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1
Wang, Yean. "Molecular polymorphisms for phylogeny, pedigree and population structure studies." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1541.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyA number of types of molecular polymorphisms can be used for studying genetic relationship and evolutionary history. Microsatellites are hypervariable and can be very useful tools to determine population structure, distinguish sibling species, as well as verifying parental relationships and pedigrees. However, while microsatellite polymorphisms are useful for solving relationships between populations within a species, relations among species or genera will probably be obscured due to a high degree of homoplasy —identity arising from evolutionary convergence not by descent. For long range evolutionary history, such as phylogeny from old world monkey to human, mtDNA markers may be better candidates. The aim of this thesis is to assess molecular polymorphisms of different types and their optimal use in different situations. Two widely separated taxa were used for testing –the green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus, and the sibling dipteran flies Bactrocera tryoni and B. neohumeralis, known collectively as the Queensland fruit fly. In the present study a complete 16,550 bp mtDNA sequence of the green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus is reported for the fist time and has been annotated (Chapter 2). Knowledge of the mtDNA genome contributes not only to identification of large scale single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Chapter 4) or other mtDNA polymorphisms development, but also to primate phylogenetic and evolutionary study (Chapter 3). Microsatellites used for the green monkey paternity and pedigree studies were developed by cross-amplification using human primers (Chapter 5). For studies of population structure and species discrimination in Queensland fruit fly (Chapter 7), microsatellites were isolated from a genomic library of Bactrocera tryoni (Chapter 6) The total length of 16550 bp of complete mtDNA of the green monkey C. sabaeus, which has been sequenced and annotated here, adds a new node to the primate phylogenetic tree, and creates great opportunity for SNP marker development. The heteroplasmic region was cloned and five different sequences from a single individual were obtained; the implication of this are discussed. The phylogenetic tree reconstructed using the complete mtDNA sequence of C. sabaeus and other primates was used to solve controversial taxonomic status of C. sabaeus. Phylogenies of primate evolution using different genes from mtDNA are discussed. Primate evolutionary trees using different substitution types are compared and the phylogenetic trees constructed using transversions for the complete mtDNA were found close to preconceived expectations than those with transversions + transitions. The sequence of C. sabaeus 12SrRNA reported here agrees with the one published by ven der Kuyl et al. (1996), but additional SNPs were identified. SNPs for other regions of mtDNA were explored using dHPLC. Twenty two PCR segments for 96 individuals were tested by dHPLC. Fifty five SNPs were found and 10 haplogroups were established. Microsatellite markers were used to construct a genealogy for a colony of green monkeys (C. sabaeus) in the UCLA Vervet Monkey Research Colony. Sixteen microsatellites cross-amplified from human primers were used to conduct paternity analysis and pedigree construction. Seventy-eight out of 417 offspring were assigned paternity successfully. The low success rate is attributed to a certain proportion of mismatches between mothers and offspring; the fact that not all candidate fathers were sampled, the limitations of microsatellite polymorphisms; and weakness of the exclusion method for paternity assessment. Due to the low success rate, the pedigree is split into a few small ones. In a complicated pedigree composed of 75 animals and up to four generations with multiple links a power male mated with 8 females and contributed 10 offspring to the pedigree. Close inbreeding was avoided. Population structure within two species of Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis (Tephritidae: Diptera) is examined using microsatellite polymorphisms. Queensland fruit flies B. tryoni and B. neohumeralis are sympatric sibling species that have similar morphological and ecological features. They even share polymorphism at the molecular level. Mating time difference is the main mechanism by which they maintain separate species. In the present study, 22 polymorphic and scorable microsatellites were isolated from B. tryoni and tested in the two species sampled from sympatric distribution areas. Pairwise genetic distance analysis showed explicit differentiation in allele frequencies between the two species, but very weak differences between conspecific populations. Gene flow is higher within B. tryoni than within B. neohumeralis, and gene exchange between the two species exists. An averaging linkage clustering tree constructed by UPGMA showed two major clusters distinguishing the two species, and it appears that population structure is highly correlated with geographic distance. The relationship between molecular markers, evolution, and selection are discussed using comparative studies within two large taxa: primate and insect. The degree of conservation and polymorphism in microsatellites varies between taxa, over evolutionary time.
2
Tasnin, Mst Shahrima. "Demographic structure and aging in Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) in subtropical Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/207465/1/Mst%20Shahrima_Tasnin_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Queensland fruit fly is a destructive horticultural insect pest. Knowing the age-structure of fly populations, that is the relative proportion of young, middle-age, and old-age flies within a population at a given time, is critical for effective management. The thesis combined behavioural ecology with a novel mathematical analysis to identify the seasonal changes in the age of a wild Queensland fruit fly population. The study showed that the abundance and age-structure of the fly changed predictably with the season, strongly suggestive of an endogenous mechanism that helps the fly cope with seasonal changes in resource availability.
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Nagalingham, Kumaran. "Functional significance of male attractants of Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) and underlying mechanisms." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/67440/1/Kumaran_Nagalingam_Thesis.pdf.
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This project elucidated functional role of phytochemicals used in the management of pest fruit flies. Comparative behavioural, physiological and genomic approaches revealed that phytochemicals are mediating reproductive fitness by changing pheromonal compound males release and by making them physiologically more active. The possible mechanistic functions are that the phytochemicals act as a pheromone booster and as an energy supplement.
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Muhmed, Aead M. Abdelnabi. "The role of learning in the ecology of Diachasmimorpha kraussii (Fullaway) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae), and implications for tephritid pest management." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/116351/1/Aead%20M%20Abdelnabi_Muhmed_Thesis.pdf.
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Fruit flies are serious pests of fruit around the world, as their maggots destroy fruit by feeding within them. An important non-pesticide control option for fruit flies is the use of natural enemies. This study investigated the role of memory and learning in the host searching behaviour of one such natural enemy, the small wasp, Diachasmimorpha kraussii. This wasp is native to Australia and attacks our most serious fruit fly pest, the Queensland Fruit Fly. This research studied fundamental insect behaviour, but produced specific recommendations for the more effective use of Diachasmimorpha kraussii for sustainable pest management.
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Muthuthantri, Weerawickramage Sakuntala Nayanatara. "Population phenology of the tropical fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in Queensland, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16671/1/Weerawickramage_Muthuthantri_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Bactrocera tryoni, the Queensland fruit fly, is established along the entire Australian east coast. It is a major pest of horticulture and arguably the worst horticultural insect pest in Australia. Adult flies lay eggs into fruit and resultant larvae feed on the flesh of the fruit. The population biology of B. tryoni has been well studied in temperate regions, where it has been established that climatic factors, particularly temperature and rainfall, limit population growth. In contrast, in subtropical and tropical regions, the population dynamics of the fly have been little studied. This thesis investigates the fly's phenology and abundance changes across subtropical and tropical Queensland and asks what factors govern the population cycles of B. tryoni in this state. Winter breeding and abundance of the fly, a component of the seasonal cycle which in south-east Queensland is fundamentally different from that observed in temperate Australia, is also investigated.
A historical, extensive multi-year and multi-site trapping data set with from across Queensland was analysed to look at the effects of temperature, rainfall and relative humidity on B. tryoni trap catch. Trap data was further compared with the predicted phenology data generated by a DYMEX® based B. tryoni population phenology model. The phenology model used was based on a previously published model, but was also modified to more explicitly look at the effects of host plant availability and the presence or absence of non-reproductive over-wintering flies. Over-wintering field cage studies and a winter-spring field trapping study, both carried out in Brisbane, supplied additional data on B. tryoni's population abundance and capacity to breed during winter in the subtropics.
Results show significant variation of monthly fly abundance for nine sites across Queensland. Abundance changed across sites in non-predictable ways. Annual population phenology within a site was, for some sites, highly consistent from year to year, but inconsistent for other sites. All sites in the subtropics showed some form of population depression during the cooler months, but breeding was continuous, albeit reduced at nearly all sites. Some tropical sites, where the climate is regarded as highly favourable for B. tryoni, still showed dramatic peaks and troughs in annual population abundance. There were relatively few significant correlations observed between weather factors and fly populations for any site. Output from the DYMEX population model suggested that fruit availability is a major driver of population dynamics in the tropical north of the state, while weather is more important in the subtropical south. The population dynamics of B. tryoni at sites along the central Queensland coast, where it is assumed that a mix of both weather and host fruit availability drive local populations, were poorly captured by the population model. Field cage results showed that B. tryoni successfully bred during winter in Brisbane, with pupal emergence starting in mid-winter (1st week of August), peaking in early spring (2nd week of September). Trap catch at orchards in Brisbane increased with increasing temperature and fruit availability, but diminished with decreasing temperature and fruit availability.
The results suggest that B. tryoni has an optimal climate for population growth in the tropics, but fruit availability for offspring production limits population growth. In the subtropics however, both climate and fruit availability determine the population size. Winter temperatures are marginal for B. tryoni population growth in the subtropics.
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Muthuthantri, Weerawickramage Sakuntala Nayanatara. "Population phenology of the tropical fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in Queensland, Australia." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16671/.
Full textAbstract:
Bactrocera tryoni, the Queensland fruit fly, is established along the entire Australian east coast. It is a major pest of horticulture and arguably the worst horticultural insect pest in Australia. Adult flies lay eggs into fruit and resultant larvae feed on the flesh of the fruit. The population biology of B. tryoni has been well studied in temperate regions, where it has been established that climatic factors, particularly temperature and rainfall, limit population growth. In contrast, in subtropical and tropical regions, the population dynamics of the fly have been little studied. This thesis investigates the fly's phenology and abundance changes across subtropical and tropical Queensland and asks what factors govern the population cycles of B. tryoni in this state. Winter breeding and abundance of the fly, a component of the seasonal cycle which in south-east Queensland is fundamentally different from that observed in temperate Australia, is also investigated. A historical, extensive multi-year and multi-site trapping data set with from across Queensland was analysed to look at the effects of temperature, rainfall and relative humidity on B. tryoni trap catch. Trap data was further compared with the predicted phenology data generated by a DYMEX® based B. tryoni population phenology model. The phenology model used was based on a previously published model, but was also modified to more explicitly look at the effects of host plant availability and the presence or absence of non-reproductive over-wintering flies. Over-wintering field cage studies and a winter-spring field trapping study, both carried out in Brisbane, supplied additional data on B. tryoni's population abundance and capacity to breed during winter in the subtropics. Results show significant variation of monthly fly abundance for nine sites across Queensland. Abundance changed across sites in non-predictable ways. Annual population phenology within a site was, for some sites, highly consistent from year to year, but inconsistent for other sites. All sites in the subtropics showed some form of population depression during the cooler months, but breeding was continuous, albeit reduced at nearly all sites. Some tropical sites, where the climate is regarded as highly favourable for B. tryoni, still showed dramatic peaks and troughs in annual population abundance. There were relatively few significant correlations observed between weather factors and fly populations for any site. Output from the DYMEX population model suggested that fruit availability is a major driver of population dynamics in the tropical north of the state, while weather is more important in the subtropical south. The population dynamics of B. tryoni at sites along the central Queensland coast, where it is assumed that a mix of both weather and host fruit availability drive local populations, were poorly captured by the population model. Field cage results showed that B. tryoni successfully bred during winter in Brisbane, with pupal emergence starting in mid-winter (1st week of August), peaking in early spring (2nd week of September). Trap catch at orchards in Brisbane increased with increasing temperature and fruit availability, but diminished with decreasing temperature and fruit availability. The results suggest that B. tryoni has an optimal climate for population growth in the tropics, but fruit availability for offspring production limits population growth. In the subtropics however, both climate and fruit availability determine the population size. Winter temperatures are marginal for B. tryoni population growth in the subtropics.
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Ekanayake, Darshika. "The mating system and courtship behaviour of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/106918/2/Wasala_Ekanayake_Thesis.pdf.
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Queensland fruit fly is Australia’s most destructive horticultural insect pest. The flies need to mate to successfully reproduce, but there remained significant gaps in knowledge about how they find and select mates. I showed that male and female flies likely use physical landmarks to find each other in the environment. Having found potential mates, I described their fine-scale courtship behaviour and demonstrated that young, large male flies are most successful at securing a mate. I also made significant advances in our understanding of the potential for close-range chemical communication to play a role in mate identification and selection. This research directly informs sustainable management strategies against this pest.
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Muthuthantri, Weerawickramage Sakuntala Nayanatara. "Citrus host utilisation by the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Frogatt) (Diptera:Tephritidae) : from individuals to populations." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/62855/2/Weerawickramage_Muthuthantri_Thesis.pdf.
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Fruit flies are the insects which cause maggots in your backyard fruit and vegetables. They are not just a nuisance to gardeners, but the single greatest insect threat to commercial and subsistence fruit growers throughout Asia, Australia and the Pacific. Queensland fruit fly, the focus of this PhD, costs Australia an estimated $100million per year. I focused specifically on how Queensland fruit fly uses different commercial citrus varieties. I identified specific plant related mechanisms which increase a fruit’s resistance to fruit fly attack. This information can be used by plant breeders to make fruit less prone to fruit fly damage.
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Weldon, Christopher William. "Dispersal and mating behaviour of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni(Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae): Implicationsfor population establishment and control." University of Sydney. Biological Sciences, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/700.
Full textAbstract:
The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a major pest of horticulture in eastern Australia, is a relatively poor coloniser of new habitat. This thesis examines behavioural properties that might limit the ability of B. tryoni to establish new populations. As the potential for B. tryoni to establish an outbreak population may be most directly limited by mechanisms associated with dispersal and mating behaviour, these two factors were the focus of this research project. The relevance of dispersal and mating behaviour for control of outbreak populations was assessed. Dispersal (i) Dispersal patterns of males and females are not different. Dispersal of post-teneral male B. tryoni from a point within an orchard near Richmond, New South Wales, was monitored following temporally replicated releases. Application of sterile insect technique (SIT) requires knowledge of dispersal from a release point so that effective release rates can be determined. In addition, dispersal following introduction to new habitat can lead to low or negative population growth and an Allee effect. In Spring and Autumn, 2001 � 2003, three different strains of B. tryoni were released: (1) wild flies reared from infested fruit collected in the Sydney Basin; (2) a laboratory-reared strain with a colour mutation (white marks); and (3) sterile flies obtained by gamma-irradiation of a mass-reared strain. Dispersal was monitored using a grid of traps baited with the male attractant, cuelure. During the majority of releases, flies were massmarked using a self-marking technique and fluorescent pigment powder to enable identification of recaptured flies. A preliminary study found that fluorescent pigment marks had no effect on adult survival and marks did not fade significantly in the laboratory over a period of five weeks after eclosion. As cuelure repels inseminated sexually mature female B. tryoni, unbaited, coloured flat sticky traps, and black and yellow sticky sphere traps baited with a food lure (protein autolysate solution) were used to supplement traps baited with cuelure. The effectiveness of these two sticky trap types was assessed, and recaptures used to compare patterns of dispersal from a release point by male and female B. tryoni. Fluorescent yellow (chartreuse), green, and clear unbaited flat sticky traps were relatively ineffective for monitoring dispersal of sterile male and female B. tryoni, recapturing only 0.1% of released sterile flies. Monitoring dispersal with sticky ball traps baited with protein autolysate solution was more successful, with yellow spheres and black spheres recapturing 1.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Trap colour had no effect on recaptures on flat sticky traps or sticky spheres. Equal recapture rates on yellow and black sticky sphere traps suggests that the odour of yeast autolysate solution was more important than colour for attraction of post-teneral flies to traps. Using the results of recaptures on odoriferous black and yellow sticky sphere traps within one week of release, regression equations of male and female recaptures per trap were found to be similar (Figure 4-3). This is the first study to clearly indicate that post-teneral dispersal patterns of male and female B. tryoni released from a point do not differ, enabling the use of existing models to predict density of both sexes of B. tryoni following post-teneral dispersal. (ii) Males disperse further in Spring than in Autumn, but this is not temperature-related. Analysis of replicated recaptures in traps baited with cuelure revealed that dispersal of male B. tryoni in an orchard near Richmond, New South Wales, was higher in Spring than in Autumn (Figure 5-6). As the maximum daily temperature was significantly higher in Spring than in Autumn this result was unexpected, since earlier studies have found that B. tryoni disperse at the onset of cool weather in search of sheltered over-wintering sites. Dispersal of post-teneral B. tryoni may have been affected by habitat suitability; it was found that seasonal trends in dispersal could have been influenced by local habitat variables. Low mean dispersal distances in Autumn may be explained by the presence of fruiting hosts in the orchard, or the availability of resources required by over-wintering flies. There was no significant correlation between temperature and mean dispersal distance, suggesting that higher rates of dispersal cannot be explained by temperature-related increases in activity. Recapture rate per trap was significantly negatively correlated with increasing daily maximum and average temperature. This may have consequences for detection of B. tryoni outbreaks in quarantine areas due to reduced cuelure trap efficiency. (iii) Maturity and source variation affect dispersal and response to cuelure. This research indicated that most male and female B. tryoni do not disperse far from a release point, suggesting that an invading propagule would not spread far in the first generation. However, there is considerable variation in flight capability among individuals. Comparison of wild, laboratory-reared white marks, and gamma-irradiated sterile male B. tryoni indicated that mean dispersal distance and redistribution patterns were not significantly affected by fly origin. Despite no difference in dispersal distance from the release point, recaptures of wild and sterile males per Lynfield trap baited with cuelure were highest within one week after release, whereas recaptures of white marks males per trap increased in the second week. This result may offer evidence to support the hypothesis that sterile male B. tryoni respond to cuelure at an earlier age. Rearing conditions used to produce large quantities of males for sterilisation by gamma-irradiation may select for earlier sexual maturity. Mating Behaviour (i) Density and sex ratio do not affect mating, except at low densities. Demographic stochasticity in the form of sex ratio fluctuations at low population density can lead to an observed Allee effect. The effect of local group density and sex ratio on mating behaviour and male mating success of a laboratory-adapted strain of B. tryoni was examined in laboratory cages. In the laboratory-adapted strain of B. tryoni used in this study, a group of one female and one male was sufficient for a good chance of mating success. The proportion of females mated and male mating success was not significantly affected by density or sex ratio, although variability in male mating success was higher at low density. This could indicate that mating success of B. tryoni can be reduced when local group density is low owing to decreased frequency in encounters between males and females. (ii) Mass-reared males exhibit aberrant mating behaviour, but this does not reduce mating success. Strong artificial selection in mass-rearing facilities may lead to decreased competitiveness of sterile males released in SIT programs as a result of alteration or loss of ecological and behavioural traits required in the field. The effects of domestication and irradiation on the mating behaviour of males of B. tryoni were investigated by caging wild, mass-reared and sterile (mass-reared and gammairradiated) males with wild females. Mating behaviour of mass-reared males was different from that of wild males, but behaviour of wild and sterile males was similar. Mass-reared males were found to engage in mounting of other males much more frequently than wild and sterile males, and began calling significantly earlier before darkness. Male calling did not appear to be associated with female choice of mating partners, although this does not exclude the possibility that calling is a cue used by females to discriminate between mating partners. Conditions used to domesticate and rear large quantities of B. tryoni for SIT may select for an alternative male mating strategy, with mass-reared males calling earlier and exercising less discrimination between potential mating partners. Despite differences in behaviour of wild, mass-reared and sterile males, frequency of successful copulations and mating success were similar. (iii) Pheromone-calling by males was increased in larger aggregations but this did not result in significantly more female visits. Finally, large laboratory cages with artificial leks were used to investigate the importance in B. tryoni of male group size for female visitation at lek sites and initiation of male pheromone-calling. Calling propensity of male B. tryoni was increased by the presence of conspecific males. Females visited the largest lek more frequently than single males, but there was no correlation between lek size and female visitation. Female B. tryoni had a limited capacity to perceive a difference between the number of calling males; female visitation at leks was only weakly associated with male calling, suggesting that lek size and the number of pheromone-calling males may not be the only factor important in locating mates in B. tryoni. The weak, but positive correlation between male calling and female visitation may indicate that passive attraction maintains lek-mating in B. tryoni. Further studies are essential on mating behaviour of B. tryoni, including identification of male mating aggregations in the field, measurement of habitat variables associated with male aggregations, the influence of density on wild B. tryoni mating success, and the role of pheromone-calling, in order to optimise use of SIT for control of this pest.
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Mahat, Kiran. "Fruit fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae) of South-East Queensland: Abundance, interaction, and adaptive mechanisms in a complex environment." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/192098/1/Kiran_Mahat_Thesis.pdf.
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Fruit flies are insect pests which cause devastating losses to fruit and vegetable crops around the globe. Replacing pesticides with natural enemies is a preferred option for their sustainable control. This study investigated the abundance, distribution and biology of two such natural enemies: the small parasitic wasps Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha kraussii. F. arisanus was identified as having more successful characteristics than D. kraussii, making it the most common fruit fly parasitod in southeast Queensland. The research lead to advances in understanding insect behaviour as well as recommendations for better utilisation of parasitoids for fruit fly control.
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Weldon, Christopher W. "Dispersal and mating behaviour of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) : implications for population establishment and control /." Connect to full text, 2005. http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/adt/public_html/adt-NU/public/adt-NU20051007.085638.
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Marsden, Craig H. "The functional significance of fruit exocarp on host selection and oviposition by Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Tephritidae: Diptera)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/76107/2/Craig_Marsden_Thesis.pdf.
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Queensland fruit fly is Australia's most serious insect pest of horticulture. The fly lays its eggs into fruit, where they hatch into maggots which destroy the fruit. Understanding egg laying behaviour, known as oviposition, is a critical but under-researched aspect of fruit fly biology. This thesis focused on three aspects of oviposition: the role of fruit peel as a physical barrier to oviposition; the quality of fruit for maggot development; and the structure and wear of the egg laying organ – the ovipositor. Results showed that flies selected fruit based on their suitability for offspring survival, not because of the softness or hardness of fruit peel. Previously reported use of holes or wounds in fruit peel by ovipositing females was determined to be a mechanism which saved the female time, not a mechanism to reduce ovipositor wear. The results offer insights into the evolution of host use by fruit flies and their sustainable management.
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Roohigohar, Shirin. "Characterisation of the interactions between Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, egg and larvae, and tomato fruit at the whole insect and molecular level." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/229382/1/Shirin_Roohigohar_Thesis.pdf.
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Fruit flies are major pests to a wide range of fruits and vegetables as their larvae cause damage and yield loss. To replace pesticide-based controls with more sustainable management approaches, we need to develop new generation technologies. This thesis focuses on molecular and whole-organism studies to investigate the interactions between Queensland fruit fly larvae and tomato fruit. Through molecular analysis, different mechanisms were identified to determine the susceptibility of various tomato varieties to fruit fly damage. The results pave the way for future studies on breeding for fruit resistance to fruit fly attack and sustainable pest management.
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Wilson, Alexsis Jane. "Insect frugivore interactions : the potential for beneficial and neutral effects on host plants." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/17023/1/Alexsis_Wilson_Thesis.pdf.
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Frugivorous insects, specialised herbivores that consume fruit and seeds, are considered detrimental to host plant fitness. Their direct link to genetic fitness via consumption of plant reproductive tissue, and their negative socioeconomic association with agriculture exacerbates their harmful status. However, empirical testing of insect frugivore effects on host plants, and ecological research on the contribution of insect frugivores to multitrophic frugivory systems, is lacking. In the current study, direct effects of a non-mutualistic, insect frugivore/host plant system were tested and results showed variable effects. Beneficial, detrimental, but predominantly neutral effects on germination and seed production were observed between the Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) and tomato and capsicum plants. Significant effects on seed production were unexpected because infestation occurs after seed set. It was also found that eggplant, although a recorded host of B. tryoni, is inconsistent in its ability to sustain B. tryoni larvae through to its final instar. These results confirmed a simplification and presumption associated with insect frugivore (specifically fruit fly)/host plant interactions. Larval movement, infestation-induced fruit decay, pulp removal and germination were then investigated. For all hosts (tomato, apple and paw paw), treatments infested by B. tryoni decayed significantly quicker and to a greater extent than uninfested treatments, with obvious but variable changes to the texture and appearance. The movement of B. tryoni larvae, pattern of infestation-induced decay and pulp removal was unique and host dependent for all hosts. Only seeds from infested tomato were shown to germinate during the experiment. This indicated that host fruit characteristics are responsible, in part, for variable direct effects on host plant fitness by insect frugivores. Variable direct effects between insect frugivores and host plants, combined with the more rapid decay of infested fruits is likely to have implications for seed dispersal and seed predation by a third trophic level. The characteristics of fruit that are changed by infestation by an insect frugivore were then tested for their effect on a vertebrate frugivore, to illustrate the importance of recognising multitrophic interactions and indirect effects in frugivory. Specifically, seed predating rodents were incorporated into the study and their response to infested and uninfested fruits were recorded, as well as their reaction to the changes in fruit caused by insect frugivores (i.e. texture,
smell, larvae presence and sound). Apple and pear infested with B. tryoni larvae were found to attract rodents, while infested tomato and paw paw had a neutral effect on the native rats. This differed from the predominant finding in the literature, which was a deterrent effect on avian seed dispersers. Vertebrate response to fruit infested with insect frugivores therefore, is variable. Assessing the indirect effect of insect frugivores on host plant fitness by attracting or deterring another trophic level requires knowledge of the direct effect between the introduced trophic level and the host plant. For example, the attraction of a seed predator may be as detrimental to host plant fitness as the deterrence of a seed disperser. This illustrates the complexity associated with assessing insect frugivore effects on host plant fitness. Results also indicated that differences in pulp texture, caused by infestation, have a significant effect on rodent preference for infested or uninfested treatments. Pulp texture is likely to effect rodent foraging efficiency, whereas the presence of B. tryoni larvae was observed to be inconsequential to rodent response to fruits. For rodents, and indeed any trophic level motivated by foraging efficiency, this finding raises the issue that for long lived fruiting plants, outside factors such as food abundance and competition for food, may cause a variable response to fruits infested by insect frugivores. From these investigations it has become apparent that insect frugivores are not consistently harmful to host plant fitness, as suggested by their negative stigma, but are likely to contribute variable effects, directly and indirectly, on multiple components of plant fitness and multitrophic frugivory systems.
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Wilson, Alexsis Jane. "Insect frugivore interactions : the potential for beneficial and neutral effects on host plants." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17023/.
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Frugivorous insects, specialised herbivores that consume fruit and seeds, are considered detrimental to host plant fitness. Their direct link to genetic fitness via consumption of plant reproductive tissue, and their negative socioeconomic association with agriculture exacerbates their harmful status. However, empirical testing of insect frugivore effects on host plants, and ecological research on the contribution of insect frugivores to multitrophic frugivory systems, is lacking. In the current study, direct effects of a non-mutualistic, insect frugivore/host plant system were tested and results showed variable effects. Beneficial, detrimental, but predominantly neutral effects on germination and seed production were observed between the Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) and tomato and capsicum plants. Significant effects on seed production were unexpected because infestation occurs after seed set. It was also found that eggplant, although a recorded host of B. tryoni, is inconsistent in its ability to sustain B. tryoni larvae through to its final instar. These results confirmed a simplification and presumption associated with insect frugivore (specifically fruit fly)/host plant interactions. Larval movement, infestation-induced fruit decay, pulp removal and germination were then investigated. For all hosts (tomato, apple and paw paw), treatments infested by B. tryoni decayed significantly quicker and to a greater extent than uninfested treatments, with obvious but variable changes to the texture and appearance. The movement of B. tryoni larvae, pattern of infestation-induced decay and pulp removal was unique and host dependent for all hosts. Only seeds from infested tomato were shown to germinate during the experiment. This indicated that host fruit characteristics are responsible, in part, for variable direct effects on host plant fitness by insect frugivores. Variable direct effects between insect frugivores and host plants, combined with the more rapid decay of infested fruits is likely to have implications for seed dispersal and seed predation by a third trophic level. The characteristics of fruit that are changed by infestation by an insect frugivore were then tested for their effect on a vertebrate frugivore, to illustrate the importance of recognising multitrophic interactions and indirect effects in frugivory. Specifically, seed predating rodents were incorporated into the study and their response to infested and uninfested fruits were recorded, as well as their reaction to the changes in fruit caused by insect frugivores (i.e. texture,
smell, larvae presence and sound). Apple and pear infested with B. tryoni larvae were found to attract rodents, while infested tomato and paw paw had a neutral effect on the native rats. This differed from the predominant finding in the literature, which was a deterrent effect on avian seed dispersers. Vertebrate response to fruit infested with insect frugivores therefore, is variable. Assessing the indirect effect of insect frugivores on host plant fitness by attracting or deterring another trophic level requires knowledge of the direct effect between the introduced trophic level and the host plant. For example, the attraction of a seed predator may be as detrimental to host plant fitness as the deterrence of a seed disperser. This illustrates the complexity associated with assessing insect frugivore effects on host plant fitness. Results also indicated that differences in pulp texture, caused by infestation, have a significant effect on rodent preference for infested or uninfested treatments. Pulp texture is likely to effect rodent foraging efficiency, whereas the presence of B. tryoni larvae was observed to be inconsequential to rodent response to fruits. For rodents, and indeed any trophic level motivated by foraging efficiency, this finding raises the issue that for long lived fruiting plants, outside factors such as food abundance and competition for food, may cause a variable response to fruits infested by insect frugivores. From these investigations it has become apparent that insect frugivores are not consistently harmful to host plant fitness, as suggested by their negative stigma, but are likely to contribute variable effects, directly and indirectly, on multiple components of plant fitness and multitrophic frugivory systems.
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Harvey, Daniel Lewis. "Trying to Do." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276282308.
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Smith, Duncan Stuart. "Trying to think." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1328290758.
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Suggs, Leigh C. "Trying To Exit Here." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3711.
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There is an in-between space during the act of seeing. The in-between space lies on the spectrum of the reality in front of us and what our brain tells us. It is within this suspended moment an individual can experience an unaltered and unaffected vision. While this moment is fleeting, it defines the highest peak of personal experience. It is my belief no two people will ever experience the same vision during this suspended time. And after it passes, the sigh/vision can never be the same. We are constantly bearing witness to the inexpressive, and this fleeting moment is something in which we should all revel.
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Maiese, Michelle Lynn. "Mental causation, trying, and the emotions." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3178334.
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Wilson, Kristin J. "Not Trying: Reconceiving the Motherhood Mandate." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/41.
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Infertile and childless women think about, live with, and defend their status as mothers and as nonmothers, arguably more so than other women for whom motherhood comes about accidentally or relatively easily in accordance with a plan. Within this group of infertile and childless women are those who are otherwise socially marginalized by factors like class, race, age, marital status, and sexual identity. This dissertation asks about the ways in which marginalized infertile and childless women in America make sense of their situations given the climate of “stratified reproduction” in which the motherhood mandate excludes them or applies to them only obliquely. While other researchers focus on inequalities in access to treatment to explain why many marginalized women eschew medically assisted reproduction and adoption, I emphasize women’s resistance to these attempts at normalization. I take a critical, poststructural, feminist stance within a constructivist analytical framework to suggest that the medicalization, commodification, and bureaucratization of the most available alternative paths to motherhood create the role of the “infertile woman”—i.e., the white, middle class, heternormative, married, “desperate and damaged” cum savvy consumer. By contrast, the women who participated in this study are better described as the “ambivalent childless” (i.e., neither voluntary nor involuntary) and the “pragmatic infertile.” These women experience infertility and childlessness—two interrelated, potentially stigmatizing “roles”—in ways that belie this stereotype, reject the associated stigma in favor of an abiding, dynamic ambivalence, and re-assert themselves as fulfilled women in spite of their presumed deviance.
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Lobo, Marisa. "BPI: trying to make ends meet." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10275.
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Capdeville, Emily. "Can't Blame a Girl for Trying." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2362.
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Hansen, Emily Kathryn. "Stress of Trying Daily Therapy Interventions." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7019.
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This study is focused on clients' daily experiencing of stress, and measures how this stress might affect their implementation of ideas and recommendations from therapy. Typically, clients attend therapy with the intention of making positive changes. Part of the therapeutic process involves clients completing therapeutic work in their daily lives (Conklin, Strunk, Cooper, 2017); however, stressful tasks and other elements often preclude this therapeutic work from occurring (Kazantzis & L'Abate, 2005). In this study we examine which interventions from therapy are most likely to be attempted at home, and the level of stress in making these attempts. A series of multi-level models were used, controlling for daily stress and examining partner effects. This study will be viewed from the conceptual lenses of window of tolerance (Siegel, 1999) and the Yerkes-Dodson law (Hanoch, Vitouch, 2004) on stress.
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Barnes, Jeanne L. "Deconstructing Tryon Palace : exploring the colonial revival in twentieth century New Bern, North Carolina /." Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/barnesj/jeannebarnes.pdf.
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Choquepuma, Sahuinco Humberto Lazaro. "Análisis del implante unitario TryonR sometido a provisionalización inmediata : estudio prospectivo a 6 meses." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/370838.
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En la implantología moderna se han propuesto nuevas técnicas, entre ellos, los implantes inmediatos a la exodoncia; provisionalización inmediata y la carga inmediata, que han supuesto una modificación de los protocolos tradicionales aportados en los trabajos de Brånemark. El uso de implantes dentales para restablecer la función y estética natural tras la pérdida de un diente se convirtió en uno de los mayores desafíos de la odontología restauradora. La colocación de implantes dentales de forma inmediata pasó a formar parte integral de un protocolo diseñado para el mantenimiento de un contorno gingival armónico. Aunque la literatura describe que la colocación y la provisionalización inmediata de los implantes colocados en alvéolos postexodoncia no ofrecen conclusiones definitivas, el creciente número de estudios clínicos demuestra que existen resultados de éxito similares a los registrados para la colocación convencional del implante. La provisionalización inmediata es una realidad en la implantología actual, pero su éxito depende de la cuidadosa selección del caso, de un profundo conocimiento de los principios biológicos, de la precisión en las maniobras quirúrgico-protésicas y de respetar los principios biológicos de la reparación ósea. Diversos estudios han reportado altas tasas de éxito tras la restauración provisional de los implantes colocados inmediatamente después de la exodoncia así como de los implantes colocados en hueso cicatrizado. Además de eliminar la necesidad de una prótesis removible provisional, esta técnica también ha demostrado el potencial para la preservación de la arquitectura gingival y ósea existente. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el porcentaje de supervivencia así como la pérdida ósea crestal interproximal de 43 implantes Tryon® sometidos a provisionalización inmediata. El grupo de estudio estuvo conformado por 43 pacientes de ambos sexos con la necesidad de rehabilitar la ausencia de un diente unitario. Los implantes fueron colocados en la región anterior y posterior de ambos maxilares, en el reborde alveolar cicatrizado (34 implantes) y inmediatos a la exodoncia (8 implantes). Todos los implantes recibieron un torque mínimo de inserción de 40 Ncm2 y tuvieron un seguimiento de seis meses. Realizamos el análisis radiográfico de la pérdida ósea crestal mediante la técnica radiográfica de paralelismo; las radiografías fueron analizadas y medidas por el programa Adobe Photoshop. En nuestro estudio el implante Tryon® tuvo un índice de éxito del 88,4%. A nivel mesial, la cresta ósea presentó una pérdida significativa de altura, pasando desde 0,458 ± 0,907 mm- hasta 0,932 ± 0,525 mm a los tres meses y 1,313 ± 0,678 a los 6 meses (p< 0.001). A nivel distal, la altura ósea disminuyó, también, de forma significativa desde 0,232 ± 0,373 mm. hasta 0,729 ± 0,594 mm. a los tres meses y 1,197 ± 0,677 mm. a los 6 meses (p<0.001). El mayor diámetro de implante y el mayor índice de placa bacteria presentaron un significativo índice de correlación negativa con la pérdida ósea en mesial a los 3 y 6 meses. Las variables longitud y torque de inserción del implante no presentaron ninguna correlación significativa con el nivel óseo alcanzado. El sexo del paciente, la densidad ósea, la colocación del implante en alveolos cicatrizados o en alveolos postextracción, la posición anterior o posterior del implante en maxilar o mandíbula, son variables que no influyeron de forma significativa en las pérdidas óseas mesial y distal. Los implantes sobre hueso cicatrizado o inmediatos a la exodoncia, sometidos a provisionalización inmediata, pueden tener resultados predecibles en cuando a porcentaje de supervivencia del implante, y unos patrones de reabsorción ósea interproximal similares a implantes con provisionalización diferida.In the use of dental implants have been proposed new techniques, such as the placement immediately after extraction implants, immediate temporization and immediate loading, which implies a change in traditional protocols in the work of Brånemark. The use of dental implants to restore the natural function and beauty after the loss of a tooth has become one of the biggest challenges of restorative dentistry. The placement of dental implants immediately became an integral part of a protocol designed to maintain a harmonious gingival contour. Although the literature shows the position and timing of immediate implants placed in post-extraction sockets do not offer definitive conclusions, the wide number of clinical studies show that the results are similar to those reported for the successful placement of conventional technique. The immediate timing is now a reality in implantology, but its success depends on the careful selection of the case, a deep understanding of biological principles, precision-prosthetic surgical maneuvers and to respect the biological principles of bone repair. Several studies have reported high success rates after the temporary restoration of implants placed immediately after tooth extraction and implants placed in healed bone. Besides eliminating the need for a temporary removable implant, this technique has also demonstrated the potential preserving existing bone and gingival architecture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the survival rate and the loss of interproximal bone crest of 43 implants Tryon® subjected to immediate temporization. The study group consisted in 43 patients of both sexes with the need to rehabilitate the absence of a single tooth. The implants were placed in the anterior and posterior regions of both maxillary. On the alveolar ridge (34 implants), and immediately after extraction (8 implants). All implants received a minimum insertion torque of 40N/cm2 and were followed by six months. Radiographs realized with a parallel technique studied the crestal bone loss. They were analyzed using the software Adobe Photoshop. In our study, the implant Tryon® had a 88.4% success rate. The level of mesial bone crest showed a significant loss of height, from 0.458 ± 0.932 mm to 0.907 ± 0.525 mm (3months) and 1.313 ± 0.678 (6 months; p <0.001).The level of distal bone crest decreased significantly of 0.232 ± 0.373 mm to 0.729 ± 0.594 mm (3 months) and 1.197 ± 0.677 mm (6 months; p <0.001). The larger diameter and the highest plaque index rate showed a significant negative correlation index with bone loss in mesial at 3 and 6 months. The length and the insertion torque showed no significant correlation with bone level achieved. The sex of the patients, the bone density, the implant placement in bone healed or in post extraction socket, the anterior or posterior position of the implant in the maxilla or mandible, are variables that did not influence significantly the mesial and distal bone loss. In implants placed immediately after extraction or bone healed subject to immediate temporization, may have predictable results taking into account the implant survival rate, and similar interproximal reabsorption standards to implants with deferred temporization.
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Hutton, Tamera Leigh. "Trying to get a future, microcredit in Victoria." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58535.pdf.
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Anderson, Chessa Eckels. "Tryon Trekkers: An Evaluation of a STEM Based Afterschool Program for At-Risk Youth." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2720.
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This study contributed to the body of research that supports a holistic model of afterschool learning through the design of an afterschool intervention that benefits elementary school students of low socioeconomic status. This qualitative study evaluated a science focused afterschool curriculum that was designed using principles from Risk and Resiliency Theory, academic motivation theories, science core ideas from the Next Generation Science Standards, and used environmental education philosophy. The research question of this study is: how does an outdoor and STEM based afterschool program impact at-risk students' self-efficacy, belonging and engagement and ability to apply conceptual knowledge of environmental science topics? The study collected information about the participants' affective experiences during the intervention using structured and ethnographic observations and semi-structured interviews. Observations and interviews were coded and analyzed to find patterns in participants' responses. Three participant profiles were developed using the structured observations and ethnographic observations to provide an in depth understanding of the participant experience. The study also assessed the participants' abilities to apply conceptual understanding of the program's science topics by integrating an application of conceptual knowledge task into the curriculum. This task in the form of a participant project was assessed using an adapted version of the Portland Metro STEM Partnership's Application of Conceptual Knowledge Rubric. Results in the study showed that participants demonstrated self-efficacy, a sense of belonging and engagement during the program. Over half of the participants in the study demonstrated a proficient understanding of program concepts. Overall, this holistic afterschool program demonstrated that specific instructional practices and a multi-modal science curriculum helped to support the social and emotional needs of at-risk children.
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Kask, Kristjan. "Trying to improve child and young adult witnesses' performance." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31252.
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As the number of children who testify in court increases, so does the need to obtain accurate information.;The present PhD thesis aimed to examine possible ways of trying to improve child and young adult witnesses' testimony. The author was particularly interested in questioning methods with children, young adults' person descriptions, and face recognition and identification ability of both children and young adults (including the ability to recognize different race faces). Chapter 1 reviews the relevant literature.;Chapter 2 presents a meta-analysis of identification studies involving children. Chapter 3 examines Estonian investigators' questioning styles with child witnesses focusing on the length and type of details in children's answers to questions. Chapter 4 examines the effects of using a person in young adult witnesses' visual field as a comparison (or 'standard) to assist their recall of a previously seen, different person. Chapters 5 and 6 present the comparison of Estonian children's and young adults' face recognition ability of different race faces, as there appear to have been published no studies of the cross-racial effect in less 'westernised' societies, such as in Estonia. Also new sequential target presentation methods were used.;All results are discussed with reference to previous findings.
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Disque, J. Graham, and P. E. Robertson. "Admissions Process: What Are We Really Trying to Assess?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1998. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2821.
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Farevaag, Mariko Mukai. "Older women's experience of trying to manage healthy eating practices." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ37951.pdf.
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Nissan-Rozen, Ittay. "Doing the best one can (while trying to do better)." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/202/.
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The thesis explores the question of how should a rational moral agent reason and make choices when he finds himself accepting inconsistent moral judgments. It is argued that it is both conceptually and psychologically justified to describe such an agent as suffering from uncertainty. Such uncertainty, however, is not uncertainty regarding the truth of some descriptive claim, but rather uncertainty regarding the truth of a normative claim. Specifically it is uncertainty regarding the truth of a moral judgement. In the literature this is sometimes called “moral uncertainty”. Two different lines of philosophical literatures that explore the idea of moral uncertainty are discussed. The first line – the one that originated from David Lewis‟ argument against the “Desire as Belief Thesis” – explores the mere possibility of moral uncertainty, while the second line explores the question how ought a rational moral agent choose in face of moral uncertainty. The discussion of these two lines of research leads to the conclusion that a consistent account of moral decision making under conditions of moral uncertainty that will be applicable to the kind of cases that the thesis explores, must make use of degrees of beliefs in comparative moral judgements (i.e. judgements of the form “act a is morally superior to act b”) and of them alone. Specifically, no references to degrees of moral value should be made. An attempt to present such an account in the framework of an extension of Leonard Savage‟s model for decision making is carried out. This attempt leads to a problematic result. Several implications of the result to ethic and meta-ethics are discussed as well as possible ways to avoid it. The conclusion is partly positive and partly negative: While a plausible account of moral decision making under conditions of moral uncertainty is presented, an account of moral reasoning that aims at finding a complete moral theory (i.e. a moral theory that gives a prescription to every possible moral choice) is shown to be a very difficult – if not impossible - aim to achieve.
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Hill, Fiona Morag. "Trying to catch a cloud : in pursuit of organisational climate." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284770.
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Silva, Diana Rocha Lopes. "Clinical research in community pharmacies : trying to find a way." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12946.
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Mestrado em Biomedicina FarmacêuticaThis project aims to promote the involvement of community pharmacists in clinical research. In the last years, the pharmaceutical profession has gone through various challenges. At the same time, pharmacists have sought to develop a more active role in the community. The skills that pharmacists have allow them a more active role in clinical research, either cooperating with health units, either as researchers. The proximity to the patient and the placing in the community, allows community pharmacies to have an important role in the disclosure of clinical research. The Portuguese reality, so far, does not seem to reflect the reality of other countries in this field. However, Portugal has the necessary conditions for this situation to change. The growing importance of real world data and the placement of pharmacies in the community leave space for its involvement in clinical research to be improved. Thus, in the near future it would be important that community pharmacies are called upon to this reality. This project suggests the application of a questionnaire to Portuguese community pharmacies in order to assess the feasibility of this project, evaluating their interest in clinical research and identifying the possible barriers to their participation.
Este projeto propõe-se promover o envolvimento dos farmacêuticos de farmácia comunitária em investigação clínica. Nos últimos anos, a profissão farmacêutica tem passado por vários desafios. Ao mesmo tempo, os farmacêuticos têm procurado desenvolver um papel mais interventivo na comunidade. As competências que os farmacêuticos têm permitem-lhes um papel mais interventivo em investigação clínica, quer cooperando com as unidades de saúde, quer como investigadores. A proximidade ao utente e a inserção na comunidade, permite às farmácias comunitárias terem um papel importante em investigação clínica. A realidade portuguesa, até ao momento, não parece acompanhar a realidade doutros países neste âmbito. No entanto, Portugal reúne as condições necessárias para que essa realidade se altere. A crescente importância dos dados de vida real e o posicionamento das farmácias na comunidade deixam espaço para que a sua intervenção em investigação clínica possa ser melhorada. Assim, num futuro próximo será importante que as farmácias comunitárias sejam chamadas para esta realidade. Este projeto sugere a aplicação futura de um questionário de modo a avaliar a sua exequibilidade, avaliando o interesse das farmácias comunitárias portuguesas em investigação clínica e as possíveis barreiras à sua participação.
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Thompson, Kylene. "The Things You Never Did Because You Might Die Trying." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1961.
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Artist Statement My work is about the military. I represent my views of the military from my perspective as a military wife, sister, and daughter. The themes are about separation, endurance, and the fragility that lies beneath the people who serve, and the people that support them. It’s about pain, violence, anxiety, and fear, as well as pride and honor. I want my work to enhance the view of the military but also depict its hardships.
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Rooney, Erin. "Teachers' Work in Trying Times: Policy, Practice, and Professional Identity." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/325659.
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Urban EducationPh.D.
This study examined organizational routines and teachers' experiences in two urban public elementary schools. The study advances the scholarship on teachers' work through a nuanced examination of instructional routines in order to illuminate teachers' experiences with accountability based-reforms. Using neoinstitutional theory, this study employed ethnographic methods to examine instructional routines in two schools of varying AYP-status: one high-performing school and one low-performing school. Observations and interviews were conducted with a total of 17 teachers over the course of two school years. Findings indicated that routines were a recoupling mechanism, used to more closely align teachers' tasks with the goals of accountability policy. The implementation and performance of routines was both similar and distinct between the two schools. There were distinct differences in the intensity and the pervasiveness of mandated instructional routines between schools. However, regardless of AYP-status, routines served to rationalize teachers' instructional tasks by reducing variation in the form and content of classroom instruction. Accordingly, the process of recoupling and the resulting rationalization of teachers' tasks resulted in teachers experiencing reduced professional discretion, depleted intrinsic rewards, and compromised relationships with students and with each other. Under these circumstances, accountability policy moved teaching away from professionalization and undermined efforts to sustain teachers over time.
Temple University--Theses
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McDonald, James Andrew. "Trying to make a life : the historical political economy of Kitsumkalum." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25829.
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Anthropological inquiries into the human condition have long been tempered with a concern for the difficulties experienced by non-Western societies faced with prolonged contact with the expanding Western social systems. In economic anthropology, studies of contemporary tribal and peasant societies have turned to the literature on development and underdevelopment to explain the features and processes that are associated with that contact. This dissertation is the result of such research into the social and economic problems on the Northwest Coast.
The work examines the history and ethhography of the Tsimshian Indians to determine the underlying social forces that led to and still maintain the underdevelopment of the social and economic potential of Tsimshian groups. Particular attention is given to the form and dynamics of the Tsimshian economy, of the regional expression of the expanding world market economy, and the relations between the two. The dissertation thus explores the socioeconomic aspects of the interlock between Indian development and the evolving development of capital.
The Tsimshian village of Kitsumkalum was the focus of the inquiry. Using its history, I document how the changes which brought about an economic reversal for the native people were at the same time favourable to the establishment and growth of industrial capital in the region.
Two sets of factors are critical for understanding.this shift:
(1) new forms of property which, through government intervention, transferred ownership and control of the factors of production to the industrialists, and in the process redefined the resources, technology and labour in terms consistent with the development of capital;
(2) the diversion of Tsimshian resources, technology and labour out of traditional production into the modern economy, where they were transformed and ultimately became dependent on the vagaries of a global market in which the Tsimshians had little or no control.
The specific information in the dissertation explains how these processes occurred, how the independence of the old political economy was undermined, how an ostensibly "peaceful penetration" of the area occurred as a result, and how the Tsimshian responded by alternately accommodating and resisting the situation.Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate
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Bull, Jeoffrey Steven. "Trying nothing, appraisals on nihilism in American fiction of the 1970s." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27883.pdf.
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Forbes-Summers, Elijah. "Trying to Reduce Gaming Behavior by Students in Intelligent Tutoring Systems." Digital WPI, 2010. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/678.
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Student gaming behavior in intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) has been correlated with lower learning rates. The goal of this work is to identify such behavior, produce interventions to discourage this behavior, and by doing so hopefully improve the learning rate of students who would normally display gaming behavior. Detectors have been built to identify gaming behavior. Interventions have been designed to discourage the behavior and their evaluation is discussed.
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Stafford, Anne. "Trying work : participant observation of a scheme for the young unemployed." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19313.
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Melenkova, Natalja. "Ginkgo biloba ekstrakto adjuvantinis efektas indukuojant specifinį imuninį atsaką prieš jaučio serumo albuminą vištų bei triušių modeliuose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20140625_203755-65142.
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Ginkgo biloba ekstrakto adjuvantinis efektas, indukuojant specifinį imuninį atsaką prieš jaučio serumo albuminą vištų bei triušių modeliuose Adjuvantai – tai yra neorganiniai ir organiniai junginiai, kurie stimuliuoja imuninę sistemą ir skatina sistemos atsaką prieš pageidaujamą antigeną, kurio imunogeniškumas savaime yra menkas. Siekiant sustiprinti organizmo atsaką į pateikiamą antigeną šie junginiai dažnai įtraukiami į vakcinų sudėtį. Šiame darbe mes įvertinome augalinio Dviskiaučio ginkmedžio (DG) ekstrakto adjuvantines savybes triušių bei vištų modeliuose. Abiejų klasių gyvūnai buvo imunizuojami per gleivines jaučio serumo albuminu. Adjuvantinis efektas buvo vertinamas pagal IgA titrus seilėse, IgG ir IgM titrus gyvūnų serume ir IgY titrus vištų kiaušinio trynyje. Gyvūnuose, imunizuotuose panaudojant DG kaip adjuvantą, pasireiškė stiprus sisteminis imuninis atsakas, ypač gleivinių (IgA pagrindu) ir humoralinis (IgG ir IgM pagrindu) palyginus su imunizacijomis be adjuvanto. Taip pat paaiškėjo, kad naudojant nepilną Freundo adjuvantą, humoralinis imuninis atsakas yra stipriausias. Įvertinus IgA titrus paaiškėjo, imuninio atsako indukcija vištų modelyje didesnė, negu triušių modelyje. IgG titrai vištų ir triušių serumuose buvo panašūs, ir jų produkcija išliko stabili 8 savaičių laikotarpyje. IgY vertė buvo nustatinėjama vištų kiaušinio trynyje; IgY lygis išliko stabilus ir panašus į IgG atsaką per visą periodą. Skirtingai nuo IgA ir IgY, IgM buvo nustatyti jau po antros... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Adjuvant effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract on Immune Response to Bovine Serum Albumin in Chickens and Rabbits Adjuvants are inorganic or organic compounds that stimulate the immune system and increase the response to a given antigen without having any specific antigenic effect in itself. They are often included in vaccines to enhance the recipient's immune response to a supplied antigen. In present study we evaluated the adjuvant capacity of a plant Ginkgo biloba (GB) extract upon the mucosal immunization of rabbits and hens with bovine serum albumin. Adjuvant efficacy was evaluated by measuring the titres of IgA in saliva, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins in serum of the animals and IgY in chicken egg yolk. Animals immunized using GB adjuvant showed strong cellular (IgA-based) and humoral (IgG and IgM) immune responses when compared to immunisations without adjuvant. It also became clear that the the immune response using Freund’s adjuvant was highest in humoral immune response. GB extract induced more important immune response in chickens when compared to rabbits as measured by IgA titres. The titres of IgG in hens and rabbits were found to be at similar levels and their production remained stable during 8 weeks. The levels of IgY were evaluated in chicken egg yolk and appeared stable over time thus resembling the IgG response. Different from IgA and IgY, the detectable levels of IgM in hens were observed after second GB extract-based immunisation, while IgA and IgY... [to full text]
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Granger, Colette A. "Trying the tongue : a psychoanalytic reading of silence in second language learning /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0018/MQ59172.pdf.
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Björkman, Christina. "Crossing boundaries, focusing foundations, trying translations : feminist technoscience strategies in computer science /." Karlskrona : School of Technoculture, Humanities and Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2005. http://www.bth.se/fou/forskinfo.nsf/01f1d3898cbbd490c12568160037fb62/ba43f85b96bff20bc1257003005d1dd3/$FILE/inlaga_christina_bjorkman.pdf.
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Björkman, Christina. "Crossing Boundaries, Focusing Foundations, Trying Translations : Feminist Technoscience Strategies in Computer Science." Doctoral thesis, Karlskrona : Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00296.
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In this thesis I explore feminist technoscience strategies in computer science, starting in “the gender question in computer science”, and ending up in communication and translation between feminist technoscience research and computer science educational practice. Necessary parts in this work concern issues of boundary crossings between disciplines, and focusing on the foundations of computer science: what it means to “know computer science”. The point of departure is in computer science (CS), in particular CS education. There are at this starting point two intertwined issues: the gender question in computer science (often formulated as “what to do about the situation of women in computer science?”) and the foundation question: “what does it mean to know computer science?”. These are not primarily questions looking for answers; they are calls for action, for change and transformation. The main focus and goal of this thesis concerns how to broaden the meaning of “knowing computer science”; to accommodate epistemological pluralism and diversity within the practices and among the practitioners of CS. I have identified translation as fundamental, to make feminist research and epistemological perspectives communicable into the community of computer science practitioners. In this, questions of knowledge and how knowledge is perceived and talked about are central. Communication and translation also depend on the ability and willingness to cross boundaries, to engage in “world- travelling” (Lugones). Additional issues of importance are asking questions open enough to invite to dialogues, and upholding critical (self) reflection. An important goal for feminist research is transformation. Because of this, interventions have been part of my research, interventions in which I myself am implicated. The work has been based in feminist epistemological thinking, where the concepts of positioning and partial perspectives (Haraway) have been of particular importance. After an introduction, the thesis consists of three parts, each part relating to one of the three issues in the title, issues identified as important for feminist technoscience work in computer science. In part A, I investigate and discuss what it means to be simultaneously an engineer/computer scientist and a feminist technoscience researcher. What boundary crossings, challenges, conflicts, negotiations and issues of being inside and outside are involved? This part also focuses on what the implications of these boundary crossings and different “mind-sets” are for transformatory work in science and engineering education, as well as a discussion of what feminist technoscience research can be and how it can be used for interventions and transformations. Part B focuses on foundations of computer science. This part consists of studies of texts, which I critically read and query from a feminist technoscience perspective, in order to challenge existing approaches and concepts within computer science. The texts are about the gender question in computer science; foundational topics of “what is computer science”, as well as epistemological questions concerning approaches to knowledge in computer science: “what does it mean to know computer science”? Part C deals with a concrete intervention project aiming at establishing conversations with computer science faculty. In this project, the issues of communication and translation appear as central. The focus in this part is communication between computer science educational practice and feminist technoscience research, language as a carrier of epistemology, and a discussion of translation.
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Hazzard, Oli. "Trying to have it both ways : John Ashbery and Anglo-American exchange." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:87f922c5-79dc-4fd5-85dd-50c4a7661015.
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This dissertation explores John Ashbery's interactions with several generations of English poets, during a period which ranges from the late 1940s to the present day. It seeks to support two principle propositions: that Ashbery's engagements with contemporaneous English poets had a decisive influence on his poetic development; and that Ashbery's own poetic and critical work can be employed to revise our understanding of mid-to-late 20th century English poetry. The dissertation demonstrates that Ashbery's relationships with four English poets - W.H. Auden, F.T. Prince, Lee Harwood and Mark Ford - occurred at significant junctures in, and altered the course of, his poetic development. Ashbery's critical and poetic engagements with these poets, when read together, are shown to constitute an idiosyncratic but coherent re-reading of the English poetry of the past and present. The dissertation addresses the ways in which each poet theorises the difficulties posed, and opportunities afforded, by perceived changes in Anglo-American poetic relations at different points during the 20th century. Chapter one re-evaluates Ashbery's relationship with Auden. It traces the legacy of Auden's coterie poetics in The Orators for Ashbery and Frank O'Hara, offers a revisionary reading of The Vermont Notebook as a strident response to Auden's late-career conservativism, and reads in depth Ashbery's unpublished, highly ambivalent elegy for him, "If I had My Way, Dear". Chapter Two attends to the extensive correspondence between Ashbery and Prince, argues that Prince's work provided a model for Ashbery's "encrypted" early lyrics addressing his homosexuality, and reads "Clepsydra" as an early elaboration of Ashbery's conception of a reciprocal influential model. Chapter Three examines Lee Harwood's "imitations" of Ashbery, and considers the latter's first critical formation of an English "other tradition" through his association of Harwood with the work of John Clare. Chapter Four portrays Ashbery's relationship with Mark Ford as a successful enactment of reciprocal influence, a form of engagement which allows Ashbery a means to "shake off his own influence" and to retain his status as a "major minor writer".
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Barker, Morgan, Emily Clark, Rebecca M. A. Altschuler, and Julia Ph D. Dodd. "Association Between Time Trying to Conceive and Self-Perceptions of Female Infertility." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/87.
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Female infertility is a prevalent global health concern. Social class has been examined in relation to interpretations of formal infertility diagnoses. However, this study sought to investigate subjective self-definitions of infertility experiences. This study compared reported length of time trying to conceive and self-perceptions of infertility status, which created four groups: women who met the medical definition of infertility and considered themselves to be experiencing infertility, women who met the medical definition and did not consider themselves to be experiencing infertility, women who did not meet the medical definition but did consider themselves to be experiencing infertility, and women who did not meet the medical definition of infertility and did not consider themselves to be experiencing infertility. We were interested in examining subjective socioeconomic status as a predictor of group membership, operating on the idea that women who perceive themselves as lower SES might be less likely to acknowledge a subjective infertility status due to more limited resources for treatment. Female participants (N = 1233) were recruited from the social networking site Reddit to complete online self-report surveys created via the REDCap survey platform. A subset of female participants (n = 548) who reported they were currently trying to conceive was utilized for this study’s sample. A chi-square test of independence was conducted to examine the relationship between reported length of time trying to conceive and self-perceptions of infertility status. Results indicated a significant association between these variables, χ2 (1, N = 594) = 239.08, p < .001, indicating that women’s self-perception of whether or not they were experiencing infertility was largely in line with the medical definition of infertility. We intended to conduct logistic regression analysis to examine subjective socioeconomic status as a predictor of group membership, specifically for women who met the medical definition of infertility but did not perceive themselves as experiencing infertility. However, logistic regression was not performed due to a lack of statistical power for this group (n = 14). Future research should expand upon this rationale to inclusively investigate factors contributing to self-identification of infertility experiences. Understanding the role of psychosocial factors involved in infertility status perceptions could facilitate specific interventions to promote infertility treatment-seeking behaviors.
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Bianchi, Milo. "Of speculators, migrants and entrepreneurs : essays on the economics of trying your fortune." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-479.
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Kijak, Magdalena. "The difficulties of Polish scholars trying to publish in international peer-reviewed journals." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50311.
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This study set out to consider the factors responsible for the low publication rates of Polish academics in international, peer-reviewed journals, and whether the global dominance of the English language in scholarly publications is a significant contributing factor. The literature suggests it might be but, to date, no in-depth investigation has confirmed this.
Qualitative research methodology was selected as the most effective approach for the study and semi-structured interviews with eight Polish scholars were conducted. According to the data collected in these interviews, the reasons behind the small international publication output of Polish scholars are multifaceted. Polish academics face a number of difficulties which are in line with those described in the literature discussing the challenges facing non-native English speakers attempting to publish internationally. Linguistic difficulties are exacerbated by chronic underfunding of Polish science which results in inadequate resources and low salaries that lead to faculty taking multiple jobs. However, the study also reveals that Polish academia suffers from the lack of publishing culture. In other words, the “publish or perish” imperative, so widespread in the Western academic world, is only just taking root in Poland. Further, the study shows that Polish scholars struggle more with mastering English academic writing structures than they do with English language proficiency in general.
Scientific productivity in Poland could be fostered in a number of ways. Academics should be given more help and incentives to increase their overall publication output, domestically as well as internationally. For example, researchers’ salaries should be improved so that they do not need to hold multiple jobs. At the same time, access to subsidised English editorial services should be made available to scholars to help them prepare their manuscripts for international publications. As well, English academic writing courses should be introduced widely at Polish universities to improve the writing skills of future generations of scholars.
What can be learned about publication obstacles in Poland from this study may be applicable to other non-Anglophone scholarly communities, and may provide answers as to how the global community may “level the publishing playing field” to ensure maximum dissemination of all scholarly ideas.Education, Faculty of
Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of
Graduate
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Goodwin, Sarah. "'Trying to pull it round again' : exploring women's experiences of desisting from crime." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14354/.
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The lives of women who are trying to put offending histories behind them remain rare in research. This thesis follows fifteen women, all near the start of their journeys to cease their criminal behaviour, over a number of months. Their experiences, struggles and triumphs underline the challenge they faced in trying to 'pull their lives round again'. The micro-longitudinal design of the research allowed for interviews to be conducted in a sensitive, trusting and relaxed manner, producing rich data on the process of desistance as it was experienced. Although a number of important influences on the participants' journeys can be identified, it is the interconnections between these influences that really show the complexity of the participants' tasks. Few influences are found to be exclusively beneficial, and some influences that have previously been assumed to be negative are shown to be more nuanced. Specific findings on the role of agency, identity, confidence and social relationships were identified. First, the importance of agentic action in desistance is shown to be (sometimes heavily) tempered by external circumstances. Second, participants often experienced a change of identity- either in gaining a new 'self', or returning to a previous 'self', as part of their desistance. Third, much importance was placed by participants (and their workers) on gaining confidence and escaping stigma, but the methods used to do this varied considerably in their effectiveness. Finally, social support which showed true care of the desister made desistance much easier, but the negative influences of some others were serious barriers to participants' success. The thesis concludes by commenting on the impact these findings make on existing desistance research and the implications it could, and should, have on future policy, practice and research.
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Montesi, John L. "Modern Escapism: A Field Guide OR, How to Get Lost Without Really Trying." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/937.
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Erlandsson, John, and Anton Wennborg. "Adapt or die trying : En flerfallsstudie om hur hållbarhet påverkar beslutsfattande i styrelser." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176932.
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Bakgrund: Affärsmodeller som integrerar hållbarhet i verksamheten blir allt vanligare i dagens samhälle. Ett sätt att göra detta på är genom att förena produktförsäljning med tjänstefiering, vilket resulterar i konceptet produkt som tjänst (PST). För nya företag är ofta riskkapitalbolag ett attraktivt finansieringsalternativ och utgör därmed en betydande roll som möjliggörare för affärsmodeller av denna karaktär. Frågan är hur riskkapitalbolag i sin riskbedömning utvärderar startups med PST. Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att bidra med ökad förståelse för riskkapitalbolags riskbedömning. Vidare är syftet med denna studie att undersöka hur riskkapitalbolag utvärderar startups med - produkt som tjänst (PST) - i sin riskbedömning? Genomförande: Denna studie är av en kvalitativ karaktär med en abduktiv ansats som bygger på fyra intervjuer med fyra riskkapitalbolag. Respondenterna arbetar i företag som investerar riskkapital i startups. Respondenterna har valts för att få en insyn i hur riskkapitalbolags riskbedömning genomförs. Värdedrivare och finansiella barriärer för PST har applicerats på den riskbedömning som respondenterna redogjort för. Slutsats: Studien visar på att riskkapitalbolag inte har en specifik riskbedömning för företag med högre hållbarhet, utan de bedöms efter samma kriterier som traditionella affärsmodeller. Däremot kan PST med dess värdedrivare och finansiella barriärer visa på både styrkor och svagheter i riskkapitalbolags riskbedömningBackground: Business models which integrates sustainability in their business becomes more common today. For new business venture capital is often an attractive financing alternative and therefor constitutes a significant role as an enabler for these businesses. The question is how venture capital firms in their risk assessment evaluate these startups. Purpose: This study aims to contribute to an increased understanding of venture capital firms risk assessment. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to examine how venture capital firms evaluate startups with product as a service in their risk assessment. Completion: This study is of a qualitative structure with an abductive approach that builds on four interviews from four different venture capital firms. The interviewees all work in firms that invest venture capital in startups. They have been chosen to gain insight in the riskassessment of venture capital firms. Value drivers and financial barriers related to PaaS have been applied to the risk assessment that the interviewees have described. Conclusion: The paper shows that venture capital firms does not have a specific riskassessment for companies with a higher grade of sustainability, instead they are assessed on the same basis as traditional business models. PST can however, with its value drivers and financial barriers, display both strengths and weaknesses in the risk assessment conducted by venture capital firms.