Journal articles on the topic 'Truthfulness and falsehood'

This introductory paper aims to demystify the concept of untruthfulness. Drawing on the scholarship on deception, the author reports on a distinction between the (objective) truth and (subjective) truthfulness, as well as their respective opposites: falsehood and untruthfulness. An attempt is made to discriminate between truthfulness and sincerity, to notions which capture similar phenomena but have originated in distinct scholarly traditions. Further, the author depicts untruthfulness as an internally diversified construct and teases out its main subtypes. Some light is shed on overt untruthfulness and covert untruthfulness, as approached in philosophical, cognitive and pragmatic literature. The paper closes with a description of the scope of the present Special Issue entitled “New theoretical insights into untruthfulness”.

The article is devoted to the problems of false interaction of students in the field of secondary education.The article conducts a scientific analysis of the term «paleointensity».Falseointractions are interactions of a special kind, characterized by the awareness of lies (falsehood, deception) by both Actors and the simultaneous acceptance (or imitation of acceptance) of this lie for the truth.The main purpose of the article is to explain the relationship between truthfulness and falsity of information through falseointeraction among secondary school students and to determine the level of relevance of this problem on the basis of special studies and scientific articles published

The article examines the relationship between the words foundation, purpose, truthfulness, reliability, truth, falsehood, which make up the logical-verbal framework of scientific research. In order to avoid misunderstandings between the author and the addressee, they must obey the convention that the words of the literary language and the highly specialized and logical terms have the same meanings. The author and addressee must also agree on how the chain of reasoning is constructed and understood. The word foundation is the basis, the support of reasoning, the word goal is the image of the result. The adjective reliable can only refer to verified information, proven fact. The words truthful and reliable are not synonyms and cannot be used interchangeably without prejudice to the meaning of the statement. The concept of truth is interpreted as the correspondence of the statement to extralinguistic reality. The article shows the difference between the meanings of the words truth and falsehood in everyday and scientific discourses, these words in everyday language are antonyms, and in the language of logic they include an intermediate link when the truth is not proven.

The problem of “fake news” has received considerable attention both in public discourse and in scholarship. However, many have argued that the term should be avoided for ideological reasons or because it lacks clarity. At the same time, a growing body of literature investigates “fake news” empirically. We complement this discussion by reflecting on epistemological and methodological problems with the term “fake news” and the implications for possible solutions to the problem of disinformation such as automatic detection and increased media literacy. Based on the principle of symmetry established in the sociology of scientific knowledge, we show that a classification of messages according to the researcher’s assessment of their truthfulness can lead to biased or tautological explanations. We argue that many researchers commit themselves to the truth or falsehood of messages in cases where they should not and avoid such a commitment when it is necessary.

The phenomena of truth, truthfulness, veracity and “truthiness” discussed widely in logic, epistemology as theory of science and gnoseology as general theory of knowledge, have received many interpretations—and not a single one to be generally accepted. Discussions continue not only upon narrow technical, operational questions of the predicate calculus and/or propositions calculus, but also on logic-gnoseological problems, one of which casts doubt on the maxim “logic is the house of truth,” and the other highlights the laxity of the opposition of “truth—falsehood” meanings as the main categories of the two-valued logic. These evaluations of proposition do not in fact oppose each other in the sense of a contradiction. Verity and falsity are controversial (opposite), but not contradictory (antithetical) concepts; it is truth and non-truth that are contradictory. Therefore, there is not only the possibility, but also the reality of the existence of a field, or zone, of transition between the values “true—false.”

Fact-checking and freedom of speech The article discusses the impact of the fact-checking process on freedom of speech. On the one hand, it was pointed out that the verification of the facts by specialized organizations, for various reasons, cannot be regarded as a fully reliable way of distinguishing between truth and falsehood in socially important matters. The findings made within the framework of fact-checking often fit into the public debate by taking a partisan position on a specific issue, and not so much objectively determining the truthfulness of certain statements formulated in public discourse. On the other hand, it was noted that fact-checking, although it does not undermine the freedom of speech – on the contrary, being an expression of it – is at the basis of the decisions of online social networking services, which may be viewed as an interference with the freedom of expression. While labeling content as untrue or misleading is not a violation of the freedom of speech of people formulating or disseminating it, removing such content from social networking services as well as blocking and obstructing access to legal content considered to be disinformation does constitute the infringement of freedom of expression.

This article is devoted to the problems of false interaction of students in the field of secondary education. This article provides a scientific analysis of the term "falseointeraction". Falseointraction is interactions of a special kind, characterized by the awareness of lies (falsehood, deception) by both Actors and the simultaneous acceptance (or imitation of acceptance) of this lie for the truth. The main purpose of the article is to explain the relationship between truthfulness and false information through falseointeraction among secondary school students, namely among schoolchildren studying from grades 5-9, and to determine the level of relevance of this problem based on special studies and scientific articles published in recent years. Communication between adolescents and parents has been the subject of several studies examining the effects of disclosure and secrecy on social relationships and adolescent adaptation. Less attention was paid to adolescent deception. Even though lying is a common problem for parents, doctors, and specialists, there has been little systematic research on the lies that children tell in connection with their problematic behaviour and other social factors that may influence this relationship. In adolescence, it is very difficult to be heard and not get punished for it. Which is also a big issue in society. And in no case should children be allowed to use the results of deception.

Abstract: Evaluating the truthfulness of new information is a difficult and complex task. Notably, there is currently no unified theoretical framework that addresses the questions of (1) how individuals discern whether political information is true or (deliberately) false, (2) under what conditions individuals are most susceptible to believing misinformation, and (3) how the structure of political and communicative environments skews cognitive processes of truth, discernment, and interpretation generation. To move forward, we propose the Misinformation Receptivity Framework (MRF). Building on Bayesian and probabilistic models of cognition, the MRF suggests that we can conceptualize misinformation receptivity as a cognitive inference problem in which the reliability of incoming misinformation is weighed against the reliability of prior beliefs. This “reliability-weighting” process can model when individuals adopt or reject misinformation, as well as the ways in which they creatively generate interpretations rather than passively discern truth versus falsehood. Moreover, certain communication contexts can lead people to rely excessively on incoming (mis)information or conversely to rely excessively on prior beliefs. The MRF postulates how such environmental properties can heighten the persuasiveness of different kinds of misinformation. For instance, the MRF predicts that noisy communication contexts, in which the reliability of inputs is ambiguous, make people susceptible to highly partisan and ideological misinformation or disinformation that amplifies their existing belief systems. By contrast, the MRF predicts that contextual instability renders people susceptible to misinformation that would be considered extreme or worldview-incongruent in conditions of stability. The MRF formally delineates the interactions between cognitive and communicative mechanisms, offering insights and testable hypotheses on when, how, and why different kinds of misinformation proliferate.

The media play a huge role in people's lives because they inform people about the happenings in the world. Sometimes one has to wonder how accurate that information really is and what role ethics play in the Universe. The media's ethics refers to moral principles and values that journalists and media houses should respect, including truthfulness, objectivity, precision, respect for privacy, etc. Fake news is a problem that occurs when the media presents incorrect or misleading information, if someone is malicious or wants to manipulate public opinion, they can easily exploit these falsehoods. That is why ethics in the media is very important in order to prevent the spread of fake news and preserve the integrity of journalism. One of the important issues related to ethics in the media is the question of the source of information, journalists should check their sources to make sure that the information they convey to the public is really true. Sometimes, journalists may be under pressure to publish information that is not fully verified in order to be first with the news or to please their editors and media houses.

The release of ChatGPT at the end of 2022 met with fears and optimism. One particularly important avenue of research that is emerging revolves around ChatGPT's ability to provide accurate and unbiased information on a variety of topics. Given the interest that Google and Microsoft have shown in similar technologies, it is likely that Large Language Models such as ChatGPT could become new gateways to information, and if this is the case, what kind of information this technology provides needs to be investigated. The current study examines the usefulness of ChatGPT as a source of information in a South African context by first investigating ChatGPT's responses to ten South African conspiracy theories in terms of truthfulness, before employing bias classification as well as sentiment analysis to evaluate whether ChatGPT exhibits bias when presenting eight South African political topics. We found that, overall, ChatGPT did not spread conspiracy theories. However, the tool generated falsehoods around one conspiracy theory and generally presented a left bias, albeit not to the extreme. Sentiment analysis showed that ChatGPT's responses were mostly neutral and, when more emotive, were more often positive than negative. The implications of the findings for academics and students are discussed, as are a number of recommendations for future research.

Along with the changing time, CSR activities carried out by companies currently have been able not only to improve the welfare of the community but also to create shared value. In this concept, companies must be aware that creating shared value (CSV) is able to produce benefits to be shared and is more than just focusing on social responsibility. Companies should not only take corrective actions, but also reorganize the business strategies they use starting from the stages of planning and production to the stage of distribution to the end consumer, while still considering the factors of the company (economy), human and environment, or often referred to as the triple bottom line (profit, people, planet). This study aims to observe the development and disclosure of CSV in companies by using sustainability reports based on the system in yoga. Judging from the type of data, the approach used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach. The research data used is the Sustainability Reports of Coca-Cola Company, Ltd., Nestle, and PT. Unilever Indonesia, Tbk for 2018. The results of this study show that the three companies have implemented CSV activities which are expressed in 5 Yamas Yoga: Ahimsa/non-violence; Satya / truthfulness / non-falsehoods; Asteya / honesty, non-stealing; Brahmacharya / Self-control; and Aparigraha / non-possessiveness, non-greediness. not expecting, asking, or accepting inappropriate gifts from any person.

The faculty of language allows humans to state falsehoods in their choice of words. However, while what is said might easily uphold a lie, how it is said may reveal deception. Hence, some features of the voice that are difficult for liars to control may keep speech mostly, if not always, honest. Previous research has identified that speech timing and voice pitch cues can predict the truthfulness of speech, but this evidence has come primarily from laboratory experiments, which sacrifice ecological validity for experimental control. We obtained ecologically valid recordings of deceptive speech while observing natural utterances from players of a popular social deduction board game, in which players are assigned roles that either induce honest or dishonest interactions. When speakers chose to lie, they were prone to longer and more frequent pauses in their speech. This finding is in line with theoretical predictions that lying is more cognitively demanding. However, lying was not reliably associated with vocal pitch. This contradicts predictions that increased physiological arousal from lying might increase muscular tension in the larynx, but is consistent with human specialisations that grant Homo sapiens sapiens an unusual degree of control over the voice relative to other primates. The present study demonstrates the utility of social deduction board games as a means of making naturalistic observations of human behaviour from semi-structured social interactions.

The concept of ‘Good and evil’ has remained solvable notion since inception of human intellect. Every individual uses terms i.e. good and evil, deeds and misdeeds and virtue and vice etc. in daily life. He depicts his deeds and manners on the part of ethics and criticizes characters of others, charging them with spectrum of good and evil. We experience in day life, if two persons fight with each other. Each one tries to prove true himself and charging others to be wrong with help of arguments. The same trend is common among life of nations. When differences exceed the limit, different principles, rules and regulations are cited as an aid for distinguishing between truthfulness and falsehood, and convict either of good or evil. Usually it has been perceived that the philosophers disbanded fundamental beliefs. It is a reality because free thinking philosophers criticized religions in all facets. Sometimes they have laid strong basis for religious beliefs. Furthermore, they strengthened religious beliefs. Among all, the Muslim philosophers were adept in the fields philosophy and religion. They laid philosophy dependent on religion. The concept of ‘good and evil’ has always remained solvable notion. But in spite of the situation is that human thoughts could neither fixate nor solved it. Allah has allowed using intellect and meditation. In present era, evil is presented with fascination as if it looks true and very difficult to differentiate between good and evil, although to judge the difference between them, human being should know how with the cursory look into the reality of good and evil with clarity. This way we may get rid of evil. This concept is common in our daily life therefore the adoption of good, we can get rid of evil; this thought belongs to our everyday life so is important knowing about good and evil.

[In this work we will show chance, necessity and, sometimes, opportunity of an abhorred informational alteration and how fake/true are artificial, conventional categories. Information arises with life, and with information arises a gap between reality (or another information that is assumed as original and true) and information that represents, repeats or replaces it. This is a gap and it creates a difference, a duality, a not virtual distance, it opens a space for potential (or unavoidable?) unfaithfulness, incongruities, falsehood. Lie can be meant as alteration, as distortion, as denial, or as creation “ex nihilo” if referred to what (world reality or other information) is assumed as original and authentic. The information (or latter information) is valued comparing it to the primary factor, aiming to find its compliance. Somehow or other, the conformity between these two poles is never full and unconditional. Due to this, life arises with the not eliminable lie “germ” inside. This has advantageous implications. “Untruthful” information has had a decisive importance in evolutionary balance and trending forever. Between life and lie, there is an indissoluble mutuality loop. Our thesis aims to: • Expand the meaning of lie and to draw its continuity (that is different from homology or identity) between biologic sphere and anthropic/cultural one • An appreciation of lie, starting from an investigation that examines its nature, its genetic processes and its function, both in the biological world and in the anthropic one • Show its inseparableness from truth, that is to say the continuity (not homogeneity) between it and the lie, both in the biological world and in the anthropic one • If the lie is meant in the widest sense, it presents some characterizing features. The lie is • Random, that is to say it arises by chance, due to neither predictable nor controllable causes • Necessary, because sometime it occurs in an inescapable way, due to the fact that it is intrinsic of the process of representation and/or of replication Appropriate, because sometimes it is the result of an aimed process and offers benefits if it is implemented. The excursus will be scientifically documented and it will be furnished with various iconography (pictures, video-clips…). It will lead us to adopt a wider, critical and not conventional overlook in considering topics as mimicry (meant in all its types: molecular, cryptic, batesian, müllerian, emsleyan, etc.), genetic mutations and evolution, sensorial (not only visual) illusions and hallucinations, the Theory of Games, the referentiality in semantics and in semiotics, gnoseologic, logic, heuristic, etic, aesthetic aspects of truthfulness. This work has no pretension to be a treatise, but it tries to shed light on what brings together so different aspects, in critical, epistemological and methodological ways. We will indicate historical (of very different periods) and authorial references of presented argumentations, thanks to drawing from several fields of knowledge and to comparing them: philosophy, figurative arts, life sciences, semiotics, literature, cinematography… All these argumentations will allow us to conclude that lie cannot be the enemy to be loathed. It must not be disapproved in a prejudicial way, but it deserves listening, attention and… esteem!... This should dispel or re-define the sense, the meaning and the function of (presumed) truth. It, both revealed and demonstrated, is often assumed as dogmatically absolute and (guiltily) it is interpreted as myth or it is mystified].