Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'TSD'

No Brasil, a espécie Tityus serrulatus (Ts) é a responsável pela maioria dos acidentes de envenenamento com escorpiões, bem como pela maior incidência de acidentes ocasionados por animais peçonhentos. Isso ocorre devido ao fato desta espécie possuir somente fêmeas, realizando uma reprodução assexuada (partenogênese), facilitando assim sua proliferação. Atualmente, existem 16 diferentes toxinas descritas provenientes da peçonha de Ts, sendo a Ts1 a mais abundante na peçonha solúvel. Dentre estas toxinas, as neurotoxinas com ação em canais para sódio e potássio são as que despertam maior interesse da comunidade científica, devido aos seus efeitos no envenenamento e especificidades por canais iônicos. As neurotoxinas com ação em canais para potássio são compostas por uma alfa-hélice e três fitas-beta antiparalelas, e são constituídas por 23-43 resíduos de aminoácidos. Essas estão classificadas em quatro famílias (?-, ?-, g- e k-KTx). A família ?-KTx é a de maior relevância e está dividida em 21 subfamílias. Estas toxinas com alta especificidade para diferentes subtipos de canais para sódio e potássio são de extrema importância, pois podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas terapêuticas específicas para células-alvo. Até o momento, nosso grupo realizava o isolamento dessas toxinas utilizando como primeira etapa de purificação a cromatografia da peçonha em coluna de CM-Celulose-52, segundo protocolo descrito por Arantes e colaboradores (1989). O presente trabalho padronizou um novo método de fracionamento inicial da peçonha utilizando a mesma coluna, porém incorporando o uso de CLAE (Cromatografia Liquida de Alta Eficiência), onde foi possível observar um perfil cromatográfico semelhante ao anterior (XIII Frações), porém com maior reprodutibilidade e praticidade. Algumas frações do método anteriormente descrito foram subdivididas em duas (VIA-VIB, VIIIA-VIIIB, IXA-IXB e XIA-XIB), demonstrando que o novo procedimento também apresenta melhor resolução dos componentes da peçonha. Utilizando o novo método, foram purificadas as toxinas Ts6 e Ts7. Os efeitos dessas toxinas foram avaliados em 14 diferentes tipos de canais para potássio (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.4, hERG e Shaker), expressos em células de oócitos de Xenopus laevis, através da técnica de voltage-clamp com dois microeletrodos. A toxina Ts6 (1?M) demonstrou ter ação em 11 tipos de canais (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.4, hERG e Shaker), porém nos canais Kv1.2, Kv1.3 e Shaker sua ação bloqueadora foi mais intensa. Através de experimentos de dose-resposta foi possível comprovar tal seletividade, demonstrando que a toxina Ts6 atua em quantidades extremamente baixas em ambos os canais (IC50 Kv1.2 = 6,19 ± 0,35 nM /IC50 Kv1.3 = 0,55 ± 0,20 nM). A toxina Ts7 (1?M) demonstrou ter ação em 11 tipos de canais para K+ (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.4 Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv7.1, hERG e Shaker), porém a ação de bloqueio em vários subtipos de canais não apresentou diferenças significativas, mostrando baixa seletividade entre os canais analisados. Este trabalho foi de Resumo ii extrema importância por melhorar a reprodutibilidade, praticidade e resolução do método de fracionamento da peçonha de Ts, bem como por fornecer uma avaliação eletrofisiológica criteriosa das toxinas Ts6 e Ts7 em diferentes subtipos de canais para potássio. O presente estudo demonstra a potencial aplicação da toxina Ts6, seletiva para canais Kv 1.3, para o tratamento de doenças autoimunes. Além disso, indica o uso das toxinas Ts6 e Ts7 como ferramentas para o estudo de características estruturais e funcionais de canais para potássio.
In Brazil, Tityus serrulatus (Ts) species is the responsible for the most scorpion accidents and also for the major incidence of accidents caused by venomous animals. About 16 different toxins of Ts venom have been listed so far, being Ts1 the major one. Among these toxins, the neurotoxins with action on sodium and potassium channels are the most interest in the scientific community, due to their effect in the envenomation and ion channel specificity. The neurotoxins with action on potassium channels are composed of an ?-helix and three ?-strands formed by 23-43 amino acid residues. They are classified into four families (?-, ?-, g- and ?- KTx). The ?-KTx family is the most relevant and is divided into 21 subfamilies. These toxins with high specificity for different subtypes of sodium and potassium channels are very important, because they can be used as therapeutic tools to specific target cells. Until now, the fractionation of these toxins was done using a CM-Cellulose-52 column, according to the protocol of Arantes and co-workers (1989). The present work standardized a new method of isolation using the same column, but incorporated the use of HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), in which was observed a chromatographic profile such as the previous one (XIII Fractions), however with high resolution and more practical. Some fraction of the previous method were divided in two subfractions (VIA-VIB, VIIIA-VIIIB, IXA-IXB e XIA-XIB), showing that the new method also present high resolution. Using the new method, it was isolated the Ts6 and Ts7 toxin. The effects of these toxins were evaluated in 14 different types of potassium channels (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.4, hERG and Shaker), which were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes using the voltage-clamp technique with twomicroelectrodes. The Ts6 toxin (1?M) shows to act on 11 types of potassium channels (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.4, hERG and Shaker), but the blocking of Kv1.2 and Kv1.3 was significantly more intense. Using dose-response experiments, it was possible to confirm this selectivity, in which Ts6 demonstrates to act in both channels in extremely low quantities (IC50 Kv1.2 = 6,19 ± 0,35 nM /IC50 Kv1.3 = 0,55 ± 0,20 nM). The Ts7 toxin (1?M) shows to act on 11 types of potassium channels (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.4, hERG and Shaker), but the blocking action on multiple subtypes channels showed no significant differences, showing low selectivity among the channels analyzed. This work was important to improve and facilitate the method of fractionation of Ts venom, as well as evaluate the electrophysiology properties of the toxins Ts6 and Ts7 of interacting with different types of potassium channels. These studies will be essential for future applications of these toxins as drugs to treat channelpathies or as tools to study potassium channels structurally and functionally.

Context: Test-Driven development (TDD) is a software development approach where test cases are written before actual development of the code in iterative cycles. TDD has gained attention of many software practitioners during the last decade since it has suggested several benefits in the software development process. However, empirical evidence of its dominance in terms of internal code quality, external code quality and productivity is fairly limited. Objectives: The aim behind conducting this study is to explore what has been achieved so far in the field of Test-driven development. The study reports the benefits and limitation of TDD compared to TLD and the outcome variables in all the reported studies along with their measurement criteria. Additionally, an experiment is conducted to see the impact of Test-driven development (TDD) on internal code quality, external code quality and productivity compared to Test-Last development (TLD). Methods: In this study two research methodologies are used specifically systematic literature review according to Kitchenham guidelines and controlled pilot experiment. In systematic literature review number of article sources are considered and used, including Inspec, Compendex, ACM, IEEE Xplore, Science direct (Elsevier) and ISI web of science. A review protocol is created first to ensure the objectivity and repeatability of the whole process. Second, a controlled experiment is conducted with professional software developers to explore the assumed benefits of Test-Driven development (TDD) compared to Test-Last development (TLD). Results: 9 distinct categories related to Test-driven development (TDD) are found that are investigated and reported in the literature. All the reported experiments revealing very little or no difference in internal code quality, external code quality and productivity in Test-Driven development (TDD) over Test-Last development (TLD). However, results were found contradictory when research methods are taken into account because case studies tend to find more positive results in the favor Test-Driven development (TDD) compared to experiments possibly due to the fact that experiment are mostly conducted in artificially created software development environment and mostly with students as a test subjects. On the other hand, experimental results and statistical analysis show no statistically significant result in the favor TDD compared to TLD. All the values found related to number of acceptance test cases passed (Mann-Whitney U test Exact Sig. 0.185), McCabe’s Cyclomatic complexity (Mann-Whitney U test Exact Sig. 0.063), Branch coverage (Mann-Whitney U test Exact Sig. 0.212), Productivity in terms of number of lines of code per person hours (Independent sample Ttest Sig. 0.686), productivity in terms number of user stories implemented per person hours (Independent sample T-test Sig. 0.835) in experiment are statistically insignificant. However, static code analysis (Independent sample T-test Sig. 0.03) result was found statistically significant but due to the low statistical power of test it was not possible to reject the null hypothesis. The results of the survey revealed that the majority of developers in the experiment prefer TLD over TDD, given the lesser required level of learning curve as well as the minimum effort needed to understand and employ TLD compared to TDD Conclusion: Systematic literature review confirms that the reported benefits of TDD development compared to Test-Last development are very small. However, case studies tend to find more positive results in the favor of Test-Driven development (TDD) compared to Test-Last development (TLD). Similarly, experimental findings are also confirming the fact that TDD has small benefits over TLD. However, given the small effect size there is an indication that (Test-Driven development) TDD endorses less complex code compared to Test-Last development (TLD).
Systematic literature review confirms that the reported benefits of TDD development compared to Test-Last development are very small. However, case studies tend to find more positive results in the favor of Test-Driven development (TDD) compared to Test-Last development (TLD). Similarly, experimental findings are also confirming the fact that TDD has small benefits over TLD. However, given the small effect size there is an indication that (Test-Driven development) TDD endorses less complex code compared to Test-Last development (TLD).
hassanmunirr@hotmail.com, mm1844@gmail.com

There is a dearth of reading-material in Sepedi for children and youths because the written and reading language in Sepedi is relatively young. Any written texts for children and youths must therefore be in such a way as to be of interest to them. Madiba was a pioneer in such writing. In view of this dearth of reading-material in Sepedi for children and youths, some attempts have been made to translate certain books from other languages in order to fill this gap. However such attempts have proved to be a far outcry to satisfy the existing need of such reading-material. To compound this alarming problem, parents at home do not teach their children how to read. This parental failure is more evident in rural areas where literacy is at its lowest ebb. The thesis outlines the different reader groups and the kinds of the different reader groups as an illustration of the extant deficiency of Sepedi reading-material for children and youths. Though in the Sepedi traditional life there is a spoken or oral literature, the thesis focuses not thereon but on the written form of the literature for children and youths. The method of discussion is descriptive in nature and embarks on social-literacy approach with a strong educational flavour to prepare readers for life and enable the youths to adjust to social and cultural levels in life. In order to prickle the reading interest, pictures, colour, book cover, page lay-out, the letter type and size as well as the easy-to-handle size of the book are all of vital importance. For interest sake, the stories in the books should be read to children not only in class but also at home. The contents of the book should also be appropriate for the particular age group. The structuring of the information should also promote the logical sequence of events. The sentences must be fluent in reading and the vocabulary be appropriate. The title of the book should also stimulate reading interest. Women should venture into the writing of books for children and youths since Sepedi books with stories for daughters are still lacking. Possible steps are suggested to encourage this waiting of reading-material for children and youths. As a written and reading language, Sepedi is a relatively young language and the backlog that exists in this language in respect of child and youth reading-material is ascribable to this. The first written texts of this nature must therefore serve two purposes: in the first place it is used at school as reading-material, and at the same time the reading passages must be so composed and written that they serve as interesting reading-material for the children. School books written on this by Madiba serve as examples of these. These literacy works have therefore been graded in order to provide for those in the different educational levels. It goes without saying that there is a tremendous shortage of the reading-material of this nature. In order to cater for this shortage in some instances attempts have even been made to translate suitable works from other languages so as to provide these to children as supplementary reading-material. In spite of all attempts to overcome this problem, the progress that has been made in this regard so far is praiseworthy although it is far from being enough to satisfy the existing need. The reason for this is, among others, that the sale enjoyed by the written word in Sepedi is determined by the school market. It is also true that the role which the parent must play at home in the teaching of reading is not played especially in rural areas where literacy is not yet established. In order to properly illustrate the existing deficiency in respect of child and youth reading-material in Sepedi, it is essential to outline the different (a) reader groups and (b) the kinds of the different reader groups. An important aspect which the researcher must not lose sight of is that in the Sepedi traditional life dispensation there is literature for the children which however is known as spoken or oral literature which is, as a result thereof, of a different kind especially in respect of the kinds which must be distinguished. A discussion hereof is not undertaken in this thesis; only the written form of the literature for the children and the young people is relevant here. The method in terms of which it is done is mainly descriptive in nature and only where it becomes necessary the information is subjected to interpretation. The approach in terms of which the research is undertaken, is social-literary in nature with a strong educational flavour in order that these works should introduce the readers to and prepare them for life, it must better equip the youth for adjustment to social as well as cultural levels. In order to do that, there exist various strategies which not only make it easier for the reading of texts but also to whet the reading appetite. The reading of the text is expedited by presenting the book in a captivating manner. In the subsequent chapters the extant Sepedi texts are taken through the magnifying glass. Conspicuous inclinations and tendencies are highly-lighted and discussed, since stories for daughters are still lacking and that women should venture into the writing of books for children and youths. Reasons for this are sought and possible steps are suggested to encourage the writing of reading-material for children and youths.
As skryf-en-leestaal is Sepedi n betreklike jong taal, en die agterstand wat in die taal t.o.v. kinder-en-jeuglektuur bestaan, kan hieraan toegeskryf word. Die eerste geskrewe tekste van die aard moes dus n dubbele doel dien: vereers is dit as leesmaterial op skool gebruik, en terselfdertyd moes die leesstukke so saamgestel en geskryf word dat dit interessante leesstof vir die kinders kon dien. Die skoolboekies wat daarom deur Madiba geskryf is, is dan ook voorbeelde hiervan. Die werkies is derhalwe so gegradeer dat hulle vir die in die verskillende opvoedkundige vlakke voorsiening maak. Dat daar n geweldige tekort aan leesstoff van die aard bestaan, spreek vanself. Ter aanvulling van die tekort is daar by geleenheid selfs gepoog om geskikte werkies uit tale te verhaal, en as bykommende leesstof vir die kinders daar te stel. Ten spyte van al die pogins om hierdie problem die hoof te bied, is die voordering wat hiermee gemaak is, wel prysenswaardig, maar nie by benadering voldoende om aan die bestaande behoefte te voldoen nie. Die rede hiervoor is o.a. dat die afset wat die geskrewe woord in Sepedi geniet, deur die skoolmark bepaal word. Ook is dit waar dat die rol wat die ouer tuis met die leesopvoeding moet speel, nie plaasvind nie, veral in die landelike gebiede waar geletterdheid nog nie behoorlik gevistig was nie. Om die leemte wat t.o.v kinder-en-jeug-lektuur in Sepedi bestaan, behoorlik toe te lig, is dit nodig om die verskillende (a) lesergroepe en (b) genres vir die onderskeie lesergroepe uiteen te sit. n Belangrike saak wat die ondersoeker egter nie uit die oog mag verloor nie, is dat daar in die traditionale lewensbestel van die Sepedi wel n letterkunde bekend is, as gevolg waarvan dit ook ondersoortig is veral t.o.v. die genres wat onderskei word. n Bespreking hiervan word nie in hierdie proefskrif onderneem nie, slegs die geskrewe vorm van die literatuur vir die kinders en jong mense is hier ter sake. Die metode waarvolgens dit geskied, is hoofsaklik beskrywend van aard, en slegs waar dit nodig is, word die gegewens aan interpretasie onderwerp. Dir werkwyse waarbinne die ondersoek onderneem word, is sosiaal-literer van aard met n sterk opvoedkundige inslag daar hierdie werke die lesers daarvan moet inlei en voorberei vir die lewe; dit moet die aanpassing van die jeug op sowel sociale as kulturele vlak vergemaklik. Om dit te kan doen, bestaan daar verskillende strategee vat nie net die lees van tekste moet vergemaklik nie, maar ook n leesgierigheid moet aanwakker. Die lees van die teks word aangehelp deurdat die boek aantreklik aangebied word. In die hieropvolgende hoofstrukke word die bestande Sepedi tekste onder die vergrootglas geneem. Opvallende neigings en tendense word uitgelig en besprek soos dat verhale vir dogters nog ontbreek en dat vroue hulle nog aan die skrywe van kinders en jeug boeke moet waag. Redes hiervoor word gesoek, en moontlike stappe word aan die hand gedoen om die skrywe aan kinder-en-jeuglektuur aan te moedig.
Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
African Languages
DLitt
Unrestricted

Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera fyra kvinnors syn på tid, struktur och kreativitet på servicedesignbyrån Transformator design. Genom intervjuer och deltagande observation undersöker jag hur tid, struktur och kreativitet samspelar för mina informanter, och hur de använder tiden. Slutsatsen av denna studie är i korthet att kontrollen av tid är viktig för upplevelsen av tid. Strukturer, synliga och osynliga, är centrala för att se och förstå tiden och upprätthålla kontrollen av tid. Informanternas strävan är att skapa fylld tid, som är värdefull tid, och genom kontroll av tiden skapa en positiv känsla av att ha tid. Det är då kreativiteten släpps fri.
The purpose of this thesis is to study four women's view of time, structure and creativity at the service design agency Transformer design. Through interviews and participant observation, I examine how time, structure and creativity interact for them, and how they use time. The conclusion of this study is in brief that the control of time is important to the experience of time. Structure, visible and invisible, is central to see and understand time and maintain control of the time. The informant's aim to create filled time, which is valuable time, and by controlling time they create a positive sense of having time. That's when creativity is released.

Bien que les troubles du langage formel affectent une grande partie des enfants avec Trouble du Spectre Autistique (TSA), leur nature reste encore incertaine. Certaines études postulent que le trouble observable chez ces enfants est de même nature que celui dont souffrent les enfants avec trouble spécifique du langage (TSL), tandis que d’autres argumentent en faveur de deux troubles qui diffèrent dans leur étiologie. Au centre de ce débat réside la complexité à recueillir des données sur le langage chez les enfants avec TSA, notamment quand il s’agit de participer de manière active. Dans cette étude, nous explorons l’interprétation en temps réel des indices grammaticaux chez des enfants avec TSA monolingues francophones, en nous intéressant aux pronoms clitiques objets, dont la faible production en contexte obligatoire a été proposée comme marqueur du TSL pour le français
It is well-known that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often have language impairment. However, the nature of this impairment is still largely unknown. Some studies hold that language impairment in children with ASD is of the same nature as impairment found in children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI), whereas others argue that SLI and language impairment in ASD may be different both in their structure and their etiology. At the heart of this debate lies the difficulty of assessing language abilities of children with ASD, especially when active participation is required. Moreover, to date, few studies have investigated formal aspects of language in children with ASD in languages other than English. In this study, we explore real-time interpretation of grammatical cues in French-speaking children with ASD, with a focus on object clitics

Bien que les troubles du langage formel affectent une grande partie des enfants avec Trouble du Spectre Autistique (TSA), leur nature reste encore incertaine. Certaines études postulent que le trouble observable chez ces enfants est de même nature que celui dont souffrent les enfants avec trouble spécifique du langage (TSL), tandis que d’autres argumentent en faveur de deux troubles qui diffèrent dans leur étiologie. Au centre de ce débat réside la complexité à recueillir des données sur le langage chez les enfants avec TSA, notamment quand il s’agit de participer de manière active. Dans cette étude, nous explorons l’interprétation en temps réel des indices grammaticaux chez des enfants avec TSA monolingues francophones, en nous intéressant aux pronoms clitiques objets, dont la faible production en contexte obligatoire a été proposée comme marqueur du TSL pour le français
It is well-known that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often have language impairment. However, the nature of this impairment is still largely unknown. Some studies hold that language impairment in children with ASD is of the same nature as impairment found in children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI), whereas others argue that SLI and language impairment in ASD may be different both in their structure and their etiology. At the heart of this debate lies the difficulty of assessing language abilities of children with ASD, especially when active participation is required. Moreover, to date, few studies have investigated formal aspects of language in children with ASD in languages other than English. In this study, we explore real-time interpretation of grammatical cues in French-speaking children with ASD, with a focus on object clitics

The Metric Travelling Salesman Problem, henceforth metric TSP, is a fundamental problem in combinatorial optimization which consists of finding a minimum cost Hamiltonian cycle (also called a TSP tour) in a weighted complete graph in which the costs are metric. Metric TSP is known to belong to a class of problems called NP-hard even in the special case of graph-TSP, where the metric costs are based on a given graph. Thus, it is highly unlikely that efficient methods exist for solving large instances of these problems exactly. In this thesis, we develop a new heuristic for metric TSP based on extending ideas successfully used by Mömke and Svensson for the special case of graph-TSP to the more general case of metric TSP. We demonstrate the efficiency and usefulness of our heuristic through empirical testing. Additionally, we turn our attention to graph-TSP. For this special case of metric TSP, there has been much recent progress with regards to improvements on the cost of the solutions. We find the exact value of the ratio between the cost of the optimal TSP tour and the cost of the optimal subtour linear programming relaxation for small instances of graph-TSP, which was previously unknown. We also provide a simplified algorithm for special graph-TSP instances based on the subtour linear programming relaxation.

Bakgrund: Kompetensbeskrivning för legitimerad sjuksköterska beskriver att det är sjuksköterskans ansvar att ge patienten en god och säker vård ur ett etiskt perspektiv samt genom beprövad erfarenhet. Patientnärmre vård är ett arbetssätt som sätter patienten och dennes problem och behov i centrum. Omvårdnadens kvalitet ökar och ger en snabbare rehabiliteringstid för patienten.Syfte: Att granska vad den patientnära tiden innebär för sjuksköterskan och se vad den innehåller. Hur mycket tid, totalt, läggs ner på patientnära tid under ett dagspass? Metod: Empirisk, strukturerad icke deltagande observationsstudie med kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Det kvantitativa resultatet har bearbetats och presenteras i form av diagram och text. Det kvalitativa resultatet har analyserats med latent innehållsanalys.Resultat: Studien visade att den patientnära tiden var låg på den observerade avdelningen. Den uppmätta genomsnittliga patientnära tiden var 15, 5 % av ett dagspass mellan 7.00-13.00. Huvuddelen av den patientnära tiden ägnades åt omvårdnadsåtgärder. Slutsats: Resultatet visar att ett behov av förändring i sjuksköterskornas arbete och dess organisering är utmärkande.
Background: The Competence Description for Swedish Certified Nurse describes the nurse's responsibility to give the patient a good and safe care from an ethical perspective and through proven experience. The patient focused work method is an approach that places the patient and his problems and needs in the centre. Nursing care quality increases and gives a quicker rehabilitation time for the patient. Objective: To examine what the direct patient time means to the nurse and see what it contains. How much time, total, spent on direct patient time in a day's work? Method: Empirical, structured non-participant observational study with quantitative and qualitative approach. The quantitative result have been processed and is presented in the form of diagrams and text. The qualitative results were analyzed with latent content analysis. Results: The study showed that the direct patient time was low at the observed ward. The measured average direct patient time was 15,5 % of a day between 7.00-13.00. Most of the direct patient time was devoted for care measures.Conclusion: The result shows that a need for change in the nurses work and its organization is eminent.

Ted Olson was the featured poet for the symposium who presented “Scotland the Brave: A Nation's Legacy in Literature and Folklore,” "When First Unto This Country: The Flow of Scottish and Scots-Irish Culture to the American South in Song and Story," "Darkness and Revelation: Ted Olson's Poetry".

The English language is becoming more common in our society. Research shows that students learn English in their spare time as well as in the classroom. The purpose of the study is to investigate teachers’ experiences of students’ previous knowledge in English, if it has changed over time in speech and vocabulary and what sources the teachers perceive that the students meet in their spare time. I considered it appropriate to use qualitative data collection in the form of semi structured interviews with experienced teachers. The result shows that the teachers in my study can see a change in previous knowledge over time and that the sources are often connected to the internet. I found that both the previous research and the results of my data in this study agree that extramural English is rewarding for students’ English knowledge. There has been a big change in an increased level of previous knowledge in English. An important conclusion is that this increase of previous knowledge contributes to greater variation of knowledge among students, which puts higher demands on teachers to individualize the teaching.

Vårt syfte med examensarbetet var att undersöka elevers förståelse för begreppet tid. Vi ville även undersöka lärarnas föreställningar om vad eleverna har för kunskaper och förståelse för begreppet tid. Vi tror att bristande tilltro till sitt eget tänkande, kan bero på utebliven förståelse mellan pedagogen och elevernas erfarenheter. Därför anser vi att det är viktigt att utgå ifrån elevernas förståelse. Vi ville testa en sorts analys för att få ett hjälpmedel för vår kommande matematikundervisning. För att få svar på våra frågor använde vi oss av enkäter och djupintervjuer. Vi fann att begreppspiralen är ett bra hjälpmedel som ger tydliga resultat på var eleven befinner sig i sin matematikutveckling. Vi upptäckte även att kunskaper i matematik är situationsbundet då eleverna visade olika förståelse i olika situationer.
Vårt syfte med examensarbetet var att undersöka elevers förståelse för begreppet tid. Vi ville även undersöka lärarnas föreställningar om vad eleverna har för kunskaper och förståelse för begreppet tid. Vi tror att bristande tilltro till sitt eget tänkande, kan bero på utebliven förståelse mellan pedagogen och elevernas erfarenheter. Därför anser vi att det är viktigt att utgå ifrån elevernas förståelse. Vi ville testa en sorts analys för att få ett hjälpmedel för vår kommande matematikundervisning. För att få svar på våra frågor använde vi oss av enkäter och djupintervjuer. Vi fann att begreppspiralen är ett bra hjälpmedel som ger tydliga resultat på var eleven befinner sig i sin matematikutveckling. Vi upptäckte även att kunskaper i matematik är situationsbundet då eleverna visade olika förståelse i olika situationer.

Another time. Definitions of time in French encyclopedias, 1690-1835 The point of departure for this study is the common conception that the idea of time became "modern" in the late 18th century, meaning among other things a new, future-oriented and empowered individual. Such a view has been expressed by scholars like Lynn Hunt, Lucian Hölscher, François Hartog, Dan Edelstein as well as Reinhart Koselleck. This thesis investigates whether such a transformation is visible in eight French encyclopedias, published between 1690 and 1835. Definitions of time-related key-words are studied from a perspective of conceptual history and discourse analysis. The result of the study indicates a change in the notion of time. However, this change does not concur with the presumed breakthrough of "modernity". The dominant change is rather words that disappear during the period. The study argues that the dichotomy of time versus eternity was questioned, which changed the expectations. Definitions eventually turned away from a predetermined future, however they did not include an individual freedom to act. A new temporal consciousness is visible with the update of history, as pointed out by Koselleck. Mythology was mocked when definitions underlined rationality. The texts substituted religion with science. Diversity between individual definitions is visible mostly during the middle of the 18th century. Finally, the study discusses a possible time lag for encyclopedias used as witnesses of a discourse.
Autres temps. Les définitions du temps des encyclopédies françaises, 1690-1835 La notion de temps au sens moderne semble avoir pris forme vers la fin du 18e siècle. Cette conception du temps comme « moderne » implique entre autres choses que l'homme est conscient de la dimension temporelle, et de sa liberté de créer son propre avenir. Depuis les années 1960, plusieurs penseurs, dont François Hartog, Lynn Hunt, Lucian Hölscher, Dan Edelstein et Reinhart Koselleck, ont abordé ce décalage de la dite notion. Dans cette thèse sont examinés les changements de la notion du temps à travers les définitions de huit encyclopédies publiées entre 1690 et 1835. Au 18e siècle, les dictionnaires et les encyclopédies jouaient un rôle important quant au savoir et à la maitrise de la langue. Les analyses des définitions sont conduites à la lumière des théories conceptuelles et discursives. Les résultats de l'étude, dont le matériau s'étend sur 150 ans, confirment un changement de la notion de temps mais non pas celui dont a parlé la recherche antérieure. Les définitions témoignent d'un certain nombre d'effacements et de substitutions de différentes parties des textes. Les textes semblent avoir été plus homogènes au début et à la fin du 18e siècle et plus hétérogènes au milieu du même siècle. Les références religieuses s'y sont souvent substituées à des textes provenant des sciences naturelles, comme par exemple la mécanique. Successivement, les explications mythologiques étaient qualifiées de purs « mythes ». La dichotomie temps—éternité est remise en question et commence à disparaître. Selon d'autres chercheurs dans ce domaine, cela signifie une des conditions d'un futur non prédéterminé. Cependant, même au début du 19e siècle, les définitions parlent d'un futur contingent et non d'un homme maître de son propre futur. Pendant cette période (1690-1835), il y a aussi eu lieu un changement dans la façon de concevoir la notion d' «histoire », un phénomène qui a été souligné par Koselleck. Ce changement semble avoir entrainé une nouvelle conceptualisation de la temporalité. Dans la thèse sont discutées les encyclopédies comme étant des sources scientifiques et la possibilité d'un « time lag » dû aux définitions comparées au discours où celles-ci sont produites. Les résultats montrent l'introduction apparemment tardive d'un nouveau discours.

Masterprogram i historiska studier, inriktning idéhistoria

Syftet med denna studie var att analysera vetenskapliga föreläsningar på onlineplattformen TED (technology, entertainment, design) och försöka förstå hur föreläsarna använder sig av klassiska retoriska begrepp. Anledningen var att vi ansåg att denna form av retorisk diskurs kan vara en potentiell lösning till några av de problem som existerar inom vetenskapskommunikation. Vi undersökte TED eftersom det i nuläget är den populäraste föreläsningsplattformen på internet.Vi har analyserat fyra vetenskapligt orienterade föreläsningar med hjälp av retorikanalys. Genom detta perspektiv har vi undersökt föreläsningarnas kontext, hur föreläsarna använder sig av klassisk retorisk disposition, hur de använder argumentationsmedel och vilka stilfigurer de lägger mest fokus på. Vi förhöll oss även till retorisk situationsteori för att förstå helheten bakom föreläsningarna.Vi sammanställde sedan materialet för att se vad alla föreläsningarna har för gemensamma aspekter. Resultatet visade att föreläsarna delade ett antal retoriska aspekter i sina tal. Från ett dispositionsperspektiv visade föreläsarna likheter med placering av tes och brist på motargument i talet. Föreläsarna lade också mest fokus på övertalningsmedlet logos och de använde mer frekvent stilfigurerna exempel, liknelse, och metafor.

In vitro-test för upptäckt och behandling av tumör eller mikrometastaser har de senaste 30 åren gjort stora framsteg tack vare immunokemi och nya framgångsrika cellodlings- tekniker som bättre reproducerar celltillväxt i tre dimensioner (3D) och det omgivande stromat (multicellulär tumörsfäroidodling). TS1-218 scFv (single chain variable fragment) är en monoklonal antikropp som har affinitet till ett protein tillhörande cytoskelettet (cytokeratin). Av TS1-218 har skapats olika varianter (en dimer TS1-2182 och en mutant HE1-Q) med syftet att öka affinitet och retentionstid på platsen för dess verkan. I det här projektet försökte vi att testa och jämföra egenskaper hos alla 3 joderade antikropparna genom att inkubera odlade Hela Hep 2 tumörcellssfäroider med dessa antikroppar. Alla tre antikroppsvarianter visade god förmåga att penetrera sfäroider och att binda deras epitop i cytokeratin 8. Försöken visade att det fanns affinitetsskillnader mellan TS1-218 monomer, dimer och mutant vilket visade sig som olika inbindningsförmåga till sfäroiderna.

The aim of this work is to investigate Ant Colony Algorithm for the traveling salesman problem (TSP). Ants of the artificial colony are able to generate successively shorter feasible tours by using information accumulated in the form of a pheromone trail deposited on the edges of the TSP graph. This paper is based on the ideas of ant colony algorithm and analysis the main parameters of the ant colony algorithm. Experimental results for solving TSP problems with ant colony algorithm show great effectiveness.

Verket består av en text. Fokus är på frågeställningen om hur mycket land vi har per person och vad pengar är, samt hur land och pengar ger makt. Texten lägger fram fakta samt undersöker land och pengar ur olika synvinklar. Texten framlägger tesen att statistik kring genomsnittlig mängd land per person är en meningsfull måttstock samt att konstnärer kan göra en bättre valuta en dagens dominerande valutor i världen.
[I examensarbetet ingår utställningen "Din Teg av Jorden - A Theory of Land and Time":] Guerilla garden grown vegetables being offered for time money, six square meters (6 m²) of tomatoes - your share of the global tomato harvest (/global area used for growing  tomatoes) and facts & visualizations of other agricultural statistics (and info about the other almost 2 000 m² used for growing your food/info about the other 1 990 m² of your share of arable land) :Documentation from a drone of a performance where I (Nikolaj/the artist/ingeting?) measured up 21 275 m² of land – your share of land you would get if we divided the land surface of the planet in seven billion equal parts – with tape in the form of a triangle in Botkyrka a Suburb to Stockholm during the Subtopia art ferstival there.  Squlpture (/installation) of all the different biomes (/climate types/zones)of the planet that make up your share of land, each land strip is shaped like the ones that divided the farms in the medeval open field system in most part of Europe, a very fair but ultimately inefficient system that guarantied that everyone got a slive of the best land, the second best land and so on. The land strips form a 1:200 scale form of 2/3 of Kastelholmen a island just next to the school for size comparsion. Material: Mixed media Teknik: Många

I Sverige drabbas cirka 30 000 personer av stroke varje år. Stroke kan vara ett livshotande tillstånd med hög mortalitet samt är den främsta orsaken till neurologiskt handikapp och kan innebära ett livslång lidande. Tidigare forskning visar att tiden från symtomdebut till trombolysbehandling har stor betydelse för att minska de neurologiska skadorna hos patienter som drabbas av stroke. Dock saknas det studier som undersöker tidsåtgången prehospitalt vad gäller ambulanssjukvårdens tid på plats hos patienten.  Studien syftade till att genom journalgranskning undersöka de dokumenterade åtgärderna och tiden på plats som ambulanssjukvården spenderat hos patienter med stroke. En kvantitativ ansats med retroperspektiv journalgranskning valdes som metod. Utgångsmaterial var uppföljningsprotokoll från röntgenavdelningen där 137 patienter fått trombolysbehandling under 2014 och 2015. Efter exklusionskriterier granskades 121 journaler. Med bakgrund av internationella riktlinjer valdes 15 minuter som riktvärde av tid på plats för jämförande. Resultatet visade att ambulanspersonalen i snitt spenderar 19,5 (2-54) minuter på plats hos patienter som drabbats av stroke och fått trombolysbehandling. Studien fann ingen signifikant skillnad av antal dokumenterade åtgärder hos patienter där sjuksköterskan spenderat mindre än 15 minuter respektive mer än 15 minuter. Utifrån medeltiden hos de granskade fallen i studien samt att det saknas specifika tidsmål i nationella riktlinjer ges rekommendationen att införa specifika tidsmål i riktlinjer samt att begränsa åtgärder på plats hos patienten till att säkra och stabilisera ABC samt att genomföra AKUT-test.

Syftet med mitt arbete är att genom en deskriptiv studie kartlägga vad barn gör på sin fritid som skapar känsla av sammanhang och meningsfullhet och hur de upplever sammanhang och meningsfullhet under sin fritid.Studien bygger på en kvalitativt inriktad metod via intervjuer med fem flickor och fem pojkar i ålder 9-10 år. Intervjuguiden har utformats via litteratursökning och egna kunskaper om barn. Resultatet studeras utifrån Antonovskys teorin om Känsla av sammanhang (KASAM).Resultatet visar att barnen i denna studie beskriver sin fritid som meningsfull. Fritidssysselsättningen upplevs positivt och tillfredsställande. Alla barnen i denna studie är engagerade i föreningslivet och bedriver någon form av organiserade fritidsaktivteter. De har god självbild och känner sig nöjda med sig själv och sin situation för övrigt. Det sociala nätverket består av vuxna och kamrater t.ex. föräldrarna, skol- och fritidspersonal, före-ningsinstruktörer och klasskamrater. Sammanfattningsvis pekar resultaten av min studie på att barnen upplever sin fritid som begriplig, hanterbar och meningsfull.