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Journal articles on the topic 'Trypanosomiasis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Giblin, James. "Trypanosomiasis Control in African History: An Evaded Issue?" Journal of African History 31, no. 1 (March 1990): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700024786.

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Social control of trypanosomiasis in African history deserves further study. The pioneering work in this field is John Ford's respected but neglected The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology (1971). While Ford's arguments have received support from recent findings in immunological, epidemiological and epizootiological research, they have rarely met with evaluation or engagement, either in historical or scientific literature. Historians have tended to describe trypanosomiasis control as a matter of avoiding contact with tsetse fly. In so doing they have implicitly rejected the position of Ford, who regarded infrequent contacts between tsetse and mammalian hosts as necessary for the maintenance of host resistance. Ford believed that host resistance, rather than avoidance of tsetse, was the basis of trypanosomiasis control. The historical nature of Ford's work requires that a satisfactory evaluation of The Role of the Trypanosomiases make use of historical, as well as scientific, data. The evidence of trypanosomiasis and cattle-keeping from one region of north-eastern Tanzania supports Ford and suggests that other explanations of trypanosomiasis control are inadequate. The Tanzanian evidence shows that precolonial societies coexisted with, but could not avoid, tsetse. They could not eradicate tsetse because scarcity of water prevented permanent occupation of large areas. Tsetse and trypanosomiasis did not prevent cattle-keeping, but helped to keep the region's cattle population low and confined it to relatively densely settled neighbourhoods. Social control of trypanosomiasis collapsed during the pre-Second World War period of colonial rule. Economic and political developments were primarily responsible for a series of famines between 1894 and 1934. Famine-induced depopulation allowed steady spread of tsetse and wildlife reservoirs of trypanosomes into formerly cultivated areas which had been free of tsetse before the colonial period.

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2

Morais, Mayara Castro de, Jucieudo Virgulino de Souza, Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho, Silvio Santana Dolabella, and Damião Pergentino de Sousa. "Trypanocidal Essential Oils: A Review." Molecules 25, no. 19 (October 6, 2020): 4568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194568.

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Trypanosomiases are diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. In humans, this includes Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. There are few therapeutic options, and there is low efficacy to clinical treatment. Therefore, the search for new drugs for the trypanosomiasis is urgent. This review describes studies of the trypanocidal properties of essential oils, an important group of natural products widely found in several tropical countries. Seventy-seven plants were selected from literature for the trypanocidal activity of their essential oils. The main chemical constituents and mechanisms of action are also discussed. In vitro and in vivo experimental data show the therapeutic potential of these natural products for the treatment of infections caused by species of Trypanosoma.

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3

Pereira, Glaécia AN, Lucianna H. Santos, Steven C. Wang, Luan C. Martins, Filipe S. Villela, Weiting Liao, Marco A. Dessoy, et al. "Benzimidazole inhibitors of the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma brucei." Future Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 13 (July 2019): 1537–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2018-0523.

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Aim: Limitations in available therapies for trypanosomiases indicate the need for improved medicines. Cysteine proteases cruzain and rhodesain are validated targets for treatment of Chagas disease and human African trypanosomiasis. Previous studies reported a benzimidazole series as potent cruzain inhibitors. Results & methodology: Considering the high similarity between these proteases, we evaluated 40 benzimidazoles against rhodesain. We describe their structure-activity relationships (SAR), revealing trends similar to those observed for cruzain and features that lead to enzyme selectivity. This series comprises noncovalent competitive inhibitors (best Ki = 0.21 μM against rhodesain) and micromolar activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. A cheminformatics analysis confirms scaffold novelty, and the inhibitors described have favorable predicted physicochemical properties. Conclusion: Our results support this series as a starting point for new human African trypanosomiasis medicines.

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4

Kirchhoff, L. V. "Trypanosomiasis." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2, no. 5 (October 1989): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198910000-00005.

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5

Kirchhoff, Louis V. "Trypanosomiasis." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3, no. 3 (June 1990): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199006000-00017.

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6

Taverne, J. "Trypanosomiasis." Trends in Parasitology 18, no. 4 (April 2002): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02274-2.

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7

Bentivoglio, M. "Trypanosomiasis." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 357 (October 2015): e465-e466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.175.

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8

Chimelli, Leila, and Francesco Scaravilli. "Trypanosomiasis." Brain Pathology 7, no. 1 (January 1997): 599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01077.x.

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9

VICKERMAN, KEITH. "The Trypanosomiases (ed. Maudlin, I., Holmes, P. H. & Miles, M. A.), pp. 624. International CABI Publishing, UK, 2004. ISBN 0 85199 475 X. £99.50 (US$185.00)." Parasitology 131, no. 3 (August 16, 2005): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005238581.

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Back in the early 1960s, when the curtain was falling on British colonial administration in Africa, the newly-created Ministry of Overseas Development decided to gather together for posterity the expertise and experience of authorities on tsetse and trypanosomiasis control. Weighing in at three and a half pounds, the resulting publication, ‘The African Trypanosomiases’ edited by Colonel Hugh Mulligan and published in 1969, has since been a baseline not only for investigators in the field but also for pure scientists working on related problems at the laboratory bench. The editors of the present volume were inspired by the enormous progress made in trypanosomiasis research over the last thirty years to produce ‘an update of Mulligan’ – so, how do the two books compare? Well, amazingly, their weights are exactly the same – but content and coverage are, as might be expected, very different.

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10

Rojas-Pirela, Maura, Ulrike Kemmerling, Wilfredo Quiñones, Paul A. M. Michels, and Verónica Rojas. "Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs): Potential Therapeutic Strategy against Trypanosomiases?" Biomolecules 13, no. 4 (March 26, 2023): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13040599.

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Trypanosomiases are a group of tropical diseases that have devastating health and socio-economic effects worldwide. In humans, these diseases are caused by the pathogenic kinetoplastids Trypanosoma brucei, causing African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, and Trypanosoma cruzi, causing American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease. Currently, these diseases lack effective treatment. This is attributed to the high toxicity and limited trypanocidal activity of registered drugs, as well as resistance development and difficulties in their administration. All this has prompted the search for new compounds that can serve as the basis for the development of treatment of these diseases. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides synthesized by both prokaryotes and (unicellular and multicellular) eukaryotes, where they fulfill functions related to competition strategy with other organisms and immune defense. These AMPs can bind and induce perturbation in cell membranes, leading to permeation of molecules, alteration of morphology, disruption of cellular homeostasis, and activation of cell death. These peptides have activity against various pathogenic microorganisms, including parasitic protists. Therefore, they are being considered for new therapeutic strategies to treat some parasitic diseases. In this review, we analyze AMPs as therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of trypanosomiases, emphasizing their possible application as possible candidates for the development of future natural anti-trypanosome drugs.

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11

Ferris, Deam H. "Trypanosomiasis Research." Science 227, no. 4683 (January 11, 1985): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4683.118.b.

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12

Chand, Annisa. "Collaring trypanosomiasis." Nature Food 2, no. 8 (August 2021): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00354-1.

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13

Bacchi, Cyrus J., and Allen B. Clarkson. "Trypanosomiasis Research." Science 227, no. 4683 (January 11, 1985): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4683.118.c.

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14

Yoshida, Nobuko, and Sergio Schenkman. "American trypanosomiasis." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 10, no. 5 (October 1997): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199710000-00005.

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15

Luckins, A. G. "Equine trypanosomiasis." Equine Veterinary Education 6, no. 5 (October 1994): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.1994.tb01149.x.

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16

Luckins, A. G. "Equine trypanosomiasis." Equine Veterinary Education 8, S2 (June 10, 2010): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.1996.tb01844.x.

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17

VERMEER, D. E. "Trypanosomiasis research." Science 227, no. 4683 (January 11, 1985): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3917573.

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18

Maudlin, I. "African trypanosomiasis." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 100, no. 8 (December 2006): 679–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136485906x112211.

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19

MORRISON, L. J., and A. MacLEOD. "African trypanosomiasis." Parasite Immunology 33, no. 8 (July 15, 2011): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01302.x.

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20

Streit, Judy A., and Eiyu Matsumoto. "African Trypanosomiasis." New England Journal of Medicine 375, no. 24 (December 15, 2016): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm1604333.

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21

Schofield, C. J., and I. Maudlin. "Trypanosomiasis control." International Journal for Parasitology 31, no. 5-6 (May 2001): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00162-x.

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22

Nieman, R. E., and J. J. Kelly. "African Trypanosomiasis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 30, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313833.

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23

Ngoma, M. S. "Congenital Trypanosomiasis." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 50, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/50.6.377.

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24

Marsden, P. D. "American trypanosomiasis." BMJ 299, no. 6705 (October 14, 1989): 969–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6705.969.

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25

Robi, Dereje Tulu, Beksisa Urge Hurrisa, and Benti Deresa Gelalcha. "Trypanotolerance Sheko cattle: an option for sustainable control of bovine trypanosomiasis." Open Veterinary Science 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ovs-2020-0111.

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Abstract Trypanosomiasis is an impediment to cattle production and other agricultural development in tsetse-infested areas. It is a severe parasitic disease that causes loss in the production and performance of cattle. Hence, the aim of this paper is to review trypanosomiasis control options with emphasis on the use of trypanotolerant Sheko cattle breed for sustainable management of bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse infested areas. Several methods have been used to control trypanosomiasis through the use of trypanocidal drugs and the management of the vector, tsetse fly. Tsetse fly controls require expensive insecticides and have adverse environmental consequences. Trypanocidal drugs are commonly used and considered a practical trypanosomiasis control method. However, the rise in trypanocidal drug resistance has rendered this option ineffective. The possibility of developing and using a vaccine against trypanosomiasis currently remains out of reach as Trypanosoma periodically undergo antigenic variation. In the absence of a vaccine, presence of trypanocidal drug resistance, and the lack of sustainable tsetse fly control measures demand the need to use trypanotole-rant cattle breeds. The Sheko breed which is found only in southwestern Ethiopia displays considerable natural resistance to tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis. This genetic resource provides sustainable solution for challenges related to trypanosomiasis. These cattle have a low level of parasitemia and are able to maintain a good packed cell volume (PCV) compared to other indigenous breeds. As several trypanosomiasis control methods are ineffective, the use of trypanotolerance cattle like Sheko breed in tsetse-fly-challenged areas was suggested.

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26

Kirchhoff, Louis V. "American trypanosomiasis (Chagasʼ disease) and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 7, no. 5 (October 1994): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199410000-00004.

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27

Onyam, Isaac, Manasseh Adorm Otabil, Ekow Sekyi Etwire, Kenneth Kwansa-Aidoo, Samuel Mawuli Adadey, and William Ekloh. "A narrative review on trypanosomiasis and its effect on food production." Food Science Today 3, no. 1 (July 9, 2024): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.58951/fstoday.2024.006.

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Trypanosomiasis is an endemic parasitic disease affecting both humans and animal with a severe negative impact on food production in almost all parts of the world. This review seeks to summarize the history of trypanosomiasis and examine the prevalence of trypanosome infection in animals and its effects on food production. A narrative review was conducted on the history of trypanosomiasis. The literature search was conducted on different databases, and selected articles were screened, data extracted, and analyzed. It is believed that trypanosomiasis has been in existence for several decades dating as far as about 2500 BC during the era of the Egyptian kingdom. Africa was found to have the most common cases of animal trypanosomiasis, with 36 out of 40 articles reporting cases. Cattle among other mammals are the most studied animals and they are the most affected. Hence, milk and meat production are greatly affected by trypanosomiasis. The age of animals and the feed provided to animals also played a role in the prevalence and distribution of the pathogen. This review reveals a wide geographical distribution and diverse host range of trypanosome species. The study also highlights the severity of trypanosomiasis and its impact on food production.

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28

Taylor, Emma Michelle, and James Smith. "Product Development Partnerships: Delivering Innovation for the Elimination of African Trypanosomiasis?" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010011.

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African trypanosomiasis has been labelled as a ‘tool-deficient’ disease. This article reflects on the role that Product Development Partnerships (PDPs) have played in delivering new tools and innovations for the control and elimination of the African trypanosomiases. We analysed three product development partnerships—DNDi, FIND and GALVmed—that focus on delivering new drugs, diagnostic tests, and animal health innovations, respectively. We interviewed key informants within each of the organisations to understand how they delivered new innovations. While it is too early (and beyond the scope of this article) to assess the role of these three organisations in accelerating the elimination of the African trypanosomiases, all three organisations have been responsible for delivering new innovations for diagnosis and treatment through brokering and incentivising innovation and private sector involvement. It is doubtful that these innovations would have been delivered without them. To varying degrees, all three organisations are evolving towards a greater brokering role, away from only product development, prompted by donors. On balance, PDPs have an important role to play in delivering health innovations, and donors need to reflect on how best to incentivise them to focus and continue to deliver new products.

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29

Torr, S. J., G. A. Vale, and J. F. Morton. "Less is more: restricted application of pyrethroids for controlling tsetse." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000942x.

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In Africa, the animal trypanosomiases kill about 3 million cattle each year with related annual losses in animal productivity of ∼£3 billion. 32 of the 36 affected countries have per capita incomes of less than US$1 per day. The most effective method of combating the trypanosomiases is to eradicate their vectors, the tsetse. Up to the early 1980s, responsibility for vector control in Africa was largely taken by government agencies, using techniques such as large-scale aerial and ground spraying. Following economic crises, structural adjustment and decline or privatisation of veterinary services, much of the onus for controlling tsetse has fallen on livestock keepers themselves (Eisler et al. 2003), but partly as a consequence of trypanosomiasis, many are too poor to afford the cost. Treating cattle with synthetic pyrethroids may provide a way of breaking this cycle of poverty and disease.

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30

Manuja, Anju, and Balvinder Kumar. "Therapeutics against Trypanosomiasis." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 25 (January 21, 2019): 2138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802661825190118123359.

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31

Oscherwitz, Steven L. "East African Trypanosomiasis." Journal of Travel Medicine 10, no. 2 (March 8, 2006): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7060.2003.31743.

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32

Stich, A. "Human African trypanosomiasis." BMJ 325, no. 7357 (July 27, 2002): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7357.203.

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33

Dieleman, E. F. "Trypanosomiasis in Indonesia." Veterinary Quarterly 8, no. 3 (July 1986): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1986.9694049.

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34

Milligan, Paul. "Modelling trypanosomiasis transmission." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 11, no. 03 (June 1990): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400012716.

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35

Brun, Reto, Johannes Blum, Francois Chappuis, and Christian Burri. "Human African trypanosomiasis." Lancet 375, no. 9709 (January 2010): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60829-1.

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36

Rickman, Tobt B., and Francisco A. Kerdel. "Amebiasis and Trypanosomiasis." Dermatologic Clinics 7, no. 2 (April 1989): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30601-6.

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37

Büscher, Philippe, Giuliano Cecchi, Vincent Jamonneau, and Gerardo Priotto. "Human African trypanosomiasis." Lancet 390, no. 10110 (November 2017): 2397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31510-6.

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38

La Greca, Florencia, and Stefan Magez. "Vaccination against trypanosomiasis." Human Vaccines 7, no. 11 (November 2011): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.7.11.18203.

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39

Kennedy, Peter G. E. "Human African trypanosomiasis." Neurology 66, no. 7 (April 10, 2006): 962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000208221.55385.55.

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40

Brun, Reto, and Johannes Blum. "Human African Trypanosomiasis." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 26, no. 2 (June 2012): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.003.

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41

Bottieau, Emmanuel, and Jan Clerinx. "Human African Trypanosomiasis." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 33, no. 1 (March 2019): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.003.

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42

Ross, Carol A. "Chemotherapy for trypanosomiasis." Tropical Animal Health and Production 24, no. 1 (March 1992): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02357231.

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43

Editor-In-Chief. "Sleeping Sickness (trypanosomiasis)." Postgraduate Medical Journal of Ghana 7, no. 2 (July 12, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.60014/pmjg.v7i2.178.

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44

Katabazi, Aziz, Adamu Almustapha Aliero, Sarah Gift Witto, Martin Odoki, and Simon Peter Musinguzi. "Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda." BioMed Research International 2021 (June 14, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7284042.

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Trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), the former affecting domestic animals prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main species causing AAT in cattle are T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. brucei. Northern Uganda has been politically unstable with no form of vector control in place. The return of displaced inhabitants led to the restocking of cattle from AAT endemic areas. It was thus important to estimate the burden of trypanosomiasis in the region. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of animal African trypanosomes in cattle in Lira District using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) methods. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 254 cattle from the three villages of Acanakwo A, Barropok, and Acungkena in Lira District, Uganda, were selected by simple random sampling technique and screened for trypanosomiasis using microscopy and PCR methods. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis according to microscopic results was 5/254 (2.0%) as compared to 11/254 (4.3%) trypanosomiasis prevalence according to PCR analysis. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis infection in the animal studied is 11/254 (4.3%). Trypanosoma congolense was the most dominant trypanosome species with a proportion of 9/11 (81.8%), followed by T. vivax 1/11 (9.1%) and mixed infection of T. congolense/T. vivax1/11 (9.1%). Barropok village had the highest prevalence of trypanosomiasis with 6/11 (54.5%). There is a statistically significant relationship ( OR = 6.041 ; 95% CI: 1.634-22.331; p < 0.05 ) between abnormal PCV and trypanosome infection. Polymerase reaction amplification was the most reliable diagnostic method due to its high sensitivity and specificity as compared to the conventional microscopic method. Polymerase reaction amplification appears to have adequate accuracy to substitute the use of a microscope where facilities allow. This study, therefore, underscores the urgent need for local surveillance schemes more especially at the grassroots in Uganda to provide data for reference guideline development needed for the control of trypanosomiasis in Uganda.

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45

Mulenga, Gloria M., Lars Henning, Kalinga Chilongo, Chrisborn Mubamba, Boniface Namangala, and Bruce Gummow. "Insights into the Control and Management of Human and Bovine African Trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019—A Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (July 11, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030115.

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Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is a fatal disease commonly known as Nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. The disease threatens food security and has severe economic impact in Africa including most parts of Zambia. The level of effectiveness of commonly used African trypanosomiasis control methods has been reported in several studies. However, there have been no review studies on African trypanosomiasis control and management conducted in the context of One Health. This paper therefore seeks to fill this knowledge gap. A review of studies that have been conducted on African trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019, with a focus on the control and management of trypanosomiasis was conducted. A total of 2238 articles were screened, with application of the search engines PubMed, PubMed Central and One Search. Out of these articles, 18 matched the required criteria and constituted the basis for the paper. An in-depth analysis of the 18 articles was conducted to identify knowledge gaps and evidence for best practices. Findings from this review provide stakeholders and health workers with a basis for prioritisation of African trypanosomiasis as an important neglected disease in Zambia and for formulation of One Health strategies for better control and/or management of the disease.

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46

Isoun, T. T., M. J. Isoun, and V. O. Anosa. "PLASMA FREE AMINO ACID PROFILES OF CATTLE INFECTED WITH TRYPANOSOMA VIVAX: A PRELIMINARY REPORT." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 6 (January 19, 2021): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v6i.2675.

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EMACIATION and poor productivity have been recognised as some of the major features of the chronic form of bovine trypanosomiasis. However, the biochemical and nutritional bases of the Wasting and reduced growth rates of cattle with trypanosomiasis are yet to be adequately elucidated, such data may be needed, not only for the clinical management of the disease but also in the proper husbandry practice of cattle in endemic areas of trypanosomiasis for animal protein production.

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47

HOLMES, P. H., E. KATUNGUKA-RWAKISHAYA, J. J. BENNISON, G. J. WASSINK, and J. J. PARKINS. "Impact of nutrition on the pathophysiology of bovine trypanosomiasis." Parasitology 120, no. 7 (May 2000): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099005806.

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Trypanosomiasis is a major veterinary problem over much of sub-Saharan Africa and is frequently associated with undernutrition. There is growing evidence that nutrition can have a profound effect on the pathophysiological features of animal trypanosomiasis. These features include anaemia, pyrexia, body weight changes, reduced feed intake and diminished productivity including reduced draught work output, milk yield and reproductive capacity. Anaemia is a principal characteristic of trypanosomiasis and the rate at which it develops is influenced by both protein and energy intakes. Pyrexia is associated with increased energy demands for maintenance which is ultimately manifested by reductions in voluntary activity levels and productivity. Weight changes in trypanosomiasis are markedly influenced by the levels of protein intake. High intakes allow infected animals to grow at the same rate as uninfected controls providing energy intake is adequate whilst low energy levels can exacerbate the adverse effects of trypanosomiasis on body weight. Reductions in feed intake are less apparent in animals which are provided with high protein diets and where intake is limited by the disease animals will often exhibit preferential selection of higher quality browse. Further studies are required to evaluate the minimum levels of protein and energy supplementation required to ameliorate the adverse effect of trypanosomiasis, the nature and quality of protein supplement to achieve these benefits and the influence these have on digestive physiology.

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Onyango, Seth Ooko, Sabina Mukoya-Wangia, Josiah Mwivandi Kinama, and Pamela Akinyi Olet. "Integration of Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomiasis Control Methods From Livestock Farmers’ Perspective: A Multivariate Probit Approach." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 10 (September 15, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n10p67.

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Integration of tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis control methods is identified as most feasible and effective approach to eradication of African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) and Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). However, little focus is directed towards understanding the drivers of integration of the control methods by farmers. We used cross-sectional data collected from 536 livestock keeping households in Lamu County of Kenya to identify factors influencing multiple use of insecticide treated livestock (ITL), insecticide treated targets (ITT), and treatment with trypanocidal drugs (TTD). Multivariate probit model was applied in estimation of covariates of multiple use of the control methods. Descriptive results indicated that nearly 61% of the livestock keeping households used at least one of the tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis control methods, with about 9%, 7%, and 13% of the households using ITL, ITT, and TTD, respectively. The results also indicated that nearly 32% of the households integrated the control methods. Furthermore, multivariate probit results showed that sex of household head, age of farmer, positive perceptions of technology availability and effectiveness, and off-farm income increased the likelihood of integration. In contrast, household size, having agriculture as the main occupation, and cost of the technology significantly reduced the likelihood of multiple use of the control methods. The results suggest heterogeneity in farmers’ decisions to integrate tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis control methods. Therefore, farmer outreach programs should consider key household characteristics, as well as technological attributes which may stimulate adoption of appropriate tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis control technologies.

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Kakoma, I. "Trypanosomiasis: a Veterinary Perspective." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 37, no. 3 (November 1, 1987): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.3.tm0370030674a.

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Antunes, Apio Claudio Martins, Felipe Martins de Lima Cecchini, Fernando von Bock Bolli, Patricia Polanczyk de Oliveira, Ricardo Gurgel Rebouças, Thais Lampert Monte, and Daniele Fricke. "Cerebral trypanosomiasis and AIDS." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 60, no. 3B (September 2002): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2002000500009.

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A 36 year-old black female, complaining of headache of one month's duration presented with nausea, vomiting, somnolence, short memory problems, loss of weight, and no fever history. Smoker, intravenous drugs abuser, promiscuous lifestyle. Physical examination: left homonimous hemianopsia, left hemiparesis, no papilledema, diffuse hyperreflexia, slowness of movements. Brain CT scan: tumor-like lesion in the splenium of the corpus calosum, measuring 3.5 x 1.4 cm, with heterogeneous enhancing pattern, sugesting a primary CNS tumor. Due to the possibility of CNS infection, a lumbar puncture disclosed an opening pressure of 380 mmH(2)0; 11 white cells (lymphocytes); glucose 18 mg/dl (serum glucose 73 mg/dl); proteins 139 mg/dl; presence of Trypanosoma parasites. Serum Elisa-HIV tests turned out to be positive. Treatment with benznidazole dramatically improved clinical and radiographic picture, but the patient died 6 weeks later because of respiratory failure. T. cruzi infection of the CNS is a rare disease, but we have an increasing number of cases in HIV immunecompromised patients. Diagnosis by direct observation of CSF is uncommon, and most of the cases are diagnosed by pathological examination. It is a highly lethal disease, even when properly diagnosed and treated. This article intends to include cerebral trypanosomiasis in the differential diagnosis of intracranial space-occupying lesions, especially in immunecompromised patients from endemic regions.

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