação de sensibilidade e especificidade foi inferior ao ponto adotado pelo PNCEBT para diagnóstico em animais n... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is an important disease in cattle e a great problem for animal health that can reach humans. For the diagnosis of the infection and the consequent sanitary measures, the National Program for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) establish the use of intradermal tuberculin tests. The aim of this study was to analyze the response to the avian and bovine tuberculin (PPD) developed by cattle sensitized with inactivated inoculum of M. avium and M. bovis. Another aim was to compare the results of the caudal fold test (CFT), the comparative cervical test (CCT), and the simple cervical test (SCT) for tuberculosis diagnosis in the sensitize animals and in animals that have not been sensitized. Repetition of the tests did not influence the proportion of positive results. There were animals sensitized with M. bovis showing reaction up to more than 500 days post sensitization. In animals sensitized with M. avium, the specificity of the CCT was higher than that of CFT and SCT, and CCT was able to discriminate the unspecific reaction induced by M. avium inoculum. In animals sensitized with M. bovis, CCT had lower sensitivity than the other two tests. The SCT and CCT cut-off with the best combination of sensitivity and specificity was lower than that adopted by the PNCEBT for the tuberculosis diagnosis in naturally infected animals. SCT hat good agreement with the other two tests, but the agreement between CFT and CCT was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Parsons, Sven David Charles. "Natural animal model systems to study tuberculosis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4505.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The growing global epidemic of human tuberculosis (TB) results in 8 million new cases of this disease and 2 million deaths annually. Control thereof will require greater insight into the biology of the causative organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and into the pathogenesis of the disease. This will benefit the design of new vaccines and diagnostic assays which may reduce the degree of both disease transmission and progression. Animal models have played a vital role in the understanding of the aetiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of TB. Much of such insight has been obtained from experimental infection models, and the development of new vaccines, for example, is dependant on these. Nonetheless, studies utilising naturally occurring TB in animals, such as those which have investigated the use of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) for its diagnosis, have contributed substantially to the body of knowledge in this field. However, there are few such examples, and this study sought to identify and investigate naturally occuring animal TB in South Africa as an opportunity to gain further insight into this disease. During the course of this study, the dassie bacillus, a distinctly less virulent variant of M. tuberculosis, was isolated from a rock hyrax from the Western Cape Province of South Africa. This has provided new insight into the widespread occurrence of this organism in rock hyrax populations, and has given impetus to further exploring the nature of the difference in virulence between these pathogens. Also investigated was M. tuberculosis infection in dogs in contact with human TB patients. In so doing, the first reported case of canine TB in South Africa was described, v a novel canine IGRA was developed, and a high level of M. tuberculosis infection in these animals was identified. This supports human data reflecting high levels of transmission of this pathogen during the course of human disease. Additionally, the fact that infected companion animals may progress to disease and potentially act as a source of human infection was highlighted. However, an attempt to adapt a flow cytometric assay to study cell-mediated immune responses during canine TB revealed the limitations of such studies in species in which the immune system remains poorly characterised. The use of IGRAs to diagnose TB was further explored by adapting a human assay, the QuantiFERON-TB Gold (In-Tube Method), for use in non-human primates. These studies have shown that such an adaption allows for the sensitive detection of TB in baboons (Papio ursinus) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and may be suitable for adaption for use in other species. However, they have also evidenced the limitation of this assay to specifically detect infection by M. tuberculosis. Finally, to contextualise the occurrence of the mycobacterial infections described above, and other similar examples, these have been reviewed as an opinion piece. Together, these investigations confirm that animal models will continue to make important contributions to the study of TB. More specifically, they highlight the opportunities that naturally occuring animal TB provides for the discovery of novel insights into this disease.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wêreldwye tuberkulose (TB) epidemie veroorsaak agt miljoen nuwe gevalle en twee miljoen sterftes jaarliks. Ingryping by die beheer hiervan vereis begrip van die biologie van die mikroörganisme Mycobacterium tuberculosis, die oorsaak van TB, asook van die patogenese van die siekte self. Hierdie kennis kan lei tot ontwerp van nuwe entstowwe en diagnostiese toetse wat gevolglik beide die oordrag- en vordering van die siekte mag bekamp. Dieremodelle speel lankal 'n rol in ons begrip van die etiologie-, patogenese- en behandeling van TB. Insig is grotendeels verkry vanaf eksperimentele infeksiemodelle, en ontwikkeling van entstowwe, onder andere, is afhanklik van soortgelyke modelle. Desnieteenstaande, studies wat natuurlike TB voorkoms in diere ondersoek, byvoorbeeld dié wat op die ontwikkeling van interferon-gamma vrystellingstoetse (IGVT) fokus, het merkwaardige bydrae gemaak tot kennis en begrip in hierdie studieveld. Daar is slegs enkele soortgelyke voorbeelde. Om hierdie rede is die huidige studie uitgevoer waarbinne natuulike diere-TB geïdentifiseer en ondersoek is in Suid-Afrika om verdere kennis en insig te win aangaande TB. Die "dassie bacillus", bekend om beduidend minder virulent te wees as M. tuberculosis, is tydens hierdie studie geïsoleer vanuit 'n klipdassie (Procavia capensis) in die Wes-Kaapse provinsie, Suid-Afrika. Insig in die wydverspreide voorkoms van hierdie organisme in klipdassie bevolkings is gevolglik verkry en verskaf momentum om die aard van verskil in virulensie tussen dié patogene te bestudeer. vii Voorts is M. tuberculosis infeksie bestudeer in honde wat in kontak is met menslike TB pasiënte en word die eerste geval van honde TB dus in Suid-Afrika beskryf. In hierdie groep diere, is 'n hoë vlak van M. tuberculosis infeksie geïdentifiseer deur gebruik te maak van 'n nuut ontwikkelde IGVT vir die diagnose van honde TB. Gevolglik ondersteun dié studie bevindinge van menslike studies wat toon dat besondere hoë vlakke van M. tuberculosis oordrag voorkom gedurende die verloop van die siekte. Verder toon die studie dat geïnfekteerde troeteldiere 'n bron van menslike infeksie kan wees. 'n Poging om 'n vloeisitometriese toets te ontwikkel om die aard van selgefundeerde immuunreaksies te bestudeer in honde met TB toon die beperkings van dergelike studies in spesies waarin die immuunsisteem gebrekkig gekarakteriseer is. Die gebruik van IGVT'e in die diagnose van TB is verder ondersoek deur 'n menslike toets (QuantiFERON-TB Gold, In-Tube Method) aan te pas vir die gebruik van nie-menslike primaat gevalle. Hierdie studies toon gevolglik dat so 'n aanpassing toepaslik is vir hoogs sensitiewe deteksie van TB in chacma bobbejane (Papio ursinus) en rhesus ape (Macaca mulatta), en mag ook aangepas word vir gebruik in ander spesies. Tog word die beperkings van hierdie toets om infeksie wat spesifiek deur M. tuberculosis veroorsaak uitgelig. Ter afsluiting word hierdie studie in konteks geplaas deur 'n oorsig te gee van bogenoemde- en soortgelyke gevalle van dierlike infeksie deur mikobakterieë in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie studies bevestig dat dieremodelle steeds belangrike toevoegings maak tydens die bestudering van TB en lig veral die moontlikhede uit dat bestudering van natuulike TB in diere kan lei tot die ontdekking van nuwe insigte ten opsigte van die siekte self.
Silva, David Attuy Vey da [UNESP]. "Comparação entre métodos diagnósticos da tuberculose em bovinos abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/128139.
Full textA tuberculose é uma doença infectocontagiosa de caráter zoonótico de grande importância em saúde pública, sendo seu diagnóstico e o conhecimento de sua epidemiologia, peças fundamentais na sua prevenção e controle. Este trabalho objetivou a comparação entre métodos diagnósticos para tuberculose bovina. Foram realizados diagnósticos pelo cultivo microbiológico, caracterização histopatológica e identificação de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR) e identificação molecular da infecção por Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos adultos abatidos em matadourosfrigoríficos sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) no Estado de São Paulo e posteriormente, os municípios de origem destes animais foram geoprocessados. Durante o abate, foram identificadas e coletadas amostras de linfonodos com lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de tuberculose. O diagnóstico pelo cultivo microbiológico foi realizado em meio de cultura sólido, a caracterização histopatológica pela coloração com hematoxilina eosina (HE), a identificação de BAAR pela coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) e o diagnóstico pela identificação molecular foi realizado a partir de DNA extraído das lesões sugestivas de tuberculose pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR, nested PCR e multiplex PCR) e a partir de DNA extraído das colônias isoladas para identificação do M. bovis utilizando-se a PCR e a multiplex PCR. Dentre as lesões sugestivas de tuberculose observadas, 50% (25/50) foram identificadas em linfonodos retrofaríngeos e todas foram caracterizadas como caseosas. Houve crescimento de colônias características de M. bovis em 56% (28/50) das amostras, 64% (32/50) das amostras foram consideradas positivas pela coloração com HE e 52% (26/50) pela coloração confirmatória de ZN (identificação de BAAR). A PCR a partir de DNA extraído das lesões teciduais apresentou 38% (19/50) das amostras positivas e a PCR a partir de DNA extraído das...
Tuberculosis is a contagious infectious zoonotic disease of high importance in public health, which diagnosis and the epidemiology knowledge are essentials in this disease prevention and control. This study aimed to compare the different diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis. Microbiological culture, histopathological and molecular M. bovis diagnosis were made in adults bovines slaughtered in slaughterhouses under Inspection Federal Service - SIF in São Paulo State and after, the animals origin municipalities were geoprocessing. Samples of lymph nodes with macroscopic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were identified and collected during the animals' slaughter. The microbiological diagnosis was made by culture in solid medium, histopathological characterization by staining with hematoxylin eosin (HE), identification of AFB by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and the diagnosis by molecular identification was carried out from DNA extracted from the lesions suggestive of tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR, nested PCR and multiplex PCR) and the DNA extracted from the colonies was isolated for M. bovis identification using PCR and multiplex PCR. Most injuries (50% - 25/50) was identified in retropharingeal and all of them were characterized as caseous. M. bovis colonies growth was characteristics in 56% (28/50) of the samples and64% (32/50) of the samples were positive by HE staining and 52% (26/50) for confirmatory ZN staining. The PCR directly from tissue showed 38% (19/50) of positive samples and the PCR from the colonies showed 56% (28/50) of positive samples. The kappa test (95%) between the diagnoses showed higher agreement between the molecular diagnostics of the colonies, followed by histopathological and molecular analysis of tuberculosis suggestive lesions toward the microbiological diagnosis. The highest sensitivity and specificity values were observed in the colonies molecular testing, followed by histopathological and ...
Silva, David Attuy Vey da. "Comparação entre métodos diagnósticos da tuberculose em bovinos abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos do Estado de São Paulo /." Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/128139.
Full textCoorientador: Lara Borges Keid
Banca: Samir Issa Samara
Banca: Raphaella Barbosa Meirelles Bartoli
Resumo: A tuberculose é uma doença infectocontagiosa de caráter zoonótico de grande importância em saúde pública, sendo seu diagnóstico e o conhecimento de sua epidemiologia, peças fundamentais na sua prevenção e controle. Este trabalho objetivou a comparação entre métodos diagnósticos para tuberculose bovina. Foram realizados diagnósticos pelo cultivo microbiológico, caracterização histopatológica e identificação de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR) e identificação molecular da infecção por Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos adultos abatidos em matadourosfrigoríficos sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) no Estado de São Paulo e posteriormente, os municípios de origem destes animais foram geoprocessados. Durante o abate, foram identificadas e coletadas amostras de linfonodos com lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de tuberculose. O diagnóstico pelo cultivo microbiológico foi realizado em meio de cultura sólido, a caracterização histopatológica pela coloração com hematoxilina eosina (HE), a identificação de BAAR pela coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) e o diagnóstico pela identificação molecular foi realizado a partir de DNA extraído das lesões sugestivas de tuberculose pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR, nested PCR e multiplex PCR) e a partir de DNA extraído das colônias isoladas para identificação do M. bovis utilizando-se a PCR e a multiplex PCR. Dentre as lesões sugestivas de tuberculose observadas, 50% (25/50) foram identificadas em linfonodos retrofaríngeos e todas foram caracterizadas como caseosas. Houve crescimento de colônias características de M. bovis em 56% (28/50) das amostras, 64% (32/50) das amostras foram consideradas positivas pela coloração com HE e 52% (26/50) pela coloração confirmatória de ZN (identificação de BAAR). A PCR a partir de DNA extraído das lesões teciduais apresentou 38% (19/50) das amostras positivas e a PCR a partir de DNA extraído das...
Abstract: Tuberculosis is a contagious infectious zoonotic disease of high importance in public health, which diagnosis and the epidemiology knowledge are essentials in this disease prevention and control. This study aimed to compare the different diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis. Microbiological culture, histopathological and molecular M. bovis diagnosis were made in adults bovines slaughtered in slaughterhouses under Inspection Federal Service - SIF in São Paulo State and after, the animals origin municipalities were geoprocessing. Samples of lymph nodes with macroscopic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were identified and collected during the animals' slaughter. The microbiological diagnosis was made by culture in solid medium, histopathological characterization by staining with hematoxylin eosin (HE), identification of AFB by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and the diagnosis by molecular identification was carried out from DNA extracted from the lesions suggestive of tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR, nested PCR and multiplex PCR) and the DNA extracted from the colonies was isolated for M. bovis identification using PCR and multiplex PCR. Most injuries (50% - 25/50) was identified in retropharingeal and all of them were characterized as caseous. M. bovis colonies growth was characteristics in 56% (28/50) of the samples and64% (32/50) of the samples were positive by HE staining and 52% (26/50) for confirmatory ZN staining. The PCR directly from tissue showed 38% (19/50) of positive samples and the PCR from the colonies showed 56% (28/50) of positive samples. The kappa test (95%) between the diagnoses showed higher agreement between the molecular diagnostics of the colonies, followed by histopathological and molecular analysis of tuberculosis suggestive lesions toward the microbiological diagnosis. The highest sensitivity and specificity values were observed in the colonies molecular testing, followed by histopathological and ...
Mestre
Shuaib, Yassir Adam [Verfasser]. "Tuberculosis in animals and humans in Eastern Sudan and the genetic diversity among clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineage 3 / Yassir Adam Shuaib." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121424100X/34.
Full textMachado, Adelina da Conceicao. "Mapping of the distribution of Mycobacterium bovis strains involved in bovine tuberculosis in Mozambique." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98114.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is reported to cause economic and public health negative impact in countries where it is prevalent. The control of the disease has been a difficult task worldwide. The main object of this thesis was to use molecular tools to generate useful information to contribute to the design of appropriate BTB control measures in Mozambique. To do so we considered a deep knowledge of the BTB history in Mozambique to be essential. The search was largely based on the reports produced annually by the Veterinary Services and other available information. We found reports of BTB in Mozambique as early as 1940. These cases were mainly identified as a result of post-mortem meat inspection. The higher numbers of cases reported were from 8 locations, namely Maputo, Magude, Vilanculos, Beira, Chimoio, Tete, Quelimane and Nampula, and served as a basis to decide the locations to perform prevalence and molecular epidemiologic studies. Prevalence studies were done in 10 districts selected based on the history of a high number of BTB case reports (intentionally biased towards locations presumably with higher prevalence), a high cattle density, but also to represent districts from the south, centre and north of Mozambique. A representative sample was defined, based on all livestock areas or villages in Massingir and Govuro Districts or by randomly selecting small-scale and commercial herds in 8 districts, specifically Manhiça, Chibuto, Buzi, Gondola, Mutarara, Mogovolas, Angoche and Mecanhelas. Results were obtained from 6983 cattle tested using tuberculin testing. Apparent prevalence varied from 0.98% in Massingir to 39.6% in the Govuro, with prevalence as high as 71.4% in some livestock areas/herds. The analysis of risk factors showed no noteworthy difference with respect to the sex of the animal. Younger age had significantly lower odds of infection compared to the older age class. There was a tendency of cattle from small-scale herds to have lower prevalence when compared to the commercial herds. From the prevalence studies, 187 tissue and 41 milk samples from BTB reactors were collected. Additionally 220 tissue samples were obtained from the Central Veterinary Laboratory routine diagnostic work. Samples were subject to bacteriological culture and a collection of 170 M. bovis isolates were obtained. Eight additional isolates were supplied from another study. All isolates were subjected to molecular typing using spoligotyping, and a sub-sample using MIRU-VNTR and regions of difference (RD) analysis. Fifteen different spoligotype patterns were identified of which 8 were not previously registered in the Mbovis.org database. The pattern SB0961 accounted for 61% of the isolates and was found in all areas of the country investigated. We hypothesize that this was one of the first clones to be introduced in Mozambique. Twenty-nine isolates had the pattern SB0140, which is specific for the European 1 (Eu1) clonal complex. Eleven isolates with this spoligotype were subjected to RD analysis, and all isolates had the Eu1 specific deletion. These were all isolated from cattle from the south of Mozambique and the majority from commercial farms that imported cattle, mainly from South Africa, where the Eu1 clonal complex is common. There were no isolates of the African 1 (Af1) or African 2 (Af2) clonal complexes that are frequent in Central-West Africa and East Africa, respectively. The clones identified from different farms and districts, strongly suggest routes of transmission and/or common source of infection. In conclusion, our results show a potential increase in the prevalence of BTB in Mozambique even taking into consideration i) that the selection of locations in our study was biased towards locations with a history of higher BTB prevalence and ii) the use of a more sensitive technique i.e. the testing in the middle neck region as opposed to the testing in the caudal fold as used in previous studies. Even if no cattle to human transmission was found in studies done in Mozambique so far, the evidence of M. bovis shedding through milk and the lack of correct practices to prevent animal to human transmission (consumption of raw milk), strongly suggests that there is zoonotic risk; a subject that needs to be investigated. The results presented in this work also strengthen the need to reinforce the current regulations that require a negative BTB test result before cattle importation. The same should be enforced for the internal movements, as the frequency of shared genotypes (Spoligotype and MIRU) from cattle originating from different parts of the country strongly suggest intra-contry transmission of BTB.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beestering (BTB), wat veroorsaak word deur bakterieë van die Mycobacterium tuberculosis kompleks, het ‘n negatiewe impak op die ekonomiese en publike gesondheid in lande waar dit voorkom. Die beheer van die siekte is ‘n moeilike taak wêreldwyd. Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis was om molekulêre toetse te gebruik om nuttige inligting te genereer wat sal bydra tot die ontwikkeling van toepaslike BTB beheermaatrëels in Mosambiek. Om dit te kon doen, was dit noodsaaklik om ‘n indiepte kennies te hê van BTB geskiedenis in Mosambiek. Die soektog was gebaseer op jaarlikse verslae van Veearts Dienste en ander beskikbare inligting. Ons het verslae gevind van BTB in Mosambiek so vroeg as 1940. Hierdie gevalle is hoofsaaklik geïdentifiseer as gevolg van roetine na-doodse inspeksie van vleis. Hoër getalle van sulke gevalle is geïdentifiseer in 8 distrikte, naamlik Maputo, Magude, Vilanculos, Beira, Chimoio, Tete, Quelimane en Nampula; en het gedien as ‘n basis vir die seleksie van studieareas vir die voorkoms studies. Voorkoms studies is uitgevoer in 10 distrikte gekies op grond van die geskiedenis van 'n hoër aantal BTB gevalle in hierdie areas (doelbewus bevooroordeeld teenoor plekke vermoedelik met 'n hoër voorkoms), asook‘n hoë digtheid beeste, maar ook om distrikte in die suide, middel en noorde van Mosambiek te verteenwoordig. ‘n Verteenwoordigende steekproef is geïdentifiseer gebaseer op al die vee-gebiede of dorpe in Massingir and Govuro distrikte óf deur kleinskaalse en kommersiële kuddes lukraak te kies in 8 distrikte, spesifiek Manhica, Chibuto, Busi, Gondola, Mutarara, Mogovolas, Angoche en Mecanhelas. Resultate is verkry deur 6983 beeste te toets met behulp van die tuberkulien vel toets. Skynbare voorkoms het gewissel van 0,98 % in Massingir tot 39,6 % in Govuro, met voorkoms so hoog as 71,4 % in sommige vee gebiede/ kuddes. Die ontleding van risiko faktore het geen noemenswaardige verskil met betrekking tot die geslag van die dier gewys nie. Jonger ouderdom diere het ‘n aansienlike laer kans van infeksie gehad in vergelyking met die ouer ouderdom klas. Daar was 'n neiging van beeste van kleinskaalse kuddes om ‘n laer voorkoms te hê in vergelyking met die kommersiële kuddes. Van die voorkoms studies, is 187 weefsel- en 41 melkmonsters van BTB reaktors ingesamel. ‘n Addisionele 220 weefselmonsters is verkry vanaf die Sentrale Veterinêre Laboratorium se roetine diagnostiese werk. Monsters was onderhewig aan bakteriologiese kweking en 'n versameling van 170 M. bovis isolate is verkry. Agt bykomende isolate is voorsien deur 'n ander studie. Alle isolate was onderhewig aan molekulêre-tipering met behulp van spoligotipering en ‘n subgroep met behulp van MIRU-VNTR en analise van genomies diverse areas. Vyftien verskillende spoligotipering patrone is geïdentifiseer, waarvan 8 nie voorheen in die Mbovis.org databasis geregistreer is nie. Die SB0961 patroon is geïdentifiseer vir 61% van die isolate en gevind in alle dele van die land wat ondersoek was. Ons hipotese is dat hierdie een van die eerste klone was wat voorgestel is in Mosambiek. Nege en twintig isolate het die SB0140 patroon gehad wat spesifiek is aan die Europese 1 (EU1) klonale kompleks. Elf isolate met hierdie spoligotipering patroon is verder geanaliseer om genomies diverse areas te identifiseer, waarvan almal die Eu1 spesifieke delesie getoon het. Hierdie isolate is almal geïsoleer uit beeste van die suide van Mosambiek, asook beeste gevind op kommersiele plase wat hoofsaaklik vanuit Suid Afrika invoer- waar die EU1 klonale kompleks algemeen is. Daar is geen isolate van die Afrikaans 1 (AF1) of Afrikaans 2 (AF2) klonale komplekse nie, dikwels gevind in onderskeidelik Sentraal-Wes-Afrika en Oos- Afrika. Isolate wat in verskillende plase en distrikte geïdentifiser is dui roetes van transmissie en/ of a gemeenskaplike bron van infeksie aan. Ten slotte, ons resultate dui op 'n moontlike toename in die voorkoms van BTB in Mosambiek, selfs met inagneming dat i) die keuse van areas in ons studie is bevooroordeeld teenoor areas met 'n geskiedenis van hoër BTB voorkoms en ii) die gebruik van 'n meer sensitiewe tegniek d.w.s. toetsing in die middel nekgebied i.p.v. toetsing in die stert vou soos gebruik in vorige studies. Selfs al is geen bees-na-mens-oordrag gevind nie, is die bewys van M. bovis oordrag deur melk en die gebrek aan korrekte prosedures om dier-na-mens-oordrag te voorkom (verbruik van nie-gepasturiseerde melk), ‘n sterk bewys van die soönotiese risiko; ‘n onderwerp wat ondersoek moet word. Die resultate van hierdie ondersoek beklemtoon die behoefte om die huidige regulasies wat ‘n negatiewe BTB toetsuitslag vereis voor beeste ingevoer word, te versterk. Dieselfde maatreëls moet ingestel word vir interne beweging van beeste, omdat die frekwensie van gedeelde genotipes (Spoligotipering en MIRU) tussen beeste met oorsprong uit verskillende dele van die land aandui dat interne oordrag van BTB plaasvind.
Marzo, Escartín Elena. "Tuberculosi pulmonar: com evitar el pas de granuloma a cavitat. Estudi de la inflamació en la patogènesi de la malaltia tuberculosa i desenvolupament de noves estratègies terapèutiques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285649.
Full textLa tuberculosis (TB) es una epidemia global causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) con 8,6 millones de enfermos y 1,3 millones de muertes cada año. El tratamiento actual con antibióticos es muy largo, caro i presenta efectos adversos. Cuando una persona se infecta con Mtb puede controlar la infección en el 90% de los casos (infección latente), desarrollando solamente lesiones microscópicas en el pulmón: granulomas de 0,5mm de diámetro invisibles en una radiografía. En el 10% restante la infección no se controla y se desarrollan lesiones mayores, típicamente cavidades de unos 20mm en adultos inmunocompetentes. La clave para comprender la patogénesis de la TB activa es el paso de granulomas de 0,5mm a cavidades de gran tamaño. En esta tesis se ha desarrollado un modelo murino mediante la infección endovenosa de ratones C3HeB/FeJ con la cepa virulenta H37Rv de Mtb, que desarrolla lesiones con necrosis granulomatosa central y licuefacción, muy similares a las lesiones previas a la cavitación en humanos. Las lesiones crecen de forma exponencial debido en parte a la infiltración neutrofílica masiva, y en parte a la coalescencia de las lesiones vecinas. Los estudios comparativos con la cepa resistente C3H/HeN y el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs) en el modelo han confirmado que la inflamación es un factor clave en el desarrollo de la TB activa, y también que los AINE podrían utilizarse como tratamiento coadyuvante en la TB pulmonar en adultos inmunocompetentes, dado que en frenar la inflamación ayudan a controlar la enfermedad. Por otro lado se ha desarrollado un método profiláctico que mediante la administración oral de dosis bajas de micobacterias inactivadas induce tolerancia al Mtb, y en consecuencia una respuesta inmunitaria más equilibrada, conteniendo la respuesta Th17, resultando en una mejora de la supervivencia, la carga bacilar y la histopatología de los ratones. Conclusiones: Se ha desarrollado un modelo murino de TB activa, se ha caracterizado el papel de la inflamación en el desarrollo de cavidades, concretamente de la infiltración masiva de neutrófilos, se ha propuesto el uso de AINEs como tratamiento coadyuvante para la tuberculosis activa en adultos inmunocompetentes, y se ha desarrollado un nuevo método profiláctico que podría evitar la enfermedad mediante la inducción de tolerancia oral al Mtb que se consigue con la administración oral de bajas dosis de micobacterias inactivadas.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global epidemic caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In 2012 an estimated 8,6 million of people developed TB and 1,3 million died from the disease. The current treatment with antibiotics is expensive, long-lasting and presents adverse effects. When people are infected with Mtb the infection is controlled in the 90% of the cases, developing microscopic lesions in the lungs, 0,5mm of size granulomas, invisibles to the X-rays. In the other 10% the infection is not controlled and bigger lesions are developed: in immunocompetent adults the most characteristic lesion is a cavity sized about 20mm of diameter. The clue to understand active TB pathogenesis must be the development of 20mm cavities from 0,5mm granulomas. In this work a murine model has been developed through the endovenous infection of C3HeB/FeJ mice with H37Rv virulent strain of Mtb, which develops lesions presenting central granulomatous necrosis and further liquefaction, very similarly to the lesions previous to cavity formation in human patients. The lesions grow exponentially due to massive neutrophilic infiltration and coalescence of neighbour lesions. The comparative studies with the resistant mice strain C3H/HeN and the use of non-steroidal anti-iflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the model confirmed that inflammation is clue in the active TB development, and also that NSAIDs could be use as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of pulmonary TB in immunocompetent adults, through control of excessive inflammation. On the other hand, a prophylactic method has been developed consisting on induction of tolerance to Mtb through oral administration of low doses of heat-killed mycobacteria, driving to a more balanced immune response, limiting Th17 development and resulting in a better outcome of mice in terms of survival, histopathology and bacillary load in lungs. Conclusions: A murine active TB model has been developed, and the role of inflammation in cavity formation characterized, namely the role of massive neutrophilic infiltration. The use of NSAIDs has been proposed as an adjuvant treatment of active TB in immunocompetent adults, and a new prophylactic method has been developed that could avoid the disease by induction of oral tolerance to Mtb through the administration of heat killed micobacteria at low doses.
Jenkins, Akinbowale Olajide. "Identification and genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infections at the human/domestic animals/wildlife interface in Nigeria and South Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05132009-165911/.
Full textBegg, Douglas, and n/a. "Immune profiles in sheep following experimental infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis." University of Otago. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070427.142318.
Full textLe, Roex Nikki. "Host genetic factors in susceptibility to mycobacterial disease in the African buffalo, Syncerus caffer." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86750.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a chronic, infectious disease found in domestic livestock and wildlife, and has serious biodiversity, economic and public health implications. African buffalo act as a wildlife reservoir of BTB, maintaining and transmitting the disease within the environment. The research presented in this thesis addresses the role of host genetic variation in resistance to BTB infection in African buffalo, and reviews the possible practical application of such information. Annual BTB prevalence within the African buffalo population in Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park, South Africa, was evaluated over a seven year period in order to define the extent of M. bovis infection. Prevalence changes over time suggest that the test and cull operation currently in place is performing successfully with respect to the original aims of the programme. A review of genetic studies of BTB in livestock and wildlife collated previous findings in this field and provided a collection of possible candidate genes and variants. It also highlighted a lack of research in wildlife, and the limitations of working with species with insufficient genetic data. To overcome the absence of whole-genome data, next-generation sequencing was performed on nine African buffalo, in order to identify novel genetic variants in this species. Upwards of 76 000 novel SNPs within gene regions were identified, and subsequent fluorescent genotyping of 173 SNPs showed a 57% validation rate. From the validated set, 69 SNPs located in genes related to the immune system were selected for association testing with BTB status in African buffalo, and were fluorescently genotyped in 868 individuals. Three SNPs, in the Solute Carrier family 7, member A13 (SLC7A13), Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumour-1 (DMBT1) and Interleukin 1 alpha (IL1α) genes, were identified as significantly associated with BTB status. Very little sequence information of the NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) gene was obtained from the next-generation sequencing performed, and this gene has been associated with brucellosis, salmonella and paratuberculosis in other animal species, making it an excellent candidate for BTB resistance. To characterise this gene in African buffalo, Sanger sequencing was performed to generate the complete coding region, and partially sequence the 5’UTR, intronic and 3’UTR regions. Fifteen novel polymorphisms and three microsatellites were identified within the gene. Finally, a review was prepared to assess the applicability of genetic information on BTB resistance to selective breeding programmes for African buffalo. Phenotypic, marker-assisted and genomic breeding strategies were discussed, with particular emphasis on their suitability to African buffalo. Identifying genes and variants involved in BTB resistance in African buffalo provides potential targets for drug or vaccine development, as well as information that could be incorporated into selective breeding programmes. This may support new management options for controlling the BTB epidemic in the game parks of South Africa, as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, lethal control
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beestuberkulose (BTB) is ‘n chroniese, aansteeklike siekte wat in vee en wild voorkom en wat ernstige gevolge vir die ekonomie, biodiversiteit en openbare gesondheid inhou. Die Kaap-buffel is ‘n wild reservoir vir BTB wat die siekte onderhou en versprei in die omgewing. Die navorsing wat in hierdie tesis aangebied word fokus op die rol van gasheer genetiese variasie in die weerstand teen BTB infeksie in Kaap-buffels en gee ‘n oorsig van die moontlike praktiese toepassing van die resultate. Die jaarlikse BTB voorkomsyfer in die Kaap-buffel bevolking in die Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park in Suid-Afrika is oor ‘n tydperk van sewe jaar geëvalueer om die omvang van M. bovis infeksie te bepaal. Die verandering in voorkomsyfer oor tyd dui daarop dat die toets-en-slag operasie wat tans gebruik word die oorspronklike doelwitte van die program suksesvol bereik. ‘n Oorsig en vergelyking van vorige genetiese studies van BTB in vee en wild het ‘n versameling van moontlike kandidaatgene en –variante verskaf. Dit het ook die gebrek aan navorsing in wildediere uitgewys en die navorsingsbeperkinge wanneer ‘n spesie met onvoldoende genetiese data bestudeer word benadruk. Aangesien daar nie heel genoom data beskikbaar is nie, is volgende-generasie volgordebepaling van 9 Kaap-buffels gedoen om nuwe genetiese variasies in hierdie spesie te identifiseer. Meer as 76 000 nuwe enkel-nukleotied polimorfismes (ENPs) binne geen-areas is geïdentifiseer en die daaropvolgende genotipering van 173 ENPs het ‘n bevestigingskoers van 57% gehad. Vanuit die bevestigde stel ENPs is 69 gekies vir assosiasietoetse met BTB status in die Kaap-buffel en genotipering van 868 individue is gedoen. Drie ENPs, in die Solute Carrier family 7, member A13 (SLC7A13), Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumour-1 (DMBT1) en Interleukin 1 alpha (IL1α) gene, was beduidend geassosieer met BTB status. Baie min volgorde inligting van die NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) geen is verkry uit die volgende-generasie volgordebepaling. Aangesien hierdie geen voorheen met brucellose, salmonella en paratuberkulose in ander dierespesies geassosieer is, is dit ‘n uitstekende kandidaat vir BTB weerstand. Hierdie geen is in Kaap-buffels gekarakteriseer deur Sanger volgordebepaling van die volledige koderende, gedeeltelike 5’UTR, introniese en 3’UTR areas te doen. Vyftien nuwe polimorfismes en drie mikrosatelliete is geïdentifiseer. Ten slotte is ‘n oorsigstudie gedoen om die toepaslikheid van BTB genetiese weerstandsdata in selektiewe telingsprogramme van Kaap-buffels te evalueer. Fenotipiese, merkerbemiddelde en genomiese teling strategieë is bespreek, met spesifieke klem op die geskiktheid van die metodes vir Kaap-buffels. Identifisering van gene en variante wat betrokke is by BTB weerstand in die Kaap-buffel bied potensiële teikens vir medikasie of entstof ontwikkeling, sowel as inligting wat in selektiewe telingsprogramme gebruik kan word. Dit kan nuwe bestuursopsies vir die beheer van die BTB-epidemie in die parke van Suid-Afrika bied as 'n alternatief vir, of in samewerking met, dodelike beheermetodes.
Nombebe, Thobeka. "Prevalence, seasonal trends and incidences of cattle tuberculosis and brucellosis in the Cacadu municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016200.
Full textAbrahão, Regina Maura Cabral de Melo. "Tuberculose humana causada pelo Mycobacterium bovis: considerações gerais e a importância dos reservatórios animais." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-04022011-153511/.
Full textSeeking to know the epidemic data, etiology, pathogeny, diagnostics resources, transmission mechanisms, treatment, prevention and control of the tuberculosis caused by the Mycobacterium bovis in man, bovine and animal reservoirs, it took place this bibliographical revision to review the situation of the human tuberculosis caused by that mycobacteria worldwide, since there are few available data in Brazil. There is a great concern whether the pandemic HIV/AIDS will increase the number of cases of human tuberculosis caused by M.bovis, as occurred due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was analyzed the main animal reservoirs of M.bovis existent in full detail, with emphasis to those of larger importance in the transmission of the human and animal tuberculosis due to this agent. The transmission mechanisms were verified in its hosts chain, one of the widest among all the existent pathogens. The progress of the diagnostic technics in the field of the molecular biology, seeking a better strains discrimination of M.bovis and M.tuberculosis was evidenced. The problems caused by inadequate treatments with antituberculosis drugs, which can induce the appearing of multidrug-resistants strains, were approached. An urgent need of larger researches was evidenced on the performance of diagnostics tests used in the control programs and, also, for the vaccination subjects and chemotherapy. The effective collaboration between the triad medical and veterinary microbiologists and professionals of public health, is essential for the investigation of that mycobacteria of historical and contemporary importance. There is, therefore, the need of a material, human and financial resources policy, involving international cooperation of organs linked to the public health, corroborating the recommendations of World Health Organization, published in Geneva in 1993
Ikuta, Cássia Yumi. "Estudo de micobactérias em animais silvestres mantidos em cativeiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-16092015-110534/.
Full textMycobacterium genus comprises several species, which have been studied for their capacity to cause diseases. Outbreaks of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis in zoos, aquariums, research and breeding facilities have shown the importance of these organisms to health of wildlife animal maintained in captivity. Two hundred and eleven samples, from 101 animals among mammal, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes, were cultured. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis and 13 species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria associated to diseases were isolated. The chronical nature of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis, their limited ante mortem diagnosis, along with social behavior of each species and confinement, favor mycobacterial transmission through contact with infected humans and other animals. Despite the presence of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis has already been observed in Brazilian institutions, the present study described infections in animal species destined to human consumption, and species known for their susceptiblility, yet not documented in Brazil. Disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria was reported, though its importance must be considered according to the animal species affected
Nugent, Graham. "The role of wild deer in the epidemiology and management of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 2005. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20070212.130927/.
Full textVandersommers, Daniel A. "Laboratories, Lyceums, Lords: The National Zoological Park and the Transformation of Humanism in Nineteenth-Century America." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1399640141.
Full textHaile, Melles. "Studies on new tuberculosis vaccine candidates in animal models /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-327-2/.
Full textPraud, Anne. "Apport de l'épidémiologie dans le choix des outils d'aide à la prise de décision sanitaire en santé animale : evaluation des tests de dépistage en santé animale." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783710.
Full textArcelles, Porras Mauricio Alfredo. "Prevalencia de tuberculosis bovina en el distrito de Vegueta provincia de Huaura en los años 2001 y 2002." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1534.
Full textThis paper had the goal of determining the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the district of Végueta, province of Huaura, in the years 2001 and 2002, having as a base the regulations for the bovine tuberculosis control and eradication, D.S.-31-2000 AG. The monitoring was made among a total of 3240 and 3230 bovines in the years 2001 and 2002, respectively, of all ages older than 4 week old. The testing for bovine tuberculosis wade made using the PPD skin test, both the caudal tuberculin test (CFT) and the comparative cervical tuberculin test (CCT) for confirmation. About the results, in the year 2001 the caudal tuberculin test showed 4 positive cases, 0.1235%.One of these cases was positive to the comparative cervical tuberculin test, too. In the year 2002, the caudal fold tuberculin test showed 2 positive cases, that were positive to the comparative cervical tuberculin test, too.
Tesis
Vergara, Manrique Gino Eder. "Prevalencia de la tuberculosis caprina en la provincia de Barranca." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2256.
Full textThe objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of the goat tuberculosis in the province of barranca, department of lima, including the districts of paramonga, pativilca, barranca and supe. for that objective the unique intradermal test of tuberculin was used (bovine purified protein derivative, ppd), based on the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. four hundred twelve creoles goats, older that two months , from an extensive and sedentary breeding were tested. the test was performed in the caudal fold of the tail and remeasured 72 hours after the inoculation of the tuberculin. two animals react positive, and the prevalence of 0.48 ± 0.67% was determined. these results suggest that tuberculosis is a little spread in the goats from barranca province.
Tesis
Crimes, Delyth Mary. "Accounting for the social impacts of animal disease : the case of bovine tuberculosis." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/75333/.
Full textDomènech, Martínez Pilar. "Tendencias evolutivas de la brucelosis y la tuberculosis animales en el periodo 1990-2000." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5646.
Full textVaid, Jagdish. "Immune responses to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848515/.
Full textBourguignon, Tom. "Polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of lung infectious diseases." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASF096.
Full textInfectious diseases have always been a threat to mankind, as reminded by the recent COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) pandemic. However, the latter has also highlighted the potential of nanotechnologies for the development of innovative therapies, thanks to vaccines containing nanoparticles (NPs) for messenger RNA protection and vectorization. This work explores the potential of PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) NPs for the treatment of two lung diseases: tuberculosis (TB), a millennia-old ailment as well as the deadliest infectious disease worldwide, and COVID-19, the second pandemic of this century.To begin with, we take interest in the physiopathology and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but most of all, in the evolution of NPs over the last thirty years for the optimization of TB therapy. This literature review, published in Pharmaceutics in 2023, highlights the most studied NPs and antibiotics to this end, and offers perspectives for the future of advanced and tailored treatments.For the study of the prepared PLGA NPs, a characterization technique, NTA (nanoparticle tracking analysis), is diverted from its original use to explore cell-NP interactions. NPs are incubated with cell cultures before the supernatants are analyzed by NTA, thus enabling to quantify NP internalization over time. Such a use, detailed in an article published in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics in 2021, had never been described in the literature before.The NP potential for the targeting of Mtb is then explored. In vitro, it appears that NPs are preferentially internalized by infected cells as compared to non-infected ones. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between the number of intracellular bacteria and the number of captured NPs. In vivo, in a mouse model, a single intranasal NP injection allows for the targeting of the organ of interest (the lungs), the cell type of interest (alveolar macrophages, the site of Mtb infection), and infected cells rather than non-infected ones, the former capturing three times more NPs on average than the latter. These results are the subject of an article currently being reviewed.Finally, a study takes interest in the encapsulation and solubilization of an active molecule for the treatment of COVID-19. Optimization studies resulted in drug encapsulation of 98.3%, drug loading of 24.9%, and a concentration in water of 5 mg/mL for this hydrophobic molecule. Its release mechanism was also unraveled. In a mouse and in a hamster model, it appears that a few intranasal injections reduce the lung viral load by 1.4 log10/mL, with very limited toxicity. In a mouse model, the encapsulated molecule is shown to prevent lung inflammation usually associated with COVID-19. This study, which will be submitted for publication shortly, lays the foundations for a post-infection therapy for the most vulnerable patients. Other results, non-included in the article, explore different NP formulations to influence and prolong drug release in vivo. A patent has been filed for this study in 2023.In conclusion, this work demonstrates the potential of PLGA NPs for the treatment of two of the deadliest infectious lung diseases currently, and offers prospects for future studies
Ramírez, Villaescusa Ana. "A cohort study of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in South West England." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2344/.
Full textCorrêa, Robert Lamas. "Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose Animal - PNCEBT : análise saúde-saúde da brucelose animal." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2012. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/12032.
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O Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e da Tuberculose Animal – PNCEBT – vem em busca da eliminação progressiva destas zoonoses. Essas patologias são relevantes para o estudo da Economia da Saúde Animal, pois implicam perdas econômicas substanciais, além de incidir sobre a saúde humana. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o programa por meio de um método diferenciado, que considera os benefícios da regulação, a chamada Análise Saúde-Saúde - ASS. Esse método, desde a década de 80 vem tomando proporções cada vez maiores, por considerar aspectos distintos em seu modelo, como a probabilidade e a relação renda-saúde. Uma das grandes dificuldades das metodologias de valoração é atribuir o quanto vale salvar uma vida sem incorrer em julgamentos de valores subjetivos a colocar a problemática ética em discussão. Esse modelo propõe que a decisão de implementação de uma política seja realizada em uma base técnica com forte apoio moral. Identifica-se, portanto, o impacto de vários fatores, como os custos indiretos e os benefícios da política, além de proposta de estimação decorrente dos testes de probabilidade, de sobrevivência ou risco de morte, possibilitando observar os fluxos do Programa. Concluiu-se que a relação renda-saúde é uma forma objetiva de julgar a viabilidade de programas que envolvem questões ligadas à saúde e risco. O Programa, apesar de recente, apresentou resultados satisfatórios, pois se consegue observar, em uma simulação realizada, a redução da frequência para a brucelose. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The National Programme for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Animal - PNCEBT - comes in search of the phasing of these zoonoses. These pathologies are relevant to the study of Animal Health Economics, since they imply substantial economic losses, and focus on human health. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the program using a different method, which considers the benefits of regulation, called Health-Health Analysis - ASS. This method, since the 80's has been taking increasing proportions, considering different aspects in their model, as the probability and income-health relationship. One of the great difficulties of valuation methodologies is how to assign worth to save a life without incurring subjective value judgments to put the ethical issue under discussion. This model proposes that the decision to implement a policy is held on a technical basis with strong moral support. Identifies, therefore, the impact of various factors such as indirect costs and benefits of the policy, and proposed estimation resulting from tests of probability of survival or death, allowing observing the flow of the program. It was concluded that the income-health relationship is an objective way to judge the viability of programs that involve health issues and risk. The program, although recent, satisfactory results, as can be seen in a simulation, reducing the frequency for brucellosis.
Louveau, Céline. "Evalualtion du risque représenté par une surinfection bactérienne au cours d'un épisode grippal." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077188.
Full textThe most likely threat in biowarfare is representd by biological agents causing infectious diseases transmitted by aerosol. In this study, we evaluated if a synergetic effect exists between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) and influenza virus which is known to promote bacterial respiratory superinfections. We fïrst designed a new nose-only aerosol apparatus in order to develop a mouse model of pulmonary infection with Mt in biohazard level-3 safety conditions. We showed that less than 1% of total generated particles were biological particles and among these particles, 80% had a size inferior to 5 μm and likely reached alveolar compartments and so initiated an infectious process. Next, our device was used to establish for the first time a murine model of aerosol infection with Coxiella burnetii. Then, we present evidence that the prior influenza infection increased the résistance of mice to mycobacterial infection. The absence of lethal synergism between both agents may be explained by the consolidation of lungs due to previous influenza virus infection and the secretion of high levels of cytokines known to play a key role in the control of mycobacterial infections in mice. This is the first time that such a phenomenon is described. In conclusion, we demonstrated that our aerosol exposure apparatus can be applied to any pathogen which is spread by aerosol and enables to determine the pathogenic potential of these pathogens in vivo by developing animal models
Silva, Gonzales Víctor Raúl. "Determinación de la prevalencia de la tuberculosis bovina en el distrito de Puerto Inca, Huánuco." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/12211.
Full textTesis
May, Terry J. "Synthesis and evaluation of inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35769/.
Full textOkano, Werner [UNESP]. "Post mortem, citologia, histopatologia e bacteriologia no diagnóstico da tuberculose bovina - matadouro-frigorífico da Região Norte do Paraná." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104673.
Full textUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Quanto menor o intervalo de tempo entre o achado post mortem e o diagnóstico da tuberculose, mais rapidamente se estabelecerão prioridades de ação frente a decisão sanitária a ser tomada pela Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal quanto a carcaça em questão. A citologia por ser um método rápido, de fácil realização e de baixo custo sendo importante instrumento na clínica bovina, especialmente quando usada em conjunto com achados físicos. Foram avaliadas amostras de 41 fragmentos de linfonodos de bovinos de matadouro-frigorífico com avaliação macroscópica e coletado material para exame histológico, citológico e cultura bacteriológica e parte delas analisadas pelo PCR. De 17 linfonodos sem lesões típicas de tuberculose em 9 visualizaram-se células gigantes de Langhans; 4 isolaram-se o M. bovis; sendo duas destas PCR positivo e 4 citologias sugestivas de tuberculose. Resultados deste estudo indicam que nem todos os animais infectados têm lesões macroscópicas observadas na linha de abate. Permitem também concluir que há a necessidade do uso de métodos laboratoriais no auxílio do diagnóstico da tuberculose em matadouros-frigoríficos.
The short the time gap between the post mortem found and the tuberculosis diagnosis, the faster wil the action priorities be established towards the sanitary decision to be made by slaughter surveillance concerning the carcass in the issue. Cytology being a fast, rather feasible and low-cost method and important tool in bovine practice, especially when used in conjunction with the physical findings. 41 samples of fragments from bovine lymph nodes coming from slaughterhouse have been analyzed macroscopically and material for histological, cytological and bacteriologic culture has been collected, part of wich has been analyzed by the PCR. Of the 17 lymph nodes with no TB lesions, 9 present giant Langhans cells; in 4 was the M. bovis isolated, 2 of those being PCR positive, and 4, TB suggestive cytology. Results from this study indicate that not all infected animals have macroscopic lesions observed at slaughter line; allowing as well to be concluded, that there is a need for use of laboratorial methods in assisting the diagnosis of tuberculosis in slaughterhouse.
Okano, Werner. "Post mortem, citologia, histopatologia e bacteriologia no diagnóstico da tuberculose bovina - matadouro-frigorífico da Região Norte do Paraná /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104673.
Full textBanca: Julio Lopes Sequeira
Banca: Germano Francisco Biondi
Banca: Rosilene Fressatti
Banca: Antonio Carlos Faria dos Reis
Resumo: Quanto menor o intervalo de tempo entre o achado post mortem e o diagnóstico da tuberculose, mais rapidamente se estabelecerão prioridades de ação frente a decisão sanitária a ser tomada pela Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal quanto a carcaça em questão. A citologia por ser um método rápido, de fácil realização e de baixo custo sendo importante instrumento na clínica bovina, especialmente quando usada em conjunto com achados físicos. Foram avaliadas amostras de 41 fragmentos de linfonodos de bovinos de matadouro-frigorífico com avaliação macroscópica e coletado material para exame histológico, citológico e cultura bacteriológica e parte delas analisadas pelo PCR. De 17 linfonodos sem lesões típicas de tuberculose em 9 visualizaram-se células gigantes de Langhans; 4 isolaram-se o M. bovis; sendo duas destas PCR positivo e 4 citologias sugestivas de tuberculose. Resultados deste estudo indicam que nem todos os animais infectados têm lesões macroscópicas observadas na linha de abate. Permitem também concluir que há a necessidade do uso de métodos laboratoriais no auxílio do diagnóstico da tuberculose em matadouros-frigoríficos.
Abstract: The short the time gap between the post mortem found and the tuberculosis diagnosis, the faster wil the action priorities be established towards the sanitary decision to be made by slaughter surveillance concerning the carcass in the issue. Cytology being a fast, rather feasible and low-cost method and important tool in bovine practice, especially when used in conjunction with the physical findings. 41 samples of fragments from bovine lymph nodes coming from slaughterhouse have been analyzed macroscopically and material for histological, cytological and bacteriologic culture has been collected, part of wich has been analyzed by the PCR. Of the 17 lymph nodes with no TB lesions, 9 present giant Langhans cells; in 4 was the M. bovis isolated, 2 of those being PCR positive, and 4, TB suggestive cytology. Results from this study indicate that not all infected animals have macroscopic lesions observed at slaughter line; allowing as well to be concluded, that there is a need for use of laboratorial methods in assisting the diagnosis of tuberculosis in slaughterhouse.
Doutor
Cárdenas, Avilés Jennifer Giovanna. "Estrategias de control y eliminación de tuberculosis en ovinos y caprinos en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/16600.
Full textMarjamaki, P. "The genetic basis of variation in bovine tuberculosis infection, progression and diagnosis in a wild animal host." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/36577.
Full textSILVA, Ediane Batista da. "Aspectos da resposta imune humoral e celular de bovinos naturalmente infectados com mycobacterium bovis e avaliação de vacina de subunidade protéica para tuberculose em camundongos." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1199.
Full textSeveral aspects of the bovine tuberculosis were analyzed in this study. The immunogenicity of recombinant MPT-51 (rMPT-51), Ag-85 and M. bovis-BCG were characterized in an immunosorbent assay, where 208 serum samples from positive intradermal tuberculin test (ITT) animals and 54 serum samples from ITT negative animals where analyzed. M. bovis-BCG and Ag-85 were strongly recognized by antibodies from naturally infected cattle. Additionally, the clinical status of the animals were correlated with the ITT positivity, with the specific production of IL-4 by TCD4 and TCD8 positive lymphocytes, and with nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages from naturally tuberculosis infected bovine peripheral blood. ITT positive animals showed TCD4+IL4+ cells specific to M. bovis-BCG extract. High background levels of TCD8+IL-4+ lymphocytes were observed in ITT positive animals independent of the stimuli. When cell cultures where stimulated with M. bovis-BCG protein extract, there was no observed difference in NO production between the groups. Naturally tuberculosis infected bovine presented TCD4+IL4+ cells specific for M. bovis- BCG and a preserved NO production. Finnally, the immunogenicity of rMPT-51 use as a proteic sub-unit vaccine was evaluated in BALB/c mice, with two different adjuvants, incomplete Freund and CpG DNA. For this, mice were immunized and challenged with M. tuberculosis. Immunization with rMPT-51 antigen and either adjuvant induced, in the lungs, a migration increase of TCD5+IFN + cells specific for rMPT-51, when compared to controls (P<0.05). rMPT-51 plus CpG DNA presented a better performance among the different vaccination schemes tested, in part due to the ability of stiulate TCD5+IFN + cells and hampering the bacterial load, thus preserving the functional integrity of challenged mice lungs
Nesta tese foram avaliados vários aspectos da tuberculose bovina e do Mycobacterium bovis. Primeiro caracterizou-se a imunogenicidade do MPT-51, Ag 85 e BCG em ensaio imunoenzimático, onde foram utilizadas 208 amostras de soro de animais TTI positivo e 54 amostras de bovinos negativos. O BCG-M. bovis e o Ag 85 foram fortemente reconhecidos pelos anticorpos dos bovinos naturalmente infectados. Segundo correlaciounou-se o estado clínico do animal à positividade ao teste intradérmico, com a produção específica de IL-4 por linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ e a produção de óxido nítrico por macrófagos do sangue periférico de bovinos naturalmente infectados com tuberculose. Foi observado que os bovinos TTI positivos apresentaram células CD4+IL-4+ específicas para extrato protéico de M. bovis-BCG. Observaram-se altos níveis basais de linfócitos TCD8+IL-4+ independente de estímulos nos animais reatores. Quando as culturas foram estimuladas com extrato protéico de BCG, não houve diferença quanto à produção de NO. Os bovinos tuberculosos, naturalmente infectados, apresentaram células TCD4+IL4+ específicas para M. bovis-BCG, preservando a produção de NO pelos macrófagos. Finalmente, a imunogenicidade do MPT-51 como vacina de sub-unidade protéica foi avaliada em camundongos BALB/c, testando o MPT-51 com dois adjuvantes, o incompleto de Freund e o CpG DNA. Os camundongos foram imunizados e posteriormente desafiados com M. tuberculosis. No pulmão, a imunização com antígeno rMPT-51 a 20μg/ml + adjuvantes de Freund Incompleto e CpG DNA induziu aumento da migração de células TCD5+IFN- + específicas para o MPT-51 para o local da infecção, quando comparados com o controle (p<0,05). O MPT-51+CpG DNA, apresentou melhor desempenho dentre os esquemas de vacinação adotados, devido a capacidade de estimular a produção de células TCD5+IFN- + e a diminuição da carga bacteriana, preservando assim a integridade funcional do pulmão dos camundongos, quando desafiados
Fisher, Rhiannon. "The role of social capital in influencing the response capacity of farmers to bovine tuberculosis." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2012. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/1178/.
Full textTodeschini, Bernardo. "Enfoque epidemiológico em dados de tuberculose e brucelose visando a implantação de um sistema informatizado de monitoramento e vigilância." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/29066.
Full textEpidemiological surveillance is described as a set of procedures of collecting, processing and data analysis used for supporting the decision making process of animal and human health managers. The growing participation of private sector professionals on animal health issues has been widening the passive epidemiological surveillance, generating significant amounts of data. In this context, the National Program of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Control and Eradication – PNCEBT, promotes, amongst other strategies, the accreditation of private veterinarians to make diagnosis tests on bovine, increased significantly the amount of data on bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. In the present research, a compilation of all data from diagnosis tests performed by accredited private veterinarians on behalf of PNCEBT in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2008 was made, which was analyzed through distinct statistics techniques, aiming at characterizing the demography and spatial patterns of occurrence, as well as to assess the frequencies of those diseases. Data from 63.226 individual tests performed in 5.012 farms on 332 municipalities were analyzed, after treatment by multiple imputation and outlier values diagnosis. It was possible to conclude that the majority of tests were from dairy related animals; economical reasons, such as bonus programs, were the main motivation for the farmers to perform tests on their properties. Higher frequencies for both diseases were found in dairy cattle, when compared to other purposes animals. Female presented higher frequencies for both diseases when compared to males. It was also observed that the frequency of tuberculosis increased with age, while for brucellosis the frequency was higher between 48 to 60 months-old animals. Spatial analysis evidenced higher frequencies of positive tuberculosis farms in the metropolitana and centro-oriental mesorregions, which had higher farm density per km². It was also verified that the distance by MVH to perform tests might be a limiting factor for them to occur, being 49.5% of the tests performed at maximum round-way distance of 50 km. The municipalities which had tests performed showed 67.5 times more chances of having a resident MVH. It was possible to conclude that an appropriate approach of surveillance data allows the making of relevant inferences, being feasible the establishment of monitoring and surveillance systems - MOSS. These systems could improve data quality and accessibility, allowing public and private managers to perform custom analysis to bring more efficiency and efficacy to animal health programs.
Leite, Bruno Meireles. "Aspectos epidemiológicos e econômicos da certificação de propriedades leiteiras como livres de brucelose e tuberculose bovina." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2012. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/11795.
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Umas das principais estratégias do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose Animal (PNCEBT) é a certificação de propriedades livres destas duas doenças. Como a adesão dos produtores a esta certificação é voluntária, se faz necessário conhecer melhor os condicionantes técnicos e econômicos deste processo visando contribuir para o melhor planejamento das ações do PNCEBT. Para isso foram construídos modelos de análise custo-benefício para dois tipos de rebanhos leiteiros. Um de maior produção e com boas práticas sanitárias e de manejo e outro de menor produção e com índices zootécnicos inferiores. Foram simulados os efeitos da brucelose e da tuberculose em diferentes cenários de prevalência inicial, os custos e os benefícios do saneamento, além de possíveis cenários que poderiam alterar o resultado econômico do processo. A brucelose teve maior impacto econômico do que a tuberculose. Quando as duas doenças estavam presentes, o retorno econômico do investimento na certificação ocorreu apenas para o grande produtor. Para que o pequeno produtor tivesse retorno do investimento foi necessário o pagamento de indenização de 100% do valor dos animais eliminados ou a combinação de indenização de 75% do valor dos animais eliminados e adicional de R$0,01/litro de leite produzido. A certificação separada para cada doença se mostrou uma boa alternativa por reduzir os custos inicias e de manutenção fazendo com que houvesse uma maior probabilidade de retorno do investimento em menor tempo. A certificação com dois testes negativos em cenário de ausência de doenças reduziu o custo inicial em 33,6% porém foi necessário o pagamento adicional por litro de leite ou subsidio aos testes para que houvesse probabilidade de retorno de investimento para ambos os rebanhos. Ficou demonstrado que o retorno do investimento na certificação depende de políticas de incentivos que deverão ser diferenciadas por tipo de produtor e situação epidemiológica. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
One of the main strategies of the National Program for Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNECBT) is the accreditation of free bovine herds. As this accreditation is not mandatory, the economic and epidemiological factors that may influence the producer s decision should be investigated aiming a better planning of the PNCEBT. To reach this goal, a benefit-cost model was developed for two kinds of dairy herds. One with higher production and sound sanitary and reproductive practices and the other one with a smaller production and less sound sanitary and reproductive practices. The impact of the diseases was simulated considering different scenarios of initial prevalence, the costs and benefits of the accreditation and other ones that might influence the economic result. The brucellosis had more economic impact than tuberculosis. When the herd was infected with both diseases, the economic return of the investment in the accreditation happened only for the biggest producer. For the smallest one was necessary a 100% indemnity for all positive animals or a combination of 75% indemnity and a surplus of R$0,01/L of milk. The separated accreditation for each disease showed to be a good alternative as it reduced the initial and maintenance costs increasing the probability of the investment s return in a shorter time. The accreditation with two negative tests in the absence of diseases reduced the initial costs in 33,6% but for the existence of a probability of the investment s return was necessary a surplus on milk production or a subsidy on the tests for both producers. It was demonstrated that the return of the investment in the accreditation depends on incentive policies that should be different for each kind of producer and epidemiological situation.
Delnatte, Pauline Ducos de Lahitte Jacques. "Étude de la tuberculose chez l'éléphant importance en parc zoologique /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/2079/1/debouch_2079.pdf.
Full textFelix, Carolina Rodrigues. "Compostos indutores e genes regulando a expressão da bomba de efluxo Tap em Mycobacterium bovis BCG." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://guaiaca.ufpel.edu.br/handle/123456789/1222.
Full textTransport proteins related to drug efflux play an important role not only in the acquisition of drug-resistant phenotypes, but also in virulence of M. tuberculosis. The main objective of this study was to analyze the regulation of genes encoding the protein Rv1258c Tap considering the expression of genes Rv1255c and Rv1257c. RNA was extracted from cultures of M. bovis BCG overexpressing Rv1255c and Rv1257c, as well as a control strain containing the vector pVV16, and qRT-PCR of the Rv1258c gene was performed. RT-PCR was performed using RNA isolated previously from M. tuberculosis CDC1551, in order to verify that Rv1255c, Rv1256c, Rv1257c and Rv1258c genes are all connected to a transcript. The strain M. bovis BCG, expressing a red fluorescent protein under control of the promoter Rv1258c (pVVTapPro) was grown in the presence of streptomycin and glycine to verify the induction of the promoter. The qRT-PCR showed a downregulation of the gene in the strain overexpressing Rv1258c and Rv1257c, but no difference was observed in the strain overexpressing Rv1255c compared with the control. An increase in fluorescence was observed in the strain containing the promoter of the tap in the presence of 1 mg/L of streptomycin in comparison with the control. A two-fold induction of gene Tap was also observed in the presence of 1.6 mM glycine. The results suggest a role for Rv1257c in the regulation Tap expression. Moreover, the induction of Tap by streptomycin supports the importance of this protein in multidrugresistant M. tuberculosis. The effect of glycine on Tap promoter suggest a physiological role in cellular detoxification for this efflux pump. In conclusion, this study reinforces the need to obtain a deeper knowledge about the Tap protein operon and its regulation, in order to assist in the development of inhibitors of this efflux pump and possibly other mechanisms of induced resistance.
Proteínas transportadoras relacionada ao efluxo de drogas desempenham um papel importante não só na aquisição de fenótipos resistentes aos fármacos, mas também na virulência de M. tuberculosis. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a regulação do gene Rv1258c codificador da proteína Tap considerando a expressão dos genes Rv1255c e Rv1257c. RNA foi extraído a partir de culturas de M. bovis BCG superexpressando Rv1255c e Rv1257c, bem como de uma cepa controle contendo o vector pVV16 realizando o qRT-PCR do gene Rv1258c. RT-PCR foi realizada com RNA previamente isolado de M. tuberculosis CDC1551, a fim de verificar se o Rv1255c, Rv1256c, Rv1257c e Rv1258c genes estão todos ligados em um transcrito. A cepa M. bovis BCG, expressando uma proteína fluorescente vermelha sob o controle do promotor do Rv1258c (pVVTapPro) foi cultivado na presença de estreptomicina e glicina para verificar a indução deste promotor. O qRT-PCR demonstrou uma regulação negativa do gene Rv1258c na cepa sobre expressando Rv1257c, mas não foi observada diferença na cepa sobre expressando Rv1255c em comparação com o controle. Um aumento de fluorescência foi observada na cepa contendo o promotor da Tap na presença de 1 mg/L de estreptomicina, em comparação com o controle. Uma indução de duas vezes do gene Tap foi também observada na presença de glicina 1,6 mM. Os resultados sugerem um papel para o gene Rv1257c na regulação da expressão Tap. Além disso, a indução da Tap por estreptomicina apoia a importância desta proteína na multidroga-resistência de M. tuberculosis. O efeito da glicina no promotor da Tap sugere um papel fisiológico de detoxificação celular para essa bomba de efluxo. Em conclusão este estudo reforça a necessidade de se obter um conhecimento mais aprofundado a respeito do operon da proteína Tap e sua regulação, de maneira a auxiliar no desenvolvimento de inibidores dessa bomba de efluxo e possivelmente de outros mecanismos de resistência induzida.
Nieuwoudt, Liezl-Marié. "The impact of PheroidTM technology on the bioavailability and efficacy of anti-tuberculosis drugs in an animal model / L. Nieuwoudt." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4316.
Full textSilva, Duanne Alves da. "Análise imunogênica da proteína recombinante aspartil aminopeptidase (Rv0800) de Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5333.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
sem resumo em língua estrangeira.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade da enzima Rv0800 (DAP) do Mycobacterium tuberculosis como componente de vacina de subunidade proteica em dois sistemas de adjuvantes derivados de plantas. Para tanto, foi feita a produção heteróloga da enzima Rv0800 em E. coli e sua expressão pelo Mtb foi confirmada. A proteína recombinante obtida (rDAP) foi avaliada como vacina primeiramente associada ao Cn-AMP1, um peptídeo antimicrobiano proveniente da água de coco, e em outro experimento, associada ao ADVAXTM, um adjuvante polissacarídico derivado da delta inulina e foram usadas para vacinar camundongos BALB/c. As vacinas DAPC e DAPVAX induziram anticorpos IgG1 e IgG2a específicos. A vacina DAPC gerou resposta imune celular de linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ produtores de IFN-γ+ antes e depois do desafio com Mtb, e quando combinada com a vacina BCG melhorou a resposta induzida por esta. Contudo, apesar de as vacinas terem induzido resposta imune específica no modelo estudado, após a infecção foram geradas extensas lesões pulmonares e não houve diminuição da carga bacilar nos pulmões. Neste projeto foram desenvolvidas novas vacinas de subunidade proteica compostas por uma enzima do Mycobacterium tuberculosis associada a adjuvantes derivados de plantas, nunca testados no modelo murino de infecção e que se mostraram imunogênicas, mas não conferiram proteção.
Tello, Portilla Román Hernando. "Relación entre el conocimiento que tienen los criadores acerca de las enfermedades de los animales y el nivel tecnológico de su crianza en zonas rurales de Tumbes." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/4204.
Full textThis study aimed to determine the level of awareness of livestock producers to major diseases that can affect their livestock and the zoonotic importance of these diseases in rural areas of the Tumbes Region, as a tool for further health assessments in the region. Briefly, during the months of November to December 2012, 240 surveys were conducted in 32 rural communities belonging to the Tumbes region. Veterinarians previously trained conducted surveys. Regarding the level of knowledge of foot and mouthy Disease, the results of the survey indicated that over 90% of respondents indicated to know about the disease, compared to 5% of respondents who do not know about the disease (p <0.05). Also, 77.50% of the respondents mentioned having acquired knowledge of the disease through government programs, while 13.75% reported awareness of the disease due to radio and television messages (p <0.05). By contrast, the results for the level of knowledge of Bovine Rabies indicated that 80.42% of respondents did not know the disease, as well as 13.75% of respondents mentioned having acquired knowledge by government agencies. For Anthrax, the level of knowledge of farmers about the disease represented 50.42% and 49.17% did not hear about the disease (p> 0.05). Government programs have been mentioned as a source of information by 40% while radio and television have been recognized in 5.83%. Tuberculosis was recognized by 30% of respondents during the survey, while 70% did not know of the disease (p <0.05). Government programs were mentioned by the producers at 25%, while the radio and television were mentioned in 6.25% of the respondents. Regarding to Hog Cholera Disease, 75.83% of respondents knew of the disease, having been well heard by 70.42% of respondents, and radio or television in 9.58%. Brucellosis was recognized by only 11.25% of respondents, and only 8.33% of respondents cited government programs as a source of information. Finally the results for hydatidosis indicated that only 2.08% of respondents knew about the disease, and government programs were mentioned by only 2.92% of respondents. These results indicate that while there is good knowledge of the producers for diseases such as Aphtosa Fever and Swine Fever, the level of awareness of zoonotic diseases is very low, which may favor the onset and / or persistence of the disease in endemic areas. Keywords: Aphtosa Fever, Swine Fever, Anthrax, Brucelosis, Hydatidosis, Tuberculosis
Tesis
Lôbo, José Ricardo. "Análise custo-benefício da certificação de propriedades livres de tuberculose bovina." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2008. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1400.
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Dentre as estratégias do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e da Tuberculose Animal (PNCEBT), inclui-se a certificação de propriedades livres dessas doenças, de adesão voluntária, como principal medida para a eliminação progressiva dos focos. Sabe-se que a adesão a programa sanitário desse tipo está vinculada a eventuais restrições impostas aos criadores e a estímulos econômicos que possam existir. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo precípuo identificar fatores econômicos que influenciam a viabilidade financeira da certificação sanitária de propriedades produtoras de leite como livres de tuberculose bovina. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de análise custo-benefício, aplicado a dois cenários de prevalência inicial de 10% e 40% de animais infectados. O estabelecimento seria de produção intensiva, com 4.500 litros de leite por vaca, boas práticas de manejo sanitário, e um rebanho de 100 animais. Simulou-se o impacto financeiro de vários fatores como o custo dos testes diagnósticos, o recebimento de valores adicionais por litro de leite dos rebanhos em certificação e a produção de leite por vaca. Concluiu-se que a Razão Benefício-Custo é muito sensível à média de produção leiteira do estabelecimento e ao recebimento de adicionais no preço do leite, sendo pouco sensível à variação dos custos dos serviços veterinários. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The National Program for the Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) includes the accreditation of free bovine herds as one its main strategies, with a view to decrease the number of infected herds. The willingness of cattle producers to join such programs is usually influenced by restrictions imposed by the authorities and by economic stimulus that may be in place. The present study aimed at identifying key economic factors that may determine the financial worth of the accreditation of tuberculosis-free dairy herds. A benefit-cost model was developed and applied to two different within-herd prevalence scenarios: one starting at 10% prevalence and the other at 40%. The herd would be characterized as intensive, with a production of 4,500 liters per cow/year, with good sanitary practices and comprising 100 cows. It was simulated the financial impact of the cost of veterinary services, the introduction of surplus payments on milk and the productivity per cow. The investment model was very sensitive to the average production of milk per cow, as well as to the surplus payment on milk of accredited farms. The cost of veterinary services seems to have little impact on the overall financial viability of the accreditation program.
Wooding, Jeanette Eve. "The identification of bovine tuberculosis in zooarchaeological assemblages : working towards differential diagnostic criteria." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5123.
Full textWooding, Jeanette E. "The identification of bovine tuberculosis in zooarchaeological assemblages. Working towards differential diagnostic criteria." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5123.
Full textArts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)
Many of the images have been removed from the online version due to copyright restrictions. The embargo period for the thesis ended: 16th January 2018.
Nascimento, Geraldo Teixeira do. "Prevalência e fatores de risco da tuberculose bovina Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2015." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/22958.
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A tuberculose bovina é uma doença crônica e infecciosa de ampla distribuição mundial, que afeta negativamente a produção pecuária, bem como o comércio nacional e internacional de animais e a saúde pública. Neste trabalho, estimou-se a prevalência aparente de rebanhos e de fêmeas adultas infectadas, assim como os fatores de risco associados à presença da tuberculose nos rebanhos do Distrito Federal. A amostragem abrangeu a população de rebanhos bovinos que apresentavam atividade reprodutiva subdivididos em duas subpopulações, sendo uma constituída por rebanhos menores, ou seja, com até 14 fêmeas adultas e outro de rebanhos maiores, com 15 ou mais fêmeas adultas. No total foram amostrados 344 rebanhos e testados 3.256 animais. A prova diagnóstica utilizada foi a tuberculinização intradérmica comparativa. A prevalência aparente em rebanhos e em fêmeas adultas foi estimada em 3,44% [IC 95%: 1,53-5,34] e 0,89% [IC 95%: 0,00-1,85], respectivamente. Apesar de não haver diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as prevalências estimadas para cada uma das subpopulações, foi observada a tendência de prevalências mais elevadas em rebanhos maiores, o que corrobora com os resultados encontrados em estudos anteriores conduzidos em outras unidades federativas do país. O modelo de regressão logística múltipla indicou como fator de risco associado à presença de tuberculose bovina, o resfriamento do leite na propriedade, com OR igual a 3,57 [IC 95%: 1.01-12.6]. Esta variável está relacionada às propriedades leiteiras com algum grau de tecnificação, indicativo de produção mais intensiva associada normalmente aos sistemas de exploração do tipo confinado e semiconfinado, que favorecem o contato entre animais infectados e suscetíveis e a consequente transmissão da doença por via aerógena. Os resultados demonstraram que a tuberculose bovina tem prevalência baixa no Distrito Federal e a identificação do resfriamento do leite como fator de risco sugere que o risco da presença da enfermidade aumenta nas propriedades leiteiras que incorporam algum grau de tecnologia no sistema de produção. Estes resultados indicam que o Distrito Federal reúne condições para adotar sistemas de vigilância baseados em risco e para implementar programas de certificação de rebanhos livres, associados às indústrias de lácteos.
Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic and infectious disease with a wide distribution worldwide, which negatively affects production, as well as national and international commerce of animals and public health. In this work, the apparent prevalence of infected adult females and herds was estimated, as well as the risk factors associated with the presence of tuberculosis in the herds of Distrito Federal. The sampling comprised the population of cattle with reproductive activity subdivided into two subpopulations, one of small herds, consisting of those that had up to 14 adult females and another of large herds, with a quantitative of 15 or more adult females. In total, 344 herds were sampled and 3,256 animals were tested. The diagnostic test used was comparative intradermal tuberculinization. The apparent prevalence in adult herds and females was estimated to be 3.44% [95% CI: 1.53-5.34] and 0.89% [95% CI: 0.00-1.85], respectively. Although a statistically significant difference between the estimated prevalences for each of the subpopulations was not confirmed, the tendency of higher prevalences in larger herds was observed, what corroborates the results found in previous studies performed in other federative units of the country. The multiple logistic regression model indicated as a risk factor associated with the presence of bovine tuberculosis, milk cooling on the property with OR of 3.57 [95% CI: 1.01-12.6]. This variable is related to the dairy properties with some degree of technification, indicative of more intensive production normally associated to the confined and semiconfined type of farming systems, favoring the contact between infected and susceptible animals and the consequent transmission of the disease through the aerial form. The results showed that bovine tuberculosis has a low prevalence in the Distrito Federal and the identification of milk cooling as a risk factor suggests that the risk of the presence of the disease increases in dairy farms that incorporate some degree of technology in the production system.These results indicate that Distrito Federal has conditions to adopt risk-based surveillance systems and to implement free herd certification programs, associated with the dairy industry.
Toscano, Guerra Emily Marisol. "Detección de ácido pirazinoico como biomarcador de resistencia a pirazinamida en Mycobacterium tuberculosis mediante dos inmunoensayos empleando nanopartículas magnéticas, tmRNA y RpsA." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/7298.
Full textInnóvate Perú
Tesis
Abolhassani, Mohammad. "Administration du BCG par voie rectale : réponses immunitaires induites chez différentes espèces animales et protection contre l'infection expérimentale par Mycobacterium tuberculosis chez la souris et le cobaye." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066347.
Full textSantos, Claudio Alberto dos. "Doenças infecciosas emergentes." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/91930.
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A convivência entre humanos e animais sempre esteve presente ao longo do desenvolvimento da humanidade, entretanto determinadas formas dessa convivência tendem a criar condições propícias para o surgimento de certas doenças comuns, denominadas de zoonoses. Essas patologias, na atualidade, constituem um dos riscos mais freqüentes e temidos a que a humanidade se encontra exposta. O aumento das relações comerciais, as viagens de turismo, bem como as formas de produção intensivas de alimentos, fizeram com que novas patologias surgissem ou doenças que estavam controladas reaparecessem. Dentro deste último contexto encontramos a tuberculose, que, segundo a OMS, é a doença infeciosa que mais mata no mundo, a qual ressurge de forma diferenciada das características patológicas tradicionais, além de ter sua ocorrência junto com outras doenças, no caso a aids. Os agentes causadores da tuberculose são do gênero Micobacterium. Em humanos, a espécie é M. tuberculosis; em bovinos, é a espécie M. bovis. Entretanto, pode ocorrer que o agente causador da doença em animais infecte humanos, caso, em que a doença é considerada uma zoonose. Em países onde é feito o diagnóstico diferencial do agente causador em humanos, os índices de infecção de origem animal variam de 8% a 12%. No Brasil, contudo, essa diferenciação não é realizada. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a dinâmica das políticas em saúde através do processo de notificação da tuberculose bovina e humana realizada pela Secretaria da Agricultura e pela Secretaria da Saúde no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como avaliar a importância dos comportamentos das famílias produtoras de leite e carne na transmissão da doença. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com produtores de leite e carne, médicos veterinários, médicos humanos e gestores políticos envolvidos no controle da doença. O resultado da pesquisa demonstrou que os produtores de leite e carne pesquisados possuem conhecimentos restritos sobre a doença, bem como desconhecem suas formas de transmissão e as funções do Estado brasileiro no caso de animais soropositivos. Constatou-se que o processo de notificação entre os diversos órgãos institucionais (saúde humana e saúde animal) não ocorre como preconizam as leis e normativas. Outro aspecto demonstrado pelas entrevistas é que tanto os profissionais da iniciativa privada quanto os da rede pública, vinculados à medicina humana, preocupam-se apenas com o tratamento da doença, desconsiderando os fatores relacionados a seu controle. Conclui-se que não existe um real processo de notificação e uma relação necessária entre os órgãos públicos envolvidos no caso de tuberculose. Além disso, evidenciou-se que o comportamento das famílias produtoras de leite é um dos fatores que elevaram a ocorrência da tuberculose humana, em razão do desconhecimento do fato de que podem ser agente infectante desta doença. Constatou-se que o êxito das políticas de vigilância epidemiológica e sanitária está relacionado com a incorporação de variáveis que analisem os aspectos socioculturais e econômicos dos sujeitos envolvidos; por isso, ressalta-se a importância do trabalho interdisciplinar e integrado com as ciências sociais.