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1
Frasao, Beatriz Da Silva, Marion Pereira da Costa, Bruna Leal Rodrigues, Bruno Reis Costa Lima, and Carlos Adam Conte-Junior. "Natural Antioxidant Activity and Compounds Content from Wastes of Euterpe edulis Berries." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 3 (February 13, 2017): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n3p178.
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The Euterpe edulis (Juçara) is native to Brazil, which berries and wastes present high antioxidant content. Therefore, in this study, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was investigated for antioxidant compounds extraction from E. edulis waste and maximized antioxidant activities using response surface methodology coupled with a central composite design. Three factors were observed: microwave power (400/500/600 W), exposition time (30/60/90 sec) and ethanol concentration solvent (40/60/80%). The extracts were characterized by determination of total phenolic (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), monomeric anthocyanins (TAC), tannins content (TTC), and in vitro antioxidant assay (AA%). The yield of TPC, TFC, TAC, and TTC varied at 595.43-2171.34 mg GAE.100 g DM-1, 137.36-251.24 mg QE.100 g DM-1, 179.32-354.38 mg C-3-GE.100 g DM-1 and 0.23-1.00 µg TAE.100 g DM-1, respectively. The optimal MAE parameters for TPC was microwave power 668.18 W, exposition time 110.45 s and aqueous ethanol concentration 93.64%, for TFC same parameters observed; though for TAC the different parameters were 532.28 W, and for TTC 9.55 s. However, for antioxidant activity, the parameters were 668.18 W, 110.45 s time and 64.41% of aqueous ethanol solvent. Therefore, this methodology was successfully applied for optimal extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids, monomeric anthocyanins and tannins from juçara waste and obtain optimal antioxidant activity.
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Salih, Abdalrhaman M., Fahad Al-Qurainy, Mohammad Nadeem, Mohamed Tarroum, Salim Khan, Hassan O. Shaikhaldein, Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi, Alanoud Alfagham, and Jawaher Alkahtani. "Optimization Method for Phenolic Compounds Extraction from Medicinal Plant (Juniperus procera) and Phytochemicals Screening." Molecules 26, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 7454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247454.
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Juniperus procera is a natural source of bioactive compounds with the potential of antitumor, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. An optimization method was developed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) in leaf and seed extract of Juniperus procera. Organic solvents (methanol (99.8%), ethanol (99%), and acetone (99.5%)), and deionized water (DI) were used for extraction. The estimation of TPC, TFC, and TTC in plant materials was carried out using UV-spectrophotometer and HPLC with the standards gallic acid, quercetin, and tannic acid. Recovery of TPC in leaf extract ranged from 2.9 to 9.7 mg GAE/g DW, TFC from 0.9 to 5.9 mg QE/g DW, and TTC ranged from 1.5 to 4.3 mg TA/g DW while the TPC value in the seed extract ranged from 0.53 to 2.6 mg GAE/g DW, TFC from 0.5 to 1.6 mg QE/g DW, and TTC ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 mg TA/g DW. This result revealed that methanol is the best solvent for recovery of the TPC value (9.7 mg) from leaf extract in comparison to other solvents. Ethanol recorded the highest result of TFC (5.9 mg) in leaf extract among the solvents whereas acetone was the best for TTC yield recovery from leaf extract (4.3 mg). In the case of the seed extract, ethanol was the best solvent for both TPC (2.6 mg), and TFC (1.6 mg) recovery in comparison to other solvents. Total tannin content in methanol resulted in significant recovery from seed extract (1.4 mg). Separation and quantification of gallic acid, quercetin, and tannic acid in plant materials were undertaken using HPLC. Gallic acid in leaf and seed of J. procera ranged from 6.6 to 9.2, 6.5 to 7.2 µg/g DW, quercetin from 6.3 to 18.2, 0.9 to 4.2 µg/g DW, and tannic acid from 16.2 to 29.3, 6.6 to 9.3 µg/g DW, respectively. Solvents have shown a significant effect in the extraction of phenolic compounds. Moreover, phytochemicals in plant materials were identified using GC-MS and resulted in very important bioactive compounds, which include anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antitumor agents such as ferruginol, phenanthrene, and n-hexadecanoic acid. In conclusion, the optimal solvent for extraction depends on the part of the plant material and the compounds that are to be isolated.
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Mahto, Harishankar, Dipa Mahato, and Hanuman Prasad Sharma. "Phytoconstituent estimation and LC-MS studies of field grown Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal root extract in Jharkhand and Bihar." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2611rjce1350141.
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Plants in either raw form or their root extracts are utilized as complementary and alternative medicine in various disorders. The present study was undertaken for phytoconstituents estimation and to evaluate chemical compositions of methanolic extract of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) roots collected from BAU, Ranchi, Jharkhand and Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar. Phytochemicals through crude methanolic extract were analyzed in Ashwagandha roots. Alcoholic extract was prepared using Soxhlet extraction apparatus. On phytochemical evaluation, total phenolic, flavonoid, total tannin and alkaloids were estimated. Presence of bioactive components in extract was determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (ESI positive ion) technique. Qualitative screening of extract ensured the presence of alkaloids, phenols, tannins and flavonoids. Quantitatively these phytochemicals showed TPC (66.06 mg/gm), TFC (650.0 mg/gm), TAC (102 mg/gm) and TTC (5.89 mg/gm). However, the phytochemicals and yield did not accumulate in various fractions on polarity. This result was supported by LC-MS analysis which showed 17 definite peaks in their chromatogram but only 8 peaks offer a suitable approximation. Extract revealed forty five bioactive compounds where most of them were phenolic compounds, aryl propionic acid and cinnamide derivatives. Quantitative analysis of present phytochemical showed maximum quantity of TFC followed by TAC, TPC and TTC. On the other hand, presence of various bioactive compounds in root extract showed that plant is having very high medicinal value.
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Diniyah, Nurud, Umi Malikal Bulgis, and Ancah Caesarina Novi Marchianti. "Antioxidant activity and phytochemical compositions of Mucuna pruriens L. in different conditions of time and temperature extraction." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1177, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1177/1/012042.
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Abstract Mucuna pruriens L. is a type of legume with high total phenolic and flavonoid compounds and may be a source of antioxidants. Bioactive and chemical components contained in velvet beans were obtained through maceration. Temperature and time of extraction were needed to obtain the optimal extract. The present study aims to explore temperature (30-60°C) and time (120-360 minutes) of the extraction effects on total phenol compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC), total tannin compounds (TTC), and the antioxidant capacity: 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical - scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical - scavenging activity (ABTS+-RSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of velvet beans using double factor experiments approach. All of the studies extraction conditions indicated a significant effect (p < 0.05) on yield, TPC, TFC, TTC, DPPH-RSA, ABTS+-RSA, and FRAP. These results pointed that velvet beans extract for 60°C at 360 minutes was the highest content of TPC, TFC, and TTC were obtained with values of 41.78 mg GAE/g, 309,65 mg QE/g, and 237,13 mg TAE/g. The antioxidant capacity was 38.15 mg AAEAC/g on DPPH-RSA, 6.36 mg AAEAC/g on ABTS+-RSA, and 35.06 mM FE2+ /g on FRAP.
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Sun, Liang, and Bing Wang. "An Inverse Robust Optimisation Approach for a Class of Vehicle Routing Problems under Uncertainty." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2804525.
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There is a trade-off between the total penalty paid to customers (TPC) and the total transportation cost (TTC) in depot for vehicle routing problems under uncertainty (VRPU). The trade-off refers to the fact that the TTC in depot inevitably increases when the TPC decreases andvice versa. With respect to this issue, the vehicle routing problem (VRP) with uncertain customer demand and travel time was studied to optimise the TPC and the TTC in depot. In addition, an inverse robust optimisation approach was proposed to solve this kind of VRPU by combining the ideas of inverse optimisation and robust optimisation so as to improve both the TPC and the TTC in depot. The method aimed to improve the corresponding TTC of the robust optimisation solution under the minimum TPC through minimising the adjustment of benchmark road transportation cost. According to the characteristics of the inverse robust optimisation model, a genetic algorithm (GA) and column generation algorithm are combined to solve the problem. Moreover, 39 test problems are solved by using an inverse robust optimisation approach: the results show that both the TPC and TTC obtained by using the inverse robust optimisation approach are less than those calculated using a robust optimisation approach.
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Lyczko, Krzysztof, and Slawomir Ostrowski. "Crystal structures and conformers of CyMe4-BTBP." Nukleonika 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0149.
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Abstract The crystal structure of new conformation of the CyMe4-BTBP ligand (ttc) has been presented. The ttt conformer of this compound in a form of THF solvate has been also crystallized. The geometries of six possible conformations (ttt, ttc, tct, tcc, ctc and ccc) of the CyMe4-BTBP ligand have been modeled in the gas phase and in solutions (MeOH and H2O) by DFT calculations using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method. According to the calculations, in the three different media the conformers with trans orientation of the N atoms in the bipyridyl moiety are the most stable.
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Purba, Brandon Aristo Verick, Rini Pujiarti, Masendra Masendra, and Ganis Lukmandaru. "Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Tannin Content and DPPH Scavenging Activity of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. Bark." Wood Research Journal 13, no. 2 (April 6, 2023): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2022.13.2.63-68.
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Caesalpinia sappan is a shrubby Leguminosae tree commonly found in Indonesia, traditionally utilized as natural dye and herbal drink. However, in the making of traditional herbal drink, the bark is often discarded as residues. This research aimed to investigate total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and tannin (TTC) content as well as the antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging activity) of the bark successive extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and hot water as well as analyzed it with GC-MS. The result showed the highest amount of TPC (824.16±62.28 mg GAE/g), TFC (185.03±1.91 mg QE/g), and TTC (987.07±30.98 mg TAE/g) in the methanol extract of the bark. GC-MS analysis resulted hydroquinone as a major constituent in the methanol extract. Further, antioxidant activity was found the strongest on methanol extract (IC50=63.48), while correlation between antioxidant activity and TFC was found the highest (R2=0.93). These findings suggest that bark of C. sappan is a suitable source of natural antioxidant with strong activity to DPPH radical.
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Chaudhary, Pratiksha, Nabin Panth, Bimal Kumar Raut, Nisma Pokhrel, Nita Shrestha, Sajan Shakya, Bijaya Thapa, Akkal Dev Mishra, and Niranjan Parajuli. "Biochemical, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant activities of some wild Mushrooms from Nepal." BIBECHANA 20, no. 2 (July 24, 2023): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v20i2.54887.
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Wild mushrooms represent a crucial dietary staple for many tribal groups throughout the world since they consist of a significant source of bioactive constituents such as phenolic compounds, tocopherol, and act as anti-cancer, anti-allergic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory compounds, etc. Wild mushrooms including Scleroderma citrinum, Heterobasidion annosum, Coriolus hirsutus, Cavimalum indicum, Russula sanguinea, and Suillus punctatipes were studied to evaluate their phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, toxicity and its importance as a source of food along with safety concerns. Initially, the total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total tannin content (TTC) along with antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity were assessed using ethanolic extracts of fungus. Furthermore, a Brine shrimp bioassay was performed, the correlation of which with antioxidant activity, TPC, TFC, TTC, and lethal concentration (LC50) value was shown by principal component analysis (PCA). Secondary metabolites like glucosides, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and quinones were identified using phytochemical investigations. The TPC ranged from 45.98 to 102.3 mg GAE/g for the extracts, TFC from 100 to 225 mg QE/g, and the TTC was found to vary between 80 to 180 mg GAE/g. The findings of the antioxidant studies demonstrated that S. punctatipes exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 16.95 µg/mL), followed by C. indicum (IC50 = 22.5 µg/mL), and C. hirsutus (IC50 = 35.34 µg/mL). Likewise, S. punctatipes exhibited strong antimicrobial activity as compared to other extracts. The larvicidal efficacy against brine shrimp tests revealed that three mushrooms; C. hirsutus, C. indicum, and S. punctatipes—contain highly toxic substances while the other three are non-toxic and when properly examined can be consumed to some extent.
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Haile, Mesfin, and Won Hee Kang. "Antioxidant Properties of Fermented Green Coffee Beans with Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Strain KNU18Y3)." Fermentation 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6010018.
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A few yeast species have been tested frequently to improve the tastes, flavors, and other important quality parameters of coffee. However, continuing evaluations of different yeast species for fermenting green coffee beans will have a significant positive contribution to the coffee industry. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant properties, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), and the consumer acceptability of fermented green coffee beans with Wickerhamomyces anomalu. The coffee beans were roasted at different roasting conditions (light, medium, and dark). There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference between the yeast-fermented and non-fermented coffee with regard to the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values in medium and dark roasted coffee. Similarly, the superoxide dismutase-like (SOD)-like activity did not significantly differ in all roasting conditions. However, the SOD-like activity was significantly different (p < 0.05), particularly within light roasted and medium roasted, and between light roasted and dark roasted in both the control and fermented coffee extracts. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were improved in fermented coffee beans. There was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference between the yeast-fermented and non-fermented coffee with respect to the TPC and TFC in all roasting types and the TTC in the light and dark roasting conditions. The fermentation of green coffee beans with W. anomalus increased the TPC and TFC. However, the TTC was lower in the fermented coffee beans compared to the non-fermented coffee beans in medium and dark roasted coffee. In general, fermentation of green coffee beans with W. anomalus has the potential to improve the functionality of coffee beans.
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Sari, Rika, and Nuniek Herdyastuti. "The Effect of Drying Time on the Antioxidant Properties of Single Black Garlic Powder." Jurnal Pijar Mipa 19, no. 2 (March 30, 2024): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jpm.v19i2.6420.
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Black garlic is a processed product derived from fresh garlic that generally has a taste and aroma that is less preferred. A drying process is employed to increase the attractiveness of consuming black garlic. This study aims to assess the impact of the drying time on the antioxidant activity and content of antioxidant compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins in single black garlic. The drying time is expected to yield a single black garlic powder that is more convenient for consumption, whether in capsule form or as an addition to food products. With low moisture content, single black garlic powder has a longer shelf life and high antioxidant activity, potentially commanding a higher market value. In this research, the drying time was carried out on a single black garlic using an oven for 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. The analysis of the total phenolic content (TPC), entire tannin content (TTC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined using a Uv-Vis spectrophotometer, and each component was measured concerning gallic acid equivalent for TPC, quercetin for TFC, and tannic acid for TTC. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method, and the outcomes were expressed as IC50 values. The research shows that the extended drying time leads to an augmentation of the antioxidant compound in black garlic. Drying for 24 hours produces significant outcomes, showing potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 37,019 ppm (powerful antioxidant category), total phenolic content value is 44,785 ± 0,033 mgGAE/g, total flavonoid content value is 32,033 ± 0,008 mgQE/g, and total tannins content value is 74,884 ± 0,057 mgTAE/g. Statistical analysis using a one-way ANOVA showed a significant influence of drying time on TPC, TFC, and TTC (p < 0,05). The longer the drying time, the higher the antioxidant activity and the content of compounds acting as antioxidants in black garlic powder.
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Baj, Tomasz, Wirginia Kukula-Koch, Łukasz Świątek, Monika Zielińska-Pisklak, Aldona Adamska-Szewczyk, Dawid Szymczyk, Barbara Rajtar, Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz, and Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak. "Chemical profile, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of extract from leaves of Erythrochiton brasiliensis Nees & Mart. from different regions of Europe." Open Chemistry 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2017-0042.
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AbstractThe total phenolic content (TPC), total tannin content (TTC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) as well as the antioxidant activity and the cytotoxic effect of the extract from leaves of Erythrochiton brasiliensis Nees & Mart. (Rutaceae) were evaluated. Raw material was collected in different European botanical gardens. Statistical analysis revealed a clear grouping of populations according to their climatic zone. The average TPC, TTC and TFC in tested samples were 35.92 (± 7.11) mg GAE·g–1 DW, 14.98 (± 4.08) mg PyE·g–1 DW and 2.92 (± 0.76) mg QuE·g–1 DW, respectively. The scavenged DPPH and Trolox equivalents determined by EPR spectroscopy were 1.23–4.14 and 0.50–1.44 mmol·g–1 of dry extract, respectively. Thirteen compounds (derivatives of bezoic acid acid and trans-cinnammic acid) were identified in the samples. The flavonoid vitexin was also present as the major component in three investigated samples. The in vitro cytotoxicity test of the extract on Vero cells provided IC50 and IC10 values of 175.6 and 72.5 μg·mL–1, respectively. Incubation of samples with HHV-1 infected Vero cells had no effect on the occurrence of cytopathic effect.
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Haile, Mesfin, and Won Kang. "Antioxidant Activity, Total Polyphenol, Flavonoid and Tannin Contents of Fermented Green Coffee Beans with Selected Yeasts." Fermentation 5, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010029.
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We examined the antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC) and physical characteristics of green coffee beans fermented with selected yeasts. There was no significant (p > 0.05) interaction effect between yeast-fermented coffee extracts and duration of fermentation on antioxidant activity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity [ORAC] and superoxide dismutase-like [SOD-like] activity). However, the mean of the antioxidant activity (ORAC and SOD-like activity) significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the fermented coffee extracts compared to unfermented coffee. There were significant (p < 0.05) interaction effects between yeast-fermented coffee extracts and duration of fermentation (24 h and 48 h) on the TPC, TFC, TTC and pH of the fermented solution and on the colors of the ground-roasted coffee. The TPC showed a pattern of increase in samples Ferm-1 and Ferm-3 as fermentation time increased from 24 h to 48 h. However, a decreasing TPC trend was observed in Ferm-2 as the number of fermentation hours increased from 24 to 48. The fermented coffee beans had a significantly higher flavonoid content than the unfermented coffee beans, while fermentation significantly decreased the tannin content compared to that in unfermented coffee.
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Čagalj, Martina, Danijela Skroza, Giulia Tabanelli, Fatih Özogul, and Vida Šimat. "Maximizing the Antioxidant Capacity of Padina pavonica by Choosing the Right Drying and Extraction Methods." Processes 9, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040587.
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Marine algae are becoming an interesting source of biologically active compounds with a promising application as nutraceuticals, functional food ingredients, and therapeutic agents. The effect of drying (freeze-drying, oven-drying, and shade-drying) and extraction methods (shaking at room temperature, shaking in an incubator at 60 °C, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)) on the total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and total tannins content (TTC), as well as antioxidant capacity of the water/ethanol extracts from Padina pavonica were investigated. The TPC, TFC, and TTC values of P. pavonica were in the range from 0.44 ± 0.03 to 4.32 ± 0.15 gallic acid equivalents in mg/g (mg GAE/g) dry algae, from 0.31 ± 0.01 to 2.87 ± 0.01 mg QE/g dry algae, and from 0.32 ± 0.02 to 10.41 ± 0.62 mg CE/g dry algae, respectively. The highest TPC was found in the freeze-dried sample in 50% ethanol, extracted by MAE (200 W, 60 °C, and 5 min). In all cases, freeze-dried samples extracted with ethanol (both 50% and 70%) had the higher antioxidant activity, while MAE as a green option reduces the extraction time without the loss of antioxidant activity in P. pavonica.
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Zhang, Yongxue, Panling Lu, Haijun Jin, Jiawei Cui, Chen Miao, Lizhong He, Jizhu Yu, Xiaotao Ding, and Hongmei Zhang. "Integrated Secondary Metabolomic and Antioxidant Ability Analysis Reveals the Accumulation Patterns of Metabolites in Momordica charantia L. of Different Cultivars." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19 (September 24, 2023): 14495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914495.
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Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) contains rich bioactive ingredients and secondary metabolites; hence, it has been used as medicine and food product. This study systematically quantified the nutrient contents, the total content of phenolic acids (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and triterpenoids (TTC) in seven different cultivars of bitter gourd. This study also estimated the organic acid content and antioxidative capacity of different cultivars of bitter gourd. Although the TPC, TFC, TTC, organic acid content, and antioxidative activity differed significantly among different cultivars of bitter gourd, significant correlations were also observed in the obtained data. In the metabolomics analysis, 370 secondary metabolites were identified in seven cultivars of bitter gourd; flavonoids and phenolic acids were significantly more. Differentially accumulated metabolites identified in this study were mainly associated with secondary metabolic pathways, including pathways of flavonoid, flavonol, isoflavonoid, flavone, folate, and phenylpropanoid biosyntheses. A number of metabolites (n = 27) were significantly correlated (positive or negative) with antioxidative capacity (r ≥ 0.7 and p < 0.05). The outcomes suggest that bitter gourd contains a plethora of bioactive compounds; hence, bitter gourd may potentially be applied in developing novel molecules of medicinal importance.
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Zeppetzauer, Franz, Raphaela Süss, Richard Nadányi, Robert F. Putz, Anton Lisý, Christian Paulik, Igor Šurina, Petra Strižincová, Kateryna Huemer, and Birgit Kamm. "Environmentally Friendly Extraction from Picea Abies Bark as an Approach to Accessing Valuable Antioxidants in Biorefineries." Processes 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2023): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11072145.
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Every year, the pulp and wood-processing industry produces large side streams of bark, the valorisation of which is desirable for both economic and environmental reasons. We investigated organosolv extraction of antioxidants from Picea abies bark using various ratios of ethanol/water with the goal of obtaining high yields of these desirable compounds. The resulting extracts were analysed (I) for their total contents of phenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC) and tannins (TTC), and (II) for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH radical scavenging method. The highest total yield of bark extract (14.78%) and the highest concentrations of dry extracts of TPC (324.80 mg g−1), TFC (62.55 mg g−1) and TTC (83.63 mg g−1) were obtained under mild conditions (100 °C extraction temperature and an ethanol/water solvent ratio of 50%, v/v). DPPH antioxidant activity index (AAI) ranged from 0.68 (pure water extract) to 1.31. This antioxidant effect was increased to 1.59 by adding oligolignin from the organosolv process. In the extracts, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) found nine aromatic carboxylic acids, including phenolic acids and the flavonoid compounds quercetin and (+)-catechin. Our environmentally friendly approach will form the basis for pilot plant and industrial applications.
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Ito, T., T. Okumura, and M. Yamamoto. "The Relationship between Concentration and Sensory Properties of 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin in Drinking Water." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0218.
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The study of the relations between the senses of smell and taste and odorant concentration is important for the solution of odor problems. The threshold concentrations of odor and taste (TOC, TTC) of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin were measured by the non-forced choice triangle method using 12-20 panelists. Both TOC and TTC were found to be functions of water temperature and the concentration of residual chlorine. The TOC and TTC of mixed samples were rather lower than the concentrations calculated from the mixing ratio. The sensitivities of the consumer panel and the number of musty odor complaints from consumers are related to MIB or geosmin concentration. The ratio of the number of complaints to MIB (or geosmin) concentration decreased after maximum complaint, but the sensitivity of the consumer panel remained the same.
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Lyu, Xiaoyan, Osman Tuncay Agar, Colin J. Barrow, Frank R. Dunshea, and Hafiz A. R. Suleria. "Phenolic Compounds Profiling and Their Antioxidant Capacity in the Peel, Pulp, and Seed of Australian Grown Avocado." Antioxidants 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010185.
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Avocados (Persea americana M.) are highly valued fruits consumed worldwide, and there are numerous commercially available varieties on the market. However, the high demand for fruit also results in increased food waste. Thus, this study was conducted for comprehensive profiling of polyphenols of Hass, Reed, and Wurtz avocados obtained from the Australian local market. Ripe Hass peel recorded the highest TPC (77.85 mg GAE/g), TTC (148.98 mg CE/g), DPPH (71.03 mg AAE/g), FRAP (3.05 mg AAE/g), RPA (24.45 mg AAE/g), and ABTS (75.77 mg AAE/g) values; unripe Hass peel recorded the highest TFC (3.44 mg QE/g); and Wurtz peel recorded the highest TAC (35.02 mg AAE/g). Correlation analysis revealed that TPC and TTC were significantly correlated with the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. A total of 348 polyphenols were screened in the peel. A total of 134 compounds including 36 phenolic acids, 70 flavonoids, 11 lignans, 2 stilbenes, and another 15 polyphenols, were characterised through LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, where the majority were from peels and seeds of samples extract. Overall, the hierarchical heat map revealed that there were a significant amount of polyphenols in peels and seeds. Epicatechin, kaempferol, and protocatechuic acid showed higher concentrations in Reed pulp. Wurtz peel contains a higher concentration of hydroxybenzoic acid. Our results showed that avocado wastes have a considerable amount of polyphenols, exhibiting antioxidant activities. Each sample has its unique value proposition based on its phenolic profile. This study may increase confidence in utilising by-products and encourage further investigation into avocado by-products as nutraceuticals.
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Rokhmani, Rokhmani, Endang Ariyani Setyawati, and Daniel Joko Wahyono. "Moleculer Detection of Protozoa Trichodina spp. In Gourami (Osphromenus Gourame Lac.) Larvae with The infecting 18S rRNA Gene Marking in Exs. Residence of Banyumas, Central Java." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 10, no. 2 (August 29, 2018): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i2.11720.
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Protozoa species of Trichodina spp. may be found in most hatchery centers in Banyumas, Purbalingga, and Banjarnegara. However, the determination of Trichodina spp. types is still based on its body’s morphological variations, not yet molecular. A research has been conducted to identify molekuler of the Trichodina spp. with the infecting 18S rRNA gene marking on the gourami larvae in Exs. Residence of Banyumas, Central Java. The research used a survey method with the samples of gourami. Amplification of 18S rRNA gene from Trichodina heterodentata was Performed using PCR technique. Primer used is Forward primer (5 ‘-AAC CTG GTT GAT CCT GCC ATG-3’) and Reverse primer (5 ‘-TGA TCC TTC TGC AGG TTC ACC TAC-3’) which produces a 600 pb amplicon of DNA. Molecular research can be a complementary identification of organisms morphologically. Amplification of the partial 18S rRNA gene may be used to identify Trichodina specifically. Gourami larvae taken from the hatchery centers in Banyumas, Purbalingga, and Banjarnegara. The results show that the detected percentage of Trichodina heterodentata genes with the infecting 18S rRNA gene marking on the gourami larvae in Central Java taken from the hatchery centers in Banyumas, Purbalingga and Banjarnegara are respectively 10%, 10%, and 45%. This research provides a benefit in mapping the presence of protozoa pathogen of Trichodina spp. in gourami hatcheries in the Former Exs. Residence of Banyumas, Central Java
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Bhajan, Cheetra, Joyce Govinden Soulange, Vijayanti Mala Ranghoo Sanmukhiya, Remigiusz Olędzki, and Joanna Harasym. "Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Tambourissa ficus, a Mauritian Endemic Fruit." Applied Sciences 13, no. 19 (October 1, 2023): 10908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131910908.
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Until now, the Mauritian endemic fruit Tambourissa ficus of the Monimiaceae family has remained unexplored. The study’s goal was to look into the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of different solvent extracts of the fruit. The presence of phenolics, flavonoids, terpenes, coumarins, alkaloids, and tannins was discovered through qualitative screening. The highest total polyphenol content (TPC = 9.78 ± 0.18 mg GAE/g dw) and the highest total flavonoid content (TFC = 8.84 ± 0.07 mg QE/g dw) was observed in ethanolic extract, while the highest total terpenoid content (TTC = 587.9 ± 0.72 mg linalool/g dw) was found in the acetone extract. The antioxidant activity vs. ABTS was the highest (4.71 ± 0.18 mg TE/g dw) in the ethanol extract. All three groups—TPC, TFC, and TTC revealed a moderate correlation with ABTS antioxidant activity, being 0.754, 0.778, and 0.774 on average, respectively. Ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of polyphenolic compounds. Individual noteworthy phytochemicals, including the alkaloids chelidonine, protopine, and brevicarine, which are potential antioxidant compounds, were also discovered in the fruit through liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) screening. The overall antioxidant activity of the fruit can, therefore, be attributed to the synergistic effects of the multiple chemical components in the extracts.
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Lejeune, Pascale, Véronique Cruciani, Axel Berg-Larsen, Andreas Schlicker, Anne Mobergslien, Lisa Bartnitzky, Sandra Berndt, et al. "Immunostimulatory effects of targeted thorium-227 conjugates as single agent and in combination with anti-PD-L1 therapy." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, no. 10 (October 2021): e002387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-002387.
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BackgroundTargeted thorium-227 conjugates (TTCs) are an emerging class of targeted alpha therapies (TATs). Their unique mode of action (MoA) is the induction of difficult-to-repair clustered DNA double-strand breaks. However, thus far, their effects on the immune system are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the immunostimulatory effects of the mesothelin-targeted thorium-227 conjugate (MSLN-TTC)in vitroandin vivoin monotherapy and in combination with an inhibitor of the immune checkpoint programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) in immunocompetent mice.MethodsThe murine cell line MC38 was transfected with the human gene encoding for MSLN (hMSLN) to enable binding of the non-cross-reactive MSLN-TTC. The immunostimulatory effects of MSLN-TTC were studiedin vitroon human cancer cell lines and MC38-hMSLN cells. The efficacy and MoA of MSLN-TTC were studiedin vivoas monotherapy or in combination with anti-PD-L1 in MC38-hMSLN tumor-bearing immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. Experiments were supported by RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, mesoscale, and TaqMan PCR analyses to study the underlying immunostimulatory effects.In vivodepletion of CD8+ T cells and studies with Rag2/Il2Rg double knockout C57BL/6 mice were conducted to investigate the importance of immune cells to the efficacy of MSLN-TTC.ResultsMSLN-TTC treatment induced upregulation of DNA sensing pathway transcripts (IL-6,CCL20,CXCL10, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-related genes)in vitroas determined by RNASeq analysis. The results, including phospho-STING activation, were confirmed on the protein level. Danger-associated molecular pattern molecules were upregulated in parallel, leading to dendritic cell (DC) activationin vitro. MSLN-TTC showed strong antitumor activity (T:C 0.38, p<0.05) as a single agent in human MSLN-expressing MC38 tumor-bearing immunocompetent mice. Combining MSLN-TTC with anti-PD-L1 further enhanced the efficacy (T:C 0.08, p<0.001) as evidenced by the increased number of tumor-free surviving animals. MSLN-TTC monotherapy caused migration of CD103+ cDC1 DCs and infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors, which was enhanced on combination with anti-PD-L1. Intriguingly, CD8+ T-cell depletion decreased antitumor efficacy.ConclusionsThesein vitroandin vivodata on MSLN-TTC demonstrate that the MoA of TTCs involves activation of the immune system. The findings are of relevance for other targeted radiotherapies and may guide clinical combination strategies.
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Springer, Paul, Jeff R. Hammond, and Paolo Bientinesi. "TTC." ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 44, no. 2 (October 10, 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3104988.
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Parmar, Priyanka, Jyoti Chauhan, and Bharat Maitreya. "THE STUDY OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN FENUGREEK LEAVES OF TWO DIFFERENT SELECTED AREAS OF GUJARAT." International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest 2, no. 1 (May 14, 2023): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56588/iabcd.v2i1.142.
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Like the majority of plants, fenugreek has a number of secondary metabolites that have significant promise. This paper’s objective is to assess the changes in phytochemicals of Unjha and Adalaj area of Gujarat using standard methods for phytochemical screening and quantitative analysis like TPC, TTC. Tannin, phenol, carbohydrates and diterpens are presented in the phytochemical screening of the both study area’s methanolic leaves extract. Unjha area’s leaf sample shows the more TPC and TTC. Thin layer chromatography for both the study area’s leaf sample was also evaluated.
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Enescu (Mazilu), Ivona Cristina, Sina Cosmulescu, Daniela Giosanu, and Loredana Elena Vijan. "EXTRACTION TIME INFLUENCE ON THE PHENOLIC AND CAROTENOID LEVEL, AND THE DYNAMICS OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTION OF CHOKEBERRY DRY RESIDUE." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 11, no. 22 (December 31, 2022): 06–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2022.v11i22.001.
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This study aimed to analyze the extraction time influences on some phenolics and carotenoids determined in the chokeberry dehydrated residue. In addition, the dynamics of the DPPH· radical reduction under the influence of the different amounts of chokeberry extract and reaction time were registered. For this purpose, fruits belonging to the ’Melrom’ and ’Nero’ cultivars grown in the experimental plots of the Research Institute for Fruit Growing Maracineni-Arges were harvested at full maturity, in the middle of August 2021 and pressed for juice extraction. The resulting pomace was subjected to convective dehydration at 45ºC. Values of 12286.11-16560.88 mg GAE/100g DW for TPC, 6567.96-9428.90 mg GAE/100 g DW for TTC, and 3293.74-5109.63 mg CE/100 g DW for TFC were registered. Lycopene and -carotene ranged between 0.78-1.43 mg/100 g DW and 0.21-0.37 mg/100 g DW. Longer ultrasound treatment led to higher TPC and TFC, while TTC decreased after 60 minutes. Raising the extraction time by at least 24 hours resulted in higher amounts of carotenoids. The lowest remanent radical activity (A=20.55%) was determined for the 50 and 60 µL extract doses. In this case, A% was minimal after 20 minutes of the DPPH reduction reaction (12.62-12.94 %), but not significantly different compared to the values determined after the first 8 minutes of the reaction (17.59-19.11 %).
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Du, Junxi, Biming Zhong, Vigasini Subbiah, Colin J. Barrow, Frank R. Dunshea, and Hafiz A. R. Suleria. "LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolics from Custard Apple Fruit and By-Products." Separations 8, no. 5 (May 9, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8050062.
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Custard apple is an edible fruit grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Due to its abundant nutrient content and perceived health benefits, it is a popular food for consumption and is utilized as a medicinal aid. Although some published research had provided the phenolic compound of custard apple, the comprehensive phenolic profiling of Australian grown custard apple is limited. Hence, this research aimed to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant potential by various phenolic content and antioxidant assays, followed by characterization and quantification of the phenolic profile using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-PDA. African Pride peel had the highest value in TPC (61.69 ± 1.48 mg GAE/g), TFC (0.42 ± 0.01 mg QE/g) and TTC (43.25 ± 6.70 mg CE/g), followed by Pink’s Mammoth peel (19.37 ± 1.48 mg GAE/g for TPC, 0.27 ± 0.03 mg QE/g for TFC and 10.25 ± 1.13 mg CE/g for TTC). African Pride peel also exhibited the highest antioxidant potential for TAC (43.41 ± 1.66 mg AAE/g), FRAP (3.60 ± 0.14 mg AAE/g) and ABTS (127.67 ± 4.60 mg AAE/g), whereas Pink’s Mammoth peel had the highest DPPH (16.09 ± 0.34 mg AAE/g), RPA (5.32 ± 0.14 mg AAE/g), •OH-RSA (1.23 ± 0.25 mg AAE/g) and FICA (3.17 ± 0.18 mg EDTA/g). LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS experiment successfully characterized 85 phenolic compounds in total, encompassing phenolic acids (20), flavonoids (42), stilbenes (4), lignans (6) and other polyphenols (13) in all three parts (pulp, peel and seeds) of custard apple. The phenolic compounds in different portions of custard apples were quantified by HPLC-PDA, and it was shown that African Pride peel had higher concentrations of the most abundant phenolics. This is the first study to provide the comprehensive phenolic profile of Australian grown custard apples, and the results highlight that each part of custard apple can be a rich source of phenolics for the utilization of custard apple fruit and waste in the food, animal feeding and nutraceutical industries.
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SAMSON-HIMMELSTJERNA, G. VON, S. BUSCHBAUM, N. WIRTHERLE, M. PAPE, and T. SCHNIEDER. "TaqMan minor groove binder real-time PCR analysis of β-tubulin codon 200 polymorphism in small strongyles (Cyathostomin) indicates that the TAC allele is only moderately selected in benzimidazole-resistant populations." Parasitology 127, no. 5 (October 17, 2003): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003974.
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TaqMan minor groove binder probes were evaluated as to their suitability for the real-time allelic discrimination of the β-tubulin codon 200 TTC/TAC single nucleotide polymorphism in cyathostomin species. Amplification of titrated cloned full-length β-tubulin cDNA revealed that the TaqMan minor groove binder PCR is capable of specifically detecting as few as 10 copies. Testing of DNA from single adult and larval stages of several different species of cyathostomin allowed reproducible genotyping of individual worms. Using the real-time PCR approach, the throughput of samples was considerably increased compared with conventional post-PCR readout procedure. Only 7·8% homozygous TAC L3 were found among 102 L3 which were genotyped from phenotypically BZ-resistant small strongyle populations. The percentages of the homozygous TTC and heterozygous TTC/TAC were 41·3% and 50·9%, respectively. This resulted in a total TAC-allele percentage of only 33·3%. These findings correspond to data obtained by genotyping of an experimentally selected BZ-resistant cyathostomin population. It is concluded that the β-tubulin codon 200 polymorphism is not the sole mechanism involved in the process of BZ resistance in cyathostomins.
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Ye, Zhijing, Yunxuan Qin, Roland Harrison, Richard Hider, and Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit. "Characterization of Bioactive Compounds in Lees from New Zealand Wines with Different Vinification Backgrounds." Antioxidants 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122335.
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Wine lees are one of the main by-products produced during winemaking. Little is known about the effect of the vinification technique on the phenolic compounds and the biological activity of wine lees extracts. Wine lees collected at varying vinification sources of two grape varieties, Riesling (RL) and Pinot Noir (PN), were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), tannin content (TTC), their anthocyanin and phenolic profile, and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of their extracts. The results showed a low TPC and TTC in RL lees, which could be attributed to the varietal characteristic of RL grapes and to less skin contact during vinification. Vinification techniques modified the composition of the phenolic compounds in the lees. The results showed a good linear relationship between the antioxidant activities and the TPC and TTC, indicating that PN lees were better sources of phenolics and antioxidant activity than RL lees. The antimicrobial activity of wine lees was related to the phenolic composition rather than the quantity of total phenolics. Knowing the grape and wine processing conditions can provide some insights into the potential composition of wine lees and, hence, determine the potential economic use of the by-product.
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Venkatesan, Abhinaya, Pablo D. Jimenez Castro, Arianna Morosetti, Hannah Horvath, Rebecca Chen, Elizabeth Redman, Kayla Dunn, et al. "Molecular evidence of widespread benzimidazole drug resistance in Ancylostoma caninum from domestic dogs throughout the USA and discovery of a novel β-tubulin benzimidazole resistance mutation." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 3 (March 2, 2023): e1011146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011146.
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Ancylostoma caninum is an important zoonotic gastrointestinal nematode of dogs worldwide and a close relative of human hookworms. We recently reported that racing greyhound dogs in the USA are infected with A. caninum that are commonly resistant to multiple anthelmintics. Benzimidazole resistance in A. caninum in greyhounds was associated with a high frequency of the canonical F167Y(TTC>TAC) isotype-1 β-tubulin mutation. In this work, we show that benzimidazole resistance is remarkably widespread in A. caninum from domestic dogs across the USA. First, we identified and showed the functional significance of a novel benzimidazole isotype-1 β-tubulin resistance mutation, Q134H(CAA>CAT). Several benzimidazole resistant A. caninum isolates from greyhounds with a low frequency of the F167Y(TTC>TAC) mutation had a high frequency of a Q134H(CAA>CAT) mutation not previously reported from any eukaryotic pathogen in the field. Structural modeling predicted that the Q134 residue is directly involved in benzimidazole drug binding and that the 134H substitution would significantly reduce binding affinity. Introduction of the Q134H substitution into the C. elegans β-tubulin gene ben-1, by CRISPR-Cas9 editing, conferred similar levels of resistance as a ben-1 null allele. Deep amplicon sequencing on A. caninum eggs from 685 hookworm positive pet dog fecal samples revealed that both mutations were widespread across the USA, with prevalences of 49.7% (overall mean frequency 54.0%) and 31.1% (overall mean frequency 16.4%) for F167Y(TTC>TAC) and Q134H(CAA>CAT), respectively. Canonical codon 198 and 200 benzimidazole resistance mutations were absent. The F167Y(TTC>TAC) mutation had a significantly higher prevalence and frequency in Western USA than in other regions, which we hypothesize is due to differences in refugia. This work has important implications for companion animal parasite control and the potential emergence of drug resistance in human hookworms.
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Sikdar, Bratati, Adarsha Raj, and Sudipta Roy. "Exploration of antibacterial and antioxidant potential of a few members of the family Piperaceae." Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1708rjbt59069.
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Piperaceae is a highly diverse and large family composed of five genera of which Piper and Peperomia are the most abundant. The current study endeavours five Piper species (Piper betle, Piper nigrum, Piper longum, Piper chaba and Piper retrofractum) and one species of Peperomia (Peperomia pellucida) concerning their phytochemical contents, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Besides their economic uses, these plants also possess curative properties that have been exploited ethnomedicinally since the primaeval days. The methanolic extracts of both fresh (FL) and shade dried (SDL) leaves of these plants showed the presence of various phytochemicals. Among the studied plants, polyphenols like total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC) and total tannins (TTC) contents were maximum in P. betle FL extract (TPC:39.50±0.99 mg GAE/ g extract, TFC: 19.40±0.57 mg QE/ g extract and TTC 11.08±0.11 mg GAE/g extract) and significantly higher than the others. Antioxidant efficacies of the extracts by total antioxidant activity (TAA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and ability to scavenge different radicals (DPPH, ABTS, NO and SO), were also highest in P. betle. The study also highlighted the strong antibacterial activities of the extracts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. P. betle FL extract showed the highest activity representing the maximum zone of inhibition (24.65±0.21 mm) and lowest MIC/MBC values (0.58±0.04/0.65±0.07 mg/ml) against E. coli. These findings exhibit the potential of these plant extracts, especially P. betle, in the prospective exploration of plant-derived antioxidants and therapeutic uses of these plants for developing novel antibacterial drugs.
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Roberge, Jacques Y., Pierre Giguere, Pierre Soucy, Yves L. Dory, and Pierre Deslongchamps. "First transannular Diels–Alder reactions involving tetrasubstituted non-activated dienophiles." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1820–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-231.
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Transannular Diels–Alder reactions of four 14-membered macrocyclic trienes (27, 28, 43, and 44) possessing a dimethyl tetrasubstituted dienophile have been investigated. Macrocycles having a cis-trans-cis (CTC) (27), a CTT (43), and a TTT (44) geometry produced the predicted trans-syn-cis (TSC) (45), cis-anti-cis (CAC) (48), and TAC (49) tricycles, respectively. The TTC macrocycle (28) gave exclusively the TST tricycle (46), no CSC tricycle (47) being observed. TTT macrocycle (44) underwent macrocyclization at a lower temperature than the TTC isomer (28).
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Canto, Cynthia Liliane Motta do, Laura Massami Sumita, Adriana Freire Machado, Adriana Tateno, Eveline Vieira da Cunha, and Clarisse Martins Machado. "Optimization of the Sybr Green real time PCR for the detection of Human Herpes Virus type 6 (HHV-6)." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 50, no. 1 (February 2008): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652008000100014.
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HHV-6 is the etiological agent of Exanthem subitum which is considered the sixth most frequent disease in infancy. In immuno-compromised hosts, reactivation of latent HHV-6 infection may cause severe acute disease. We developed a Sybr Green Real Time PCR for HHV-6 and compared the results with nested conventional PCR. A 214 pb PCR derived fragment was cloned using pGEM-T easy from Promega system. Subsequently, serial dilutions were made in a pool of negative leucocytes from 10-6 ng/µL (equivalent to 2465.8 molecules/µL) to 10-9 (equivalent to 2.46 molecules/µL). Dilutions of the plasmid were amplified by Sybr Green Real Time PCR, using primers HHV3 (5' TTG TGC GGG TCC GTT CCC ATC ATA 3)'and HHV4 (5' TCG GGA TAG AAA AAC CTA ATC CCT 3') and by conventional nested PCR using primers HHV1 (outer): 5'CAA TGC TTT TCT AGC CGC CTC TTC 3'; HHV2 (outer): 5' ACA TCT ATA ATT TTA GAC GAT CCC 3'; HHV3 (inner) and HHV4 (inner) 3'. The detection threshold was determined by plasmid serial dilutions. Threshold for Sybr Green real time PCR was 24.6 molecules/µL and for the nested PCR was 2.46 molecules/µL. We chose the Real Time PCR for diagnosing and quantifying HHV-6 DNA from samples using the new Sybr Green chemistry due to its sensitivity and lower risk of contamination.
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Al Jaafreh, Ahmad M. "Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Essential Oil and Different Types of Solvent Extractions." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 17, no. 1 (March 20, 2024): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2860.
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The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of different solvents of rosemary extract would involve testing the efficacy of various solvents in extracting antioxidants. This can be done by measuring the antioxidant capacity of the extracts using different assays. The solvent that results in the highest antioxidant activity can then be considered the most effective for extraction purposes. This study examined the effects of several solvents on the extract of rosemary leaves, including its total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and antioxidant activity. Six different in-vitro methods DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ferric reducing power, total antioxidant activity, and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging—were used for the antioxidant activity assessment. The TPC, TFC, TTC, and antioxidant capacity were all highly and considerably impacted by the extraction solvents. In general, the maximum TPC (72.34 GAE mg/g) and TFC (26.81 RE mg/g) were found in the ethanol extract. while aqueous extract had the highest TTA value (20.25 GAE mg/g). In the (NO) radical scavenging assay (86.68 RE mg/g) and DPPH (138.3 GAE mg/g) assays, methanol extract exhibited the best antioxidant activity, the aqueous extract had the highest activity in ABTS (125.33 TE mg/g), and ferric reducing power (144.5 AScE mg/g), in comparison, ethanol extract had the highest activity in FRAP (130.5 AScE mg/g) and total antioxidant activity (178.86 GAE mg/g) of rosemary leaves, also methanol extract shown the highest antibacterial activity. In addition, R2 (The coefficient of determination) values established a significant correlation between the phytochemical content and all antioxidant methods utilized. The highest R2 value was between FRAP assay and TPC and TFC, (0.8814), (0.9878) respectively, as DPPH with the TTC (0.923). R2 values also proved a strong correlation between antioxidant methods used, where the highest R2 was between frap and ferric reducing power (0.8985), and the lowest between DPPH and total antioxidant activity (0.5337).
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Ataii, Ehsan, Aghafakhr Mirlohi, Mohammad R. Sabzalian, Sayed Amir Hossein Goli, Nafiseh Sadri, Negar Sharif-Moghaddam, and Mahdi Gheysari. "Genetic variability of seed yield and oil nutritional attributes in linseed dominated by biennial variation." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 6 (2021): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20275.
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Improving seed yield and oil quality of oilseed crops can aid in provision of a nutritious diet for humans. A worldwide collection of linseed was evaluated for seed yield (YLD), seed oil (OIL) and protein content (PRO), oil fatty acid composition, omega-3 to omega-6 ratio (ω3/ω6), total tocopherol content (TTC), and total phenolic content (TPC). At 2 years, higher temperature (~7%) and lower relative humidity (~16.6%) during the seed filling and maturity period (dryer condition) were correlated with significant decreases in YLD (~18%) and OIL (~4.5%), lower contents of linolenic acid (~13%) and TTC (9.8%), and lower ω3/ω6 ratio (~31%); oleic (~9%) and linoleic acid contents (~23%) and TPC (14.4%) increased. Correlation results demonstrated some significant associations among quantitative traits such as YLD, OIL, and thousand seed weight (TSW); however, the association of these traits with qualitative indices was mostly negative. Genotypes were classified irrespective of their geographical origin and independent of seed or flower colour. In this classification, a yellow-seeded Canadian group had the lowest ω3/ω6 ratio (~0.05), the highest seed yield and high TTC, whereas groups with the highest ω3/ω6 ratio (>3.0) had the lowest oil TTC and low to average seed yield. Results suggested that some brown-seeded Asian genotypes with high grain yield and oil potential, higher ω3/ω6 ratio, and other more stable oil quality indices are suitable to develop broadly adaptive varieties under the possible fluctuation of climatic factors. Other genetic groups could also be used for breeding programs with specific objectives.
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Vu, Duc Ngoc, Thi Yen Nhi Tran, Tan Phat Dao, Doan Dung Le, Vo Hong Dao Pham, Van Hieu Nguyen, Thi Mo Dang, and Van Thinh Pham. "Effect of temperature, pressure, sugar, and citric acid content on quality of cashew apple juice produced by vacuum concentration." International Food Research Journal 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.31.1.17.
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Cashew apples are a source of by-products in the cashew industry. In the present work, a juice product made from cashew apples was produced through vacuum concentration (VC). During VC, a temperature range of 60 to 90°C, and a pressure range of 500 to 650 mmHg were investigated. Total ascorbic acid (TAA), total tannin content (TTC), and total polyphenol content (TPC) after VC were also evaluated. The variation in VC time was observed when the temperature was investigated. The sensory value of the products after mixing citric acid and sugar was evaluated. The results showed that the nutritional parameters were affected by temperature and pressure. TAA and TPC reached their maximum value at 80°C. The TTC was strongly hydrolysed with increasing VC temperature. Furthermore, negative correlation between vacuum pressure and nutrition was observed. Cashew apple juice after VC diluted with water (1:5), and mixed with sugar (20 g/L) and citric acid (0.2 g/L) was preferred by consumers. TAA, TPC, and TTC were monitored for 42-day storage under two temperature conditions of 35 and 45°C. The shelf life of the product reached 117 d. These results set the platform for the development of beverage products from cashew apple by-products, thereby improving the economy of the cashew industry in Vietnam and the world.
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Suryavanshi, Amrita, Suresh Kumar, Dolly Kain, Atul Arya, and Vandana . "In vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activities and chemical composition of Ajuga parviflora Benth. shoot." Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 11, no. 1 (November 29, 2021): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2022.15.
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Introduction: Ajuga parviflora Benth. (Lamiaceae) is an herbaceous plant that possesses ethnomedicinal values and is well known for its folkloric management of diabetes. This study was aimed to provide an experimental justification for its traditional antidiabetic use. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract of A. parviflora shoot was quantified for its total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) spectroscopy were also used for their chemical nature. Additionally, the extract was evaluated for its inhibitory potential against key enzymes linked with hyperglycemia by in vitro means. Subsequently, for estimation of the antioxidant capacities 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activities were determined.Results: GC-MS analysis revealed numerous biologically active phytoconstituents including brassicasterol, phytol, and palmitic acid. The presence of different active functional groups such as alcohol, nitrile, amine, alkyl halide, alkene, and alkane was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The extract showed a significant (P≤ 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition for α-amylase enzyme (132.38±1.18 μg/mL), α-glucosidase enzyme (22.66±0.11 μg/mL), DPPH radical (103.03±1.59 μg/mL), ABTS radical (140.10±3.40 μg/mL) and H2O2 radical (298.26±4.37 μg/mL). TPC, TFC, and TTC were found 64.06±0.35 mg/g of the gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 45.27±0.58 mg/g of the rutin equivalent (RE), and 127.42±1.82 mg/g of the tannic acid equivalent (TAE), respectively. Conclusion: A. parviflora extract showed significant antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials. Thus, this plant might be served as a novel approach for discovering new and effective drug molecules against hyperglycemia.
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Molnár, Csilla, Judit Gál, Dorottya Szántó, László Fülöp, Andrea Szegedi, Péter Siró, Endre V. Nagy, Szabolcs Lengyel, János Kappelmayer, and Béla Fülesdi. "Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in patients suffering from acute non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage—A single center follow-up study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 26, 2022): e0268525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268525.
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Background Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is an important complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), that may delay surgical or endovascular treatment and may influence patient outcome. This prospective follow-up study intended to collect data on the prevalence, severity, influencing factors and long-term outcome of TTC in patients suffering from non-traumatic SAH. Methods Consecutive patients admitted with the diagnosis of non-traumatic SAH were included. Intitial assessment consisted of cranial CT, Hunt-Hess, Fisher and WFNS scoring, 12-lead ECG, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transcranial duplex sonography and collecting laboratory parameters (CK, CK-MB, cardiac troponin T, NT-proBNP and urine metanephrine and normetanephrine). Diagnosis of TTC was based on modified Mayo criteria. TTC patients were dichotomized to mild and severe forms. Follow-up of TTE, Glasgow Outcome Scale assessment, Barthel’s and Karnofsky scoring occurred on days 30 and 180. Results One hundred thirty six patients were included. The incidence of TTC in the entire cohort was 28.7%; of them, 20.6% and 8.1% were mild and severe, respectively. TTC was more frequent in females (30/39; 77%) than in males (9/39; 23%) and was more severe. The occurrence of TTC was related to mFisher scores and WFNS scores. Although the severity of TTC was related to mFisher score, Hunt-Hess score, WFNS score and GCS, multivariate analysis showed the strongest relationship with mFisher scores. Ejection fraction differences between groups were present on day 30, but disappeared by day 180, whereas wall motion score index was still higher in the severe TTC group at day 180. By the end of the follow-up period (180 days), 70 (74.5%) patients survived in the non-TTC, 22 (81.5%) in the mild TTC and 3 (27%) in the severe TTC group (n = 11) (p = 0.002). At day 180, GOS, Barthel, and Karnofsky outcome scores were higher in patients in the control (non-TTC) and the mild TTC groups than in the severe TTC group. Conclusions Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a frequent finding in patients with SAH, and severe TTC may be present in 8% of SAH cases. The severity of TTC may be an independent predictor of mortality and outcome at 6 months after disease onset. Therefore, a regular follow-up of ECG and TTE abnormalities is warranted in patients with subrachnoid hemorrhage for early detection of TTC. Trial registration The study was registered at the Clinical Trials Register under the registration number of NCT02659878 (date of registration: January 21, 2016).
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Luisa Barbosa, Maria. "Detecção e tipagem de vírus Dengue sorotipos 1 e 2 por multiplex RT-PCR." Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz 58, no. 1 (June 30, 1999): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.53393/rial.1999.58.36679.
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Os vírus Dengue são arbovírus da família Flaviviridae, com 4 sorotipos antigenicamente distintos. Variações genéticas intraespecíficas entre os mesmos sorotipos, inclusive em uma mesma epidemia, estão bem estabelecidas. O desenvolvimento da técnica de polimerização em cadeia (PC R) é uma alternativa na identificação dos vírus Dengue. Neste estudo construímos dois novos pares de primers para os sorotipos 1 e 2, sem a ajuda de programas de computador. Foram utilizadas como modelo as seqüências genômicas de DEN-1 (Western Pacific), Nauru Island e DEN-2 New Guinea C. Os primers sense 5' ACA AAA AGT GGA GAC CTG GGC TC 3' (D1S) e complementar 5' GTC TAT TCC AAG TCT CTT GGG 3' (DIA) correspondem respectivamente às posições 769 a 791 e 1607 a 1587 do genoma do vírus DEN-l. Estas seqüências reconhecem parte das regiões de membrana (M) e proteína estrutural (E) do genoma do sorotipos 1 e contem 838 pares de bases. A seqüência de primers de DEN-2 foi 5' TGA AGG GGA CGG TTC TCC ATG T 3' (D2S) homólogos aos nucleotídios 1838 a 1859 e 5' GAC TCC CAC CAA TAC TAG TGA CAC 3' (D2A) correspondendo às posições 2312 a 2288. O produto da amplificação foi de 474 pares de bases correspondendo a uma porção do genoma responsável pela síntese da proteína E. A especificidade dos primers foi avaliada por multiplex RT-PCR.
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Liu, Kan, Zhongxia Sun, and Tiemin Wei. "“Reverse McConnell's Sign”: Interpreting Interventricular Hemodynamic Dependency and Guiding the Management of Acute Heart Failure during Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy." Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology 9s1 (January 2015): CMC.S18756. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmc.s18756.
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Although most patients with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) have benign clinical course and prognosis, TTC can induce acute heart failure and hemodynamic instability. TTC mimics the clinical features of acute anterior wall myocardial infarction (AMI). Bedside clinicians often have a diagnostic dilemma when cardiac catheterization and angiography are either contraindicated or can cause potential adverse consequences. Misdiagnosing TTC as AMI will lead to initiation of harmful pharmacological or device-based treatment, which worsens hemodynamic compromise. Therefore, understanding and interpreting the unique pathophysiological and hemodynamic features of TTC in a better manner becomes crucial to guide effective clinical management of acute heart failure/cardiogenic shock during TTC. We review recent advances in echocardiographic diagnosis of TTC and its role in guiding bedside management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, with specific focus on the interpretation of discrepant, but reciprocally dependent, left and right ventricular hemodynamics during acute stages of TTC.
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DeLucia, Patricia R., Doug Preddy, and Daniel Oberfeld. "Audiovisual Integration of Time-to-Contact Information for Approaching Objects." Multisensory Research 29, no. 4-5 (2016): 365–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002520.
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Previous studies of time-to-collision (TTC) judgments of approaching objects focused on effectiveness of visual TTC information in the optical expansion pattern (e.g., visual tau, disparity). Fewer studies examined effectiveness of auditory TTC information in the pattern of increasing intensity (auditory tau), or measured integration of auditory and visual TTC information. Here, participants judged TTC of an approaching object presented in the visual or auditory modality, or both concurrently. TTC information provided by the modalities was jittered slightly against each other, so that auditory and visual TTC were not perfectly correlated. A psychophysical reverse correlation approach was used to estimate the influence of auditory and visual cues on TTC estimates. TTC estimates were shorter in the auditory than the visual condition. On average, TTC judgments in the audiovisual condition were not significantly different from judgments in the visual condition. However, multiple regression analyses showed that TTC estimates were based on both auditory and visual information. Although heuristic cues (final sound pressure level, final optical size) and more reliable information (relative rate of change in acoustic intensity, optical expansion) contributed to auditory and visual judgments, the effect of heuristics was greater in the auditory condition. Although auditory and visual information influenced judgments, concurrent presentation of both did not result in lower response variability compared to presentation of either one alone; there was no multimodal advantage. The relative weightings of heuristics and more reliable information differed between auditory and visual TTC judgments, and when both were available, visual information was weighted more heavily.
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Ajam, Mustafa, Mohamed Shokr, Firas Ajam, and Luis Afonso. "Hypothermia-triggered biventricular Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: the octopus that survived the polar vortex." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 7 (July 2019): e229761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-229761.
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Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is most commonly characterised by transient apical ballooning in response to physical or emotional stress without significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Various physical and emotional factors can trigger TTC. We report a case of hypothermia-induced biventricular TTC in an 84-year-old man admitted with a core body temperature of 29.8°C, followed by quick recovery of systolic function and resolution of wall motion abnormality after discharge. TTC should be suspected in hypothermic patients presenting with evidence of new onset heart failure and be added to the expanding list of factors triggering TTC. Similar to TTC induced by various other factors, hypothermia-induced TTC also carries a favourable prognosis with relatively quick recovery of wall motion abnormalities.
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Souri, Mahsa, and Alireza Shakeri. "Optimization of Total Phenol and Tannin Content and Biological Activity of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) GREUTER." Current Bioactive Compounds 16, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407214666180730110830.
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Background: Dittrichia graveolens (L.) is a strongly aromatic plant distributed in Mediterranean regions. This research concerns the optimization of the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and the Total Tannin Content (TTC) of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) extracts using Response Surface Methodology for Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to evaluate the effect of the solvent concentration and the extraction time, in different methods on TTC and TPC. The antioxidant activities and antibacterial activities were evaluated. Methods: The plant extracts were prepared using maceration, microwave and ultrasound assisted extraction. TPC and TTC were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activities were studied using DPPH reagent and disc diffusion method was used to study the antibacterial activities. Results: This study showed the optimum condition for UAE was 49.96% methanol concentration and 11.2 min sonication, while for MAE was 55.44% methanol concentration and 2.26 min microwave extraction. It also indicated that MAE was the most effective method in comparison to UAE and maceration. The antioxidant activities of MAE extract (IC50=7.7mg/mL) were more than UAE extract (IC50=21.5mg/mL) and maceration (IC50=32.3mg/mL). Conclusion: As a conclusion, it was indicated that MAE was the most effective method. The higher total phenolic content caused higher antioxidant activities as MAE extract had the highest antioxidant activities. The antibacterial test showed the great potential of this plant as an antibacterial compound resource against different bacteria.
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Sollano-Mendieta, Xochitl Cruz, Ofelia Gabriela Meza-Márquez, Guillermo Osorio-Revilla, and Darío Iker Téllez-Medina. "Effect of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of 12 Plum (Spondias purpurea L.) Ecotypes." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10091995.
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Spondias purpurea L. plum is a source of antioxidant compounds. Nevertheless, once they are consumed and go through the digestive system, these compounds may undergo changes that modify their bioaccessibility. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the total content of carotenoids (TCC), ascorbic acid (AA), phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanins (TAC), and antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH) of 12 plum Spondias purpurea L. ecotypes. The plum samples were subjected to the InfoGest in vitro digestion model. TCC, AA, TPC, TFC, TAC, ABTS, and DPPH were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) in each in vitro digestion stage. The gastric stage released the highest content of AA (64.04–78.66%) and TAC (128.45–280.50%), whereas the intestinal stage released the highest content of TCC (11.31–34.20%), TPC (68.61–95.36%), and TFC (72.76–95.57%). Carotenoids were not identified in the gastric stage whilst anthocyanins were lost at the end of the intestinal digestion. At the gastric stage, AA presented a positive and high correlation with ABTS (r: 0.83) and DPPH (r: 0.84), while, in the intestinal stage, TPC and TFC presented positive and high correlation with ABTS (r ≥ 0.8) and DPPH (r ≥ 0.8), respectively.
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Sanches, Márcio Martinello, David Marques de Almeida Spadotti, Bruno Rossito De Marchi, Marcelo Agenor Pavan, and Renate Krause-Sakate. "Bidens mosaic virus: detecção via RT-PCR e identificação de Galinsoga parviflora como um novo hospedeiro natural do vírus." Summa Phytopathologica 36, no. 4 (December 2010): 346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052010000400012.
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O Bidens mosaic virus (BiMV) é uma espécie tentativa do gênero Potyvirus, que infecta alface (Lactuca sativa). Na ausência de métodos eficientes para diagnose deste vírus, o objetivo do trabalho foi a síntese de oligonucleotídeos específicos e sua otimização em testes de RT-PCR em uma só etapa, partindo-se de extrações de RNA total. Os oligonucleotídeos 8851sens (5'AGG CAG TTC GCA CGG CAT AC 3´) e 9211ant (5´ CTT CAT CTG GAT GTG TGC TTC 3´) permitem a eficiente detecção do vírus e possibilitaram a descoberta de uma nova hospedeira do vírus, a planta Galinsoga parviflora, comumente encontrada em canteiros de produção comercial de alface.
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Kochanová, M., M. Zouhar, E. Prokinová, and P. Ryšánek. "Detection of Tilletia controversa and Tilletia caries in wheat by PCR method." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 2 (November 21, 2011): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3684-pse.
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Tilletia controversa and Tilletia caries were specifically detected in wheat plants by PCR using primers TILf (5´-CAC AAG ACT ACG GAG GGG TG-3´) and TILr (5´-CTC CAA GCA ACC TTC TCT TTC-3´). DNAs from uninfected wheat, rye, barley and triticale were not amplified. Natural infection of control plants by other species of fungi as Alternaria spp., Erysiphe graminis and Fusarium spp. proved the specificity of the test because even in this case no unspecific products were formed. This method can be very useful both for seed producers and for state officers checking the seed quality.
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Ololade, ZS, OO Ogunmola, SE Kuyooro, and OO Abiona. "Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaf extract: Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and bactericidal potentials." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2017.6401.
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Stachytarpheta jamaicensis is an important plant with multi therapeutic properties. Hence, this study seeks to screen the leaf extract of S. jamaicensis for its chemical composition and pharmacological activities in order to find possible sources for novel phytochemicals in food and pharmaceutical formulations. The chemical composition, pH, TPC, TFC, TTC, TAA, carotenoid, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and bactericidal potential were measured using GC-MS, pH meter, Folin-Ciocalteu’s, AlCl3, FeCl3/gelatine, 2,4- DNPH, acetone-hexane, DPPH, PTAC, BSA and agar-well diffusion methods respectively. The pH of the aqueous solution was 6.02. The GC and GC-MS analyses revealed the presence of 30 organic compounds. The most abundant components were 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (13.7%), D-arabinitol (13.5%), 2-benzylidenemalonic acid (11.9%), 1,3-cyclopentadione (8.9%), α-5-ethyl-2-furylglycine (6.8%), 4,5-dihydro-5-methoxy-4-(2,3-dimethyl-2-buten-4-yl)-2(3H)-furanone (6.4%) and 3-methyl-2H-indazol-2-ol (5.8%). The TPC, TFC, TTC, TAA, β-carotene and lycopene values were 31,882.80 ±0.00 µgmg-1 GAE, 29.29±0.00 µgmg-1 QE, 126.47 µgmg-1 TAE, 53.75±0.01 µgmg-1 AAE, 0.17 mgg-1 and 0.14 mgg-1 , respectively. The antioxidant IC50 and AAI values of the leaf extract were 5.0 µgml-1 and 8.0. The extract was capable of scavenging free radicals in a range between 51.30-78.99%. The PTAC value was 396.15±0.00 µgmg-1 AAE. The extract also gave high egg albumin and BSA anti-arthritic/anti-inflammatory values between 22-80% with IC50 values of 0.04 and 0.15 mgml-1 , respectively. The extract was active against all the tested bacteria with high zones of inhibition (14.0-25.0 mm). These results showed that the leaf extract of S. jamaicensis could be used for the formulation of active compounds with broad activities for food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Rethinam, Senthil, Serdar Batıkan Kavukcu, Hayati Türkmen, Arife Candaş Adıgüzel Zengin, and İhsan Yaşa. "Traditional Turkish Coffee with Medicinal Effect." Borneo Journal of Pharmacy 4, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v4i4.2378.
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Traditional Turkish coffee (TTC) is highly associated with caffeine and is known as a mind and heart stimulant as it helps keep tiredness at bay. Daily consumption of TTC naturally benefits human health such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, improved energy, anti-depression, reduced risk of heart disease, etc. The TTC was derived from particular types of Arabic coffee beans (ACB), and the preparation method of TTC is unique from other types of coffee. The main objective of the study was to investigate the therapeutic and biological effects of TTC. The ACB powder was characterized physicochemically using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In vitro analysis using HaCaT (Human keratinocyte cell line) proved the biocompatibility of ACB powder. Case studies which were focusing on healthy individuals as the research populace were conducted using TTC. Consumption of TTC was found beneficially compared to other types of coffee. The TTC was obtained from ACB, which was characterized by spectroscopic techniques and displayed biocompatibility due to the results on HaCaT cell lines. The TTC has beneficial therapeutic effects on individuals. According to statistical analysis, the disease-affected ratio of diabetes, heart disease, and depression was significantly decreased.
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Chang, Chia-Jung, and Mehrdad Jazayeri. "Integration of speed and time for estimating time to contact." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 12 (March 5, 2018): E2879—E2887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713316115.
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To coordinate movements with events in a dynamic environment the brain has to anticipate when those events occur. A classic example is the estimation of time to contact (TTC), that is, when an object reaches a target. It is thought that TTC is estimated from kinematic variables. For example, a tennis player might use an estimate of distance (d) and speed (v) to estimate TTC (TTC = d/v). However, the tennis player may instead estimate TTC as twice the time it takes for the ball to move from the serve line to the net line. This latter strategy does not rely on kinematics and instead computes TTC solely from temporal cues. Which of these two strategies do humans use to estimate TTC? Considering that both speed and time estimates are inherently uncertain and the ability of the human brain to combine different sources of information, we hypothesized that humans estimate TTC by integrating speed information with temporal cues. We evaluated this hypothesis systematically using psychophysics and Bayesian modeling. Results indicated that humans rely on both speed information and temporal cues and integrate them to optimize their TTC estimates when both cues are present. These findings suggest that the brain’s timing mechanisms are actively engaged when interacting with dynamic stimuli.
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Xu, Cheng, and Zhao Wei Qu. "Empirical Analysis on Time to Collision at Urban Expressway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.1127.
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Traffic safety is of great significance, especially at urban expressway where traffic volume is large and traffic conflicts are highlighted. But little research up to date has discussed in detail how these factors impact the TTC characteristics. In this paper, field Beijing expressway data were collected by video with different locations, lanes, traffic conditions and following vehicle types. Accordingly, some basic descriptive statistics of total TTC samples were shown and analyzed. We then used T-test to analyze the effect of road environments, traffic conditions, and vehicle types on TTC statistically. The results implied three main findings. Firstly, TTC was found to change according to road environments (i.e. TTC on weaving segment is smaller than other locations), secondly, some evidence supported this hypothesis that traffic conditions (especially uncongested traffic condition) affect TTC significantly, and lastly, little correlation was found between TTC means and vehicle types.
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Ranjit, Manish, Harshvardhan Gazula, Simon M. Hsiang, and Patricia R. DeLucia. "Stochastic Resonance in Time-to-Contact Judgments." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 14, no. 02 (May 4, 2015): 1550021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477515500212.
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Stochastic resonance (SR) is a counterintuitive phenomenon in which additive noise enhances performance of a nonlinear system. Previous studies demonstrated SR effect on human tactile sensitivity by adding noise of same modality and cross modality. Similarly, enhancement of human hearing through additive noise has been studied. In this study, we investigate the effect of noise in visual perception, specifically time-to-contact (TTC) judgments. This study explores four research questions: (1) Does noise help in TTC judgments? (2) How does noise affect speed and accuracy of TTC judgments? (3) Does cross modal noise help in TTC judgments? (4) How does cross modal noise affect speed and accuracy of TTC judgments? Through simulation, we show that noise in optical cue can enhance weak signals. We also demonstrate that noise can improve speed of TTC judgments at the expense of accuracy. Similarly, we demonstrate SR by adding noise of cross modality. These findings provide plausible hypotheses regarding how much noise should be added to enhance TTC judgments.
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Topf, Albert, Moritz Mirna, Nina Bacher, Lukas Schmutzler, Peter Jirak, Bernhard Ohnewein, Uta C. Hoppe, and Michael Lichtenauer. "Differences of Hemogram Parameters and Their Ratios among Patients with Takotsubo Syndrome, Acute Coronary Syndrome and Healthy Individuals." Life 12, no. 6 (May 26, 2022): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12060788.
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Introduction: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are clinically indistinguishable from each other. Although therapeutically redundant, coronary angiography remains indispensable for differential diagnosis. Methods: In our study, we compared hemogram parameters and their ratios in 103 patients presenting with undiagnosed chest pain. Blood was drawn at baseline in 40 patients with TTC, 63 patients with ACS, and 68 healthy controls ((Ctrl) no coronary artery disease or signs of heart failure). Results: Peripheral lymphocyte counts were significantly depressed in TTC and ACS patients when compared to the Ctrl. Consequently, all three investigated hemogram ratios were significantly elevated in patients with ACS or TTC (NLR: TTC: median 3.20 vs. ACS: median 3.82 vs. Ctrl: median 2.10, p < 0.0001; BLR: median 0.02 vs. ACS: median 0.00 vs. Ctrl: median 0.00, p < 0.0001; MLR: median 0.37 vs. ACS: median 0.44 vs. Ctrl: median 0.28, p < 0.0001). Of note, BLR was only significantly elevated in patients with TTC, and not in patients with ACS (ACS vs. Ctrl p = 0.183). Conclusion: Basophil count and BLR are significantly increased in TTC patients when compared to ACS and may, therefore, be helpful in the distinction of TTC from ACS. Whereas NLR might be useful to differentiate ACS from controls. Elevated basophil counts and BLR in TTC patients are interesting findings and may confirm speculations about the partly unexplained pathophysiology.
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Chai, Pengdi, Xiuying Pu, Jianqiang Li, Xiaoyu Xia, Jun Ge, Amiao Luo, Hui Su, Weijie Zhang, and Jianzhong Ma. "Expression and Purification of Tetanus Toxin Fragment C in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)." Protein & Peptide Letters 27, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 1132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866527666200528113327.
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Background: Tetanus is an infectious disease caused by Clostridium secreting tetanus toxin in anaerobic environment. The fragment C of Tetanus toxin (TTc) has been widely studied as a candidate vaccine to replace the existing tetanus toxoid vaccine. Objective: In this study, we established a simple method to purify recombinant protein TTc with ion-exchange chromatography from Escherichia coli expression systems. Methods: The TTc gene sequence was cloned into pET26b (+) vector and transferred to E. coli BL21 (DE3) for expression. The fermentation conditions (IPTG concentration, Induction temperature, Induction time) were optimized to obtain more soluble proteins. The soluble proteins were purified by Anion exchange chromatography and Cation exchange chromatography. The sequence of columns in the purification process was discussed. Finally, the stability of purified TTc protein were determined, the secondary structure of the purified TTc protein was determined by circular dichroism. The molecular weight of the purified TTc protein was determined by liquid chromatograph- mass spectrometer. Furthermore, we verified the immunogenicity of the purified protein in mice. Results: The purity of TTc improved from 34% to 88% after the first anion exchange column, and the final yield of recombinant TTc (purity > 95%) can reach 84.79% after the following cation exchange chromatography. The recombinant TTc had a molecular weight of 51.737 KDa, was stable at 4 °C and weak alkaline environment, was a β-sheet secondary structure, and had strong immunogenicity. Conclusion: The purification method we developed might be an efficient method for the industrial production of tetanus recombinant TTc vaccine.