Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trust task'
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Popa, Clara L. "Initial Trust Formation in Temporary Small Task Groups: Testing a Model of Swift Trust." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1113573275.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2005.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Sept. 12, 2006). Advisor: Rebecca R. Rubin. Keywords: temporary groups; swift trust; trust; organizational task groups. Includes survey instruments. Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-121).
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Kulms, Philipp [Verfasser]. "Trust in interdependent and task-oriented human-computer cooperation / Philipp Kulms." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2018. http://d-nb.info/117198782X/34.
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Broll, Anthony W. "Trust in adaptive automation in a tactical search and navigation task." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105090.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 271-275).
Handheld smart phone devices incorporate communication and mapping tools into small military squads to increase their effectiveness. These devices link a squad with headquarters, satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles to provide them with up to date intelligence. This information is filtered by adaptive technology which prioritizes the most vital pieces. An indoor search and navigation experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate type of automation (adaptive or adaptable) to prioritize this intelligence for decision makers in an uncertain, time-critical scenario. An experiment was conducted with eight males in their early 20's actively serving the US military or part of a training program. Subjects utilized an app on an HTC Desire designed to navigate the user indoors from a start QR code to a goal QR code while collecting additional QR codes to maximize their point totals within three minutes. Subjects utilized the app in one of two modes: computer-select (adaptive automation) and user-choice (adaptable automation). In addition, updates in the form of floor closures would occur in half of the 24 trials. Results of the study showed a preference for computer-select with better performance on the primary task. Users ended up using both systems as a type of user-choice by disregarding the app's path planning beyond the initial route. The user preference for computer-select was tied to the ability of the system to adjust to the human instead of the user having to tell the system what it was doing. Subjects wanted the flexibility of adaptable and user-choice before the trial to plan and define their own route, but once the trial began, the subject's temporal demand was too high to want to maintain that level of control beyond the subject's actions in the real world.
by Anthony W. Broll.
S.M.
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Fallon, Corey K. "The Effects of a Trust Violation in a Team Decision-making Task: Exploring the Affective Component of Trust." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1470741865.
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Milecki, Heather H. "Virtual Agent Interaction – Improving Cognitive Abilities and Trust for a Complex Visual Search Task." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1432811719.
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Pippin, Charles Everett. "Trust and reputation for formation and evolution of multi-robot teams." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50376.
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Agents in most types of societies use information about potential partners to determine whether to form mutually beneficial partnerships. We can say that when this information is used to decide to form a partnership that one agent trusts another, and when agents work together for mutual benefit in a partnership, we refer to this as a form of cooperation. Current multi-robot teams typically have the team's goals either explicitly or implicitly encoded into each robot's utility function and are expected to cooperate and perform as designed. However, there are many situations in which robots may not be interested in full cooperation, or may not be capable of performing as expected. In addition, the control strategy for robots may be fixed with no mechanism for modifying the team structure if teammate performance deteriorates. This dissertation investigates the application of trust to multi-robot teams. This research also addresses the problem of how cooperation can be enabled through the use of incentive mechanisms. We posit a framework wherein robot teams may be formed dynamically, using models of trust. These models are used to improve performance on the team, through evolution of the team dynamics. In this context, robots learn online which of their peers are capable and trustworthy to dynamically adjust their teaming strategy.
We apply this framework to multi-robot task allocation and patrolling domains and show that performance is improved when this approach is used on teams that may have poorly performing or untrustworthy members. The contributions of this dissertation include algorithms for applying performance characteristics of individual robots to task allocation, methods for monitoring performance of robot team members, and a framework for modeling trust of robot team members. This work also includes experimental results gathered using simulations and on a team of indoor mobile robots to show that the use of a trust model can improve performance on multi-robot teams in the patrolling task.
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Oduor, Kenya Freeman. "The Effects of Automated Decision Aid Reliability and Algorithm Modality on Reported Trust and Task Performance." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11022006-142746/.
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As IT systems grow more complex and become more prevalent, understanding the collaborative nature of the relationship between humans and automation becomes more important. Several factors influence the human-automation relationship. Research has shown that trust and perceived reliability are key factors in whether a relationship will develop between humans and automation. Presenting automation reliability and automation algorithms are ways to potentially improve this relationship. To explore this question, an experiment was conducted in which an automated decision aid presented suggestions to participants while they managed a simulated city (i.e., Policity). The goal was to maximize the health of the city?s population by adding hospitals, housing, businesses, and other facilities and services. Participants were assigned to conditions where the automated decision aid performed with high or low reliability levels. Based on condition, the decision aid?s algorithm was presented to participants in a textual or graphical (diagrammatic) format. Results showed that users? perception of the decision aid?s reliability directly influenced their trust in the decision aid. Results also showed that presenting the decision aid?s algorithm, regardless of modality (i.e., textual or graphical) had a direct impact on reported trust. Both had a direct effect on human performance. Additional results and implications are discussed.
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Ososky, Scott. "Influence of Task-Role Mental Models on Human Interpretation of Robot Motion Behavior." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6331.
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The transition in robotics from tools to teammates has begun. However, the benefit autonomous robots provide will be diminished if human teammates misinterpret robot behaviors. Applying mental model theory as the organizing framework for human understanding of robots, the current empirical study examined the influence of task-role mental models of robots on the interpretation of robot motion behaviors, and the resulting impact on subjective ratings of robots. Observers (N = 120) were exposed to robot behaviors that were either congruent or incongruent with their task-role mental model, by experimental manipulation of preparatory robot task-role information to influence mental models (i.e., security guard, groundskeeper, or no information), the robot's actual task-role behaviors (i.e., security guard or groundskeeper), and the order in which these robot behaviors were presented. The results of the research supported the hypothesis that observers with congruent mental models were significantly more accurate in interpreting the motion behaviors of the robot than observers without a specific mental model. Additionally, an incongruent mental model, under certain circumstances, significantly hindered an observer's interpretation accuracy, resulting in subjective sureness of inaccurate interpretations. The strength of the effects that mental models had on the interpretation and assessment of robot behaviors was thought to have been moderated by the ease with which a particular mental model could reasonably explain the robot's behavior, termed mental model applicability. Finally, positive associations were found between differences in observers' interpretation accuracy and differences in subjective ratings of robot intelligence, safety, and trustworthiness. The current research offers implications for the relationships between mental model components, as well as implications for designing robot behaviors to appear more transparent, or opaque, to humans.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Graduate Studies
Sciences
Modeling & Simulation
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Nisar, Khattak Mohammad. "Give good get good do servant leadership behaviours work in a political organisational culture." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/117687/2/Mohammad_Nisar_Thesis.pdf.
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In this thesis a mixed method research design is adopted to investigate the mechanisms underlying the relationships between servant leadership and employee task performance and citizenship behaviours. Also examined in this thesis is the impact of organisational politics on these relationships. The research, conducted in a South Asian context, comprises two studies utilising the sequential exploratory mixed-method research design. In the first qualitative study, 25 participants were purposefully selected from five different administrative departments of the case organisation. In the follow-up quantitative study, 236 participants were recruited using a convenience sample. Across both studies servant leaders were fund to work effectively to influence subordinates’ task performance and citizenship behaviours. This was the case even in highly political environments where self-centred activities are in abundance.
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Wang, Yating. "Trust-Based Service Management for Service-Oriented Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and Its Application to Service Composition and Task Assignment with Multi-Objective Optimization Goals." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70965.
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With the proliferation of fairly powerful mobile devices and ubiquitous wireless technology, traditional mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) now migrate into a new era of service-oriented MANETs wherein a node can provide and receive service from other nodes it encounters and interacts with. This dissertation research concerns trust management and its applications for service-oriented MANETs to answer the challenges of MANET environments, including no centralized authority, dynamically changing topology, limited bandwidth and battery power, limited observations, unreliable communication, and the presence of malicious nodes who act to break the system functionality as well as selfish nodes who act to maximize their own gain.
We propose a context-aware trust management model called CATrust for service-oriented ad hoc networks. The novelty of our design lies in the use of logit regression to dynamically estimate trustworthiness of a service provider based on its service behavior patterns in a context environment, treating channel conditions, node status, service payoff, and social disposition as 'context' information. We develop a recommendation filtering mechanism to effectively screen out false recommendations even in extremely hostile environments in which the majority recommenders are malicious. We demonstrate desirable convergence, accuracy, and resiliency properties of CATrust. We also demonstrate that CATrust outperforms contemporary peer-to-peer and Internet of Things trust models in terms of service trust prediction accuracy against collusion recommendation attacks.
We validate the design of trust-based service management based on CATrust with a node-to-service composition and binding MANET application and a node-to-task assignment MANET application with multi-objective optimization (MOO) requirements. For either application, we propose a trust-based algorithm to effectively filter out malicious nodes exhibiting various attack behaviors by penalizing them with trust loss, which ultimately leads to high user satisfaction. Our trust-based algorithm is efficient with polynomial runtime complexity while achieving a close-to-optimal solution. We demonstrate that our trust-based algorithm built on CATrust outperforms a non-trust-based counterpart using blacklisting techniques and trust-based counterparts built on contemporary peer-to-peer trust protocols. We also develop a dynamic table-lookup method to apply the best trust model parameter settings upon detection of rapid MANET environment changes to maximize MOO performance.Ph. D.
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Mahadevan, Sriram. "Visualization Methods and User Interface Design Guidelines for Rapid Decision Making in Complex Multi-Task Time-Critical Environments." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1236970008.
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Rank, Johannes. "Leadership predictors of proactive organizational behavior : facilitating personal initiative, voice behavior, and exceptional service performance." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001444.
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Tomlinson, Edward C. "Cheap talk, valuable results? A causal attribution model of the impact of promises and apologies on short-term trust recovery." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1085062874.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 184 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Roy J Lewicki, Labor and Human Resources Graduate Program. Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-157).
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Au, Wai Ki Richard. "Agent-based one-shot authorisation scheme in a commercial extranet environment." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16708/1/Wai_Ki_Au_Thesis.pdf.
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The enormous growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web has provided the opportunity for an enterprise to extend its boundaries in the global business environment. While commercial functions can be shared among a variety of
strategic allies - including business partners and customers, extranets appear to be
the cost-effective solution to providing global connectivity for different user groups.
Because extranets allow third-party users into corporate networks, they need to be extremely secure and external access needs to be highly controllable. Access control and authorisation mechanisms must be in place to regulate user access to information/resources in a manner that is consistent with the current set of policies
and practices both at intra-organisational and cross-organisational levels.
In the business-to-customer (B2C) e-commerce setting, a service provider faces a wide spectrum of new customers, who may not have pre-existing relationships established. Thus the authorisation problem is particularly complex. In this thesis, a new authorisation scheme is proposed to facilitate the service provider to
establish trust with potential customers, grant access privileges to legitimate users and enforce access control in a diversified commercial environment. Four modules with a number of innovative components and mechanisms suitable for distributed authorisation on extranets are developed:
* One-shot Authorisation Module - One-shot authorisation token is designed as a flexible and secure credential for access control enforcement in client/server systems;
* Token-Based Trust Establishment Module - Trust token is proposed for server-centric trust establishment in virtual enterprise environment.
* User-Centric Anonymous Authorisation Module - One-task authorisation key and anonymous attribute certificate are developed for anonymous
authorisation in a multi-organisational setting;
* Agent-Based Privilege Negotiation Module - Privilege negotiation agents are proposed to provide dynamic authorisation services with secure client agent environment for hosting these agents on user's platform
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Au, Wai Ki Richard. "Agent-based one-shot authorisation scheme in a commercial extranet environment." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16708/.
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The enormous growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web has provided the opportunity for an enterprise to extend its boundaries in the global business environment. While commercial functions can be shared among a variety of strategic allies - including business partners and customers, extranets appear to be the cost-effective solution to providing global connectivity for different user groups. Because extranets allow third-party users into corporate networks, they need to be extremely secure and external access needs to be highly controllable. Access control and authorisation mechanisms must be in place to regulate user access to information/resources in a manner that is consistent with the current set of policies and practices both at intra-organisational and cross-organisational levels. In the business-to-customer (B2C) e-commerce setting, a service provider faces a wide spectrum of new customers, who may not have pre-existing relationships established. Thus the authorisation problem is particularly complex. In this thesis, a new authorisation scheme is proposed to facilitate the service provider to establish trust with potential customers, grant access privileges to legitimate users and enforce access control in a diversified commercial environment. Four modules with a number of innovative components and mechanisms suitable for distributed authorisation on extranets are developed: * One-shot Authorisation Module - One-shot authorisation token is designed as a flexible and secure credential for access control enforcement in client/server systems; * Token-Based Trust Establishment Module - Trust token is proposed for server-centric trust establishment in virtual enterprise environment. * User-Centric Anonymous Authorisation Module - One-task authorisation key and anonymous attribute certificate are developed for anonymous authorisation in a multi-organisational setting; * Agent-Based Privilege Negotiation Module - Privilege negotiation agents are proposed to provide dynamic authorisation services with secure client agent environment for hosting these agents on user's platform
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McNab, Justin William National Centre in HIV Social Research Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Negotiating HIV prevention: the talk, test, trust story and beyond." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. National Centre in HIV Social Research, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44766.
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In May 1996 the AIDS Council of NSW launched Talk Test Test Trust ???Together (TTTT), an HIV prevention campaign aimed at decreasing risk of infection within gay men???s relationships. The rationale behind TTTT was ???negotiated safety???: that it was safe not to use condoms for anal sex in primary relationships if specific steps were followed. TTTT generated contestation within AIDS Councils in Australia and New Zealand, but also amongst researchers, policy makers and gay communities. Arguments about TTTT and negotiated safety appeared logical and reasonable and did not fall neatly along an Australia/New Zealand divide. This study used a qualitative approach to interview key HIV educators in New South Wales who were involved in the development of TTTT and New Zealand educators who did not promote negotiated safety. This thesis argues that in order to understand the contestation around negotiated safety and TTTT it is necessary to understand the broader social and historical factors that shape HIV prevention contexts and practice. These include factors arising from the epidemic itself (which, to some extent, were responsible for the difference between Australia and New Zealand) such as the increasing complexity of gay men???s risk reduction strategies, the rise of a positive voice, and impact of treatments and factors associated with and the broader context such as the rise and continuing history of a gay political and social movement and associated identity and community formation, and later, fragmentation, changing concepts of love, intimacy and relationships and of risk and the uncertainty, anxiety and fear from living in a complex individualised detraditionalised world. This approach will show that a focus on a dynamic epidemic, and the broader social and historical context can shed light on arguments made about negotiated safety and TTTT. Further, applying Bourdieu???s formulation of the complex interaction of habitus, fields and practice (1977) makes sense not only of the arguments made about negotiated safety and TTTT, but of educator practice and of HIV prevention, of the broader HIV and AIDS sector, and of how societies continue to learn to live with and adapt to the epidemic.
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Considine, Laura. "What we talk about when we talk about trust : nuclear weapons in the Nixon and Reagan Administrations." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/97656a84-3295-499f-8002-ca0a28379a13.
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This thesis asks what it is that we are doing when we talk about trust in international politics. It begins by reviewing the recent and growing body of literature on trust and International Relations, locating this more nascent collection of literature within a wider, established body of social science work on trust in disciplines such as psychology, political science, business and management studies. It claims that an implicit but ubiquitous assumption about how words gain meaning underpins the literature, and that this assumption precedes and limits the range of possibilities for the form of the subsequent research. The thesis challenges this way of understanding by deploying Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations. It then undertakes an alternative study of trust that acts as an ostensive challenge to the literature and thus shows by example how accepting different sites and processes of meaning can add to our understanding of words such as trust in International Relations. It accomplishes this through a 'grammatical investigation' of the uses of trust by President Richard M. Nixon and President Ronald Reagan regarding nuclear weapons and nuclear arms control with the Soviet Union. Using these examples, the thesis then suggests several alternative ways of talking about trust that would provide avenues for further research while avoiding the semantic and methodological difficulties of the dominant social science approaches. The contribution of this work is to challenge prevailing assumptions about words and meaning that exist within the literature and in so doing, to open up a path for alternative ways to talk about words like trust in International Relations.
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Pishdad-Bozorgi, Pardis. "Case-based Study and Analysis of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Approach and Trust-Building Attributes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77143.
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The goal of this Ph.D. research is to explore the IPD contractual strategies, to highlight the elements that distinguish IPD from a traditional delivery approach, to analyze how trust-based relationships are established and promoted, and to demonstrate if/how trust and IPD contractual principles correlate.
The result of this research will promote the understanding of the industry on the strategies that promote trust and integration through real world case studies. The significance of the subject becomes more evident when reflecting on the current industry's crisis: productivity loss, fragmented delivery process, and lack of trust and collaboration.
Through a literature review a Project Delivery and Contracting Strategies (PDCS) framework, an IPD traits framework, and a trust-Building framework are developed. The frameworks are used as the organizational tools to structure and inquire relevant information on the two IPD projects.
An expert panel is assembled to discuss the frameworks and the findings of literature analysis and to seek the industry's insight on the units of analysis for contract, and the units of measure for trust. The units of analysis for contract are elements, such as strategies for risks/rewards sharing, liability considerations, decision making authority, and governance. The units of measure for trust are the individuals' perception, and the trust-building attributes as outlined in table 4-1.
Two IPD projects were selected and their contract agreements were studied. A questionnaire including both open-ended questions and multiple choice questions was developed based on the information collected through: 1. the IPD agreements in each case study, 2. the literature-based frameworks on trust and project delivery contracting strategies. Accordingly, two IPD case studies are developed following the analysis of their IPD agreements and the individual one-on-one interviews with their key IPD players.
The trust-building framework presented in this work includes a series of techniques that the contracting parties can follow when establishing their contractual and managerial strategies and also when interacting with each other.Ph. D.
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Waterhouse, Joanne Caitlyn. "School leadership in context : three portraits." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610771.
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Gomez, Perez Michelle Valerie Romina, and Ruiz José Manuel Orrego. "Impacto del uso del fideicomiso como alternativa de financiamiento en la rentabilidad de las principales empresas agroexportadoras de Lima por el año 2018." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652542.
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La realización de la presente investigación tiene como principal finalidad definir y evaluar el impacto del uso del fideicomiso como herramienta financiera en las principales empresas del sector agroexportador durante el periodo del 2018. La investigación se basa en la búsqueda de una alternativa de financiamiento para las agroexportadoras.
El financiamiento es un factor relevante para la expansión e inversión constante de cualquier tipo de negocio; sin embargo, con el fin de reducir el riesgo de cobranzas, las entidades financieras deciden realizar evaluaciones a sus solicitantes de los servicios de subvención de acuerdo con el monto pactado.
La herramienta financiera más usual en Perú es el préstamo bancario tradicional y las tasas de interés son impuestas por los bancos después de evaluar al sector. En el caso de las agroexportadoras, considerando su producción estacional y la amplia cantidad de factores de riesgo inherentes al rubro, los bancos cobran una tasa más cara.
El fideicomiso es una herramienta financiera muy poco conocida en el mercado; sin embargo, presenta tendencias de crecimiento de demanda en los últimos años. Consiste en ofrecer el mismo capital a una menor tasa con otras condiciones de cobranzas y una evaluación más específica para la entidad solicitante.
En el siguiente trabajo realizaremos dicha evaluación y comparación entre el tipo de financiamiento más usual en Perú y el fideicomiso con el fin de demostrar la efectividad de este y la posibilidad de considerarlo como una alternativa financiera rentable. Como resultado de la investigación se validaron las hipótesis satisfactoriamente y se obtuvieron una conclusión acertada.The present investigation has as its main purpose to define and evaluate the impact of the use of the escrow as a financial tool in the main companies of the agro-export sector during the period of 2018. The investigation is based on the search for a financing alternative for the agro-export companies, due to their production volatility, there are higher interest rates impounded by the financial entities. Financing is a relevant factor for the constant expansion and inversion of any type of business, however, in order to reduce the risk of collection, the financial entities decide to carry out evaluations on their applicants for the subvention services according to the amount agreed. The most common financial tool in Peru is the traditional banking service and the restaurants of interest are being impeached by banks after evaluating the sector. In the case of agro-exports, considering their seasonal production and the wide range of risk factors inherent to the red, the banks charge a more expensive price. The escrow is a financial tool very well known in the market, however, it presents trends of demand growth in the last years. It consists in offering the capitalism to a smaller restaurant with other conditions of payment and a more specific evaluation for the requesting entity. In the next work we will carry out a evaluation and comparison between the most usual type of financing in Peru and the escrow with the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness of this and the possibility of considering it as a profitable financial alternative. As a result of the investigation, the hypotheses were satisfactorily validated, and a correct conclusion was reached.
Tesis
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Bergström, Kamilla. "Job satisfaction and emotional work tasks : dentists in Sweden and Denmark." Licentiate thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7754.
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Avhandlingen består av två studier som utgår från projektet ”Det goda arbetet”. Det överordnade syftet med projektet Det Goda Arbetet var att använda tandvård som ett exempel på ett arbete där relationerna med patienterna utgör arbetets kärna. Denna typ av arbete (även kallat människovårdande arbete) har speciella psykosociala arbetsmiljövillkor och känslomässiga krav som måste tas hänsyn till vid organisering av arbetet. Syftet med den första studien var att beskriva bakgrunden och utvecklingen av frågeformuläret ’Svenska och Danska tandläkares uppfattning av ’Det Goda Arbetet’ och att skapa ett mått för generell arbetstillfredsställelse, applicerat på fyra organisatoriska miljöer. Syftet med den andra studien var att introducera konceptet emotionellt arbete i tandvård genom att ge en teoretisk överblick av de emotionella aspekterna av arbetet, villkoren under vilka arbetet utförs och de potentiella effekterna på tandläkarnas välbefinnande. I kappan har kompletterande resultat från projektet Det Goda Arbetet inkluderats i syfte att ge en empirisk illustration av hur tandläkare upplever de emotionella faktorer som relaterar till patient-interaktionen och deras arbetsglädje. Data från 1226 danska och svenska verksamma tandläkare samlades in i November 2008 med en svarsprocent på 68 %. Ett additivt index skapades för att mäta generell arbetstillfredsställelse, och resultaten visade statistiska skillnader i tandläkarnas uppfattning mellan de olika organisatoriska miljöerna (Svenska offentliga/privata och Danska offentliga/privata). De danska offentliga tandläkarna hade den högsta graden av generell arbetstillfredsställelse medan de svenska offentliga hade den lägsta graden. En möjlig förklaring till detta kan vara att danska offentliga tandläkare skiljer sig från de andra tre grupperna i karakteristika vad gäller både tandläkare och patienter. Den låga graden av generell arbetstillfredsställelse hos de offentliga svenska tandläkarna kan möjligtvis vara en effekt av New Public Management-tänkande i sättet att organisera tandvård. Tilläggsresultaten visade att de svenska offentliga tandläkarna hade mycket mindre energi till sina privatliv i jämförelse med de andra tre grupperna och bara hälften av dem förväntade sig att fortsätta arbeta som nu fram till pensionen. Att arbeta med eller på människor handlar mycket om att skapa goda interaktioner och relationer mellan vårdgivaren och patienten. Goda patientrelationer kan vara ett primärt- och/eller sekundärt mål för att göra andra saker, som t.ex. den kliniska behandlingen, lättare. För många vårdgivare är relationerna med patienterna en arena där de kan leva ut sin potential som människor och kan upplevas som en bestående inre glädje av arbetet, kallat eudaimonia. I patientrelationen utför tandläkaren emotionellt arbete som ett sätt att intervenera med patienten för att vägleda denne i en bestämd riktning. Tandläkare har uttalade emotionella arbetsuppgifter i sina interaktioner med patienterna, emellertid har dessa emotionella aspekter av arbetet hitintills varit ett försummat forskningsområde inom odontologin. De emotionella arbetsuppgifterna är betingade eftersom att tandläkarens incitament inte är endimensionella och därför kräver de en hel del emotionell flexibilitet, uppmärksamhet och reflektion av tandläkaren. Påverkan från marknadskrafter och managerialism på de professionella värdena inom tandvård kan av tandläkaren uppfattas som motstridande och utmana villkoren för emotionellt arbete och tandläkarnas välbefinnande. Denna forskning syftar till att starka och uppmuntra olika nivåer av tandvård till att ytterligare undersöka, förstå och stötta dynamiken i de emotionella aspekterna av arbetet för att skapa en hållbar arbetsmiljö där värden och logik kan uppfattas som kompatibla med tandvårdens professionella värden.The thesis consists of two papers which are based on a research project called ‘Good Work’. The overall aim of the Good Work project was to use dentistry as an example of work which has close relations with patients at its core. This kind of work (also called human service work) has special psycho-social work environment considerations and emotional requirements, which need to be considered when organizing work. The aims of the first study were to describe the background and development of the questionnaire ‘Swedish and Danish Dentists’ Perceptions of Good Work’ and to create a measure of overall job satisfaction, applying the measure in four organizational settings. The aim of the second study was to introduce the concept of emotion work in dentistry by giving a theoretical overview of the emotional aspects of work, the conditions under which it is performed and the potential effects on the dentist’s wellbeing. Additional results from the Good Work project have been included in the thesis with the purpose of giving an empirical illustration of how dentists experience the emotional factors related to patient interaction and their job satisfaction. Data from 1226 Danish and Swedish practising dentists was collected in November 2008, with a 68% response rate. An additive index was created to measure overall job satisfaction showing statistical difference in the dentists’ experience according to affiliation (Swedish public/private, Danish public/private). The Danish public dentists had the highest degree of overall job satisfaction and the Swedish public dentists had the lowest. A reason for this difference might be that Danish public dentistry differs from the other three groups in the characteristics of both dentists and patients. However, the lower job satisfaction for the Swedish public dentists could be an effect of New Public Management thinking in organizing dentistry. The additional results showed that Swedish public dentists had substantially less energy left for their private lives compared with the other three groups and only half of them expected to continue working as they do now until retirement. Working directly with or on people is very much about creating good interactions and relations between the health professional and the patient. Good patient relations can be a primary aim and/or a secondary aim, to make other things, e.g. the clinical treatment, easier. To many health professionals their relations with the patients is an arena in which to activate their human potentials and can be experienced as a lasting intrinsic joy from work, called eudaimonia. In the relation with the patient the dentist performs emotion work as an intervention toolkit to direct the patient in a specific direction. Dentists have extensive emotional work tasks in their patient interactions, however this emotional part of dentists’ work is, so far, a neglected research area of odontology. The emotion work tasks are conditioned because the dentists’ incentives are not one-dimensional and require a great deal of emotional flexibility, attentiveness and reflection by the dentist. The influence of the market and managerialism on the professional values of dentistry may challenge the conditions for these tasks in the patient interaction and the wellbeing of the dentist if they are experienced as contradictory. This research aims to encourage and empower different levels of dentistry to further investigate, understand and support the dynamics of the emotional aspects of work with the aim to constitute a sustainable work environment where values and logics can be experienced as compatible with professional values.
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Halldén, Gustav, and Emelie Örtenblad. "Utformning av tak och möjligheter med automation av takstolstillverkning i trä." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-31804.
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Purpose: The purpose of this work is to increase the possibilities of designing building components for specific demands to increase the building’s value, and to investigate how the possibilities can be affected by automating the production process. Method: The theoretical framework, which this study is based on, was collected using literature studies and was thereafter combined with the empirics, which were retrieved from qualitative methods as interviews and planned observations. A case study was made of the building Ormhuset in Jönköping. Findings: The objective of this work is to investigate the possibilities for designing roofs by using new automation methods for the production process of wooden roof structures. This study implies that parametric design can be used to generate new innovative shapes and designs that are optimised according to specific criteria. Furthermore, an increased use of automation in the production process of wooden roof trusses result in cheaper roof trusses, regardless of their shapes. The generated optimized designs are therefore cheaper and easier to produce using more automation in the production process. Implications: If parametric design is used, almost any kind of shapes can be generated and optimised. To ensure manufacturability of a design, an early connection between architect and manufacturer is important. Furthermore, increased use of automation can lead to easier and faster production of roof trusses and investing in more automation can be relevant for companies with large production volumes. Using digital files to control the manufacturing machines is time saving. There are alternative manufacturing methods for advanced roof structurers in wood, which are better suited for production, which cannot be rationalized as for roof trusses. Constraints for increased automation are often a high investment cost and limited space. Limitations: If the study is performed on another case than Ormhuset and with other respondents, the result might have differed but could be similar, why this study is not generally valid but only shows one possible outcome.Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att öka möjligheterna att utforma byggnadsdelar efter specifika behov för att öka en byggnads värde, samt undersöka hur möjligheterna kan påverkas genom att automatisera tillverkningsprocessen. Metod: Den teori som arbetet grundas på har samlats in via litteraturstudier och har därefter kombinerats med empiri som framkommit genom kvalitativa insamlingsmetoder i form av intervjuer och planerade observationer. En fallstudie av byggnaden Ormhuset i Jönköping har genomförts. Resultat: Målet med detta arbete är att studera möjligheter inom utformning av tak som ges av nya automationsmetoder vid tillverkning av takkonstruktioner i trä. Studien har visat att parametrisk design kan användas för att generera nya innovativa former och utformningar som är optimerade utefter specifika kriterier. Vidare kan ökad användning av automation vid tillverkning av takstolar i trä leda till billigare takstolar oberoende av form. De optimerade utformningar som tagits fram blir alltså billigare och lättare att tillverka vid en mer automatiserad tillverkningsprocess. Konsekvenser: Om parametrisk design används kan i stort sett vilka utformningar som helst tas fram och optimeras. För att säkerställa producerbarheten av en utformning är en tidig koppling mellan arkitekt och tillverkare viktig. Vidare kan en ökad automation medföra enklare och snabbare tillverkning av takstolar, och en investering i mer automation kan vara relevant för företag med stora produktionsvolymer. Används digitala produktionsfiler för att styra de tillverkande maskinerna kan tid sparas in. Det finns alternativa produktionssätt för avancerade takkonstruktioner i trä som är bättre lämpade då tillverkningen inte kan rationaliseras på samma sätt som för takstolar. Begränsande faktorer för en ökad automation är ofta en hög investeringskostnad och utrymmesbrist. Begränsningar: Om studien istället utförs för ett annat fall än Ormhuset och därmed med andra respondenter hade kunnat resultera i andra, men kanske snarlika, resultat, varför denna studie inte är generellt giltig utan enbart visar ett möjligt utfall.
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Ekman, Gunnar. "Från text till batong : om poliser, busar och svennar." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Företagslednings- och Arbetslivsfrågor (A), 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-642.
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Det finns en föreställning om att organisationer kan styras av texter. Denna föreställning ligger till grund för hur organisationer i allmänhet styrs, och har fått särskilt stort genomslag i den offentliga sektorn. Polisorganisationen är inget undantag, utan ett bra exempel på en offentlig organisation som är tänkt att styras av texter. Polisers arbete skall styras av särskilt många texter, till exempel lagar, regleringsbrev, verksamhetsplaner och handlingsplaner. En orsak till det är att polisarbete bland annat handlar om att hantera samhällets legitimerade användning av våld. Polisarbetets vardagliga praktik handlar emellertid om att hantera fler krav än de som uttrycks i texter. Förutom i texter ställs krav på polisarbetet också av chefer, poliser och medborgare. Med utgångspunkt i det vardagliga polisarbetet diskuteras i den här avhandlingen hur poliser hanterar många - och ofta motstridiga - krav uttryckta av många kravställare. I avhandlingen argumenteras för att polisarbetet normeras - det vill säga normer som styr den dagliga praktiken formas - i det vardagliga småpratet mellan poliser. I det småpratet undersöks handlingsutrymme och sanktioner kopplade till olika krav och det bestäms hur poliser bör förhålla sig till krav och kravställare. Att polispraktiken normeras i det vardagliga småpratet mellan poliser utmanar den klassiska bilden av hierarkier - där textproducenter med hjälp av texter och chefer antas normera polisarbetet.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.
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Popken, Anke. "Drivers’ reliance on lane keeping assistance systems as a function of the level of assistance." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-201000382.
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Fahrerassistenzsysteme werden zunehmend in Fahrzeuge eingebaut mit dem Ziel, den Fahrer beim Fahren zu unterstützen, Fahrfehler zu vermeiden und damit die Fahrsicherheit zu erhöhen. Derzeit sind häufig Systeme im Einsatz, die den Fahrer vor bestimmten Sicherheitsrisiken warnen (z.B. vor einem unbeabsichtigten Verlassen der Fahrspur). Der Trend geht aber hin zu Systemen, die stärker ins Fahrgeschehen eingreifen und somit Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisieren (z.B. selbständig die Spurhaltung des Fahrzeugs übernehmen). Aus der Forschung zur Mensch-Maschine Interaktion ist jedoch bekannt, dass Automatisierung nicht zwangsläufig zur Erhöhung von Sicherheit führt, sondern dass sie vielmehr auch unerwünschte Nebeneffekte für Performanz und Sicherheit mit sich bringen kann in dem Maße, wie Menschen an die veränderten Aufgabenanforderungen adaptieren. Im Straßenverkehr wird insbesondere befürchtet, dass Fahrer sich zu stark auf Fahrerassistenzsysteme verlassen, sich teilweise aus der Fahraufgabe zurückziehen („abschalten“) und ihre Aufmerksamkeit fahrfremden Dingen widmen. Dies kann unter Umständen dazu führen, dass Fahrer im Falle von Systemfehlern oder –ausfällen nicht mehr in der Lage sind rechtzeitig und angemessen einzugreifen bzw. die Kontrolle über das Fahrzeug zu übernehmen. Ziel der Dissertation war es zu untersuchen, inwieweit sich die Involviertheit von Fahrern in die Fahraufgabe verändert je stärker sie durch ein Assistenzsystem unterstützt werden (d.h., je stärker das System Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisiert). Um dies zu untersuchen wurden zwei theoretische Konzepte herangezogen: a) das Verlassen der Fahrer (auf ein System) und b) das Situationsbewusstsein der Fahrer. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Analyse der Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Automatisierung wurde ein theoretisches Rahmenmodell entwickelt, welches Veränderungen in der Involviertheit des Fahrers in die Fahraufgabe auf menschliche Adaptationsprozesse auf verschiedenen Ebenen zurückführt, die sich in Folge der veränderten Aufgabenanforderungen durch zunehmende Automatisierung ergeben. Dazu zählen Veränderungen in Einstellungen, sowie in kognitiven, energetischen, und motivationalen Prozessen. Um Veränderungen in diesen Prozessen zu untersuchen, wurde eine Vielzahl an objektiven und subjektiven Maßen erhoben. Hauptgegenstand der Dissertation ist eine umfangreiche Fahrsimulatorstudie im Fahrsimulator mit Bewegungsplattform bei VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Schweden. Dabei kamen zwei Querführungsassistenzsysteme (ein Heading Control System und ein Lane Departure Warning System) zum Einsatz, die den Fahrer in unterschiedlichem Maße bei der Spurhaltung unterstützten. Im Gegensatz zu einem Großteil der bisherigen Studien wurden prozessorientierte Performanzmaße zur Erfassung des Verlassens der Fahrer auf die Assistenzsysteme und des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer verwendet. Das Verlassen der Fahrer auf die Querführungsassistenzsysteme wurde durch Blickverhaltensmaße über die Bereitschaft der Fahrer erfasst, ihre visuelle Aufmerksamkeit von der Straße ab hin zu einer Zweitaufgabe im Fahrzeuginnenraum zu wenden. Zur Messung des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer wurden Fahrverhaltensmaße herangezogen welche als Indikator für die Schnelligkeit und Abruptheit der Reaktionen der Fahrer auf unerwartete kritische Fahrsituationen dienten. Ein Hauptbefund der Dissertation war, dass die Fahrer sich signifikant im Ausmaß ihres Verlassens auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz unterschieden. Diese interindividuelle Varianz im Verlassen der Fahrer auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz konnte am besten durch das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das Querführungsassistenzsystem und ihr Aktivierungsniveau erklärt werden: Je höher das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das System und je geringer ihr Aktivierungsniveau, desto stärker verließen sie sich auf das System. Individuelle Fahrermerkmale (Fahrstil) erklärten einen signifikanten Anteil der Varianz im Vertrauen der Fahrer in die Spurhalteassistenzsysteme. (ersetzt wegen neuem Herausgeber)Advanced driver assistance systems are increasingly built in vehicles with the aim to support drivers while driving, to reduce driver errors and thereby to increase traffic safety. At present, these systems are often designed to warn drivers of specific safety risks (e.g., of an imminent departure from the driving lane). However, there is a trend towards systems that more strongly intervene in driving and that hence, automate parts of the driving task (e.g., autonomously keep the vehicle within the driving lane). However, research on human-machine interaction has shown that automation does not necessarily increase safety, but that it may also lead to unanticipated side effects on performance and safety to the extent that humans adapt to the changing task demands. A major concern in road traffic is that drivers rely too heavily on driver assistance systems, become less actively involved in the driving task, and divert their attention to things unrelated to driving. Thus, in the case of system malfunctions or failures, drivers possibly may not be prepared to intervene timely and accordingly and to regain control over the vehicle, respectively. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate changes in drivers’ active engagement in the driving task as a function of the degree to which they are supported by a driver assistance system (i.e., as a function of the degree to which the system automates the driving task). Drivers’ active task engagement was studied by referring to two theoretical concepts: a) drivers’ reliance (on a system) and b) drivers’ situation awareness. Based on an extensive review of previous research on automation, a conceptual theoretical framework was developed that links changes in operators’ active task engagement to human adaptation processes on different levels in response to the changing task demands due to automation. Among them are changes in human attitudes as well as in cognitive, motivational and energetic processes. In order to determine the relative influence of these processes, a range of objective and subjective measures was collected. The essential part of the dissertation is an extensive driving simulator study in an advanced moving-base driving simulator at VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Sweden. Two lateral support systems (a Heading Control system and a Lane Departure Warning system) were implemented which assisted drivers to different degrees in lane keeping. Contrary to most previous automation studies, drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems and their situation awareness were studied by using process-oriented performance-based measures. Drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems was assessed by eye glance behaviour measures indicating drivers’ preparedness to allocate their visual attention away from the road scene to an in-vehicle secondary task. Drivers’ situation awareness was assessed by behavioural measures of the latency and magnitude of drivers’ initial reactions to unexpected critical driving situations. A major finding of the study was that drivers differed significantly in their reliance on a high level of lane keeping assistance. This interindividual variance in drivers’ reliance on higher-level assistance could be best explained by drivers’ trust in the system and their energetic arousal: The greater drivers’ trust in the system and the lower their arousal, the more did they rely on the system. Individual driver variables (driving style) explained a significant proportion of the variance in drivers’ trust in the lane keeping assistance systems. (replaced because a new publisher)
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Ternström, Robert. "Hantering av den personliga integriteten inom e-handel : Enkätundersökning för registrerade användare på sidan tradera. Värden inom den personliga integriteten tas fram och andra viktiga faktorer för ett e-handelsföretag." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kommunikation, medier och it, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16347.
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Allt fler företag väljer att vara webbaserade och ägna sig helt till e-handel. Samtidigt fortsätter antalet e-handelsföretag att öka i antal kraftigt. Företagens behov av personlig information och kunddata har även ökat för att förbli konkurrenskraftiga. Vilket skapar ett problem, behovet av denna personliga information hos företagen riskerar att inkräkta på användarens personliga integritet. Tidigare forskning presenterar inte mycket angående värdet av den personliga integriteten och de fördelar ett skyddande av detta genererar. En empirisk studie bland svenska användare på e-handelssidan tradera där deltagarna delade deras åsikter och värden angående den personliga integriteten och e-handel utfördes och sammanställdes. Den personliga integriteten ses som ett värde för att utreda detta begrepp med en konceptuell utredning, som är en teori inom värdekänslig design. Bidraget till forskningen är ett ramverk för e-handelsföretag som handlar om hur de skall hantera den personliga integriteten. Arbetet har präglats mycket av inläsning som det har getts utrymme för inom rapporten.More and more companies choose to be online and devote themselves entirely to e-commerce. The number of companies who choose to be online is still continuing to increase rapidly. The companies needs for personal information and customer data has increased in order to remain competitive. The problem is that the needs for this personal information from the companies are threating to intrude the customers privacy. Previous research is not addressing the value of information privacy and the benefit of privacy protection. I have conducted an empirical survey study among Swedish users on the e-commerce site Tradera where the participants shared their beliefs and values regarding privacy and e-commerce. I choose to see the privacy as a value in order to investigate this concept in a conceptual study, which is a theory in value sensitive design. My contribution to the research will be a framework for e-commerce and how they should manage the concept of privacy in e-commerce.
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Hedström, Erika. "Stålfackverk i hallbyggnader : En studie om sadelfackverk med tillhörande analys i FEM-Design." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36044.
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Anledningen till att samhället fungerar som invånare förväntar sig och är vana vid är att det mesta är uppstrukturerat med lagar och regler varav många grundar sig i erfarenheter från verkligheten. Till exempel dimensioneras byggnader efter regler som har prövats fram såsom ändrade regler för snölast. Den senaste ändringen skedde i EKS 10 år 2016 vilket bland annat kan ha påverkats av det som skedde vintern 2009/2010 då många tak rasade in på grund av en förhöjd mängd snö jämfört med tidigare dimensioneringsriktlinjer. Ändringen påverkades även av insikten för risken med ojämn fördelning av snön. Samtliga bärande delar i en byggnad är alltså dimensionerade av en konstruktör för att hålla för en viss last. Syftet med arbetet var att kartlägga och öka kunskapen om dimensionering av stålfackverk i hallbyggnader, varav denna undersökning fokuserar på sadelfackverk. Att belysa brandskyddsfrågan var också en del av syftet. Arbetet genomfördes med hjälp av en faktaundersökning som understöddes av intervjuer, beräkningar i programmet FEM-Design och ett studiebesök på SWL. Resultatet av beräkningarna gjordes i två delar, snittkrafter respektive bärförmåga i fackverkets överram med dubbla vinkeljärn. Momentet beräknades för hand med tre olika metoder som påminde om varandra men också med FEM-Designs analys. Denna jämförelse avslöjade att fördelningen mellan moment i stöd och fält var omvänt mellan handberäkningar och FE-analys vilket berodde på att stödsjunkningen inte hade beaktats i handberäkningarna, enbart i analysen. Jämförelser gjordes sedan för snittkrafterna mellan ett fackverk med ledade livstänger samt ett fackverk med fast inspända knutpunkter. Framtagningen av överramens bärförmåga gjordes med tre olika metoder för att sedan jämföra dem mot varandra i form av överramens utnyttjandegrad. Den första metoden innehöll en fiktiv linjelast för att ta hänsyn till imperfektion, utnyttjandegraden som räknades fram blev 89 %. Den andra metoden, vid namn allmän metod, beräknades med en kritisk parameter från FEM-Design som gav utnyttjandegraden 98 %. Till sist utfördes beräkningen med FEM-Design (Steel design) för att med dimensioneringsverktyget ta fram två utnyttjandegrader att jämföra mot de två förstnämnda metoderna, som blev 82 % respektive 99 % som tar hänsyn till böjknäckning respektive böjvridknäckning. Den mest trovärdiga utnyttjandegraden som beräknades var med den allmänna metoden (98 %) eftersom den tar hänsyn till flest knäckningsfall. En negativ aspekt med dimensioneringsprocessen är att reglerna som ska beaktas är utspridda i flera eurokoder. Det leder till att det många gånger krävs en erfaren konstruktörs kunskaper för att ta hänsyn till samtliga skrifter som berör konstruktionsdelen som ska dimensioneras. Det visade sig också att fokus ligger på fel område när det gäller uppbyggnaden av brandskyddskravet för hallbyggnaders stålfackverk. Med syftet att rädda liv handlar kraven idag om att brandskydda stålstommen istället för att fokusera på det mest avgörande problemet som hotar människoliv i denna situation – värmestrålning. Problemen måste prioriteras och åtgärdas i rätt ordning för att det ska vara någon mening med kraven som bestäms av myndigheterna. Metoden som användes för hela arbetet var optimal för att få fram ett resultat med denna kvalitet med de förutsättningar som rådde. Ett mer omfattande arbete, exempelvis en doktorsavhandling, hade kunnat göra mer omfattande studier än detta. Felkällan är främst den mänskliga faktorn då kunskaperna om programmet FEM-Design är begränsade. Slutsatserna som dras av detta examensarbete sammanfattas genom att svara på frågeställningarna för arbetet med nästföljande två textstycken. Problematiken i dimensioneringsprocessen är framför allt avsaknaden av regler i eurokoderna som behandlar bärförmåga av icke dubbelsymmetriska tvärsnitt. Som det är idag krävs analys i komplexa beräkningsprogram för att använda de alternativa metoderna som nämns i eurokoderna (allmän metod och metoden med imperfektioner för global analys). Om konstruktören vill använda beräkningsprogram som FEM-Design fullt ut för att beräkna bärförmågan av överramen med dubbla vinkeljärn är problemet att programmet inte kan räkna med (egendefinierade) sammansatta dubbeltvärsnitt. Anledningen till att stålfackverk i hallbyggnader inte behöver brandskyddas är för att syftet att rädda liv inte uppfylls genom detta. Innan risk finns för kollaps av byggnaden uppkommer ett annat problem, nämligen ökande värmestrålning. När värmestrålningen överstiger 200°C är människors liv i fara vilket innebär att problemet inte ligger i stålstommens bärförmåga utan värmestrålningen orsakad av branden. Det här arbetet tillför mycket för konstruktörer som ska dimensionera fackverk med exempelvis dubbla vinkeljärn eftersom det är en svår process att genomföra, åtminstone för konstruktörer som brukar använda något enklare beräkningsprogram. Resultatet som däremot påvisade att brandskyddet av stålfackverk är onödigt är väldigt viktigt för samhället att uppmärksamma eftersom det kan betyda att Sveriges krav för brandskydd i hallbyggnader är felaktig eller undermålig för att rädda liv vid brand.The purpose with this degree project was to look into the design process regarding steel trusses in hall buildings in order to find out what should be considered and what can be overlooked in the calculations to get the best result. In addition to the calculations, the need for fire protection of steel trusses in hall buildings was also investigated. This work was implemented through a literature study, interviews and calculations, both by hand and with the software FEM-Design. The interviews and a study visit at a manufacturer, were complements to the literature study to get a more trustworthy result. The calculation study was split into two parts; the first part contained the production of the cutting forces for the steel truss so that the values could be used in the second part. One section was analyzed in FEM-Design to calculate the load capacity of the upper chord, where the load capacity was calculated by three different methods. One of these, the general method, gives the most reliable result because it takes several flexural buckling into account. The utilization rate was 98 % with the general method compared to 89 % and 99 % using the other methods. The literature study about fire protection showed that several studies have come to the same result, e.g. that fire protection of steel trusses in hall buildings is unnecessary. The conclusions, thanks to this work, are that a problem in the design process is that there are no rules in the Eurocodes dealing with the capacity for non-double symmetrical cross-sections. Therefore, complex calculating programs are required today to use alternative methods from the Eurocodes. Fire protection, on the other hand, isn’t necessary because the problem isn’t that the roof structure rages. Human life is threatened long before by the heat radiation from the fire. In fact a person can only handle a short time of heat radiation of maximum 200°C while the steel frame doesn’t collapse until the temperature reached about 900-1000°C, that’s why the rules should be changed in Sweden.
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Roussey, Ludivine. "Analyse économique des moyens et de l’organisation de la justice." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100165/document.
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Les moyens et l'organisation de la justice sont des déterminants importants de l'efficacité de cette institution. Pourtant, ces aspects restent encore marginalement étudiés dans l'analyse économique du droit. Après avoir mis en évidence le besoin d'un cadre d'analyse économique des relations entre les résultats de l'activité judiciaire, les moyens alloués au système, la demande de justice et ses modes d'organisation, nous contribuons directement à l'exploration de ces relations. D'abord grâce à un modèle théorique, nous démontrons l'existence d'un effet multiplicateur des dépenses publiques de justice en nous appuyant sur l'analyse d'un type de conflits particulier : les conflits locatifs. Nous démontrons alors qu'une augmentation marginale des dépenses consacrées à la résolution de ce type de conflits améliore de manière significative à la fois le fonctionnement des tribunaux et le fonctionnement du marché du logement locatif. Ensuite, grâce à un test économétrique à partir de données originales – en particulier celles produites par la Commission Européenne pour l'Efficacité de la Justice – nous mettons en évidence un lien positif et robuste entre la confiance des individus dans la justice et diverses variables budgétaires. Nous développons l'idée que le budget de la justice joue un rôle de signal de la qualité de l'institution pour les agents dont la connaissance réelle du système judiciaire est limitée. Enfin, dans un modèle de double aléa moral appliqué à la production de justice, nous analysons les relations entre les moyens et l'organisation de la justice puis entre cette dernière et les résultats de son activité. Nous démontrons alors que certains équilibres du jeu stratégique entre les agents responsables de la production des services judiciaires – le gouvernement et les magistrats – correspondent à des situations inefficaces car les magistrats sont amenés à effectuer des tâches administratives à la place du gouvernement, au prix d'un niveau de production de services judiciaires relativement faibleThe means and organization of justice are important determinants of the efficiency of this institution. Nevertheless, these aspects still remain marginally studied in the economic analysis of law. After we have highlighted the need for an economic analytical framework of the relationships between the results of judicial activity, the means allocated to the system, the demand of justice and its organizational features, we directly contribute to the exploration of these relationships. First, thanks to a theoretical model, we demonstrate the existence of a multiplier effect of public expenditure on justice by focusing on the analysis of a particular type of disputes: rental ones. We thus demonstrate that a marginal increase in expenditures dedicated to the resolution of rental disputes significantly improves both the functioning of courts and the functioning of the rental market. Then, thanks to an econometrical test on original data – in particular the ones produced by the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice – we show a positive and robust link between individuals' trust in justice and different budget-related variables. We argue that the justice budget plays a role as a signal of the institution's quality for agents whose knowledge about the reality of the judicial system is limited. Finally, using a double-sided moral hazard model applied to the production of justice, we analyze the relationship between the means and the organization of justice and then, between the organization and the results of judicial activity. We thus demonstrate that some of the equilibria of the strategic game between the agents who are responsible for the production of judicial services – the government and the magistrates – correspond to inefficient situations because magistrates are led to perform administrative tasks instead of the government, at the cost of a relatively low level of production of judicial services
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Dvořáková, Šárka. "Architektonická studie cyklistického stadionu /dráhy/ Favorit Brno /na volné ploše v Brně Komárově/." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391843.
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A specialized project of „Architectural study of modification of the bicycle stadium Favorit Brno in the BVV area and urban design of the Hněvkovský sports complex in Komárov“ preceded the diploma thesis. The aim of the project was preparation of the area for cycling stadium with all the necessary facilities and functional connections. The diploma thesis develops a previous project and elaborates the compound of the cycling stadium in a form of a study. The building should recpect to the current demands of this sport, such as a closed roof of the building, siberian pine track material and a 250-meter track length. The building will be situated in the area adjacent to the current biker complex in Brno Komárov.
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Kouřilová, Vendula. "Novostavba vinařského domu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227610.
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The subject of this master thesis is a design of wine house which comes together with restaurant and accommodation in Strazovice near Kyjov. It includes design study and all the detailed drawings of the building. The building is designed with three services - winery, restaurant and accommodation. Winery is divided into separate rooms for wine processing, finishing and wine aging, also storage, distribution and sale of wine. Canteen service includes kitchen with accessories, restaurant with dining, separated lounge, vaulted cellar and room for degustation. Lounge, cellar and degustation room is primary determined for different corporate events, conferences, weddings, family events and others. For building were chosen descending lands at the edge of Strazovice.. The main reason for this decision is the view that this place provides because of its higher position. Also this village is a part of region, for which wine production is typical. The shape of the object is rectangular and consists of three floors. Two upper floors are receding with comparison to the first floor. This formed a part of terrace which is connected with the oval part on pillars. Basement is situated completely below ground, only the south side is partly uncovered. Construction is made of reinforced concrete. Ground floors are with ventilated frontage. Frontage of the first floor is covered with wooden cladding, and frontage of the second floor is covered with plaster. Vertical constructions are made of lime-sand blocks and horizontal constructions are reinforced concrete. The roof is built of wooden trusses with arched upper part. On the roof there are installed photovoltaic panels for electricity which is used in the building. Rainwater is held in tank, servers as a water supply for the building. Wastewater is depurated in small sewage plant which is further conducted into the building. Other wastewater is captured in the sump. Projection of the winery emphasis, inter alia, on static and
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JHENG, YU-CIAN, and 鄭羽謙. "A Behavior-Driven Trust Management Approach for Securing Task Offloading in Hierarchical Clouds." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76628974235384225053.
Full textAbstract:
碩士真理大學
資訊工程學系碩士班
104
Because mobile devices have limits of their resources such as electric power and computational power, the need for complex calculations in order to avoid insufficient resources or the computing time is too long, may need offloading to the cloud. However, nearly everyone have mobile devices and the mobile device has a lot of idle resources, so offloading is not only to cloud this option only, can also offloading to other adjacent and extra resources mobile devices. If the selected mobile device have malicious behavior, such as not help computing, didn't provide the amount of resources required, or even provide erroneous results might cause computing in doing offloading when slow or even get the wrong results. We put the aforementioned mobile devices with malicious behavior called malicious nodes. Therefore, when carrying unloading operation, how to detect malicious nodes to ensure operational safety and efficiency of unloading is a very important and needs to be resolved. In this paper, we propose a new system called behavior-driven trust management system (called BDTM). BDTM can use historical data to find out the malicious mobile node. Because the newer node behavior has a higher reference value, the reference value of historical data in BTDM will decay over time. In order to more effectively identify malicious nodes, BTDM dynamically adjusts the amplitude attenuation historical data reference value.
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Huang, Hsiao-Tien, and 黃小恬. "The Relationships among Employees’ Perceived Affective Trust, Leaders’ Task Interdependence, and Employees’ Innovative Behaviors." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/y5bq48.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
人力資源管理研究所
105
In the previous studies, many researchers believed that employees result in trust to their supervisor. Therefore, the study from supervisor point of view of trust of employees (McGregor, 1960), aims to know the relationship between affective trust and innovative behavior. By reviewing studies, many of these discussed employee levels, so we take interaction with supervisors into this study, taken task interdependence as the mediate variable of supervisor levels. Furthermore, from the leadership style explored their behaviors result in the moderating effect. In this study, of all the 329 field data from practitioners, the findings revealed that (1) affective trust has a positive effect on the relationship of innovative behavior; (2) the mediating effect of task interdependence on the relationship between affective trust and innovative behavior; (3) directive leadership the moderate has a positive effect on the relationship between affective trust and task interdependence; (4) the moderated-mediation model effect of directive leadership on the relationship between affective trust and innovative behavior. Finally, according to the result of this study, put forward to theoretical implications and future researchers are discussed at the end of this research. (1) Supervisor increasing affective trust in employees, enhancing employees’ innovative behavior. (2) Supervisor increasing affective trust in employees, in order to promote task interdependence, and employees enhancing innovative behavior. (3) The directive leadership of supervisor that strong affective trust in employees, in order to promote task interdependence. (4) In terms of theoretical implications, supervisor shows that directive leadership, in order to strong affective trust in employees, supervisor's task interdependence, and the process of innovative behavior.
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Chang, Hyeseung Maria. "Students' trust building in a collaborative learning team." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/11665.
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The purpose of the study was to examine elements which affected students' team trust building in an online collaborative learning team and relationships among these elements. The setting of this study was a graduate-level online course on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) in which all course activities were conducted collaboratively through online communications. Data were collected from multiple sources including interviews which were audio taped, transcripts of students' self-reflective journals, transcripts of messages on the asynchronous web conferencing system, transcripts of messages on the synchronous web conferencing system, and the researcher's reflective journals. Data were analyzed using the coding procedures for developing grounded theory proposed by Strauss and Corbin (1998). Results of the data analysis indicated the influences of CSCL course context including the collaborative nature of the course and the heterogeneity of teams on students' team trust building. Results also indicated the dynamics of team trust building. Four different components of team trust building, which were initial team trust, contributors, dimensions, and consequences of team trust, influenced one another. Students’ initial team trust influenced the contributors to team trust which were students' competence, reliability, online communication, and caring. In addition, these contributors influenced the dimensions of team trust such as task performance trust and interpersonal trust. Once students built trust in their teams, they could develop collaborative knowledge building and a sense of community which were the consequences of team trust. The consequences of students’ team trust, in turn, influenced the contributors to team trust. Understanding the construct of team trust may help not only instructors in their design and guidance of successful online collaborative learning teams, but also students in various online collaborative learning teams. In addition, the results of this study may help instructors and researchers to consider carefully the issues in relation to online team trust building.text
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Wu, Chung-Wen, and 吳崇文. "The Effect of Organizational Differences, Information Function Characteristics, and Mutual Trust Relationships on Outsourcing Task Performance." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89547714528063169990.
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Khang, Nguyen Nam, and 阮南康. "Exploring the Impacts of Initial Trust and Task Technology Fit of Mobile Banking Adoption on Vietnamese Youth." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62327080147795718318.
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碩士龍華科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
104
The exploding innovation of technology, especially mobile banking (MB), brings plenty of advantages for improving quality of human life. However, in Vietnam, the current usage of MB is still below its potentials. Therefore, this study is based on the previous literatures to investigate the impact of trust and technology on behavior intention and adoption of MB users. A conceptual framework was developed based on the integrated of Initial Trust (IT) and Task Technology Fit (TTF) models to predict behavioral intention and MB adoption. The research questionnaire was developed based on Confirm Factor Analysis (CFA) method and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the theoretical model and hypotheses. Sample data were collected from the Vietnamese young people who have the most potential to catch up this latest technology. The empirical results showed that Initial Trust and Task Technology Fit models have strong impacts on MB behavior intention. In addition, there are differences in TTF, structural assurances, and IT between male and female as well as in task characteristics and structural assurances between groups of age. This research provides a clearer path for Vietnam’s technological advancement strategy to Vietnamese MB.
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Ko, Chuan, and 葛娟. "The Relationship between Task Complexity, Knowledge Sharing, and Knowledge Acquisition: The Moderation of Organization Trust and Personality Traits." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35503425004770375807.
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碩士國立交通大學
管理學院管理科學學程
100
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of organizational trust, task complexity, and personality traits on employees’ knowledge sharing and knowledge acquisition behaviors, two knowledge management activities that contribute to the survival and competitiveness of modern enterprises. Employees from ten high-tech electronic companies were sampled. Three hundred questionnaires were distributed and 202 of them were returned with a return rate of 67%. After excluding one incomplete questionnaire, 201 were remained. Hierarchical regression was used for hypothesis testing. The findings show that task complexity, organizational trust, and openness to experiences have a positive effect on knowledge sharing. Task complexity has a positive effect on knowledge acquisition. According to the results of this study, enhancing employees’ organizational trust and encouraging them open to new experiences will facilitate their knowledge sharing with co-workers. Adding complexity to their jobs will stimulate their own knowledge acquisition behavior. This new understanding about knowledge sharing and acquisition is not only beneficial to theory development in the field of organizational learning but also useful for providing guidance for managing knowledge within organizations.
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Li, Voyce. "Organisational learning and innovation: implication of dual-level leadership, trust, task interdependence on intention to share knowledge and innovation." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/933126.
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Professional Doctorate - Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)Three models have been developed based on the concepts from Bass and Avolio (1989), Pearce and Gregersen (1991), McAllister (1995), West and Anderson (1996), Bock et al. (2005) and Wang and Howell (2010). Hypotheses defined in the models were examined by using a sample of 143 team members from 41 work teams at a university in Hong Kong. Group- and individual-focused transformational leadership (TFL) behaviours were found to be positively related to intention to share knowledge and team innovation. Group-focused TFL behaviour was also found to be positively related to intention to share knowledge through the mediating influence of task interdependence and positively associated with team innovation through the mediating influence of affect-based trust.
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Mendes, Ana Rita Brás. "How to promote innovation in work teams: The role of trust and reflexivity." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/94429.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia do Trabalho, das Organizações e dos Recursos Humanos apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da EducaçãoA inovação da equipa é um dos muitos fatores que permite às organizações alcançar vantagens competitivas em períodos de mudança e, como tal, o principal objetivo desta dissertação é contribuir para a compreensão dos fatores que promovem a capacidade de inovação das equipas de trabalho, contribuindo para a conhecimento nesta área. Assim, este estudo pretende testar é um modelo de mediação, onde é hipotetizado que a confiança da equipa influencia positivamente a capacidade das equipas de inovar, direta ou indiretamente, através de sua influência no processo de reflexividade da equipa.Para tal, foi realizado um estudo empírico, de natureza transversal, que incidiu numa amostra constituída por 111 equipas de trabalho, pertencentes a 72 organizações portuguesas de diferentes setores de atividade. Os dados foram recolhidos através do método de inquérito por questionário e analisados a nível da equipa, testando-se um modelo de mediação simples com recurso ao PROCESS. Os resultados revelaram a existência de relações positivas e estatisticamente significativas entre a confiança da equipa (afetiva e cognitiva), a reflexividade da equipa e a inovação da equipa. Quanto à hipótese de mediação, os resultados revelaram uma mediação total da reflexividade das tarefas da equipa na relação entre confiança da equipa (nos dois componentes) e inovação da equipa. Por outro lado, a reflexividade das tarefas em equipa não medeia a relação entre confiança cognitiva e inovação em equipa.Estes resultados vêm reforçar a estudos anteriores que apontam para a relevância da confiança da equipa como estratégia para aumentar a inovação da equipa, diretamente ou através do aumento da reflexividade das tarefas da equipa.
Team innovation is one of many factors that allow organizations to achieve competitive advantage in times of change, and as such, the main goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the understanding of the factors that promote the innovation capacity of work teams, contributing to the knowledge in this area. Thus, this study aims to test a mediation model, where it is hypothesized that team trust positively influences the capacity of the teams to innovate, either directly or indirectly through its influence on the team reflexivity process. Then, an empirical study was carried out, with a cross-sectional design, involving a sample of 111 work teams and their leaders, belonging to 72 Portuguese organizations from different sectors of activity. The data were collected through the survey method and was analyzed at the group level, testing a simple mediation model using PROCESS. The results revealed a direct and statistically significant relationship between team trust (cognitive and affective), team task reflexivity, and team innovation. Regarding the hypothesis of mediation, the results revealed a full mediation of team task reflexivity in the relationship between team trust (in both components) and team innovation. On the other hand, team task reflexivity does not mediate the relationship between cognitive trust and team innovation. These results reinforce previous studies that point to the relevance of team trust as a strategy to increase team innovation, either directly or through an increase of team task reflexivity.
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"Understanding Humans to Better Understand Robots in a Joint-Task Environment: The Study of Surprise and Trust in Human-Machine Physical Coordination." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53847.
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abstract: Human-robot interaction has expanded immensely within dynamic environments. The goals of human-robot interaction are to increase productivity, efficiency and safety. In order for the integration of human-robot interaction to be seamless and effective humans must be willing to trust the capabilities of assistive robots. A major priority for human-robot interaction should be to understand how human dyads have been historically effective within a joint-task setting. This will ensure that all goals can be met in human robot settings. The aim of the present study was to examine human dyads and the effects of an unexpected interruption. Humans’ interpersonal and individual levels of trust were studied in order to draw appropriate conclusions. Seventeen undergraduate and graduate level dyads were collected from Arizona State University. Participants were broken up into either a surprise condition or a baseline condition. Participants individually took two surveys in order to have an accurate understanding of levels of dispositional and individual levels of trust. The findings showed that participant levels of interpersonal trust were average. Surprisingly, participants who participated in the surprise condition afterwards, showed moderate to high levels of dyad trust. This effect showed that participants became more reliant on their partners when interrupted by a surprising event. Future studies will take this knowledge and apply it to human-robot interaction, in order to mimic the seamless team-interaction shown in historically effective dyads, specifically human team interaction.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Engineering 2019
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LEE, TING-YEH, and 李亭曄. "The Moderating Effects of Trust Needed of Task and Global-Local Balance on the Relationship Between Global Mindset and Performance of Self-Initiated Expatriates." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00599929869533662610.
Full textAbstract:
碩士靜宜大學
企業管理學系
105
Nowadays, the emerging policy of local hiring, which hires young parent country employee with less international allowance, has affected international human resource management practices. Due to the local hiring policy, some talents with global mindset self-initiate to seek oversea assignments. However, we do have limit knowledge in self-initiate expatriates (SIEs). Thus, the aims of this research wants to explore the relationship between global mindset and job performance. The framework of this study was built to moderating effects of task- and firm-level factors on the global mindset performance relationship. Evidence form 122 SIEs of 32 multinational enterprises (MNEs) indicate that global orientation of SIEs had positive impact on their oversea job performance. When MNEs pursue the balance of globalization and local responsiveness will moderate the positive relationship between SIEs’ global mindset and job performance. This investigation predicts that middle level of trust that was needed by a task will also moderate the global mindset-job performance relationship, however the empirical result does not support this hypothesis.
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Tsai, Shu-Ming, and 蔡淑名. "The Impact of Task Interdependence, Team Cooperation, Team Conflict and Team Trust on Job Performance: Using a Cognition of Real Estate Broker in Kaohsiung City as an Example." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52347a.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東商業技術學院
不動產經營系(所)
102
The channel of realtor market has become saturated gradually. In order to compete under the environment of limited resources, how to inspire the benign interaction among branches and to promote real estate agents to effectively enhance job performance which affect teamwork and personal business enormously.The data collected from a questionnaire survey was conducted by different branch stores of the major real estate agencies in Kaohsiung city. A total of 510 questionnaires were distributed to 54 real estate agencies, 323 valid questionnaires retained, with a valid rate of recovery 63.33%.We adopted hierarchical linear modeling and regression analysis to investigate relationships of task interdependence, team cooperation, team conflict and team trust among different levels of branches, as well as its impact on the individual level of job performance. The results conclude that task interdependence has a positive impact on team cooperation; task interdependence has a negative impact on relationship conflict; relationship conflict has a negative impact on team cooperation; team trust has a positive impact on team cooperation. Besides, the results reveal that a 34.5％ of obvious variance from the real estate agents among different branch stores, among which, team cooperation has a positive impact on individual performance; task conflict has a positive impact on individual performance; relationship conflict has a negative impact on individual performance; team trust has a positive impact on individual performance. The empirical results of this study demonstrate that the establishment of better management mechanism for the team of real estate agents to enhance job performance while not ignoring the importance of task interdependence, team cooperation, task conflict, relationship conflict and team trust.
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Smith, Adam. "Level of Automation Effects on Situation Awareness and Functional Specificity in Automation Reliance." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32491.
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This thesis investigates the relationships between performance, workload, and situation awareness at varying levels of automation. The relationships observed in this study are compared to a description put forth to formalize the conventional interpretation of the trade-off between the benefits of automation during routine operation and the costs under conditions of automation failure. The original work stipulated that this “routine-failure trade-off” is likely a simplification affected by contextual factors. This work therefore aimed to i) provide empirical evidence to support or refute the trade-off and ii) to identify possible extenuating factors. The results generally supported the routine-failure trade-off, and considered in light of the functional structure of the task suggested that the relationships between goals and individual functions specific to a given task seem to affect the overall costs and benefits of automation through the mechanism of selective reliance. Further work is required to validate the findings of this study.
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Offergeld, Tobias. "Product quality judgments in a two-sequence cue environment: The impact of working memory capacity and distraction on cue order effects." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/17262.
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Previous research demonstrated that the sequence of informational cues and the level of distraction have an impact on the judgment of a product’s quality. This study investigates the influence of the force behind the processing of these cues, working memory (WM). The results indicate that without distraction, consumers with low and high WM capacity (WMC) equally base their product evaluation on the first sequential cue. In the presence of a distractor, however, low WM individuals are no longer able to recall the initial cue, and thus derive their product judgment from the final cue. Moreover, evidence of intercultural differences in the perception of product related cues, and their aptitude for signaling a favorable product quality is provided.
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Tack, Simoné. "Die diskresie van 'n trustee van 'n inter vivos trust : wysiging en beperking / Simoné Tack." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/12044.
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This study focuses on the discretionary inter vivos trust. It specifically investigates what the discretion of a trustee comprises and in which circumstances (if any) the court may amend the trustee‟s discretion as stipulated in the deed of trust. In order to make any meaningful conclusions, the different types of trusts, and more specific the way in which trusts are classified, needs to be researched. An inter vivos trust is classified as a contract for the sake of a third. Consequently contract law rules are applied in the interpretation and amendment of an inter vivos trust. The source, goal and tenor of a trustee‟s discretion, as well as the circumstances wherein this discretion may be amended, are investigated. The general rule is that courts have no discretion to amend a trust, but there is an exception to the rule. In accordance with article 13 of the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988 courts do have the power to amend or cancel the deed of trust in certain circumstances. In Potgieter and Another v Potgieter NO and Others 2012 (1) SA 637 (HHA) the court ruled that the power granted by article 13 does not enable judges to create law by amendment of the deed of trust according to their subjective interpretation of what is fair and just. The facts of the Potgieter case serve as problem statement for this study by focusing on the problems and unjust consequences of the strict application of contract law rules on a trust when the court does not take the changing circumstances of the trust founder into account.LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Mapheto, Paula Phoebe Shibu. "Evaluating capacity development within the alchemy community development trusts towards achieving foundation tasks." Thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/31143.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, 2020In 2011, Anglo American Platinum (AAP) launched a development initiative called Alchemy. Alchemy is the first social initiative launched by AAP that uses four Community Development Trusts (CDTs) and a Non-Profit Company to facilitate share ownership to develop and empower communities around its mining operations and the Labour Sending Areas. However, little is understood about the capacity needed to establish successful Trusts. To date, no evaluation has been conducted on how the trustees are navigating the Alchemy Foundation Phase against the mandate and tasks set out. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of four Alchemy CDTs to deliver on the first phase or “Foundation” tasks, as experienced by trustees. A qualitative research technique was used to gather insights into the Trustees' experiences in the interest of delivering the Foundation tasks. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with nine Trustees. The Results-Oriented Approach to Capacity Change (ROACH) tool (Boesen and Therkildsen, 2005) was used to evaluate the Trusts’ capacity. There was evidence that the CDTs’ capacity to deliver the Foundation tasks was supported by positive success factors. The enabling environment, both from a global and national perspective provided a conducive platform for the CDTs to be successful. The findings indicated significant capacity within the organisational set up of the Alchemy CDTs. The CDTs were fortunate to be supported up by a leading Platinum mining giant (AAP) which instituted robust legal frameworks and a well-researched structural design within Alchemy. The initiative appeared successful in attracting mature, highly skilled persons, some of whom have a history of working in development structures apart from Alchemy. The capacity was further strengthened by Trustees that found it rewarding to be involved with an initiative that aims to develop and empower underprivileged mine communities. The funding resources from AAP was acknowledged for sustaining the Alchemy Trusts’ mandate. However, capacity difficulties were experienced on matters related to the preparedness of CDTs to meet their development agenda. Evidence of this was seen in the weak system tools available to support the work of the CDTs (such as monitoring tools, reporting tools, impact assessment tools, operational procedures and performance management tools). The induction training provided limited guidance on good development practices that were needed by Trustees as the CDTs embarked on their development mandate. It also appeared that the Founder senior management had limited understanding of the development complexities experienced by the CDTs and, the beneficiaries lacked knowledge of the CDTs’ mandate, regulations, and governance procedures. As a result, these stakeholders had unrealistic expectations of the CDTs’ focus areas and the pace of project implementation. These capacity difficulties contributed to a power imbalance between the CDTs and the Shareholding Trust. Also, the Founder easily imposed ideas on the CDTs-an approach that Trustees felt unable to challenge. Further capacity hindrances were identified within the CDTs’ organisational culture that was found not to be inclusive to women and youth. The lack of locally based resources or local offices needed to support community liaison was viewed as a capacity constraint. Capacity issues were also identified within the incentive paradigm, the rewards and recognition component for both Founder and Independent Trustees need to be reviewed. This study concludes that while there was capacity within the CDTs in the Foundation Phase – there were considerable weaknesses which will hamper the next phase of Alchemy CDTs’ effectiveness. This is because the next phase, termed the Consolidation Phase, introduces a new class of Trustees (community representatives) and focuses more on the implementation of the development agenda. Therefore, this study makes the following key recommendations; •At the start of the Consolidation Phase, development tools should be introduced and/or strengthened to include reporting tools, performance tracking and monitoring tools and impact assessment. •The Consolidation Phase should be inaugurated by an in-depth induction training focusing on operational functions, role clarity, lessons learned from the Foundation Phase together with the legal and governance functions that will possibly be required by the less educated Community Trustees. The induction training should extend broader to include the Founder senior management and beneficiaries. •The introduction of Community Trustees will introduce a wealth of insights on the community dynamics. The CDTs should create an enabling environment to leverage the Community Trustees’ rich community knowledge and to allow real influence on decision-making. •The composition of the CDT boards both in the Foundation and in any future phases should be in compliance with the Deed. The inclusivity of women is an urgent priority. The inclusion of youth representatives should be considered. •The skills and knowledge of the operational structure incumbents must be adequately matched to the CDT’s tasks and key performance areas. •The incentives for both Founder and Independent Trustees should be reviewed to encourage performance. •In the Consolidation Phase, the Founder must be encouraged to step back in order to support the growing independence of the CDTs. The Founder must ensure comfort on the system tools that will track process and highlight when support is required
CK2021
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Guo, Su-Jane, and 郭素禎. "Trust the research of the system-and talk about my country inheritance to inherit and give the system." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06060750929246096892.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
92
Abstract The so-called trustee is the one entrusted by the principal to transfer or manage principal’s property following the principles of trust and in the best interest or particular purpose of the beneficiary. Trust, unless otherwise specified by law, shall be based on a contract or will. The draft of Trust Law in Taiwan, after undergone a long time of deliberation and negotiation, was finally announced in 1996. However, establishing trust laws pertain to Taiwan under the traditional legal system of continental law, and comprehending the nature and function of trust accurately to interpret appropriate articles and decrees for Trust Law, in order to maintain the consistency between theories and practices, have become important yet difficult issues. Mr. Chen, the former King of White Canary Tree Fruits, left behind enormous amount of properties, yet his descendants engaged in fierce dispute over the properties and filed lawsuits against others. In spite of his wealth, Mr. Chen was unable to be buried in the course of the dispute. If his properties could be entrusted and specified of the usage and the trustees of the properties, his properties may not turn out to be harmful to his descendents. Newspaper reported, a while ago, that a former representative of the National Assembly filed lawsuit against his daughter and claimed that the savings and houses under his daughter’s name were transferred from him to his daughter as gift for the purpose of tax saving. He claimed that he was the person financing the properties, and provided evidences of the transfer. He appealed to Taipei District Court for returning of the properties. If someone could tell the man that his money and properties could be entrusted, and he could designate his beneficiary to be his daughter, while he could maintain his usufruct and other rights, he could save on tax (ultimately the inheritance tax) and maintain enough savings for his expenses during his twilight years. September 21 Earthquake shook the dreams of many families. When the public was contributing donations to various charity accounts, some were found committing fraud under the name of charity, and even some government officials were committed for embezzlement. As a result, the government announced Property Management and Trust Measures for Minors in September 21 Earthquake Disaster Area (amended January 19, 2001), and Property Management and Trust Measures for Interdicted Persons in September 21 Earthquake Disaster Area (announced on July 24, 2000) for orphans and interdicted persons in September 21 Earthquake. The measures specified the obligations of the guardians in details. In the governmental reconstruction policies, “trust” was utilized to allocate the donation to those who needed help and bring the essence of “trust” to full. This study began with exploring the definition of trust in study, then reviewed the theories and practices of trust in Taiwan, the legislation process of Trust Law, the drafting process of Trust Law, the accomplishments of trust since 1996, and number and content of trust cases over the years, the ratio of realization of trust, the degree and content of infringement by trustees, the reasons behind the infringement, the feasibility of including elimination articles in the future amendment. This study conducted comparison analysis between the application of Trust Law and the relationship of related laws. 1) Comparison analysis was conducted on the relationship between trust and gift to discuss the assessed valuation of trust and gift. Today, insuring with a large sum is commonly seen, and since the beneficiary is the gift receiver, there is an interesting phenomenon. According to the Tax Law of Taiwan, gift within an announced amount is exempted from taxation. The paid insurance premium can be exempted from taxation within a given limit. Lastly and most importantly, the benefit from the insurance is exempted from inheritance tax. According to the current law, trusted property cannot be executed by force. Whether this phenomenon would create a tax invasion haven for the riches, unfairness of the Tax Law, exploitation of some honest creditors, and slander the principle of trust, are analyzed and compared in the study. Suggestions were proposed on the issues. 2) Given the frequent exchange across the Strait, many things have to be considered on a worldview. The legislation essence and content of Trust Law of Mainland China were discussed, and the differences between the Trust Laws legislated in Taiwan and Mainland China to provide reference to future amendment. Lastly, the summary and legislative essence of Trust Law in America, England, and Japan, as well as case studies were discussed.
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Popken, Anke. "Drivers’ reliance on lane keeping assistance systems as a function of the level of assistance." Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A19288.
Full textAbstract:
Fahrerassistenzsysteme werden zunehmend in Fahrzeuge eingebaut mit dem Ziel, den Fahrer beim Fahren zu unterstützen, Fahrfehler zu vermeiden und damit die Fahrsicherheit zu erhöhen. Derzeit sind häufig Systeme im Einsatz, die den Fahrer vor bestimmten Sicherheitsrisiken warnen (z.B. vor einem unbeabsichtigten Verlassen der Fahrspur). Der Trend geht aber hin zu Systemen, die stärker ins Fahrgeschehen eingreifen und somit Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisieren (z.B. selbständig die Spurhaltung des Fahrzeugs übernehmen). Aus der Forschung zur Mensch-Maschine Interaktion ist jedoch bekannt, dass Automatisierung nicht zwangsläufig zur Erhöhung von Sicherheit führt, sondern dass sie vielmehr auch unerwünschte Nebeneffekte für Performanz und Sicherheit mit sich bringen kann in dem Maße, wie Menschen an die veränderten Aufgabenanforderungen adaptieren. Im Straßenverkehr wird insbesondere befürchtet, dass Fahrer sich zu stark auf Fahrerassistenzsysteme verlassen, sich teilweise aus der Fahraufgabe zurückziehen („abschalten“) und ihre Aufmerksamkeit fahrfremden Dingen widmen. Dies kann unter Umständen dazu führen, dass Fahrer im Falle von Systemfehlern oder –ausfällen nicht mehr in der Lage sind rechtzeitig und angemessen einzugreifen bzw. die Kontrolle über das Fahrzeug zu übernehmen.
Ziel der Dissertation war es zu untersuchen, inwieweit sich die Involviertheit von Fahrern in die Fahraufgabe verändert je stärker sie durch ein Assistenzsystem unterstützt werden (d.h., je stärker das System Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisiert). Um dies zu untersuchen wurden zwei theoretische Konzepte herangezogen: a) das Verlassen der Fahrer (auf ein System) und b) das Situationsbewusstsein der Fahrer. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Analyse der Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Automatisierung wurde ein theoretisches Rahmenmodell entwickelt, welches Veränderungen in der Involviertheit des Fahrers in die Fahraufgabe auf menschliche Adaptationsprozesse auf verschiedenen Ebenen zurückführt, die sich in Folge der veränderten Aufgabenanforderungen durch zunehmende Automatisierung ergeben. Dazu zählen Veränderungen in Einstellungen, sowie in kognitiven, energetischen, und motivationalen Prozessen. Um Veränderungen in diesen Prozessen zu untersuchen, wurde eine Vielzahl an objektiven und subjektiven Maßen erhoben.
Hauptgegenstand der Dissertation ist eine umfangreiche Fahrsimulatorstudie im Fahrsimulator mit Bewegungsplattform bei VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Schweden. Dabei kamen zwei Querführungsassistenzsysteme (ein Heading Control System und ein Lane Departure Warning System) zum Einsatz, die den Fahrer in unterschiedlichem Maße bei der Spurhaltung unterstützten. Im Gegensatz zu einem Großteil der bisherigen Studien wurden prozessorientierte Performanzmaße zur Erfassung des Verlassens der Fahrer auf die Assistenzsysteme und des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer verwendet. Das Verlassen der Fahrer auf die Querführungsassistenzsysteme wurde durch Blickverhaltensmaße über die Bereitschaft der Fahrer erfasst, ihre visuelle Aufmerksamkeit von der Straße ab hin zu einer Zweitaufgabe im Fahrzeuginnenraum zu wenden. Zur Messung des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer wurden Fahrverhaltensmaße herangezogen welche als Indikator für die Schnelligkeit und Abruptheit der Reaktionen der Fahrer auf unerwartete kritische Fahrsituationen dienten.
Ein Hauptbefund der Dissertation war, dass die Fahrer sich signifikant im Ausmaß ihres Verlassens auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz unterschieden. Diese interindividuelle Varianz im Verlassen der Fahrer auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz konnte am besten durch das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das Querführungsassistenzsystem und ihr Aktivierungsniveau erklärt werden: Je höher das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das System und je geringer ihr Aktivierungsniveau, desto stärker verließen sie sich auf das System. Individuelle Fahrermerkmale (Fahrstil) erklärten einen signifikanten Anteil der Varianz im Vertrauen der Fahrer in die Spurhalteassistenzsysteme.
(ersetzt wegen neuem Herausgeber)Advanced driver assistance systems are increasingly built in vehicles with the aim to support drivers while driving, to reduce driver errors and thereby to increase traffic safety. At present, these systems are often designed to warn drivers of specific safety risks (e.g., of an imminent departure from the driving lane). However, there is a trend towards systems that more strongly intervene in driving and that hence, automate parts of the driving task (e.g., autonomously keep the vehicle within the driving lane). However, research on human-machine interaction has shown that automation does not necessarily increase safety, but that it may also lead to unanticipated side effects on performance and safety to the extent that humans adapt to the changing task demands. A major concern in road traffic is that drivers rely too heavily on driver assistance systems, become less actively involved in the driving task, and divert their attention to things unrelated to driving. Thus, in the case of system malfunctions or failures, drivers possibly may not be prepared to intervene timely and accordingly and to regain control over the vehicle, respectively. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate changes in drivers’ active engagement in the driving task as a function of the degree to which they are supported by a driver assistance system (i.e., as a function of the degree to which the system automates the driving task). Drivers’ active task engagement was studied by referring to two theoretical concepts: a) drivers’ reliance (on a system) and b) drivers’ situation awareness. Based on an extensive review of previous research on automation, a conceptual theoretical framework was developed that links changes in operators’ active task engagement to human adaptation processes on different levels in response to the changing task demands due to automation. Among them are changes in human attitudes as well as in cognitive, motivational and energetic processes. In order to determine the relative influence of these processes, a range of objective and subjective measures was collected. The essential part of the dissertation is an extensive driving simulator study in an advanced moving-base driving simulator at VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Sweden. Two lateral support systems (a Heading Control system and a Lane Departure Warning system) were implemented which assisted drivers to different degrees in lane keeping. Contrary to most previous automation studies, drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems and their situation awareness were studied by using process-oriented performance-based measures. Drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems was assessed by eye glance behaviour measures indicating drivers’ preparedness to allocate their visual attention away from the road scene to an in-vehicle secondary task. Drivers’ situation awareness was assessed by behavioural measures of the latency and magnitude of drivers’ initial reactions to unexpected critical driving situations. A major finding of the study was that drivers differed significantly in their reliance on a high level of lane keeping assistance. This interindividual variance in drivers’ reliance on higher-level assistance could be best explained by drivers’ trust in the system and their energetic arousal: The greater drivers’ trust in the system and the lower their arousal, the more did they rely on the system. Individual driver variables (driving style) explained a significant proportion of the variance in drivers’ trust in the lane keeping assistance systems. (replaced because a new publisher)
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Van, Jaarsveld Izelde Louise. "Aspects of money laundering in South African law." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5091.
Full textAbstract:
Money laundering involves activities which are aimed at concealing benefits that were acquired
through criminal means for the purpose of making them appear legitimately acquired. Money
laundering promotes criminal activities in South Africa because it allows criminals to keep the
benefits that they acquired through their criminal activities. It takes place through a variety of
schemes which include the use of banks. In this sense money laundering control is based on the
premise that banks must be protected from providing criminals with the means to launder the
benefits of their criminal activities.
The Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 (‘FICA’) in aggregate with the
Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (‘POCA’) form the backbone of South Africa’s
anti-money laundering regime. Like its international counterparts FICA imposes onerous duties
on banks seeing that they are most often used by criminals as conduits to launder the benefits of
crime. In turn, POCA criminalises activities in relation to the benefits of crime and delineates
civil proceedings aimed at forfeiting the benefits of crime to the state. This study identifies the
idiosyncrasies of the South African anti-money laundering regime and forwards
recommendations aimed at improving its structure.
To this end nine issues in relation to money laundering control and banks are investigated.
The investigation fundamentally reveals that money laundering control holds unforeseen
consequences for banks. In particular, a bank that receives the benefits of crimes such as fraud
or theft faces prosecution if it fails to heed FICA’s money laundering control duties, for example,
the filing of a suspicious transaction report. However, if the bank files a suspicious transaction
report, it may be sued in civil court by the customer for breach of contract. In addition, if the bank
parted with the benefits of fraud or theft whilst suspecting that the account holder may not be
entitled to payment thereof, it may be sued by the victim of fraud or theft who seeks to recover
loss suffered at the hand of the fraudster or thief from the bank.
Ultimately, this study illustrates that amendment of some of the provisions of South
Africa’s anti-money laundering legislation should enable banks to manage the aforementioned
and other unforeseen consequences of money laundering control whilst at the same time
contribute to the South African anti-money laundering effort.Criminal and Procedural Law
Mercantile Law
LL.D.