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García, Sáenz Ariadna. "Spatial epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals and evaluation of surveillance." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/328428.
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El objetivo de la presente tesis ha sido obtener información sobre la epidemiología de la Tuberculosis Bovina (TBb) en rebaños vacunos así como la obtención de datos para la implementación de un posible sistema de vigilancia basado en riesgo.
En el primer estudio se analizó la variación espacio-temporal del riesgo de TBb en rebaños vacunos desde el año 2006 hasta el 2011. Los resultados indicaron que la prevalencia y la incidencia fueron más elevadas en algunas comarcas y en algunos años, comparando con la evolución global a nivel de país. El análisis de potenciales factores de riesgo indicaron que tanto los movimientos entre granjas provenientes de zonas de elevada incidencia (>1%) como la presencia de ganado de lidia, incrementaban el riesgo de infección.
En el segundo estudio se describió una aproximación a un sistema de vigilancia basado en riesgo que se está evaluando actualmente en Nueva Zelanda. Dado que la presencia de TBb en granjas está conducida por un número de factores que incluyen: historial de infección previo en la explotación, frecuencia de test diagnósticos llevados a cabo en la explotación, localización geográfica y los movimientos de animales; el objetivo del estudio fue calcular una puntuación de riesgo de infección para cada granja utilizando datos recogidos durante la campaña de erradicación de forma rutinaria. De esta forma, los rebaños podrían ser clasificados en función de su riesgo de infección y así la vigilancia se podría focalizar en intentar detectar, de una forma más eficiente y economizando los costes, aquellas granjas con la puntuación de riesgo más elevada.
En el tercer estudio, la sensibilidad individual de la vigilancia de TBb en mataderos de Cataluña fue evaluada. La probabilidad de detectar un bovino infectado fue estimada mediante el producto de las siguientes probabilidades: 1) probabilidad de que un bovino infectado llegue a matadero presentando lesiones compatibles y detectables macroscópicamente (LDM), 2) probabilidad de que LDM sean detectadas durante la inspección en matadero, 3) probabilidad de que el veterinario oficial de matadero sospeche de TBb y envíe las muestras al laboratorio para su confirmación. La sensibilidad individual de la vigilancia de TBb en los mataderos de bovino de Cataluña, resultó ser de un 31.4% (CI 95%: 28.6-36.2).
En el cuarto estudio, la dinámica de transmisión de TBb dentro de un rebaño fue analizada. Para ello se desarrolló un modelo compartimental estocástico SEI (Susceptibles, Expuestos e Infecciosos). Con este modelo se infirieron los parámetros relacionados con la transmisión, en particular el ratio de transmisión (β) y el ratio en el que los animales infectados pasan a ser infecciosos (α). También, debido a la controversia sobre las sensibilidades reportadas de la prueba de la intradermo-tuberculinización simple (IDTs) en condiciones de campo, la probabilidad de detectar tanto los animales infectados como los infecciosos (ϕ y ρ, respectivamente) fue también evaluada. Las distribuciones posteriores de los parámetros modelizados fueron obtenidas mediante el método de las cadenas de Markov Chain Monte Carlo y por métodos de aproximación por computación bayesiana (MCMC-ABC). El promedio obtenido, de 33 rebaños de diferentes áreas de España, para el ratio de transmisión varió entre 0.0001 y 0.0002 por día, y el promedio del ratio de transición de bovinos infectados a infecciosos varió entre 0.011 y 0.0001.<br>The present PhD Thesis aimed to provide information about the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle and relevant data for the implementation of a risk based surveillance system.
In the first study the space-time variation of the risk of bTB in cattle between 2006 and 2011 was analyzed. The results indicated that in some counties, between some years, the prevalence and the incidence of the disease was higher as compared to the global rate in the rest of the counties of Spain. The analysis of potential risk factors indicated that both, a large number of movements from counties with high incidence (>1%), and presence of bullfighting cattle herds increased the bTB risk.
In the second study it was described a risk-based approach for bTB surveillance that is under development in New Zealand. Given that the presence of bTB in a herd is driven by a number of factors including previous infection history, the amount of testing carried out on individual herds, geographic location or herd movement behavior, the objective was to use routinely recorded data to derive a ‘risk score’ for each of these factors and then to combine them to return a composite bTB risk score for each herd. By this way, herds could be ranked and this would enable to focus surveillance in those herds with the highest risk score, providing effective surveillance coverage at a reasonable overall cost.
In the third study the individual sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in Catalonian slaughterhouses of cattle was assessed. The probability of detection of a bTB-infected cattle by the slaughterhouses in Catalonia was estimated as the product of three consecutive probabilities: P1) the probability that a bTB-infected animal arrived at the slaughterhouse presenting Macroscopically Detectable Lesions (MDL); P2) the probability that MDL were detected by the routine meat inspection procedure, and P3) the probability that the veterinary officer suspected of bTB and sent the sample for laboratory confirmation. The mean individual bTB surveillance sensitivity of the different cattle slaughterhouses in Catalonia obtained in this study was 31.4% (CI 95%: 28.6-36.2).
In the fourth study a stochastic compartmental SEI (Susceptible, Exposed (latent), and Infectious) model was developed to mimic Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) within-herd transmission dynamics. This model was used to infer several parameters related to bTB spread within Spanish cattle farms, in particular the cattle-to-cattle transmission rate (β) and the rate at which infected cattle become infectious (α). Also, given the controversy over the sensitivities of the single intradermal tuberculin test (SIT) application in field conditions, the probability of detection of both infected and infectious cattle (ϕ and ρ, respectively), were also evaluated.
A Markov Chain Monte Carlo-Approximate Bayesian Computation (MCMC-ABC) method was used to generate posterior distributions and the mean within herd transmission rate (β) estimated in 33 Spanish herds varied between 0.0001 and 0.0002 per day, and the mean rate at which infected cattle become infectious (α) varied between 0.011 and 0.0001.
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Raposo, André Santos Silva. "Contributo para o estudo epidemiológico da tuberculose bovina em animais domésticos e silváticos na região de Portalegre." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3058.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>A tuberculose bovina é uma doença infecciosa que atinge espécies domésticas, silváticas e o Homem, constituindo um problema para as entidades sanitárias veterinárias, devido ao seu potencial zoonótico, ao impacto económico e ao entrave causado à movimentação de animais e produtos. Portugal encontra-se numa fase de pré-erradicação da doença, tendo os esforços com vista a esse objectivo elevados custos para o Estado e para os produtores.
Durante o estágio realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de casos de tuberculose em bovinos entre 2005 e 2009 e fez-se uma pesquisa de lesões desta doença em espécies de caça grossa, ambos na região de Portalegre. Averiguou-se a hipótese de transmissão da doença por animais silváticos em 35 focos de tuberculose bovina, concluindo-se que pode ter havido contactos entre javalis e bovinos domésticos em todos. Os veados, embora tenham uma distribuição mais limitada, coabitam com os bovinos em cerca de 45% das explorações em análise. Também se acompanhou uma montaria, identificando-se lesões macroscópicas compatíveis com tuberculose em 33,3% dos veados e 11,8% dos javalis abatidos, confirmando-se posteriormente em todos os casos a existência de infecção (através de exames histopatológicos e do isolamento de M. bovis). Tendo em conta que os resultados obtidos confirmam a existência de tuberculose em veados e javalis de vida livre e o seu contacto com bovinos domésticos em certas regiões, a transmissão da doença entre as diferentes espécies é uma possibilidade.
É necessário esclarecer o papel das espécies silváticas como hospedeiros reservatório ou acidentais de tuberculose, de modo a melhorar a gestão da fauna silvática e dos recursos cinegéticos. Recomenda-se a vigilância sanitária continuada dessas espécies, integrando as boas práticas sanitárias e o acompanhamento médico-veterinário nos procedimentos de inspecção às peças de caça. Devem, ainda, ser implementadas medidas preventivas como a existência de planos de gestão cinegética que contemplem o controlo do tamanho das populações e um maior confinamento dos bovinos em áreas de risco.
A tuberculose bovina é um problema emergente no nosso país, devendo as autoridades competentes, os médicos veterinários, os produtores e os caçadores unir esforços na luta para a erradicação da doença, sem esquecer o risco de as espécies silváticas estarem envolvidas na sua transmissão.<br>ABSTRACT -
Contribution to the epidemiological study of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals and wildlife in Portalegre -
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects domestic animals, wildlife and Humans, and it remains a problem for veterinary health authorities due to its zoonotic potential, economic impact and obstacles to animal and products movements. Portugal hasn‟t achieved eradication yet, and the efforts towards that aim have high costs to the country and the farmers.
During the traineeship it was performed a retrospective study on tuberculosis in cattle between 2005 and 2009 and also a survey for this infection in big game, both in the Portalegre region. The risk of bovine tuberculosis transmission from wildlife to cattle was studied in 35 outbreaks and in all of them contacts between wild boars and cattle where possible. Although deers have a more limited distribution, they cohabit with cattle in about 45% of the farms considered. A hunting journey was also accompanied, leading to the identification of gross tuberculosis lesions in 33,3% of the red deers and 11,8% of the wild boars killed. M. bovis infection was confirmed through bacteriological exams and histopathology was also positive. These results confirm the existence of tuberculosis in free range red deer and wild boar and its coexistence with cattle in some areas, enabling the transmission of this disease between domestic animals and wildlife.
It is essential to clarify the role of wildlife either as spill-over or reservoir hosts for tuberculosis, in order to achieve a better management of wildlife and game resources. It is recommended a surveillance system for big game, integrating good health practices and veterinary supervision during game meat inspection schemes. Preventive measures such as the creation of game management plans to control population size and a higher confinement of cattle in risk areas should also be implemented.
Bovine tuberculosis is an emerging problem in Portugal, and the competent authorities, veterinarians, farmers and hunters have to join efforts and continue the struggle to eradicate this disease, keeping in mind the risk of its transmission by wildlife.
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Blankenheim, Thalita Masoti. "Resposta à tuberculinização em bovinos sensibilizados com inóculos inativados de Mycobacterium avium e de Mycobacterium bovis /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141991.
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Orientador: Luis Antonio Mathias<br>Banca: Anna Monteiro Correia Lima<br>Banca: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho<br>Banca: Raphaella Barbosa Meirelles Bartoli<br>Banca: Samir Issa Samara<br>Resumo: A tuberculose causada pelo Mycobacterium bovis é uma importante doença dos bovinos e constitui um grande problema de saúde animal, podendo também atingir humanos. Para o diagnóstico da infecção, e para desencadear as medidas sanitárias decorrentes desse diagnóstico, o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação de Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT) estabelece a utilização de testes intradérmicos de tuberculinização. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as respostas à tuberculina (PPD) aviária e à tuberculina bovina apresentadas por animais sensibilizados com inóculos inativados de M. bovis e de M. avium, e comparar os resultados do teste da prega caudal (TPC), do teste cervical simples (TCS) e do teste cervical comparativo (TCC) para diagnóstico da tuberculose bovina nos animais sensibilizados e em animais não sensibilizados. Os resultados mostraram que: a repetição dos testes não influiu na proporção de resultados positivos; houve animais sensibilizados com M. bovis que apresentaram reação até 500 dias após a sensibilização; em animais sensibilizados com M. avium, a especificidade do TCC foi superior à do TCS e à do TPC, e o TCC mostrou-se efetivo para discriminar reações induzidas pelo inóculo desse microrganismo; em animais sensibilizados com M. bovis, o TCC apresentou menor sensibilidade do que os outros dois testes; o ponto de corte do TCS e do TCC com melhor combinação de sensibilidade e especificidade foi inferior ao ponto adotado pelo PNCEBT para diagnóstico em animais n... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is an important disease in cattle e a great problem for animal health that can reach humans. For the diagnosis of the infection and the consequent sanitary measures, the National Program for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) establish the use of intradermal tuberculin tests. The aim of this study was to analyze the response to the avian and bovine tuberculin (PPD) developed by cattle sensitized with inactivated inoculum of M. avium and M. bovis. Another aim was to compare the results of the caudal fold test (CFT), the comparative cervical test (CCT), and the simple cervical test (SCT) for tuberculosis diagnosis in the sensitize animals and in animals that have not been sensitized. Repetition of the tests did not influence the proportion of positive results. There were animals sensitized with M. bovis showing reaction up to more than 500 days post sensitization. In animals sensitized with M. avium, the specificity of the CCT was higher than that of CFT and SCT, and CCT was able to discriminate the unspecific reaction induced by M. avium inoculum. In animals sensitized with M. bovis, CCT had lower sensitivity than the other two tests. The SCT and CCT cut-off with the best combination of sensitivity and specificity was lower than that adopted by the PNCEBT for the tuberculosis diagnosis in naturally infected animals. SCT hat good agreement with the other two tests, but the agreement between CFT and CCT was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Parsons, Sven David Charles. "Natural animal model systems to study tuberculosis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4505.
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Thesis (PhD (Molecular Biology and Human Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The growing global epidemic of human tuberculosis (TB) results in 8 million new cases of this disease and 2 million deaths annually. Control thereof will require greater insight into the biology of the causative organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and into the pathogenesis of the disease. This will benefit the design of new vaccines and diagnostic assays which may reduce the degree of both disease transmission and progression.
Animal models have played a vital role in the understanding of the aetiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of TB. Much of such insight has been obtained from experimental infection models, and the development of new vaccines, for example, is dependant on these. Nonetheless, studies utilising naturally occurring TB in animals, such as those which have investigated the use of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) for its diagnosis, have contributed substantially to the body of knowledge in this field. However, there are few such examples, and this study sought to identify and investigate naturally occuring animal TB in South Africa as an opportunity to gain further insight into this disease.
During the course of this study, the dassie bacillus, a distinctly less virulent variant of M. tuberculosis, was isolated from a rock hyrax from the Western Cape Province of South Africa. This has provided new insight into the widespread occurrence of this organism in rock hyrax populations, and has given impetus to further exploring the nature of the difference in virulence between these pathogens.
Also investigated was M. tuberculosis infection in dogs in contact with human TB patients. In so doing, the first reported case of canine TB in South Africa was described,
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a novel canine IGRA was developed, and a high level of M. tuberculosis infection in these animals was identified. This supports human data reflecting high levels of transmission of this pathogen during the course of human disease. Additionally, the fact that infected companion animals may progress to disease and potentially act as a source of human infection was highlighted. However, an attempt to adapt a flow cytometric assay to study cell-mediated immune responses during canine TB revealed the limitations of such studies in species in which the immune system remains poorly characterised.
The use of IGRAs to diagnose TB was further explored by adapting a human assay, the QuantiFERON-TB Gold (In-Tube Method), for use in non-human primates. These studies have shown that such an adaption allows for the sensitive detection of TB in baboons (Papio ursinus) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and may be suitable for adaption for use in other species. However, they have also evidenced the limitation of this assay to specifically detect infection by M. tuberculosis.
Finally, to contextualise the occurrence of the mycobacterial infections described above, and other similar examples, these have been reviewed as an opinion piece.
Together, these investigations confirm that animal models will continue to make important contributions to the study of TB. More specifically, they highlight the opportunities that naturally occuring animal TB provides for the discovery of novel insights into this disease.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wêreldwye tuberkulose (TB) epidemie veroorsaak agt miljoen nuwe gevalle en twee miljoen sterftes jaarliks. Ingryping by die beheer hiervan vereis begrip van die biologie van die mikroörganisme Mycobacterium tuberculosis, die oorsaak van TB, asook van die patogenese van die siekte self. Hierdie kennis kan lei tot ontwerp van nuwe entstowwe en diagnostiese toetse wat gevolglik beide die oordrag- en vordering van die siekte mag bekamp.
Dieremodelle speel lankal 'n rol in ons begrip van die etiologie-, patogenese- en behandeling van TB. Insig is grotendeels verkry vanaf eksperimentele infeksiemodelle, en ontwikkeling van entstowwe, onder andere, is afhanklik van soortgelyke modelle. Desnieteenstaande, studies wat natuurlike TB voorkoms in diere ondersoek, byvoorbeeld dié wat op die ontwikkeling van interferon-gamma vrystellingstoetse (IGVT) fokus, het merkwaardige bydrae gemaak tot kennis en begrip in hierdie studieveld. Daar is slegs enkele soortgelyke voorbeelde. Om hierdie rede is die huidige studie uitgevoer waarbinne natuulike diere-TB geïdentifiseer en ondersoek is in Suid-Afrika om verdere kennis en insig te win aangaande TB.
Die "dassie bacillus", bekend om beduidend minder virulent te wees as M. tuberculosis, is tydens hierdie studie geïsoleer vanuit 'n klipdassie (Procavia capensis) in die Wes-Kaapse provinsie, Suid-Afrika. Insig in die wydverspreide voorkoms van hierdie organisme in klipdassie bevolkings is gevolglik verkry en verskaf momentum om die aard van verskil in virulensie tussen dié patogene te bestudeer.
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Voorts is M. tuberculosis infeksie bestudeer in honde wat in kontak is met menslike TB pasiënte en word die eerste geval van honde TB dus in Suid-Afrika beskryf. In hierdie groep diere, is 'n hoë vlak van M. tuberculosis infeksie geïdentifiseer deur gebruik te maak van 'n nuut ontwikkelde IGVT vir die diagnose van honde TB. Gevolglik ondersteun dié studie bevindinge van menslike studies wat toon dat besondere hoë vlakke van M. tuberculosis oordrag voorkom gedurende die verloop van die siekte. Verder toon die studie dat geïnfekteerde troeteldiere 'n bron van menslike infeksie kan wees. 'n Poging om 'n vloeisitometriese toets te ontwikkel om die aard van selgefundeerde immuunreaksies te bestudeer in honde met TB toon die beperkings van dergelike studies in spesies waarin die immuunsisteem gebrekkig gekarakteriseer is.
Die gebruik van IGVT'e in die diagnose van TB is verder ondersoek deur 'n menslike toets (QuantiFERON-TB Gold, In-Tube Method) aan te pas vir die gebruik van nie-menslike primaat gevalle. Hierdie studies toon gevolglik dat so 'n aanpassing toepaslik is vir hoogs sensitiewe deteksie van TB in chacma bobbejane (Papio ursinus) en rhesus ape (Macaca mulatta), en mag ook aangepas word vir gebruik in ander spesies. Tog word die beperkings van hierdie toets om infeksie wat spesifiek deur M. tuberculosis veroorsaak uitgelig.
Ter afsluiting word hierdie studie in konteks geplaas deur 'n oorsig te gee van bogenoemde- en soortgelyke gevalle van dierlike infeksie deur mikobakterieë in Suid-Afrika.
Hierdie studies bevestig dat dieremodelle steeds belangrike toevoegings maak tydens die bestudering van TB en lig veral die moontlikhede uit dat bestudering van natuulike TB in diere kan lei tot die ontdekking van nuwe insigte ten opsigte van die siekte self.
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Silva, David Attuy Vey da [UNESP]. "Comparação entre métodos diagnósticos da tuberculose em bovinos abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/128139.
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000848328.pdf: 656185 bytes, checksum: ba38e54af54213676e5d46fe3f460e40 (MD5)<br>A tuberculose é uma doença infectocontagiosa de caráter zoonótico de grande importância em saúde pública, sendo seu diagnóstico e o conhecimento de sua epidemiologia, peças fundamentais na sua prevenção e controle. Este trabalho objetivou a comparação entre métodos diagnósticos para tuberculose bovina. Foram realizados diagnósticos pelo cultivo microbiológico, caracterização histopatológica e identificação de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR) e identificação molecular da infecção por Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos adultos abatidos em matadourosfrigoríficos sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) no Estado de São Paulo e posteriormente, os municípios de origem destes animais foram geoprocessados. Durante o abate, foram identificadas e coletadas amostras de linfonodos com lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de tuberculose. O diagnóstico pelo cultivo microbiológico foi realizado em meio de cultura sólido, a caracterização histopatológica pela coloração com hematoxilina eosina (HE), a identificação de BAAR pela coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) e o diagnóstico pela identificação molecular foi realizado a partir de DNA extraído das lesões sugestivas de tuberculose pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR, nested PCR e multiplex PCR) e a partir de DNA extraído das colônias isoladas para identificação do M. bovis utilizando-se a PCR e a multiplex PCR. Dentre as lesões sugestivas de tuberculose observadas, 50% (25/50) foram identificadas em linfonodos retrofaríngeos e todas foram caracterizadas como caseosas. Houve crescimento de colônias características de M. bovis em 56% (28/50) das amostras, 64% (32/50) das amostras foram consideradas positivas pela coloração com HE e 52% (26/50) pela coloração confirmatória de ZN (identificação de BAAR). A PCR a partir de DNA extraído das lesões teciduais apresentou 38% (19/50) das amostras positivas e a PCR a partir de DNA extraído das...<br>Tuberculosis is a contagious infectious zoonotic disease of high importance in public health, which diagnosis and the epidemiology knowledge are essentials in this disease prevention and control. This study aimed to compare the different diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis. Microbiological culture, histopathological and molecular M. bovis diagnosis were made in adults bovines slaughtered in slaughterhouses under Inspection Federal Service - SIF in São Paulo State and after, the animals origin municipalities were geoprocessing. Samples of lymph nodes with macroscopic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were identified and collected during the animals' slaughter. The microbiological diagnosis was made by culture in solid medium, histopathological characterization by staining with hematoxylin eosin (HE), identification of AFB by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and the diagnosis by molecular identification was carried out from DNA extracted from the lesions suggestive of tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR, nested PCR and multiplex PCR) and the DNA extracted from the colonies was isolated for M. bovis identification using PCR and multiplex PCR. Most injuries (50% - 25/50) was identified in retropharingeal and all of them were characterized as caseous. M. bovis colonies growth was characteristics in 56% (28/50) of the samples and64% (32/50) of the samples were positive by HE staining and 52% (26/50) for confirmatory ZN staining. The PCR directly from tissue showed 38% (19/50) of positive samples and the PCR from the colonies showed 56% (28/50) of positive samples. The kappa test (95%) between the diagnoses showed higher agreement between the molecular diagnostics of the colonies, followed by histopathological and molecular analysis of tuberculosis suggestive lesions toward the microbiological diagnosis. The highest sensitivity and specificity values were observed in the colonies molecular testing, followed by histopathological and ...
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Silva, David Attuy Vey da. "Comparação entre métodos diagnósticos da tuberculose em bovinos abatidos em matadouros-frigoríficos do Estado de São Paulo /." Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/128139.
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Orientador: Karina Paes Bürger<br>Coorientador: Lara Borges Keid<br>Banca: Samir Issa Samara<br>Banca: Raphaella Barbosa Meirelles Bartoli<br>Resumo: A tuberculose é uma doença infectocontagiosa de caráter zoonótico de grande importância em saúde pública, sendo seu diagnóstico e o conhecimento de sua epidemiologia, peças fundamentais na sua prevenção e controle. Este trabalho objetivou a comparação entre métodos diagnósticos para tuberculose bovina. Foram realizados diagnósticos pelo cultivo microbiológico, caracterização histopatológica e identificação de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR) e identificação molecular da infecção por Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos adultos abatidos em matadourosfrigoríficos sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) no Estado de São Paulo e posteriormente, os municípios de origem destes animais foram geoprocessados. Durante o abate, foram identificadas e coletadas amostras de linfonodos com lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de tuberculose. O diagnóstico pelo cultivo microbiológico foi realizado em meio de cultura sólido, a caracterização histopatológica pela coloração com hematoxilina eosina (HE), a identificação de BAAR pela coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) e o diagnóstico pela identificação molecular foi realizado a partir de DNA extraído das lesões sugestivas de tuberculose pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR, nested PCR e multiplex PCR) e a partir de DNA extraído das colônias isoladas para identificação do M. bovis utilizando-se a PCR e a multiplex PCR. Dentre as lesões sugestivas de tuberculose observadas, 50% (25/50) foram identificadas em linfonodos retrofaríngeos e todas foram caracterizadas como caseosas. Houve crescimento de colônias características de M. bovis em 56% (28/50) das amostras, 64% (32/50) das amostras foram consideradas positivas pela coloração com HE e 52% (26/50) pela coloração confirmatória de ZN (identificação de BAAR). A PCR a partir de DNA extraído das lesões teciduais apresentou 38% (19/50) das amostras positivas e a PCR a partir de DNA extraído das...<br>Abstract: Tuberculosis is a contagious infectious zoonotic disease of high importance in public health, which diagnosis and the epidemiology knowledge are essentials in this disease prevention and control. This study aimed to compare the different diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis. Microbiological culture, histopathological and molecular M. bovis diagnosis were made in adults bovines slaughtered in slaughterhouses under Inspection Federal Service - SIF in São Paulo State and after, the animals origin municipalities were geoprocessing. Samples of lymph nodes with macroscopic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were identified and collected during the animals' slaughter. The microbiological diagnosis was made by culture in solid medium, histopathological characterization by staining with hematoxylin eosin (HE), identification of AFB by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and the diagnosis by molecular identification was carried out from DNA extracted from the lesions suggestive of tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR, nested PCR and multiplex PCR) and the DNA extracted from the colonies was isolated for M. bovis identification using PCR and multiplex PCR. Most injuries (50% - 25/50) was identified in retropharingeal and all of them were characterized as caseous. M. bovis colonies growth was characteristics in 56% (28/50) of the samples and64% (32/50) of the samples were positive by HE staining and 52% (26/50) for confirmatory ZN staining. The PCR directly from tissue showed 38% (19/50) of positive samples and the PCR from the colonies showed 56% (28/50) of positive samples. The kappa test (95%) between the diagnoses showed higher agreement between the molecular diagnostics of the colonies, followed by histopathological and molecular analysis of tuberculosis suggestive lesions toward the microbiological diagnosis. The highest sensitivity and specificity values were observed in the colonies molecular testing, followed by histopathological and ...<br>Mestre
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Shuaib, Yassir Adam [Verfasser]. "Tuberculosis in animals and humans in Eastern Sudan and the genetic diversity among clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineage 3 / Yassir Adam Shuaib." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121424100X/34.
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Machado, Adelina da Conceicao. "Mapping of the distribution of Mycobacterium bovis strains involved in bovine tuberculosis in Mozambique." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98114.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is
reported to cause economic and public health negative impact in countries where it is prevalent.
The control of the disease has been a difficult task worldwide.
The main object of this thesis was to use molecular tools to generate useful information to
contribute to the design of appropriate BTB control measures in Mozambique. To do so we
considered a deep knowledge of the BTB history in Mozambique to be essential. The search
was largely based on the reports produced annually by the Veterinary Services and other
available information. We found reports of BTB in Mozambique as early as 1940. These cases
were mainly identified as a result of post-mortem meat inspection. The higher numbers of cases
reported were from 8 locations, namely Maputo, Magude, Vilanculos, Beira, Chimoio, Tete,
Quelimane and Nampula, and served as a basis to decide the locations to perform prevalence
and molecular epidemiologic studies. Prevalence studies were done in 10 districts selected based on the history of a high number of
BTB case reports (intentionally biased towards locations presumably with higher prevalence),
a high cattle density, but also to represent districts from the south, centre and north of
Mozambique. A representative sample was defined, based on all livestock areas or villages in
Massingir and Govuro Districts or by randomly selecting small-scale and commercial herds in
8 districts, specifically Manhiça, Chibuto, Buzi, Gondola, Mutarara, Mogovolas, Angoche and
Mecanhelas. Results were obtained from 6983 cattle tested using tuberculin testing. Apparent
prevalence varied from 0.98% in Massingir to 39.6% in the Govuro, with prevalence as high
as 71.4% in some livestock areas/herds. The analysis of risk factors showed no noteworthy
difference with respect to the sex of the animal. Younger age had significantly lower odds of
infection compared to the older age class. There was a tendency of cattle from small-scale herds
to have lower prevalence when compared to the commercial herds. From the prevalence studies, 187 tissue and 41 milk samples from BTB reactors were collected.
Additionally 220 tissue samples were obtained from the Central Veterinary Laboratory routine
diagnostic work. Samples were subject to bacteriological culture and a collection of 170 M.
bovis isolates were obtained. Eight additional isolates were supplied from another study. All
isolates were subjected to molecular typing using spoligotyping, and a sub-sample using
MIRU-VNTR and regions of difference (RD) analysis. Fifteen different spoligotype patterns were identified of which 8 were not previously registered in the Mbovis.org database. The
pattern SB0961 accounted for 61% of the isolates and was found in all areas of the country
investigated. We hypothesize that this was one of the first clones to be introduced in
Mozambique. Twenty-nine isolates had the pattern SB0140, which is specific for the European
1 (Eu1) clonal complex. Eleven isolates with this spoligotype were subjected to RD analysis,
and all isolates had the Eu1 specific deletion. These were all isolated from cattle from the south
of Mozambique and the majority from commercial farms that imported cattle, mainly from
South Africa, where the Eu1 clonal complex is common. There were no isolates of the African
1 (Af1) or African 2 (Af2) clonal complexes that are frequent in Central-West Africa and East
Africa, respectively. The clones identified from different farms and districts, strongly suggest
routes of transmission and/or common source of infection.
In conclusion, our results show a potential increase in the prevalence of BTB in Mozambique
even taking into consideration i) that the selection of locations in our study was biased towards
locations with a history of higher BTB prevalence and ii) the use of a more sensitive technique
i.e. the testing in the middle neck region as opposed to the testing in the caudal fold as used in
previous studies.
Even if no cattle to human transmission was found in studies done in Mozambique so far, the
evidence of M. bovis shedding through milk and the lack of correct practices to prevent animal
to human transmission (consumption of raw milk), strongly suggests that there is zoonotic risk;
a subject that needs to be investigated. The results presented in this work also strengthen the need to reinforce the current regulations
that require a negative BTB test result before cattle importation. The same should be enforced
for the internal movements, as the frequency of shared genotypes (Spoligotype and MIRU)
from cattle originating from different parts of the country strongly suggest intra-contry
transmission of BTB.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beestering (BTB), wat veroorsaak word deur bakterieë van die Mycobacterium tuberculosis
kompleks, het ‘n negatiewe impak op die ekonomiese en publike gesondheid in lande waar
dit voorkom. Die beheer van die siekte is ‘n moeilike taak wêreldwyd.
Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis was om molekulêre toetse te gebruik om nuttige inligting te
genereer wat sal bydra tot die ontwikkeling van toepaslike BTB beheermaatrëels in
Mosambiek. Om dit te kon doen, was dit noodsaaklik om ‘n indiepte kennies te hê van BTB
geskiedenis in Mosambiek. Die soektog was gebaseer op jaarlikse verslae van Veearts
Dienste en ander beskikbare inligting. Ons het verslae gevind van BTB in Mosambiek so
vroeg as 1940. Hierdie gevalle is hoofsaaklik geïdentifiseer as gevolg van roetine na-doodse
inspeksie van vleis. Hoër getalle van sulke gevalle is geïdentifiseer in 8 distrikte, naamlik
Maputo, Magude, Vilanculos, Beira, Chimoio, Tete, Quelimane en Nampula; en het gedien as
‘n basis vir die seleksie van studieareas vir die voorkoms studies. Voorkoms studies is uitgevoer in 10 distrikte gekies op grond van die geskiedenis van 'n hoër
aantal BTB gevalle in hierdie areas (doelbewus bevooroordeeld teenoor plekke vermoedelik
met 'n hoër voorkoms), asook‘n hoë digtheid beeste, maar ook om distrikte in die suide,
middel en noorde van Mosambiek te verteenwoordig. ‘n Verteenwoordigende steekproef is
geïdentifiseer gebaseer op al die vee-gebiede of dorpe in Massingir and Govuro distrikte óf
deur kleinskaalse en kommersiële kuddes lukraak te kies in 8 distrikte, spesifiek Manhica,
Chibuto, Busi, Gondola, Mutarara, Mogovolas, Angoche en Mecanhelas. Resultate is verkry
deur 6983 beeste te toets met behulp van die tuberkulien vel toets. Skynbare voorkoms het
gewissel van 0,98 % in Massingir tot 39,6 % in Govuro, met voorkoms so hoog as 71,4 % in
sommige vee gebiede/ kuddes. Die ontleding van risiko faktore het geen noemenswaardige
verskil met betrekking tot die geslag van die dier gewys nie. Jonger ouderdom diere het ‘n
aansienlike laer kans van infeksie gehad in vergelyking met die ouer ouderdom klas. Daar
was 'n neiging van beeste van kleinskaalse kuddes om ‘n laer voorkoms te hê in vergelyking
met die kommersiële kuddes. Van die voorkoms studies, is 187 weefsel- en 41 melkmonsters van BTB reaktors ingesamel.
‘n Addisionele 220 weefselmonsters is verkry vanaf die Sentrale Veterinêre Laboratorium se
roetine diagnostiese werk. Monsters was onderhewig aan bakteriologiese kweking en 'n
versameling van 170 M. bovis isolate is verkry. Agt bykomende isolate is voorsien deur 'n ander studie. Alle isolate was onderhewig aan molekulêre-tipering met behulp van
spoligotipering en ‘n subgroep met behulp van MIRU-VNTR en analise van genomies
diverse areas. Vyftien verskillende spoligotipering patrone is geïdentifiseer, waarvan 8 nie
voorheen in die Mbovis.org databasis geregistreer is nie. Die SB0961 patroon is
geïdentifiseer vir 61% van die isolate en gevind in alle dele van die land wat ondersoek was.
Ons hipotese is dat hierdie een van die eerste klone was wat voorgestel is in Mosambiek.
Nege en twintig isolate het die SB0140 patroon gehad wat spesifiek is aan die Europese 1
(EU1) klonale kompleks. Elf isolate met hierdie spoligotipering patroon is verder geanaliseer
om genomies diverse areas te identifiseer, waarvan almal die Eu1 spesifieke delesie getoon
het. Hierdie isolate is almal geïsoleer uit beeste van die suide van Mosambiek, asook beeste
gevind op kommersiele plase wat hoofsaaklik vanuit Suid Afrika invoer- waar die EU1
klonale kompleks algemeen is. Daar is geen isolate van die Afrikaans 1 (AF1) of Afrikaans 2
(AF2) klonale komplekse nie, dikwels gevind in onderskeidelik Sentraal-Wes-Afrika en Oos-
Afrika. Isolate wat in verskillende plase en distrikte geïdentifiser is dui roetes van transmissie
en/ of a gemeenskaplike bron van infeksie aan. Ten slotte, ons resultate dui op 'n moontlike toename in die voorkoms van BTB in
Mosambiek, selfs met inagneming dat i) die keuse van areas in ons studie is bevooroordeeld
teenoor areas met 'n geskiedenis van hoër BTB voorkoms en ii) die gebruik van 'n meer
sensitiewe tegniek d.w.s. toetsing in die middel nekgebied i.p.v. toetsing in die stert vou soos
gebruik in vorige studies.
Selfs al is geen bees-na-mens-oordrag gevind nie, is die bewys van M. bovis oordrag deur
melk en die gebrek aan korrekte prosedures om dier-na-mens-oordrag te voorkom (verbruik
van nie-gepasturiseerde melk), ‘n sterk bewys van die soönotiese risiko; ‘n onderwerp wat
ondersoek moet word.
Die resultate van hierdie ondersoek beklemtoon die behoefte om die huidige regulasies wat ‘n
negatiewe BTB toetsuitslag vereis voor beeste ingevoer word, te versterk. Dieselfde
maatreëls moet ingestel word vir interne beweging van beeste, omdat die frekwensie van
gedeelde genotipes (Spoligotipering en MIRU) tussen beeste met oorsprong uit verskillende
dele van die land aandui dat interne oordrag van BTB plaasvind.
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Marzo, Escartín Elena. "Tuberculosi pulmonar: com evitar el pas de granuloma a cavitat. Estudi de la inflamació en la patogènesi de la malaltia tuberculosa i desenvolupament de noves estratègies terapèutiques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285649.
Full textAbstract:
La tuberculosi (TB) és una epidèmia global causada per Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) amb 8,6 milions de malalts i 1,3 milions de morts cada any. El tractament actual amb antibiòtics és molt llarg, car, i presenta efectes adversos.
Quan una persona s’infecta amb Mtb pot controlar la infecció en el 90% dels casos (infecció latent), desenvolupant només lesions microscòpiques al pulmó: granulomes de 0,5mm de diàmetre, invisibles en una radiografia. En el 10% restant la infecció no es controla i es desenvolupen lesions més grans, típicament cavitats d’uns 20mm en adults immunocompetents. La clau per comprendre la patogènesi de la TB activa és la formació de grans cavitats a partir de granulomes de 0,5mm.
En aquesta tesi s’ha desenvolupat un model murí, mitjançant la infecció endovenosa de ratolins C3HeB/FeJ amb la soca virulenta de Mtb H37Rv, que desenvolupa lesions amb necrosi granulomatosa central i liqüefacció molt similars a les lesions prèvies a la cavitació en humans. Les lesions creixen de forma exponencial en part degut a la infiltració neutrofílica massiva, i en part degut a la coalescència de les lesions properes. Els estudis comparatius amb la soca resistent C3H/HeN i l’ús d’antiinflamatoris no esteroideus (AINEs) en el model han confirmat que la inflamació és un factor clau en el desenvolupament de la TB activa, i també que els AINEs podrien utilitzar-se com a tractament coadjuvant en la TB pulmonar en adults immunocompetents, ja que en frenar la inflamació ajuden a controlar la malaltia.
D’altra banda s’ha desenvolupat un mètode profilàctic que mitjançant l’administració oral de dosis baixes de micobacteris inactivats indueix tolerància al Mtb, i en conseqüència una resposta immunitària més equilibrada, amb contenció de la resposta Th17, resultant en una millora de la supervivència, la càrrega bacil·lar i la histopatologia dels ratolins.
Conclusions: S’ha desenvolupat un model murí de TB activa, s’ha caracteritzat el paper que té la inflamació en el desenvolupament de cavitats, concretament la infiltració massiva de neutròfils, s’ha proposat l’ús d’AINEs com a tractament coadjuvant de la tuberculosi activa en adults immunocompetents, i s’ha desenvolupat un nou mètode profilàctic que podria evitar la malaltia mitjançant la inducció de tolerància oral al Mtb que s’aconsegueix amb l’administració oral de dosis baixes de micobactèries inactivades.<br>La tuberculosis (TB) es una epidemia global causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) con 8,6 millones de enfermos y 1,3 millones de muertes cada año. El tratamiento actual con antibióticos es muy largo, caro i presenta efectos adversos.
Cuando una persona se infecta con Mtb puede controlar la infección en el 90% de los casos (infección latente), desarrollando solamente lesiones microscópicas en el pulmón: granulomas de 0,5mm de diámetro invisibles en una radiografía. En el 10% restante la infección no se controla y se desarrollan lesiones mayores, típicamente cavidades de unos 20mm en adultos inmunocompetentes. La clave para comprender la patogénesis de la TB activa es el paso de granulomas de 0,5mm a cavidades de gran tamaño.
En esta tesis se ha desarrollado un modelo murino mediante la infección endovenosa de ratones C3HeB/FeJ con la cepa virulenta H37Rv de Mtb, que desarrolla lesiones con necrosis granulomatosa central y licuefacción, muy similares a las lesiones previas a la cavitación en humanos. Las lesiones crecen de forma exponencial debido en parte a la infiltración neutrofílica masiva, y en parte a la coalescencia de las lesiones vecinas. Los estudios comparativos con la cepa resistente C3H/HeN y el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs) en el modelo han confirmado que la inflamación es un factor clave en el desarrollo de la TB activa, y también que los AINE podrían utilizarse como tratamiento coadyuvante en la TB pulmonar en adultos inmunocompetentes, dado que en frenar la inflamación ayudan a controlar la enfermedad.
Por otro lado se ha desarrollado un método profiláctico que mediante la administración oral de dosis bajas de micobacterias inactivadas induce tolerancia al Mtb, y en consecuencia una respuesta inmunitaria más equilibrada, conteniendo la respuesta Th17, resultando en una mejora de la supervivencia, la carga bacilar y la histopatología de los ratones.
Conclusiones: Se ha desarrollado un modelo murino de TB activa, se ha caracterizado el papel de la inflamación en el desarrollo de cavidades, concretamente de la infiltración masiva de neutrófilos, se ha propuesto el uso de AINEs como tratamiento coadyuvante para la tuberculosis activa en adultos inmunocompetentes, y se ha desarrollado un nuevo método profiláctico que podría evitar la enfermedad mediante la inducción de tolerancia oral al Mtb que se consigue con la administración oral de bajas dosis de micobacterias inactivadas.<br>Tuberculosis (TB) is a global epidemic caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In 2012 an estimated 8,6 million of people developed TB and 1,3 million died from the disease. The current treatment with antibiotics is expensive, long-lasting and presents adverse effects.
When people are infected with Mtb the infection is controlled in the 90% of the cases, developing microscopic lesions in the lungs, 0,5mm of size granulomas, invisibles to the X-rays. In the other 10% the infection is not controlled and bigger lesions are developed: in immunocompetent adults the most characteristic lesion is a cavity sized about 20mm of diameter. The clue to understand active TB pathogenesis must be the development of 20mm cavities from 0,5mm granulomas.
In this work a murine model has been developed through the endovenous infection of C3HeB/FeJ mice with H37Rv virulent strain of Mtb, which develops lesions presenting central granulomatous necrosis and further liquefaction, very similarly to the lesions previous to cavity formation in human patients. The lesions grow exponentially due to massive neutrophilic infiltration and coalescence of neighbour lesions. The comparative studies with the resistant mice strain C3H/HeN and the use of non-steroidal anti-iflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the model confirmed that inflammation is clue in the active TB development, and also that NSAIDs could be use as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of pulmonary TB in immunocompetent adults, through control of excessive inflammation.
On the other hand, a prophylactic method has been developed consisting on induction of tolerance to Mtb through oral administration of low doses of heat-killed mycobacteria, driving to a more balanced immune response, limiting Th17 development and resulting in a better outcome of mice in terms of survival, histopathology and bacillary load in lungs.
Conclusions: A murine active TB model has been developed, and the role of inflammation in cavity formation characterized, namely the role of massive neutrophilic infiltration. The use of NSAIDs has been proposed as an adjuvant treatment of active TB in immunocompetent adults, and a new prophylactic method has been developed that could avoid the disease by induction of oral tolerance to Mtb through the administration of heat killed micobacteria at low doses.
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Jenkins, Akinbowale Olajide. "Identification and genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infections at the human/domestic animals/wildlife interface in Nigeria and South Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05132009-165911/.
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Begg, Douglas, and n/a. "Immune profiles in sheep following experimental infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis." University of Otago. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070427.142318.
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Johne�s disease in ruminants is caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. An experimental infection model in sheep was developed as a prelude to the testing of new vaccines and the development of improved diagnostic assays for Johne�s disease. The final challenge model developed used four doses of 10⁹ viable organisms given at two to three day intervals. Gross and microscopic lesions were found in a high proportion of sheep (80%) at ten months post challenge. There was considerable variation in immune responses from animals challenged with different strains of M. paratuberculosis. Sheep challenged with a low passage laboratory culture of strain (W) M. paratuberculosis, produced strong lymphocyte transformation responses and Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production at two months post challenge. Subsequent necropsy and culture from intestinal tissues showed only a low level of infection (25%). In comparison a primary tissue isolate of M. paratuberculosis (JD3) resulted in higher (60-90%) infection rates in orally challenged animals. The immune profile from these animals showed very little reactivity for the first three months post challenge, after which IFN-γ production could be detected. Antibody production and lymphocyte transformation response could not be measured until at least seven months post challenge. Sheep challenged with the primary tissue isolate instilled directly into the tonsil resulted in equivalent levels of Johne�s disease to those obtained with oral challenge. However, intratonsillar challenge resulted in higher levels of immune reactivity than oral challenge.
The proprietary Johne�s vaccines; NeoparsecTM and GudairTM and an Aqueous vaccine were tested in sheep. The immunological reactions of the sheep to these vaccines showed some variations between the two separate studies, with the NeoparasecTM and GudairTM vaccines evoking high levels of CMI and humoral reactivity within two months of vaccination. Detailed immunological examination of gut associated lymphoid tissues were carried out on subgroups of animals that were either vaccinated or non-vaccinated and went on to develop disease or were immune to experimental challenge. The results showed that the diseased animals examined had multibacillary lesions and strong CMI and humoral responses. There were decreased proportions of CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD25⁺ T cells in peripheral blood and gut associated lymphatics of diseased animals compared with the immune or unchallenged subgroups. Profiles from the immune subgroups showed a stronger lymphocyte transformation response than case matched diseased animals. Tissues from immune animals showed increased proportions of B cells above those seen in diseased or unchallenged animals. This study has resulted in the development of a robust experimental sheep model in which Johne�s disease occurs in a high proportion of challenged animals. Critical time points for the establishment of infection or disease have been determined. It can be used in the future to evaluate protective efficacy of vaccines or to critically chart immunological profiles that are associated with infection, disease or protective immunity. Considerable research is needed to develop improved diagnostic tests to identify patterns of immunity during the early stages of infection or while the animal has subclinical disease.
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Le, Roex Nikki. "Host genetic factors in susceptibility to mycobacterial disease in the African buffalo, Syncerus caffer." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86750.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a chronic, infectious disease found in domestic livestock and wildlife, and has serious biodiversity, economic and public health implications. African buffalo act as a wildlife reservoir of BTB, maintaining and transmitting the disease within the environment. The research presented in this thesis addresses the role of host genetic variation in resistance to BTB infection in African buffalo, and reviews the possible practical application of such information. Annual BTB prevalence within the African buffalo population in Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park, South Africa, was evaluated over a seven year period in order to define the extent of M. bovis infection. Prevalence changes over time suggest that the test and cull operation currently in place is performing successfully with respect to the original aims of the programme. A review of genetic studies of BTB in livestock and wildlife collated previous findings in this field and provided a collection of possible candidate genes and variants. It also highlighted a lack of research in wildlife, and the limitations of working with species with insufficient genetic data. To overcome the absence of whole-genome data, next-generation sequencing was performed on nine African buffalo, in order to identify novel genetic variants in this species. Upwards of 76 000 novel SNPs within gene regions were identified, and subsequent fluorescent genotyping of 173 SNPs showed a 57% validation rate. From the validated set, 69 SNPs located in genes related to the immune system were selected for association testing with BTB status in African buffalo, and were fluorescently genotyped in 868 individuals. Three SNPs, in the Solute Carrier family 7, member A13 (SLC7A13), Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumour-1 (DMBT1) and Interleukin 1 alpha (IL1α) genes, were identified as significantly associated with BTB status. Very little sequence information of the NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) gene was obtained from the next-generation sequencing performed, and this gene has been associated with brucellosis, salmonella and paratuberculosis in other animal species, making it an excellent candidate for BTB resistance. To characterise this gene in African buffalo, Sanger sequencing was performed to generate the complete coding region, and partially sequence the 5’UTR, intronic and 3’UTR regions. Fifteen novel polymorphisms and three microsatellites were identified within the gene. Finally, a review was prepared to assess the applicability of genetic information on BTB resistance to selective breeding programmes for African buffalo. Phenotypic, marker-assisted and genomic breeding strategies were discussed, with particular emphasis on their suitability to African buffalo. Identifying genes and variants involved in BTB resistance in African buffalo provides potential targets for drug or vaccine development, as well as information that could be incorporated into selective breeding programmes. This may support new management options for controlling the BTB epidemic in the game parks of South Africa, as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, lethal control<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beestuberkulose (BTB) is ‘n chroniese, aansteeklike siekte wat in vee en wild voorkom en wat ernstige gevolge vir die ekonomie, biodiversiteit en openbare gesondheid inhou. Die Kaap-buffel is ‘n wild reservoir vir BTB wat die siekte onderhou en versprei in die omgewing. Die navorsing wat in hierdie tesis aangebied word fokus op die rol van gasheer genetiese variasie in die weerstand teen BTB infeksie in Kaap-buffels en gee ‘n oorsig van die moontlike praktiese toepassing van die resultate. Die jaarlikse BTB voorkomsyfer in die Kaap-buffel bevolking in die Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park in Suid-Afrika is oor ‘n tydperk van sewe jaar geëvalueer om die omvang van M. bovis infeksie te bepaal. Die verandering in voorkomsyfer oor tyd dui daarop dat die toets-en-slag operasie wat tans gebruik word die oorspronklike doelwitte van die program suksesvol bereik. ‘n Oorsig en vergelyking van vorige genetiese studies van BTB in vee en wild het ‘n versameling van moontlike kandidaatgene en –variante verskaf. Dit het ook die gebrek aan navorsing in wildediere uitgewys en die navorsingsbeperkinge wanneer ‘n spesie met onvoldoende genetiese data bestudeer word benadruk. Aangesien daar nie heel genoom data beskikbaar is nie, is volgende-generasie volgordebepaling van 9 Kaap-buffels gedoen om nuwe genetiese variasies in hierdie spesie te identifiseer. Meer as 76 000 nuwe enkel-nukleotied polimorfismes (ENPs) binne geen-areas is geïdentifiseer en die daaropvolgende genotipering van 173 ENPs het ‘n bevestigingskoers van 57% gehad. Vanuit die bevestigde stel ENPs is 69 gekies vir assosiasietoetse met BTB status in die Kaap-buffel en genotipering van 868 individue is gedoen. Drie ENPs, in die Solute Carrier family 7, member A13 (SLC7A13), Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumour-1 (DMBT1) en Interleukin 1 alpha (IL1α) gene, was beduidend geassosieer met BTB status. Baie min volgorde inligting van die NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) geen is verkry uit die volgende-generasie volgordebepaling. Aangesien hierdie geen voorheen met brucellose, salmonella en paratuberkulose in ander dierespesies geassosieer is, is dit ‘n uitstekende kandidaat vir BTB weerstand. Hierdie geen is in Kaap-buffels gekarakteriseer deur Sanger volgordebepaling van die volledige koderende, gedeeltelike 5’UTR, introniese en 3’UTR areas te doen. Vyftien nuwe polimorfismes en drie mikrosatelliete is geïdentifiseer. Ten slotte is ‘n oorsigstudie gedoen om die toepaslikheid van BTB genetiese weerstandsdata in selektiewe telingsprogramme van Kaap-buffels te evalueer. Fenotipiese, merkerbemiddelde en genomiese teling strategieë is bespreek, met spesifieke klem op die geskiktheid van die metodes vir Kaap-buffels. Identifisering van gene en variante wat betrokke is by BTB weerstand in die Kaap-buffel bied potensiële teikens vir medikasie of entstof ontwikkeling, sowel as inligting wat in selektiewe telingsprogramme gebruik kan word. Dit kan nuwe bestuursopsies vir die beheer van die BTB-epidemie in die parke van Suid-Afrika bied as 'n alternatief vir, of in samewerking met, dodelike beheermetodes.
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Nombebe, Thobeka. "Prevalence, seasonal trends and incidences of cattle tuberculosis and brucellosis in the Cacadu municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016200.
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A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2011 to August 2012 to investigate the status and identify risk factors for Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB) and cattle Brucellosis. A total of 1277 cattle from 6 selected dairy farms were tested. The farms were purposively selected on suspected risk. Samples were analysed using Rose Bengal Test (RBPT) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT) for Brucellosis and Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test (CITT) for BTB. The results revealed the overall prevalence of 1.6% for Brucellosis and no BTB was found. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age of cattle, herd size and number of calves a cow has had significant association with Brucellosis with p-values 0.0071, 0.0490 and 0.000 respectively. The role of location (p>0.05), gender (p>0.05) and breed (p>0.05) in the occurrence of the disease was not statistically significant at α=0.05, although higher rates were obtained in females and Jersey breed. Questionnaires were also administered to 47 individuals a total of 12 females and 35 males. Most respondents were not aware about cattle brucellosis and cattle tuberculosis. Consumption of raw or unpasteurized milk still occurs with 74.75% of respondents revealed.
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Abrahão, Regina Maura Cabral de Melo. "Tuberculose humana causada pelo Mycobacterium bovis: considerações gerais e a importância dos reservatórios animais." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-04022011-153511/.
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Visando conhecer os dados epidemiológicos, a etiologia, patogenia, recursos diagnósticos, mecanismos de transmissão, tratamento, prevenção e controle da tuberculose causada pelo Mycobacterium bovis no homem, bovinos e reservatórios animais, realizou-se essa revisão bibliográfica para rever a situação da tuberculose humana causada por essa micobactéria, em termos mundiais, uma vez que os dados disponíveis no Brasil são precários. Constatou-se a grande preocupação de que a pandemia HIV/AIDS aumente o número de casos de tuberculose humana causada por M.bovis, a exemplo do que ocorreu nos casos de tuberculose humana por M.tuberculosis. Analisou-se detalhadamente os principais reservatórios animais de M. bovis existentes, com destaque àqueles de maior importância na transmissão da tuberculose humana e animal devida a este agente. Verificou-se os mecanismos de transmissão conhecidos em sua cadeia de hospedeiros, uma das mais amplas entre todos os patógenos existentes. Constatou-se os avanços das técnicas diagnósticas no campo da biologia molecular, visando uma melhor discriminação das cepas de M.bovis e M.tuberculosis. Foram abordados os problemas causados por tratamentos inadequados com drogas antituberculosas, os quais podem induzir o aparecimento de cepas multidroga-resistentes. Evidenciou-se uma urgente necessidade de maiores pesquisas sobre o desempenho de testes diagnósticos usados nos programas de controle e também para as questões de vacinação e quimioterapia. A efetiva colaboração entre a tríade microbiologistas médicos e veterinários e profissionais de saúde pública, torna-se essencial para a investigação dessa micobactéria de importância histórica e contemporânea. Existe, portanto, a necessidade de uma política de aporte de recursos materiais, humanos e financeiros, que envolvam uma cooperação internacional de órgãos vinculados à saúde pública, corroborando as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, divulgadas em Genebra em 1993<br>Seeking to know the epidemic data, etiology, pathogeny, diagnostics resources, transmission mechanisms, treatment, prevention and control of the tuberculosis caused by the Mycobacterium bovis in man, bovine and animal reservoirs, it took place this bibliographical revision to review the situation of the human tuberculosis caused by that mycobacteria worldwide, since there are few available data in Brazil. There is a great concern whether the pandemic HIV/AIDS will increase the number of cases of human tuberculosis caused by M.bovis, as occurred due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was analyzed the main animal reservoirs of M.bovis existent in full detail, with emphasis to those of larger importance in the transmission of the human and animal tuberculosis due to this agent. The transmission mechanisms were verified in its hosts chain, one of the widest among all the existent pathogens. The progress of the diagnostic technics in the field of the molecular biology, seeking a better strains discrimination of M.bovis and M.tuberculosis was evidenced. The problems caused by inadequate treatments with antituberculosis drugs, which can induce the appearing of multidrug-resistants strains, were approached. An urgent need of larger researches was evidenced on the performance of diagnostics tests used in the control programs and, also, for the vaccination subjects and chemotherapy. The effective collaboration between the triad medical and veterinary microbiologists and professionals of public health, is essential for the investigation of that mycobacteria of historical and contemporary importance. There is, therefore, the need of a material, human and financial resources policy, involving international cooperation of organs linked to the public health, corroborating the recommendations of World Health Organization, published in Geneva in 1993
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Ikuta, Cássia Yumi. "Estudo de micobactérias em animais silvestres mantidos em cativeiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-16092015-110534/.
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O gênero Mycobacterium compreende inúmeras espécies estudadas por sua capacidade de causar doenças. Surtos de tuberculose e micobacteriose em zoológicos, aquários, centros de pesquisa e criadouros evidenciaram a importância desses organismos em relação à saúde de animais silvestres mantidos em cativeiro. Duzentas e onze amostras, de 101 animais entre mamíferos, aves, répteis, anfíbios e peixes, foram submetidas à cultura. Foram isolados M. tuberculosis, M. bovis e 13 espécies de MNT associadas à doença. A natureza crônica dessas doenças, seu diagnóstico ante mortem limitado, juntamente com as características de interação social de cada espécie e o confinamento, favorecem a transmissão das micobactérias pelo contato com humanos ou outros animais infectados. Apesar de a presença de M. tuberculosis e M. bovis em instituições brasileiras já ter sido constatada, o presente estudo descreveu infecções em espécies animais utilizadas para consumo humano, e em espécies conhecidas pela suscetibilidade, mas que ainda não foram documentadas no Brasil. Doença causada por MNT foi relatada, mas sua importância deve ser considerada de acordo com a espécie animal acometida<br>Mycobacterium genus comprises several species, which have been studied for their capacity to cause diseases. Outbreaks of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis in zoos, aquariums, research and breeding facilities have shown the importance of these organisms to health of wildlife animal maintained in captivity. Two hundred and eleven samples, from 101 animals among mammal, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes, were cultured. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis and 13 species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria associated to diseases were isolated. The chronical nature of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis, their limited ante mortem diagnosis, along with social behavior of each species and confinement, favor mycobacterial transmission through contact with infected humans and other animals. Despite the presence of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis has already been observed in Brazilian institutions, the present study described infections in animal species destined to human consumption, and species known for their susceptiblility, yet not documented in Brazil. Disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria was reported, though its importance must be considered according to the animal species affected
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Nugent, Graham. "The role of wild deer in the epidemiology and management of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 2005. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20070212.130927/.
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The eco-epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (Tb) in wild deer (mainly red deer Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand was investigated. Bovine Tb is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Specific aims were to clarify the likely routes of infection in deer, and to determine the status of deer as hosts of Tb, the likely rates and routes of inter- and intra-species transmission between deer and other wildlife hosts, the role of deer in spreading Tb, and the likely utility of deer as sentinels of Tb presence in wildlife. As the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the main wildlife host of Tb, the research also included some investigation of transmission routes in possums.
Patterns of infection were measured in 994 deer killed between 1993 and 2003. Tb prevalence varied between areas (range 836%). Few deer had generalised infection, with 2168% of infected deer having no visible lesions, depending on the area. The retropharyngeal lymph nodes and oropharyngeal tonsils were commonly infected. No dependent fawns less than 0.75 years old were infected, indicating intra-species transmission is rare in wild deer. Where possums were not controlled, the net (cumulative) force of infection in young (14 y) deer was 0.100.24 per year in males and 0.090.12 per year in females, but much lower in older deer (less than 0.05 per year). Possum control reduced the net force of infection quickly, and eventually to zero. However, Tb persisted in possum-controlled areas through immigration of infected deer and, for almost a decade, through the survival of resident deer infected before possum control. Tb was lost from infected deer at an exponential rate of 0.13 per year, mostly as a result of deer recovering from infection rather than dying from it. Wild deer do die of Tb, but there was no discernible effect on age structure. The occurrence of infection in deer was not linked to the local deer or possum density at their kill sites (i.e. in their home range), but the area-wide prevalence of Tb in deer was closely correlated with Tb levels in possums, which were in turn correlated with area-wide measures of possum density. For wild deer in New Zealand, Tb is a persistent but usually inconsequential disease of the lymphatic system. It is acquired mainly by young independent deer, usually orally via the tonsils, and probably as a result of licking infected possums.
Many species fed on deer carrion, including possums. Most possums encountering carrion did not feed on it, but a few fed for long periods. Other scavengers such ferrets (Mustela furo), hawks (Circus approximans), and weka (a hen-sized flightless native bird; Gallirallus australis) fed in a way that probably increased the infectivity of carrion to possums. Commercial deer hunting may have facilitated the historical establishment of Tb in possums. Scavenging (including cannibalism) and interactions with dead and dying possums are identified for the first time as potentially important routes for transmission of Tb to possums, and I develop new hypotheses involving peri- and post-mortem transmission in possums that explain many of the epidemiological patterns that are characteristic of the disease in possum.
In continuous native forest, deer home range size averaged 250 hectares for six young females, and over twice that for two males. Over 90% of infected deer are likely to die within 2 km (females) or 6 km (males) of where they acquired Tb, but deer could occasionally carry Tb up to 30 km. Deer will be useful as sentinels, but only where other sentinels are rare, because the force of infection for a deer with a single infected possum in its home range is only 0.004 per year, compared to greater than 0.2 per year for deliberately released pigs. Deer are occasionally capable of initiating new cycles of infection in wildlife, but deer control is not essential to eradicate Tb from wildlife.
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Vandersommers, Daniel A. "Laboratories, Lyceums, Lords: The National Zoological Park and the Transformation of Humanism in Nineteenth-Century America." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1399640141.
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Haile, Melles. "Studies on new tuberculosis vaccine candidates in animal models /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-327-2/.
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Praud, Anne. "Apport de l'épidémiologie dans le choix des outils d'aide à la prise de décision sanitaire en santé animale : evaluation des tests de dépistage en santé animale." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783710.
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L'étude et le choix des stratégies décisionnelles en santé animale nécessite de disposer d'informations sur l'efficacité des outils disponibles, qu'il s'agisse d'un test unique, d'une association de plusieurs tests ou d'un ensemble de critères cliniques et épidémiologiques. La validation des tests de dépistage ou de diagnostic constitue donc un prérequis à la conception de protocoles d'aide à la prise de décisions sanitaires. Lorsqu'il existe une référence fournissant une information sur le statut infectieux des individus étudiés, l'estimation des caractéristiques des tests peut être effectuée de manière directe. En santé animale, il est toutefois fréquent de ne pas disposer de cette information, lorsqu'aucun test ne référence n'est disponible ou lorsqu'il n'a pas pu être mis en œuvre, pour des raisons pratiques, économiques ou éthiques. Dans ce cas, l'étude des tests requiert l'utilisation de méthodes statistiques adaptées, telles l'utilisation de modèles à classe latente implémentés par une approche bayésienne. Nous avons choisi, au cours de nos travaux, de nous intéresser à l'estimation de la part d'incertitude liée à l'utilisation de tests en tant qu'outils d'aide à la prise de décision. Nous exposons dans un premier chapitre les enjeux et les modalités de la lutte contre les maladies animales, les outils épidémiologiques disponibles pour l'élaboration de stratégies décisionnelles et les méthodes permettant l'évaluation de ces outils et leur comparaison. Les trois chapitres suivants constituent une application de ces méthodes, dans des contextes différents correspondant à trois types de situations dans lesquelles il existe un besoin d'aide à la décision sanitaire en santé animale : le dépistage de la brucellose porcine chez les porcs reproducteurs, le dépistage de l'épididymite contagieuse du bélier chez les béliers destinés à l'export et le dépistage de la tuberculose bovine dans les départements de Côte d'Or et de Dordogne et dans la région camarguaise. Le dernier chapitre de ce manuscrit consiste en une discussion générale sur les modalités de choix d'un outil d'aide à la décision sanitaire.
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Arcelles, Porras Mauricio Alfredo. "Prevalencia de tuberculosis bovina en el distrito de Vegueta provincia de Huaura en los años 2001 y 2002." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1534.
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El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de tuberculosis bovina en el distrito de Végueta, provincia de Huaura para los años 2001 y 2002 teniendo como base el Reglamento para el Control y Erradicación de la Tuberculosis Bovina, DS-31-2000 AG. El monitoreo se realizó a un total de 3240 y 3230 bovinos para los años 2001 y 2002 respectivamente, en animales mayores de cuatro semanas de edad. Las pruebas utilizadas fueron la de intradermoreacción tuberculina (PPD), tanto la prueba caudal como la doble comparativa en la tabla del cuello para la confirmación .
Los resultados obtenidos fueron de cuatro casos positivos a la prueba caudal, 0.1235%, de los cuales un caso resultó positivo a la prueba doble comparativa, en el año 2001. En el año 2002 resultaron dos casos positivos a la prueba ano caudal, 0.0619%, de los cuales ambos resultaron positivos a la prueba doble comparativa.<br>This paper had the goal of determining the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the district of Végueta, province of Huaura, in the years 2001 and 2002, having as a base the regulations for the bovine tuberculosis control and eradication, D.S.-31-2000 AG. The monitoring was made among a total of 3240 and 3230 bovines in the years 2001 and 2002, respectively, of all ages older than 4 week old. The testing for bovine tuberculosis wade made using the PPD skin test, both the caudal tuberculin test (CFT) and the comparative cervical tuberculin test (CCT) for confirmation.
About the results, in the year 2001 the caudal tuberculin test showed 4 positive cases, 0.1235%.One of these cases was positive to the comparative cervical tuberculin test, too. In the year 2002, the caudal fold tuberculin test showed 2 positive cases, that were positive to the comparative cervical tuberculin test, too.<br>Tesis
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Vergara, Manrique Gino Eder. "Prevalencia de la tuberculosis caprina en la provincia de Barranca." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2256.
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El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de la tuberculosis caprina en la provincia de barranca, departamento de lima, comprendiendo a los distritos de paramonga, pativilca, barranca y supe. para tal objetivo se utilizo la prueba intradermica unica de tuberculina (ppd bovina), basada en la reaccion de hipersensibilidad retardada, con la cual se alcanzo a muestrear 412 caprinos criollos mayores de dos meses de edad, criados de manera extensiva y sedentaria. la prueba fue aplicada en el pliegue caudal y su lectura se realizo a las 72 horas despues de la inoculacion de la tuberculina, encontrandose 2 animales reactores (positivos), con lo cual se determino una prevalencia del 0.48 ± 0.67%. estos resultados nos sugieren que la tuberculosis se encuentra poco difundida en los caprinos en la provincia de barranca.<br>The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of the goat tuberculosis in the province of barranca, department of lima, including the districts of paramonga, pativilca, barranca and supe. for that objective the unique intradermal test of tuberculin was used (bovine purified protein derivative, ppd), based on the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. four hundred twelve creoles goats, older that two months , from an extensive and sedentary breeding were tested. the test was performed in the caudal fold of the tail and remeasured 72 hours after the inoculation of the tuberculin. two animals react positive, and the prevalence of 0.48 ± 0.67% was determined. these results suggest that tuberculosis is a little spread in the goats from barranca province.<br>Tesis
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Crimes, Delyth Mary. "Accounting for the social impacts of animal disease : the case of bovine tuberculosis." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/75333/.
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Bovine Tuberculosis (bTb) continues to cause turmoil for farmers and their businesses where farmers have endured the impact of the disease for extensive periods of time such is the longevity of the problem. Connections between animal disease and its social impact on humans were recognised widely during the outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in 2001. However, despite the apparent impact of bTB on farmers and the rural community, there are few studies that seek to explore and measure these social impacts. The aim of this study is to investigate problems associated with the social impacts of bTB on farmers where levels of personal well-being and farmer’s productivity are measured to establish their quality of life and its relationship with bTB. A conceptual framework was drawn up to capture the themes rising from the literature review considered as vital in establishing the social effects of bTB. This framework was used as the basis in developing a mixed methods structure to the research. This approach combined qualitative interviews and participant observation over a longitudinal time frame of eighteen months with farmers and a quantitative postal survey of a sample of farmers across Wales. The qualitative interviews were undertaken with farmers on sixteen farms within four high risk disease areas in Wales. Its aim was to understand the meaning of well-being to farmers and to identify key factors which influence it and their quality of life. The effects of bTB testing on farmers is observed alongside establishing how farmers have managed with bTB and what coping strategies they have adopted both personally and as part of their working lives. A key aim of the quantitative methodology was to establish levels of personal well-being and productivity amongst farmers using recognised scales, to explore what significant pressures affect farmers on their farms and acquire their attitudes to bTB. In qualitative interviews, farmers identified health, happiness, having a sense of worth with respect from others, and having the freedom to farm in their own right as central components to their well-being. Negative influences on well-being were recognised as the weather, red tape and bureaucracy, financial and aspects which causes pressures relative to farm management. In qualitative interviews, farmers linked the impacts of bTB with perceived poor well-being and described various coping strategies to avoid the consequences of bTB. However, survey data found that farmers with bTB were not statistically significantly more likely to have lower well-being than farmers without bTB. Farmers’ well-being appears to be connected to their trust in the Welsh Government; farmers’ perceived ability to control bTB; and their trust in others (such as vets) to help them avoid bTB. The research therefore presents a new perspective of the extent of the social impacts arising from bTB. Where other studies have indicated a relationship between the well-being of farmers and bTB, the results in this research question the extent to which these impacts exist.
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Domènech, Martínez Pilar. "Tendencias evolutivas de la brucelosis y la tuberculosis animales en el periodo 1990-2000." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5646.
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Vaid, Jagdish. "Immune responses to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848515/.
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Host-bacterium interaction in experimental pseudotuberculosis infection in guinea pigs was investigated. Quantitation of the pyogranulomatous response induced at the infection site revealed a biphasic (perhaps triphasic) pattern. The first peak observed within 5-9 days after infection (depending upon the dose) was attributed to a non specific response of the body while the second peak seen 17-21 days postinfection might be due to a specific antibacterial immunity. The responses induced at the primary and challenge sites could be modulated by various treatments including altering the dose and timing of the challenge. Reinfection occurred , although at reduced level, when previously infected guinea pigs were challenged at about the time of the second peak of granulomatous response. Immunity was evidenced by apparent failure of the challenge organisms (a double antibiotic resistant mutant of the parent strain) to reach the secondary infection sites (local lymph nodes and internal organs) due either to failure of dissemination or prompt elimination because of the ensuing immunity. The present study gave evidence that administration of C. pseudotuberculosis in guinea pigs results in a systemic, possibly bacteraemic spread of the organisms which is probably irrespective of the route of administration. It was difficult to demonstrate bacteraemia by blood or organ cultures except when animals were given very large doses (10[9] cfu) by the i/p route. In rabbits following administration of a large dose by the i/p route two peaks were observed: the first occurred within 30 minutes while the second was observed between 30-60 minutes. No organisms could be detected after 2 hours. Bacteraemia almost certainly occurred in guinea pigs following oral infection, as evidenced by the localization of the organisms at sites inoculated with tissue-damaging substances (calcium chloride, powdered glass/sand mixture, incomplete Freund's adjuvant and Tween saline) within 2 hr of oral infection. The method described for inducing secondary localization of C pseudotuberculosis in the present study could be adopted as a model for other bacterial diseases where metastatic lesions are important in pathogenesis. Immune responses to C. pseudotuberculosis infection in guinea pigs as observed in the present study are discussed with reference to other facultative intracellular bacteria of veterinary importance. Implications of the findings in natural disease of sheep and goats are discussed with suggestions about the future directions such studies might take.
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Bourguignon, Tom. "Polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of lung infectious diseases." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASF096.
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Les maladies infectieuses ont de tout temps constitué une menace pour l'humanité. La preuve en a encore été faite récemment par la pandémie de COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019). Cependant, cette dernière a également mis en avant le potentiel des nanotechnologies pour le développement de thérapies innovantes, grâce aux vaccins contenant des nanoparticules (NPs) pour la protection et la vectorisation d'ARN messager. Ce travail explore le potentiel de NPs de PLGA (acide poly(lactique-co-glycolique)) pour le traitement de deux maladies pulmonaires : la tuberculose, un mal vieux de plusieurs millénaires ainsi que la maladie infectieuse la plus meurtrière actuellement, et le COVID-19, la deuxième pandémie de ce siècle.Pour commencer, un travail de recherche bibliographique s'intéresse à la physiopathologie et au traitement de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), mais surtout à l'évolution des NPs depuis trente ans pour l'optimisation de la thérapie antituberculeuse. Cette revue, publiée dans Pharmaceutics en 2023, met en exergue les NPs et antibiotiques les plus étudiés pour y parvenir, et donne des pistes sur l'avenir des traitements personnalisés.Pour l'étude des NPs de PLGA préparées, une technique de caractérisation, la NTA (nanoparticle tracking analysis), est détournée de son usage originel pour l'exploration des interactions cellules-NPs. En effet, les NPs sont incubées avec des cultures cellulaires avant que les surnageants ne soient analysés par NTA, permettant ainsi de quantifier leur internalisation au cours du temps. Un tel usage, détaillé dans un article paru dans l'International Journal of Pharmaceutics en 2021, n'avait jamais été décrit dans la littérature auparavant.Le potentiel des NPs pour le ciblage de Mtb est ensuite exploré. In vitro, il s'avère que les NPs sont préférentiellement internalisées par les cellules infectées par rapport aux cellules non-infectées. En outre, il existe une corrélation positive entre le nombre de bactéries intracellulaires et le nombre de NPs capturées. In vivo, chez la souris, une seule injection de NPs en intranasal permet de cibler l'organe d'intérêt (les poumons), le type cellulaire d'intérêt (les macrophages alvéolaires, siège de l'infection par Mtb), ainsi que les cellules infectées par rapport aux cellules non-infectées, les premières capturant trois fois plus de NPs en moyenne que les secondes. Ces résultats ont fait l'objet d'un article actuellement en cours de révision.Enfin, une étude est menée pour encapsuler et solubiliser une molécule active au sein des NPs pour le traitement du COVID-19. Un travail d'optimisation permet d'obtenir un taux d'encapsulation de 98,3%, une charge de 24,9%, et une concentration dans l'eau de 5 mg/mL pour cette molécule hydrophobe. Son mécanisme de libération est également étudié. Chez la souris et chez le hamster, il apparaît que quelques injections en intranasal seulement permettent de réduire la charge virale pulmonaire de 1,4 log10/mL, avec une toxicité très limitée. Par ailleurs, il est démontré chez la souris que la molécule encapsulée empêche l'inflammation pulmonaire habituellement associée au COVID-19. Cette étude, qui sera prochainement soumise pour publication, pose les bases d'une thérapie post-infection pour les sujets les plus vulnérables face au virus. D'autres résultats non-inclus dans l'article, par ailleurs, s'intéressent à différentes formulations de NPs pour influer sur la libération de la molécule et prolonger son activité antivirale et anti-inflammatoire in vivo. L'ensemble de cette étude a fait l'objet d'un dépôt de brevet en 2023.En conclusion, ce travail démontre le potentiel des NPs de PLGA pour le traitement de deux des maladies infectieuses pulmonaires les plus meurtrières actuellement, et offre des perspectives pour des études futures<br>Infectious diseases have always been a threat to mankind, as reminded by the recent COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) pandemic. However, the latter has also highlighted the potential of nanotechnologies for the development of innovative therapies, thanks to vaccines containing nanoparticles (NPs) for messenger RNA protection and vectorization. This work explores the potential of PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) NPs for the treatment of two lung diseases: tuberculosis (TB), a millennia-old ailment as well as the deadliest infectious disease worldwide, and COVID-19, the second pandemic of this century.To begin with, we take interest in the physiopathology and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but most of all, in the evolution of NPs over the last thirty years for the optimization of TB therapy. This literature review, published in Pharmaceutics in 2023, highlights the most studied NPs and antibiotics to this end, and offers perspectives for the future of advanced and tailored treatments.For the study of the prepared PLGA NPs, a characterization technique, NTA (nanoparticle tracking analysis), is diverted from its original use to explore cell-NP interactions. NPs are incubated with cell cultures before the supernatants are analyzed by NTA, thus enabling to quantify NP internalization over time. Such a use, detailed in an article published in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics in 2021, had never been described in the literature before.The NP potential for the targeting of Mtb is then explored. In vitro, it appears that NPs are preferentially internalized by infected cells as compared to non-infected ones. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between the number of intracellular bacteria and the number of captured NPs. In vivo, in a mouse model, a single intranasal NP injection allows for the targeting of the organ of interest (the lungs), the cell type of interest (alveolar macrophages, the site of Mtb infection), and infected cells rather than non-infected ones, the former capturing three times more NPs on average than the latter. These results are the subject of an article currently being reviewed.Finally, a study takes interest in the encapsulation and solubilization of an active molecule for the treatment of COVID-19. Optimization studies resulted in drug encapsulation of 98.3%, drug loading of 24.9%, and a concentration in water of 5 mg/mL for this hydrophobic molecule. Its release mechanism was also unraveled. In a mouse and in a hamster model, it appears that a few intranasal injections reduce the lung viral load by 1.4 log10/mL, with very limited toxicity. In a mouse model, the encapsulated molecule is shown to prevent lung inflammation usually associated with COVID-19. This study, which will be submitted for publication shortly, lays the foundations for a post-infection therapy for the most vulnerable patients. Other results, non-included in the article, explore different NP formulations to influence and prolong drug release in vivo. A patent has been filed for this study in 2023.In conclusion, this work demonstrates the potential of PLGA NPs for the treatment of two of the deadliest infectious lung diseases currently, and offers prospects for future studies
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Ramírez, Villaescusa Ana. "A cohort study of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in South West England." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2344/.
Full textAbstract:
Farm, cattle group and individual bovine risk factors for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle herds in the South West of England were explored. A cohort study using 148 well characterised cattle herds was conducted in SW England 2001-2004. The study was set up in areas affected by foot-and-mouth disease in 2001 and all farms were taking part in the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT). The use of a standard questionnaire and national data records from the skin intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin test (SICCT) and from the British Cattle Movement Service (BCMS) databases were combined. The two main statistical techniques used were survival analysis and multilevel logistic regression with random effects. Associations with the risk of herd breakdown with bTB were explored using survival analysis. The main factors associated with disclosure of reactor cattle were the purchase of cattle from markets and the storage of slurry and manure in close containment. In the investigation of the risk of an individual bovine animal becoming a reactor using multilevel logistic regression with random effects analysis, explanatory variables at herd, individual cattle and test levels, were explored. The potential exposure to reactor cattle in previous tests was the most significant finding as a risk for a bovine animal reacting at a current test. Only 9/19,027 cattle became reactors if they had not been exposed to a reactor animal previously. When the risk of an animal group having at least one reactor disclosed in the group was investigated using the location of the animal groups within the farm by monthly periods, the risk increased with the number of cattle in the groups when these were housed and with the presence of badgers in the fields when they were grazing. This thesis has provided a deep investigation into the risk factors that can affect the introduction and persistence of infection with M. bovis in cattle herds, and the importance that cattle play in these factors has been highlighted.
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Corrêa, Robert Lamas. "Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose Animal - PNCEBT : análise saúde-saúde da brucelose animal." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2012. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/12032.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e
Contabilidade, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia, 2012.<br>Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2013-02-05T14:36:32Z
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2012_RobertLamasCorrea.pdf: 1073016 bytes, checksum: 12a27121b40aeb6987eb40c17f639d46 (MD5)<br>O Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e da
Tuberculose Animal – PNCEBT – vem em busca da eliminação progressiva destas
zoonoses. Essas patologias são relevantes para o estudo da Economia da Saúde
Animal, pois implicam perdas econômicas substanciais, além de incidir sobre a
saúde humana. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o programa
por meio de um método diferenciado, que considera os benefícios da regulação, a
chamada Análise Saúde-Saúde - ASS. Esse método, desde a década de 80 vem
tomando proporções cada vez maiores, por considerar aspectos distintos em seu
modelo, como a probabilidade e a relação renda-saúde. Uma das grandes
dificuldades das metodologias de valoração é atribuir o quanto vale salvar uma vida
sem incorrer em julgamentos de valores subjetivos a colocar a problemática ética em
discussão. Esse modelo propõe que a decisão de implementação de uma política
seja realizada em uma base técnica com forte apoio moral. Identifica-se, portanto, o
impacto de vários fatores, como os custos indiretos e os benefícios da política, além
de proposta de estimação decorrente dos testes de probabilidade, de sobrevivência
ou risco de morte, possibilitando observar os fluxos do Programa. Concluiu-se que a
relação renda-saúde é uma forma objetiva de julgar a viabilidade de programas que
envolvem questões ligadas à saúde e risco. O Programa, apesar de recente,
apresentou resultados satisfatórios, pois se consegue observar, em uma simulação
realizada, a redução da frequência para a brucelose. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT<br>The National Programme for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and
Tuberculosis Animal - PNCEBT - comes in search of the phasing of these zoonoses.
These pathologies are relevant to the study of Animal Health Economics, since they
imply substantial economic losses, and focus on human health. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the program using a different method, which considers the benefits of regulation, called Health-Health Analysis - ASS. This method, since the 80's has been taking increasing proportions, considering different aspects in their model, as the probability and income-health relationship. One of the great difficulties of valuation methodologies is how to assign worth to save a life without incurring
subjective value judgments to put the ethical issue under discussion. This model proposes that the decision to implement a policy is held on a technical basis with strong moral support. Identifies, therefore, the impact of various factors such as
indirect costs and benefits of the policy, and proposed estimation resulting from tests
of probability of survival or death, allowing observing the flow of the program. It was
concluded that the income-health relationship is an objective way to judge the viability of programs that involve health issues and risk. The program, although recent, satisfactory results, as can be seen in a simulation, reducing the frequency for brucellosis.
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Louveau, Céline. "Evalualtion du risque représenté par une surinfection bactérienne au cours d'un épisode grippal." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077188.
Full textAbstract:
Les agents responsables de maladies infectieuses transmissibles par aérosol représentent la menace la plus probable dans un contexte militaire. Au cour de cette étude, nous avons évalué le pouvoir facilitant d'une infection grippale, connue pour potentialiser les surinfections bactériennes, sur le développement d'une infection à mycobactéries. Nous avons standardisé les conditions opératoires pour disperser M. Tuberculosis dans un caisson d'aérosolisation confiné en exposant de petits rongeurs avec tous les niveaux de sécurité requis. Nous avons mis en évidence que les particules biologiques représentaient moins de 1% des particules émises, que 80% d'entre elles avaient une taille inférieure à 5μm. Ensuite, le caisson a été validé en mettant au point un modèle d'infection par aérosol avec C. Burnetii chez la souris jusqu'alors non réalisé en utilisant cette voie d'administration. Enfin, pour la première fois, nous avons montré qu'une pré-infection virale accroît la résistance des souris vis-à-vis d'une surinfection bactérienne respiratoire. La consolidation des poumons résultant de l'infection initiale par le virus de la grippe et un profil de sécrétion de cytokines connues pour être impliquées dans la résistance à l'infection par M. Tuberculosis pourraient en partie expliquer cette absence de synergie. Au vu des résultats obtenus dans ces études, nous pouvons conclure que notre caisson d'aérosolisation est parfaitement adapté à la mise en œuvre d'aérosols avec des agents hautement infectieux et à l'évaluation de l'impact de ces derniers sur des modèles in vivo<br>The most likely threat in biowarfare is representd by biological agents causing infectious diseases transmitted by aerosol. In this study, we evaluated if a synergetic effect exists between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) and influenza virus which is known to promote bacterial respiratory superinfections. We fïrst designed a new nose-only aerosol apparatus in order to develop a mouse model of pulmonary infection with Mt in biohazard level-3 safety conditions. We showed that less than 1% of total generated particles were biological particles and among these particles, 80% had a size inferior to 5 μm and likely reached alveolar compartments and so initiated an infectious process. Next, our device was used to establish for the first time a murine model of aerosol infection with Coxiella burnetii. Then, we present evidence that the prior influenza infection increased the résistance of mice to mycobacterial infection. The absence of lethal synergism between both agents may be explained by the consolidation of lungs due to previous influenza virus infection and the secretion of high levels of cytokines known to play a key role in the control of mycobacterial infections in mice. This is the first time that such a phenomenon is described. In conclusion, we demonstrated that our aerosol exposure apparatus can be applied to any pathogen which is spread by aerosol and enables to determine the pathogenic potential of these pathogens in vivo by developing animal models
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Silva, Gonzales Víctor Raúl. "Determinación de la prevalencia de la tuberculosis bovina en el distrito de Puerto Inca, Huánuco." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/12211.
Full textAbstract:
Determina la prevalencia de tuberculosis en bovinos de crianza extensiva en el distrito de Puerto Inca, provincia de Puerto Inca, departamento de Huánuco, en el año 2007. Se utilizó la prueba intradérmica única de tuberculina (PPD bovina), basada en la reacción de hipersensibilidad retardada, en 3221 animales para el diagnóstico de Mycobacterium bovis. No se encontraron reactores positivos, y con el programa @Risk de simulaciones estocástica de distribución beta se calculó una prevalencia media de 0.031% con rangos de 0.0008 a 0.1144%. La baja prevalencia permitiría implementar un programa de erradicación de Tuberculosis bovina en el distrito de Puerto Inca.<br>Tesis
30
May, Terry J. "Synthesis and evaluation of inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35769/.
Full textAbstract:
The emergence of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis has led to a demand for the development of new antibiotics. One new target is the cell wall biosynthesis enzyme UDP-Galp mutase (UGM), which aids the formation of the bacteria’s characteristic mycolic acid cell wall. LQ10 and LQ6 were discovered through a library screen. The synthesis of LQ10 was achieved along with 4 analogues. Another class of compounds, 2-aminothiazoles, were produced. Thirteen of these compounds were produced and along with the LQ10 analogues, initially gave encouraging results in silico. To test their biological activity, a fluorescent probe was synthesised for use in a high-throughput fluorescence polarization (FP) assay against UDP-Galp Mutase which was expressed from E. coli. The compounds were screened using the fluorescence polarisation assay initially at a concentration of 50 µM, 9 of which demonstrated >70 % inhibition of UGM. Two of which had inhibition greater than 90 %. These preliminary results suggest that some of these compounds are, and can be developed into potent UGM inhibitors. However, it should be noted that these are only single-point results due to limitations in the quantity of UGM available, and that these will need be repeated in triplicate to determine any errors and give more reliable values.
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Okano, Werner [UNESP]. "Post mortem, citologia, histopatologia e bacteriologia no diagnóstico da tuberculose bovina - matadouro-frigorífico da Região Norte do Paraná." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104673.
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okano_w_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 471437 bytes, checksum: d21979c96dd45b7b46cff6ef04283310 (MD5)<br>Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)<br>Quanto menor o intervalo de tempo entre o achado post mortem e o diagnóstico da tuberculose, mais rapidamente se estabelecerão prioridades de ação frente a decisão sanitária a ser tomada pela Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal quanto a carcaça em questão. A citologia por ser um método rápido, de fácil realização e de baixo custo sendo importante instrumento na clínica bovina, especialmente quando usada em conjunto com achados físicos. Foram avaliadas amostras de 41 fragmentos de linfonodos de bovinos de matadouro-frigorífico com avaliação macroscópica e coletado material para exame histológico, citológico e cultura bacteriológica e parte delas analisadas pelo PCR. De 17 linfonodos sem lesões típicas de tuberculose em 9 visualizaram-se células gigantes de Langhans; 4 isolaram-se o M. bovis; sendo duas destas PCR positivo e 4 citologias sugestivas de tuberculose. Resultados deste estudo indicam que nem todos os animais infectados têm lesões macroscópicas observadas na linha de abate. Permitem também concluir que há a necessidade do uso de métodos laboratoriais no auxílio do diagnóstico da tuberculose em matadouros-frigoríficos.<br>The short the time gap between the post mortem found and the tuberculosis diagnosis, the faster wil the action priorities be established towards the sanitary decision to be made by slaughter surveillance concerning the carcass in the issue. Cytology being a fast, rather feasible and low-cost method and important tool in bovine practice, especially when used in conjunction with the physical findings. 41 samples of fragments from bovine lymph nodes coming from slaughterhouse have been analyzed macroscopically and material for histological, cytological and bacteriologic culture has been collected, part of wich has been analyzed by the PCR. Of the 17 lymph nodes with no TB lesions, 9 present giant Langhans cells; in 4 was the M. bovis isolated, 2 of those being PCR positive, and 4, TB suggestive cytology. Results from this study indicate that not all infected animals have macroscopic lesions observed at slaughter line; allowing as well to be concluded, that there is a need for use of laboratorial methods in assisting the diagnosis of tuberculosis in slaughterhouse.
32
Okano, Werner. "Post mortem, citologia, histopatologia e bacteriologia no diagnóstico da tuberculose bovina - matadouro-frigorífico da Região Norte do Paraná /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104673.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Noeme Sousa Rocha<br>Banca: Julio Lopes Sequeira<br>Banca: Germano Francisco Biondi<br>Banca: Rosilene Fressatti<br>Banca: Antonio Carlos Faria dos Reis<br>Resumo: Quanto menor o intervalo de tempo entre o achado post mortem e o diagnóstico da tuberculose, mais rapidamente se estabelecerão prioridades de ação frente a decisão sanitária a ser tomada pela Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal quanto a carcaça em questão. A citologia por ser um método rápido, de fácil realização e de baixo custo sendo importante instrumento na clínica bovina, especialmente quando usada em conjunto com achados físicos. Foram avaliadas amostras de 41 fragmentos de linfonodos de bovinos de matadouro-frigorífico com avaliação macroscópica e coletado material para exame histológico, citológico e cultura bacteriológica e parte delas analisadas pelo PCR. De 17 linfonodos sem lesões típicas de tuberculose em 9 visualizaram-se células gigantes de Langhans; 4 isolaram-se o M. bovis; sendo duas destas PCR positivo e 4 citologias sugestivas de tuberculose. Resultados deste estudo indicam que nem todos os animais infectados têm lesões macroscópicas observadas na linha de abate. Permitem também concluir que há a necessidade do uso de métodos laboratoriais no auxílio do diagnóstico da tuberculose em matadouros-frigoríficos.<br>Abstract: The short the time gap between the post mortem found and the tuberculosis diagnosis, the faster wil the action priorities be established towards the sanitary decision to be made by slaughter surveillance concerning the carcass in the issue. Cytology being a fast, rather feasible and low-cost method and important tool in bovine practice, especially when used in conjunction with the physical findings. 41 samples of fragments from bovine lymph nodes coming from slaughterhouse have been analyzed macroscopically and material for histological, cytological and bacteriologic culture has been collected, part of wich has been analyzed by the PCR. Of the 17 lymph nodes with no TB lesions, 9 present giant Langhans cells; in 4 was the M. bovis isolated, 2 of those being PCR positive, and 4, TB suggestive cytology. Results from this study indicate that not all infected animals have macroscopic lesions observed at slaughter line; allowing as well to be concluded, that there is a need for use of laboratorial methods in assisting the diagnosis of tuberculosis in slaughterhouse.<br>Doutor
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Cárdenas, Avilés Jennifer Giovanna. "Estrategias de control y eliminación de tuberculosis en ovinos y caprinos en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/16600.
Full textAbstract:
La tuberculosis en los ovinos y caprinos es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica
que origina principalmente signos clínicos respiratorios, causada por
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis y M. caprae. El impacto económico de
esta enfermedad es muy amplio, ya que afecta irremediablemente la salud del
animal al no existir un tratamiento eficaz y los animales afectados son
decomisados totalmente al beneficio, originando grandes pérdidas económicas
para los productores. La tuberculosis también tiene un gran impacto en la salud
pública causando un serio riesgo para las personas que consumen leche fresca
no pasteurizada, quesos y otros subproductos lácteos producidos con leche
contaminada proveniente de ovejas y cabras infectadas. Además, en nuestro
país la crianza de rumiantes menores principalmente es extensiva y precaria lo
que dificulta establecer medidas de control de en estas especies. Actualmente
no se conoce la prevalencia real de la enfermedad a nivel mundial y solo unos
pocos países donde la crianza de ovinos y caprinos es una de las principales
actividades ganaderas, están realizando investigaciones y estableciendo
medidas de control y eliminación. Por lo tanto, el primer paso para iniciar un
programa de control y eliminación es conocer la prevalencia nacional de la
tuberculosis en ovinos y caprinos. Posteriormente, la difusión de la importancia
de la enfermedad y cómo se transmite entre los animales y hacia el hombre
permitirá que el productor mejore su sistema de manejo. El siguiente paso debe
ser el diagnóstico en los rebaños utilizando la prueba de tuberculina debido a la
facilidad de aplicación y bajo costo. Finalmente, ya que aún no contamos con
una reglamentación para la eliminación de rumiantes menores positivos a
tuberculosis, y puesto que en muchas partes del país la crianza de estas
especies son el único sustento económico de ciertas localidades, será necesario
implementar medidas de bioseguridad y fomentar la creación de hatos paralelos
con animales negativos que vayan reemplazando paulatinamente a los animales
positivos.
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Marjamaki, P. "The genetic basis of variation in bovine tuberculosis infection, progression and diagnosis in a wild animal host." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/36577.
Full textAbstract:
Parasites are ubiquitous in wild animal populations and have wide ranging effects on the health, fitness and eco-evolutionary dynamics of their host populations. To counter parasites, hosts have evolved a myriad of defence strategies, but individuals vary considerably in the efficacy of these strategies, and so, in their susceptibility to infection. While variation can generally be viewed as stemming from genetic and environmental effects, we currently have little knowledge of their relative importance in wild and unmanaged host populations. In this thesis, I use long-term mark-recapture data on a population of European badgers (Meles meles) to examine the genetic basis of variation in bovine tuberculosis infection and its progression. I first estimate a genetic pedigree and characterise variation in extra-group paternity in the population (Chapter 2). Then, adopting a pedigree-based quantitative genetic approach, I investigate the relative importance of genetic and social environmental sources of variation in bTB infection status (Chapter 3). Thirdly, I characterise associations between body weight and bTB infection and test for variation in host tolerance (Chapter 4). And finally, I examine the genetic basis of (co)variation in and among four diagnostic test responses, representing different aspects of host immune function (Chapter 5). Taken together, this work provides novel insight into the genetic architecture of bovine tuberculosis infection in a wild host species, and the evolutionary potential of immune traits in the wild.
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SILVA, Ediane Batista da. "Aspectos da resposta imune humoral e celular de bovinos naturalmente infectados com mycobacterium bovis e avaliação de vacina de subunidade protéica para tuberculose em camundongos." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1199.
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Previous issue date: 2008-08-05<br>Several aspects of the bovine tuberculosis were analyzed in this study. The immunogenicity of recombinant MPT-51 (rMPT-51), Ag-85 and M. bovis-BCG were characterized in an immunosorbent assay, where 208 serum samples from positive intradermal tuberculin test (ITT) animals and 54 serum samples
from ITT negative animals where analyzed. M. bovis-BCG and Ag-85 were strongly recognized by antibodies from naturally infected cattle. Additionally, the clinical status of the animals were correlated with the ITT positivity, with the specific production of IL-4 by TCD4 and TCD8 positive lymphocytes, and with nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages from naturally tuberculosis infected bovine peripheral blood. ITT positive animals showed TCD4+IL4+ cells specific to M. bovis-BCG extract. High background levels of TCD8+IL-4+ lymphocytes were observed in ITT positive animals independent of the stimuli. When cell cultures where stimulated with M. bovis-BCG protein extract, there
was no observed difference in NO production between the groups. Naturally tuberculosis infected bovine presented TCD4+IL4+ cells specific for M. bovis- BCG and a preserved NO production. Finnally, the immunogenicity of rMPT-51 use as a proteic sub-unit vaccine was evaluated in BALB/c mice, with two different adjuvants, incomplete Freund and CpG DNA. For this, mice were immunized and challenged with M. tuberculosis. Immunization with rMPT-51 antigen and either adjuvant induced, in the lungs, a migration increase of
TCD5+IFN + cells specific for rMPT-51, when compared to controls (P<0.05). rMPT-51 plus CpG DNA presented a better performance among the different vaccination schemes tested, in part due to the ability of stiulate TCD5+IFN + cells and hampering the bacterial load, thus preserving the functional integrity of challenged mice lungs<br>Nesta tese foram avaliados vários aspectos da tuberculose bovina e do Mycobacterium bovis. Primeiro caracterizou-se a imunogenicidade do MPT-51, Ag 85 e BCG em ensaio imunoenzimático, onde foram utilizadas 208 amostras
de soro de animais TTI positivo e 54 amostras de bovinos negativos. O BCG-M. bovis e o Ag 85 foram fortemente reconhecidos pelos anticorpos dos bovinos naturalmente infectados. Segundo correlaciounou-se o estado clínico do animal à positividade ao teste intradérmico, com a produção específica de IL-4 por linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ e a produção de óxido nítrico por macrófagos do sangue periférico de bovinos naturalmente infectados com tuberculose. Foi
observado que os bovinos TTI positivos apresentaram células CD4+IL-4+ específicas para extrato protéico de M. bovis-BCG. Observaram-se altos níveis basais de linfócitos TCD8+IL-4+ independente de estímulos nos animais reatores. Quando as culturas foram estimuladas com extrato protéico de BCG,
não houve diferença quanto à produção de NO. Os bovinos tuberculosos, naturalmente infectados, apresentaram células TCD4+IL4+ específicas para M. bovis-BCG, preservando a produção de NO pelos macrófagos. Finalmente, a imunogenicidade do MPT-51 como vacina de sub-unidade protéica foi avaliada em camundongos BALB/c, testando o MPT-51 com dois adjuvantes, o incompleto de Freund e o CpG DNA. Os camundongos foram imunizados e posteriormente desafiados com M. tuberculosis. No pulmão, a imunização com
antígeno rMPT-51 a 20μg/ml + adjuvantes de Freund Incompleto e CpG DNA induziu aumento da migração de células TCD5+IFN- + específicas para o MPT-51 para o local da infecção, quando comparados com o controle (p<0,05). O
MPT-51+CpG DNA, apresentou melhor desempenho dentre os esquemas de vacinação adotados, devido a capacidade de estimular a produção de células TCD5+IFN- + e a diminuição da carga bacteriana, preservando assim a integridade funcional do pulmão dos camundongos, quando desafiados
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Fisher, Rhiannon. "The role of social capital in influencing the response capacity of farmers to bovine tuberculosis." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2012. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/1178/.
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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the principal concerns currently facing the livestock industry in England. The disease has spread dramatically in recent years and is costing the country millions of pounds each year. Tens of thousands of cattle are being slaughtered annually; a huge financial and emotional burden to affected farmers. While various measures to control the disease have been taken, none have been successful in bringing it under control. Instead bTB continues to spread unabated. The essence of the bTB problem is that it necessitates industry buy-in in order to implement disease control measures. It is therefore not simply an issue of regulation. Current government bTB control policy emphasises communication and cooperative working across the government and the farming industry, coupled with cost and responsibility sharing. However, previous studies have shown that relationships between farmers and the government are already strained, engendered by a sense of distrust and a lack of confidence. Although some social science work has been conducted within the field of disease control and particularly bTB, the majority focuses on farmers‘ attitudes towards government policy and disease control. However, in order to implement successful disease control measures it is necessary to explore the ways in which farmers currently respond to bTB, and how their responses may be recognised by, and incorporated into, successful policy. While previous research has identified the important role of the wider social context in influencing farmers‘ attitudes and behaviour, no studies have yet provided an in-depth analysis of farmers‘ social networks in relation to bTB. In response, this study uses the lens of social capital to explore the various social ties which enhance or constrain farmers‘ capacity to respond to bTB. An iterative, mixed methods approach is adopted across two phases of research. The first incorporates twenty in-depth qualitative farmer interviews, exploring various aspects of bTB risk and response strategies as well as the core features of social capital. This informs a second, quantitative phase, in which data are iii gathered through a self-completion postal survey of 374 farmers in the South West of England. A farmer segmentation model is developed using factor and cluster analysis and two farmer groups are identified. The first group represents vulnerable farmers who are concerned about the negative impacts of bTB, and who are internally focused with respect to their networks. Characteristically, they exhibit strong relationships with others from within the farming community. In comparison, the second group are more resilient and less concerned about the impacts of bTB on their farm business. These farmers are externally focused, mainly seeking information from the government, the National Farmers‘ Union and their vet. The role of various forms of social capital is explored and an important distinction between the two farmer groups is found. Vulnerable farmers tend to be members of close networks of other farmers (bonding social capital), while resilient farmers are more likely to enjoy positive relationships with those from outside the farming community including vets (bridging social capital) and the government (linking social capital). However, while the research findings suggest that bridging and linking social capital can positively influence farmers‘ attitudes towards bTB, they do not necessarily lead to positive disease control behaviour. Statistical analysis of the data reveals no significant differences between the farmer groups in terms of their uptake of biosecurity measures, which represents an important disease avoidance strategy. A disjuncture between farmers‘ attitudes and their behaviour is therefore identified. The research concludes that investment in social capital between the government and farmers should form a core area of policy through providing opportunities for consistent and regular contact, allowing for the development of trusting and productive relationships. The current situation, characterised by low levels of trust and limited uptake of recommended disease control measures by farmers, indicates incoherence with contemporary policy discourses. A better understanding of the role of social capital in influencing farmer attitudes and behaviour will enable policy makers to increase the ability of farmers to respond to bTB risk, either through disease avoidance or through more effective management and coping mechanisms.
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Todeschini, Bernardo. "Enfoque epidemiológico em dados de tuberculose e brucelose visando a implantação de um sistema informatizado de monitoramento e vigilância." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/29066.
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A vigilância epidemiológica é descrita como o conjunto de procedimentos de coleta, processamento e análise de dados utilizado para dar suporte aos processos de tomadas de decisão por parte dos agentes de saúde animal e humana. A crescente atuação de profissionais do setor privado em sanidade animal tem ampliado a vigilância epidemiológica passiva, com geração de montantes significativos de dados. Neste contexto, surge o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose Animal - PNCEBT que promove, entre suas estratégias, a habilitação de médicos veterinários privados - MVH - para realização de testes diagnóstico dessas enfermidades em bovídeos. Nesta pesquisa, foi realizada uma compilação de todos os dados gerados pelos MVH relacionados ao PNCEBT no ano de 2008 no Rio Grande do Sul, os quais foram posteriormente analisados com distintas técnicas estatísticas, com objetivo de caracterizar o perfil de ocorrência demográfica e espacial destes testes, bem como buscar indicativos de frequência de enfermidades. Foram analisados resultados de 63.226 testes de bovinos e bubalinos realizados em 5.012 estabelecimentos e 332 municípios do estado, devidamente tratados por procedimentos de imputação múltipla e de detecção de valores extremos. Foi possível verificar que os animais de aptidão leiteira representam a maioria dos animais testados, e que motivação econômica, como bonificações, é o principal estímulo para realização dos testes. Os animais de aptidão leiteira apresentaram, ainda, maior frequência em casos positivos para ambas as enfermidades, quando comparados com as demais aptidões. Os animais do sexo feminino apresentaram maior frequência em ambas as enfermidades, com relação aos machos. Foi verificada maior frequência de animais positivos para tuberculose com o avanço da idade, ao passo que a brucelose se revelou mais freqüente em animais entre 48 e 60 meses. A análise espacial demonstra variações entre regiões nos percentuais de animais testados e de positivos em ambas as enfermidades. As maiores frequências de estabelecimentos positivos para tuberculose ocorreram nas mesorregiões metropolitana e centro-oriental do estado, as quais apresentam altas densidades de estabelecimentos por km². Foi constatado ainda que a distância percorrida pelo MVH para realização de testes pode ser fator limitante na ocorrência dos mesmos, sendo que 49,5% dos testes foram realizados em uma distância máxima de 50 km, considerando-se a ida e o retorno. Foi verificado que municípios onde foram realizados testes têm 67,5 vezes mais chance de ter um MVH residente. Foi possível concluir, assim, que o adequado enfoque aos dados de vigilância permite a realização de inferências relevantes, sendo factível a estruturação de sistemas de monitoramento e vigilância - MOSS. Tais sistemas podem incrementar a qualidade e acessibilidade dos dados, permitindo aos gestores públicos e privados a realização de análises customizadas que tragam maior eficiência e eficácia às ações em saúde animal.<br>Epidemiological surveillance is described as a set of procedures of collecting, processing and data analysis used for supporting the decision making process of animal and human health managers. The growing participation of private sector professionals on animal health issues has been widening the passive epidemiological surveillance, generating significant amounts of data. In this context, the National Program of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Control and Eradication – PNCEBT, promotes, amongst other strategies, the accreditation of private veterinarians to make diagnosis tests on bovine, increased significantly the amount of data on bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. In the present research, a compilation of all data from diagnosis tests performed by accredited private veterinarians on behalf of PNCEBT in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2008 was made, which was analyzed through distinct statistics techniques, aiming at characterizing the demography and spatial patterns of occurrence, as well as to assess the frequencies of those diseases. Data from 63.226 individual tests performed in 5.012 farms on 332 municipalities were analyzed, after treatment by multiple imputation and outlier values diagnosis. It was possible to conclude that the majority of tests were from dairy related animals; economical reasons, such as bonus programs, were the main motivation for the farmers to perform tests on their properties. Higher frequencies for both diseases were found in dairy cattle, when compared to other purposes animals. Female presented higher frequencies for both diseases when compared to males. It was also observed that the frequency of tuberculosis increased with age, while for brucellosis the frequency was higher between 48 to 60 months-old animals. Spatial analysis evidenced higher frequencies of positive tuberculosis farms in the metropolitana and centro-oriental mesorregions, which had higher farm density per km². It was also verified that the distance by MVH to perform tests might be a limiting factor for them to occur, being 49.5% of the tests performed at maximum round-way distance of 50 km. The municipalities which had tests performed showed 67.5 times more chances of having a resident MVH. It was possible to conclude that an appropriate approach of surveillance data allows the making of relevant inferences, being feasible the establishment of monitoring and surveillance systems - MOSS. These systems could improve data quality and accessibility, allowing public and private managers to perform custom analysis to bring more efficiency and efficacy to animal health programs.
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Leite, Bruno Meireles. "Aspectos epidemiológicos e econômicos da certificação de propriedades leiteiras como livres de brucelose e tuberculose bovina." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2012. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/11795.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal, 2012.<br>Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2012-12-12T12:12:29Z
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2012_BrunoMeirelesLeite.pdf: 693920 bytes, checksum: 5765a13124da503d7bdb8742f4143a9c (MD5)<br>Umas das principais estratégias do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da
Brucelose e Tuberculose Animal (PNCEBT) é a certificação de propriedades livres
destas duas doenças. Como a adesão dos produtores a esta certificação é
voluntária, se faz necessário conhecer melhor os condicionantes técnicos e
econômicos deste processo visando contribuir para o melhor planejamento das
ações do PNCEBT. Para isso foram construídos modelos de análise custo-benefício
para dois tipos de rebanhos leiteiros. Um de maior produção e com boas práticas sanitárias e de manejo e outro de menor produção e com índices zootécnicos
inferiores. Foram simulados os efeitos da brucelose e da tuberculose em diferentes
cenários de prevalência inicial, os custos e os benefícios do saneamento, além de possíveis cenários que poderiam alterar o resultado econômico do processo. A brucelose teve maior impacto econômico do que a tuberculose. Quando as duas doenças estavam presentes, o retorno econômico do investimento na certificação ocorreu apenas para o grande produtor. Para que o pequeno produtor tivesse retorno do investimento foi necessário o pagamento de indenização de 100% do valor dos animais eliminados ou a combinação de indenização de 75% do valor dos
animais eliminados e adicional de R$0,01/litro de leite produzido. A certificação separada para cada doença se mostrou uma boa alternativa por reduzir os custos inicias e de manutenção fazendo com que houvesse uma maior probabilidade de retorno do investimento em menor tempo. A certificação com dois testes negativos em cenário de ausência de doenças reduziu o custo inicial em 33,6% porém foi necessário o pagamento adicional por litro de leite ou subsidio aos testes para que houvesse probabilidade de retorno de investimento para ambos os rebanhos. Ficou demonstrado que o retorno do investimento na certificação depende de políticas de incentivos que deverão ser diferenciadas por tipo de produtor e situação epidemiológica. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT<br>One of the main strategies of the National Program for Eradication of Brucellosis and
Tuberculosis (PNECBT) is the accreditation of free bovine herds. As this accreditation is not mandatory, the economic and epidemiological factors that may influence the producer s decision should be investigated aiming a better planning of the PNCEBT. To reach this goal, a benefit-cost model was developed for two kinds of dairy herds. One with higher production and sound sanitary and reproductive practices and the other one with a smaller production and less sound sanitary and reproductive practices. The impact of the diseases was simulated considering different scenarios of initial prevalence, the costs and benefits of the accreditation
and other ones that might influence the economic result. The brucellosis had more economic impact than tuberculosis. When the herd was infected with both diseases,
the economic return of the investment in the accreditation happened only for the biggest producer. For the smallest one was necessary a 100% indemnity for all positive animals or a combination of 75% indemnity and a surplus of R$0,01/L of milk. The separated accreditation for each disease showed to be a good alternative
as it reduced the initial and maintenance costs increasing the probability of the investment s return in a shorter time. The accreditation with two negative tests in the absence of diseases reduced the initial costs in 33,6% but for the existence of a probability of the investment s return was necessary a surplus on milk production or a subsidy on the tests for both producers. It was demonstrated that the return of the investment in the accreditation depends on incentive policies that should be different for each kind of producer and epidemiological situation.
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Delnatte, Pauline Ducos de Lahitte Jacques. "Étude de la tuberculose chez l'éléphant importance en parc zoologique /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/2079/1/debouch_2079.pdf.
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Felix, Carolina Rodrigues. "Compostos indutores e genes regulando a expressão da bomba de efluxo Tap em Mycobacterium bovis BCG." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://guaiaca.ufpel.edu.br/handle/123456789/1222.
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Previous issue date: 2013-08-28<br>Transport proteins related to drug efflux play an important role not only in the acquisition of drug-resistant phenotypes, but also in virulence of M. tuberculosis. The main objective of this study was to analyze the regulation of genes encoding the
protein Rv1258c Tap considering the expression of genes Rv1255c and Rv1257c. RNA was extracted from cultures of M. bovis BCG overexpressing Rv1255c and Rv1257c, as well as a control strain containing the vector pVV16, and qRT-PCR of
the Rv1258c gene was performed. RT-PCR was performed using RNA isolated previously from M. tuberculosis CDC1551, in order to verify that Rv1255c, Rv1256c, Rv1257c and Rv1258c genes are all connected to a transcript. The strain M. bovis
BCG, expressing a red fluorescent protein under control of the promoter Rv1258c (pVVTapPro) was grown in the presence of streptomycin and glycine to verify the induction of the promoter. The qRT-PCR showed a downregulation of the gene in the strain overexpressing Rv1258c and Rv1257c, but no difference was observed in the strain overexpressing Rv1255c compared with the control. An increase in fluorescence was observed in the strain containing the promoter of the tap in the presence of 1 mg/L of streptomycin in comparison with the control. A two-fold induction of gene Tap was also observed in the presence of 1.6 mM glycine. The results suggest a role for Rv1257c in the regulation Tap expression. Moreover, the
induction of Tap by streptomycin supports the importance of this protein in multidrugresistant M. tuberculosis. The effect of glycine on Tap promoter suggest a physiological role in cellular detoxification for this efflux pump. In conclusion, this study reinforces the need to obtain a deeper knowledge about the Tap protein operon and its regulation, in order to assist in the development of inhibitors of this efflux pump and possibly other mechanisms of induced resistance.<br>Proteínas transportadoras relacionada ao efluxo de drogas desempenham um papel importante não só na aquisição de fenótipos resistentes aos fármacos, mas também na virulência de M. tuberculosis. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a regulação do gene Rv1258c codificador da proteína Tap considerando a expressão dos genes Rv1255c e Rv1257c. RNA foi extraído a partir de culturas de M. bovis BCG superexpressando Rv1255c e Rv1257c, bem como de uma cepa controle contendo o vector pVV16 realizando o qRT-PCR do gene Rv1258c. RT-PCR foi realizada com RNA previamente isolado de M. tuberculosis CDC1551, a fim de verificar se o Rv1255c, Rv1256c, Rv1257c e Rv1258c genes estão todos ligados em um transcrito. A cepa M. bovis BCG, expressando uma proteína fluorescente vermelha sob o controle do promotor do Rv1258c (pVVTapPro) foi cultivado na presença de estreptomicina e glicina para verificar a indução deste promotor. O qRT-PCR demonstrou uma regulação negativa do gene Rv1258c na cepa sobre expressando Rv1257c, mas não foi observada diferença na cepa sobre expressando Rv1255c em comparação com o controle. Um aumento de
fluorescência foi observada na cepa contendo o promotor da Tap na presença de 1 mg/L de estreptomicina, em comparação com o controle. Uma indução de duas vezes do gene Tap foi também observada na presença de glicina 1,6 mM. Os
resultados sugerem um papel para o gene Rv1257c na regulação da expressão Tap. Além disso, a indução da Tap por estreptomicina apoia a importância desta proteína na multidroga-resistência de M. tuberculosis. O efeito da glicina no promotor da Tap sugere um papel fisiológico de detoxificação celular para essa bomba de efluxo. Em conclusão este estudo reforça a necessidade de se obter um
conhecimento mais aprofundado a respeito do operon da proteína Tap e sua regulação, de maneira a auxiliar no desenvolvimento de inibidores dessa bomba de efluxo e possivelmente de outros mecanismos de resistência induzida.
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Nieuwoudt, Liezl-Marié. "The impact of PheroidTM technology on the bioavailability and efficacy of anti-tuberculosis drugs in an animal model / L. Nieuwoudt." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4316.
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Silva, Duanne Alves da. "Análise imunogênica da proteína recombinante aspartil aminopeptidase (Rv0800) de Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5333.
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Previous issue date: 2014-12-05<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>sem resumo em língua estrangeira.<br>Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade da enzima Rv0800 (DAP) do Mycobacterium tuberculosis como componente de vacina de subunidade proteica em dois sistemas de adjuvantes derivados de plantas. Para tanto, foi feita a produção heteróloga da enzima Rv0800 em E. coli e sua expressão pelo Mtb foi confirmada. A proteína recombinante obtida (rDAP) foi avaliada como vacina primeiramente associada ao Cn-AMP1, um peptídeo antimicrobiano proveniente da água de coco, e em outro experimento, associada ao ADVAXTM, um adjuvante polissacarídico derivado da delta inulina e foram usadas para vacinar camundongos BALB/c. As vacinas DAPC e DAPVAX induziram anticorpos IgG1 e IgG2a específicos. A vacina DAPC gerou resposta imune celular de linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ produtores de IFN-γ+ antes e depois do desafio com Mtb, e quando combinada com a vacina BCG melhorou a resposta induzida por esta. Contudo, apesar de as vacinas terem induzido resposta imune específica no modelo estudado, após a infecção foram geradas extensas lesões pulmonares e não houve diminuição da carga bacilar nos pulmões. Neste projeto foram desenvolvidas novas vacinas de subunidade proteica compostas por uma enzima do Mycobacterium tuberculosis associada a adjuvantes derivados de plantas, nunca testados no modelo murino de infecção e que se mostraram imunogênicas, mas não conferiram proteção.
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Tello, Portilla Román Hernando. "Relación entre el conocimiento que tienen los criadores acerca de las enfermedades de los animales y el nivel tecnológico de su crianza en zonas rurales de Tumbes." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/4204.
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El presente estudio tuvo como objetivos determinar el nivel de percepción de los productores hacia las principales enfermedades que pueden afectar a su ganado, así como su carácter zoonótico en zonas rurales de la región Tumbes, como una herramienta para posteriores evaluaciones sanitarias en dicha región. Para ello, se realizaron 240 encuestas distribuidas en 32 comunidades rurales pertenecientes a la región Tumbes, durante los meses de Noviembre a Diciembre del 2012. Las encuestas estuvieron a cargo de profesionales veterinarios quienes previamente recibieron entrenamiento para el desarrollo de las mismas. En relación al nivel de conocimiento de Fiebre Aftosa en el área de estudio, los resultados de la encuesta indicaron que más del 90% de los encuestados mencionaron conocer la enfermedad, en comparación a 5% de los encuestados que no conocen la enfermedad (p<0.05). Asimismo, 77.50% de los encuestados mencionaron haber adquirido conocimiento de la enfermedad mediante programas gubernamentales, mientras que 13.75% mencionaron conocer la enfermedad debido a mensajes de radio y televisión (p<0.05). Por el contrario, los resultados para el nivel de conocimiento de Rabia bovina indicaron que 80.42% de los encuestados no conocen la enfermedad; además únicamente 13.75% de los encuestados mencionaron haber adquirido conocimiento mediante los organismos gubernamentales. Para Carbunco, el nivel de conocimiento de los productores sobre esta enfermedad representó 50.42% y 49.17% no ha escuchado de la enfermedad (p>0.05). Los programas gubernamentales han sido mencionados como fuente de información en un 40% mientras que la radio y televisión han sido reconocidos en 5.83%. Tuberculosis fue reconocida por 30% de los encuestas, mientras que 70% no sabe de la enfermedad (p<0.05). Los programas gubernamentales fueron mencionados por los productores en 25%, mientras que la radio y televisión fueron mencionadas en 6.25% de los encuestados. En relación a la peste porcina, 75.83% sabe de la enfermedad, habiendo sido además escuchado por 70.42% de los encuestados, y por radio o televisión en 9.58%. La brucelosis sólo fue reconocida por 11.25% de los encuestados, así como solamente 8.33% de los encuestados mencionaron a los programas gubernamentales como fuente de información. Finalmente los resultados para el nivel de percepción de Hidatidosis, esta enfermedad únicamente ha sido reconocida por 2.08% de los encuestados. Los programas gubernamentales solo fueron mencionados por 2.92% de los encuestados. Estos resultados nos indican que si bien hay buen conocimiento de los productores por enfermedades como Aftosa y Peste porcina, el nivel de percepción de enfermedades zoonóticas es muy bajo, lo cual puede favorecer a la aparición y/o persistencia de dichas enfermedades en áreas endémicas.<br>This study aimed to determine the level of awareness of livestock producers to major diseases that can affect their livestock and the zoonotic importance of these diseases in rural areas of the Tumbes Region, as a tool for further health assessments in the region. Briefly, during the months of November to December 2012, 240 surveys were conducted in 32 rural communities belonging to the Tumbes region. Veterinarians previously trained conducted surveys. Regarding the level of knowledge of foot and mouthy Disease, the results of the survey indicated that over 90% of respondents indicated to know about the disease, compared to 5% of respondents who do not know about the disease (p <0.05). Also, 77.50% of the respondents mentioned having acquired knowledge of the disease through government programs, while 13.75% reported awareness of the disease due to radio and television messages (p <0.05). By contrast, the results for the level of knowledge of Bovine Rabies indicated that 80.42% of respondents did not know the disease, as well as 13.75% of respondents mentioned having acquired knowledge by government agencies. For Anthrax, the level of knowledge of farmers about the disease represented 50.42% and 49.17% did not hear about the disease (p> 0.05). Government programs have been mentioned as a source of information by 40% while radio and television have been recognized in 5.83%. Tuberculosis was recognized by 30% of respondents during the survey, while 70% did not know of the disease (p <0.05). Government programs were mentioned by the producers at 25%, while the radio and television were mentioned in 6.25% of the respondents. Regarding to Hog Cholera Disease, 75.83% of respondents knew of the disease, having been well heard by 70.42% of respondents, and radio or television in 9.58%. Brucellosis was recognized by only 11.25% of respondents, and only 8.33% of respondents cited government programs as a source of information. Finally the results for hydatidosis indicated that only 2.08% of respondents knew about the disease, and government programs were mentioned by only 2.92% of respondents. These results indicate that while there is good knowledge of the producers for diseases such as Aphtosa Fever and Swine Fever, the level of awareness of zoonotic diseases is very low, which may favor the onset and / or persistence of the disease in endemic areas.
Keywords: Aphtosa Fever, Swine Fever, Anthrax, Brucelosis, Hydatidosis, Tuberculosis<br>Tesis
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Lôbo, José Ricardo. "Análise custo-benefício da certificação de propriedades livres de tuberculose bovina." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2008. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/1400.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronegócios, 2008.<br>Submitted by Jaqueline Oliveira (jaqueoliveiram@gmail.com) on 2008-12-10T17:31:40Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
DISSERTACAO_2008_JoseRicardoLobo.pdf: 250083 bytes, checksum: 917df9adaf1612b4af04f58cfb218e82 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Georgia Fernandes(georgia@bce.unb.br) on 2009-03-04T12:34:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1
DISSERTACAO_2008_JoseRicardoLobo.pdf: 250083 bytes, checksum: 917df9adaf1612b4af04f58cfb218e82 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2009-03-04T12:34:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
DISSERTACAO_2008_JoseRicardoLobo.pdf: 250083 bytes, checksum: 917df9adaf1612b4af04f58cfb218e82 (MD5)<br>Dentre as estratégias do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e da
Tuberculose Animal (PNCEBT), inclui-se a certificação de propriedades livres dessas
doenças, de adesão voluntária, como principal medida para a eliminação progressiva dos focos. Sabe-se que a adesão a programa sanitário desse tipo está vinculada a eventuais restrições impostas aos criadores e a estímulos econômicos que possam existir. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo precípuo identificar fatores econômicos que influenciam a viabilidade financeira da certificação sanitária de propriedades produtoras de leite como livres de tuberculose bovina. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de análise custo-benefício, aplicado a dois cenários de prevalência inicial de 10% e 40% de animais infectados. O estabelecimento seria de produção intensiva, com 4.500 litros de leite por vaca, boas práticas de manejo sanitário, e um rebanho de 100 animais. Simulou-se o impacto financeiro de vários fatores como o custo dos testes diagnósticos, o recebimento de valores adicionais por litro de leite dos rebanhos em certificação e a produção de leite por vaca. Concluiu-se que a Razão Benefício-Custo é muito sensível à média de produção leiteira do estabelecimento e ao recebimento de adicionais no preço do leite, sendo pouco sensível à variação dos custos dos serviços veterinários.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT<br>The National Program for the Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) includes the accreditation of free bovine herds as one its main strategies, with a view to decrease the number of infected herds. The willingness of cattle producers to join such programs is usually influenced by restrictions imposed by the authorities and by economic stimulus that may be in place. The present study aimed at identifying key economic factors that may determine the financial worth of the accreditation of tuberculosis-free dairy herds. A benefit-cost model was developed and applied to two different within-herd prevalence scenarios: one starting at 10% prevalence and the other at 40%. The herd would be characterized as intensive, with a production of 4,500 liters per cow/year, with good sanitary practices and comprising 100 cows. It was simulated the financial impact of the cost of veterinary services, the introduction of surplus payments on milk and the productivity per cow. The investment model was very sensitive to the average production of milk per cow, as well as to the surplus payment on milk of accredited farms. The cost of veterinary services seems to have little impact on the overall financial viability of the accreditation program.
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Wooding, Jeanette Eve. "The identification of bovine tuberculosis in zooarchaeological assemblages : working towards differential diagnostic criteria." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5123.
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Wooding, Jeanette E. "The identification of bovine tuberculosis in zooarchaeological assemblages. Working towards differential diagnostic criteria." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5123.
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The study of human palaeopathology has developed considerably in the last three decades resulting in a structured and standardised framework of practice, based upon skeletal lesion patterning and differential diagnosis. By comparison, disarticulated zooarchaeological assemblages have precluded the observation of lesion distributions, resulting in a dearth of information regarding differential diagnosis and a lack of standard palaeopathological recording methods. Therefore, zoopalaeopathology has been restricted to the analysis of localised pathologies and ‘interesting specimens’. Under present circumstances, researchers can draw little confidence that the routine recording of palaeopathological lesions, their description or differential diagnosis will ever form a standard part of zooarchaeological analysis. This has impeded the understanding of animal disease in past society and, in particular, has restricted the study of systemic disease. This research tackles this by combining the disciplines of human palaeopathology and zoopalaeopathology and focusing on zoonotic disease. The primary aim of this research was to investigate the skeletal manifestation of bTB in cattle, sheep/goat and pig to establish differential diagnostic criteria for its identification in zooarchaeological assemblages. Methods commonplace in human palaeopathology were adapted and applied to zoopalaeopathology, in addition to radiography and aDNA analysis. The results emphasise the difficulties but also the potential associated with the identification of systemic diseases in zooarchaeological assemblages. An approach to the classification of potentially infectious lesions is presented that enables the calculation of crude prevalence in disarticulated assemblages. In addition, the potential for a DNA analysis to shed further light on animal disease in the past is emphasised.<br>Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)<br>Many of the images have been removed from the online version due to copyright restrictions. The embargo period for the thesis ended: 16th January 2018.
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Nascimento, Geraldo Teixeira do. "Prevalência e fatores de risco da tuberculose bovina Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2015." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/22958.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Animal, 2016.<br>Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2017-02-13T15:02:02Z
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2016_GeraldoTeixeiradoNascimento.pdf: 1174161 bytes, checksum: 90488a77a64f24e016cb8c31b5533f5f (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T12:43:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
2016_GeraldoTeixeiradoNascimento.pdf: 1174161 bytes, checksum: 90488a77a64f24e016cb8c31b5533f5f (MD5)<br>A tuberculose bovina é uma doença crônica e infecciosa de ampla distribuição
mundial, que afeta negativamente a produção pecuária, bem como o comércio nacional e internacional de animais e a saúde pública. Neste trabalho, estimou-se a prevalência aparente de rebanhos e de fêmeas adultas infectadas, assim como os fatores de risco associados à presença da tuberculose nos rebanhos do Distrito Federal. A amostragem abrangeu a
população de rebanhos bovinos que apresentavam atividade reprodutiva subdivididos em duas subpopulações, sendo uma constituída por rebanhos menores, ou seja, com até 14 fêmeas adultas e outro de rebanhos maiores, com 15 ou mais fêmeas adultas. No total foram amostrados 344 rebanhos e testados 3.256 animais. A prova diagnóstica utilizada foi a
tuberculinização intradérmica comparativa. A prevalência aparente em rebanhos e em fêmeas adultas foi estimada em 3,44% [IC 95%: 1,53-5,34] e 0,89% [IC 95%: 0,00-1,85], respectivamente. Apesar de não haver diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as prevalências estimadas para cada uma das subpopulações, foi observada a tendência de
prevalências mais elevadas em rebanhos maiores, o que corrobora com os resultados
encontrados em estudos anteriores conduzidos em outras unidades federativas do país. O modelo de regressão logística múltipla indicou como fator de risco associado à presença de tuberculose bovina, o resfriamento do leite na propriedade, com OR igual a 3,57 [IC 95%:
1.01-12.6]. Esta variável está relacionada às propriedades leiteiras com algum grau de tecnificação, indicativo de produção mais intensiva associada normalmente aos sistemas de exploração do tipo confinado e semiconfinado, que favorecem o contato entre animais infectados e suscetíveis e a consequente transmissão da doença por via aerógena. Os resultados demonstraram que a tuberculose bovina tem prevalência baixa no Distrito Federal e a identificação do resfriamento do leite como fator de risco sugere que o risco da presença da
enfermidade aumenta nas propriedades leiteiras que incorporam algum grau de tecnologia no sistema de produção. Estes resultados indicam que o Distrito Federal reúne condições para adotar sistemas de vigilância baseados em risco e para implementar programas de certificação
de rebanhos livres, associados às indústrias de lácteos.<br>Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic and infectious disease with a wide distribution worldwide, which negatively affects production, as well as national and international commerce of animals and public health. In this work, the apparent prevalence of infected adult females and herds was estimated, as well as the risk factors associated with the presence
of tuberculosis in the herds of Distrito Federal. The sampling comprised the population of cattle with reproductive activity subdivided into two subpopulations, one of small herds,
consisting of those that had up to 14 adult females and another of large herds, with a quantitative of 15 or more adult females. In total, 344 herds were sampled and 3,256 animals were tested. The diagnostic test used was comparative intradermal tuberculinization. The
apparent prevalence in adult herds and females was estimated to be 3.44% [95% CI: 1.53-5.34] and 0.89% [95% CI: 0.00-1.85], respectively. Although a statistically significant difference between the estimated prevalences for each of the subpopulations was not confirmed, the tendency of higher prevalences in larger herds was observed, what corroborates the results found in previous studies performed in other federative units of the
country. The multiple logistic regression model indicated as a risk factor associated with the presence of bovine tuberculosis, milk cooling on the property with OR of 3.57 [95% CI: 1.01-12.6]. This variable is related to the dairy properties with some degree of technification, indicative of more intensive production normally associated to the confined and semiconfined
type of farming systems, favoring the contact between infected and susceptible
animals and the consequent transmission of the disease through the aerial form. The results showed that bovine tuberculosis has a low prevalence in the Distrito Federal and the identification of milk cooling as a risk factor suggests that the risk of the presence of the disease increases in dairy farms that incorporate some degree of technology in the production system.These results indicate that Distrito Federal has conditions to adopt risk-based surveillance systems and to implement free herd certification programs, associated with the dairy industry.
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Toscano, Guerra Emily Marisol. "Detección de ácido pirazinoico como biomarcador de resistencia a pirazinamida en Mycobacterium tuberculosis mediante dos inmunoensayos empleando nanopartículas magnéticas, tmRNA y RpsA." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/7298.
Full textAbstract:
Diseña un sistema que detecte al ácido pirazinoico (POA), el cual es producto del metabolismo de la bacteria y principio activo de la droga. Cuando una bacteria es sensible al tratamiento con pirazinamida, produce POA en los cultivos a determinado ratio, sin embargo, aquellas resistentes no producen o producen muy poco. Se logró ensamblar dos sistemas de detección, el Sistema I consistió en acoplar la proteína RpsA y su tmRNA a una nanopartícula magnética de estreptavidina a través del tmRNA biotinilado, mientras que el Sistema II, consistió en acoplar las mismas moléculas a una nanopartícula magnética de cobalto, pero a través de la cola de histidinas de la proteína RpsA. Estos sistemas fueron enfrentados de forma preliminar, a POA comercial. Como resultado se obtuvo que el primer sistema logró detectar hasta cinco picomoles del ácido, sin embargo, estos resultados no lograron ser reproducibles. El segundo sistema logró detectar hasta 750 picomoles del ácido, y se logró reproducir en dos ocasiones. Los sistemas fueron estables y demostraron estar ensamblados correctamente, sin embargo, la variabilidad en los resultados de detección de POA, aquí presentados, estarían indicando que la interacción entre el RpsA y el POA no es tan fuerte como se mencionó en estudios anteriores. El resultado de este trabajo estaría confirmando lo reportado en un último estudio publicado en Nature, el cual refuta la hipótesis de que el ácido pirazinoico se une a RpsA con gran afinidad.<br>Innóvate Perú<br>Tesis
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Abolhassani, Mohammad. "Administration du BCG par voie rectale : réponses immunitaires induites chez différentes espèces animales et protection contre l'infection expérimentale par Mycobacterium tuberculosis chez la souris et le cobaye." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066347.
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Santos, Claudio Alberto dos. "Doenças infecciosas emergentes." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/91930.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas. Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia Política<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T04:00:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
264146.pdf: 7962146 bytes, checksum: ebdf9e4333f2cac2d8c4c9e1f6c118eb (MD5)<br>A convivência entre humanos e animais sempre esteve presente ao longo do desenvolvimento da humanidade, entretanto determinadas formas dessa convivência tendem a criar condições propícias para o surgimento de certas doenças comuns, denominadas de zoonoses. Essas patologias, na atualidade, constituem um dos riscos mais freqüentes e temidos a que a humanidade se encontra exposta. O aumento das relações comerciais, as viagens de turismo, bem como as formas de produção intensivas de alimentos, fizeram com que novas patologias surgissem ou doenças que estavam controladas reaparecessem. Dentro deste último contexto encontramos a tuberculose, que, segundo a OMS, é a doença infeciosa que mais mata no mundo, a qual ressurge de forma diferenciada das características patológicas tradicionais, além de ter sua ocorrência junto com outras doenças, no caso a aids. Os agentes causadores da tuberculose são do gênero Micobacterium. Em humanos, a espécie é M. tuberculosis; em bovinos, é a espécie M. bovis. Entretanto, pode ocorrer que o agente causador da doença em animais infecte humanos, caso, em que a doença é considerada uma zoonose. Em países onde é feito o diagnóstico diferencial do agente causador em humanos, os índices de infecção de origem animal variam de 8% a 12%. No Brasil, contudo, essa diferenciação não é realizada. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a dinâmica das políticas em saúde através do processo de notificação da tuberculose bovina e humana realizada pela Secretaria da Agricultura e pela Secretaria da Saúde no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como avaliar a importância dos comportamentos das famílias produtoras de leite e carne na transmissão da doença. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com produtores de leite e carne, médicos veterinários, médicos humanos e gestores políticos envolvidos no controle da doença. O resultado da pesquisa demonstrou que os produtores de leite e carne pesquisados possuem conhecimentos restritos sobre a doença, bem como desconhecem suas formas de transmissão e as funções do Estado brasileiro no caso de animais soropositivos. Constatou-se que o processo de notificação entre os diversos órgãos institucionais (saúde humana e saúde animal) não ocorre
como preconizam as leis e normativas. Outro aspecto demonstrado pelas entrevistas é que tanto os profissionais da iniciativa privada quanto os da rede pública, vinculados à medicina humana, preocupam-se apenas com o tratamento da doença, desconsiderando os fatores relacionados a seu controle. Conclui-se que não existe um real processo de notificação e uma relação necessária entre os órgãos públicos envolvidos no caso de tuberculose. Além disso, evidenciou-se que o comportamento das famílias produtoras de leite é um dos fatores que elevaram a ocorrência da tuberculose humana, em razão do desconhecimento do fato de que podem ser agente infectante desta doença. Constatou-se que o êxito das políticas de vigilância epidemiológica e sanitária está relacionado com a incorporação de variáveis que analisem os aspectos socioculturais e econômicos dos sujeitos envolvidos; por isso, ressalta-se a importância do trabalho interdisciplinar e integrado com as ciências sociais.