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1
renowden, gareth. "Truffle Wars." Gastronomica 8, no. 4 (2008): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2008.8.4.46.
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Chinese truffles, close relatives of the French black truffle, arrived on world markets in the middle of the 1990s. Available in quantity at low prices, they were eagerly snapped up by traders facing a steep decline in European production. Despite having less intense flavour, they have captured a large part of world trade in truffles, and their harvest has brought significant economic benefits to rural communities in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of southern China. In parallel, the development of artificial truffle flavouring has led to an explosion in ersatz ““truffle”” products, and the practice in many restaurants of boosting the flavour of inferior truffles with artificial truffle oils. However, recent expansion of truffle growing in North America and the arrival of southern hemisphere producers from New Zealand and Australia is extending both the quantity of truffle available and the season.
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Şen, İsmail. "Trüf Kültivasyonunda Arazi Seçimi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 7 (August 6, 2022): 1258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i7.1258-1263.5189.
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Truffles are a highly valued fungi group because of their gastronomic and economic importance. Even though the demands for truffles, particularly Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum, has been increased year by year, the natural production of these valued fungi has decreased. So, truffle cultivation is becoming an agricultural alternative in Europe, and the rural economy was supported by cultivating truffle. In Turkey, truffle cultivation was becoming popular in recent years. However, there is not enough literature for understanding the basics of truffle cultivation in Turkey. Hence, it is aimed to discuss the selection of suitable truffle land. Because land selection can be considered as the first step of truffle cultivation and unsuitable land can be limited truffle cultivation success. So, the ecological features of economically important truffles, T. aestivum, T. borchii, T. magnatum, and T. melanosporum, are given in this study based on current literature and field experience.
3
Şen, İsmail. "Trüf Kültivasyonunda Arazi Seçimi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 7 (August 6, 2022): 1258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i7.1258-1263.5189.
Full textAbstract:
Truffles are a highly valued fungi group because of their gastronomic and economic importance. Even though the demands for truffles, particularly Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum, has been increased year by year, the natural production of these valued fungi has decreased. So, truffle cultivation is becoming an agricultural alternative in Europe, and the rural economy was supported by cultivating truffle. In Turkey, truffle cultivation was becoming popular in recent years. However, there is not enough literature for understanding the basics of truffle cultivation in Turkey. Hence, it is aimed to discuss the selection of suitable truffle land. Because land selection can be considered as the first step of truffle cultivation and unsuitable land can be limited truffle cultivation success. So, the ecological features of economically important truffles, T. aestivum, T. borchii, T. magnatum, and T. melanosporum, are given in this study based on current literature and field experience.
4
Chauhan, Om Prakash, Vani Vijay, Arun Kumar Pandey, and Anil Dutt Semwal. "Biochemical and Health Properties of Truffles." Defence Life Science Journal 6, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.6.15659.
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Truffles are the most expensive edible mushrooms refer to genus tuber which grows symbiotically in plant roots such as oaks and hazels. Truffles are underground mushrooms also known for their characteristic earthy flavor which is the major reason for their special place in the culinary. Their characteristic intense aroma helps them in reproduction by attracting small animals. Truffles can survive in a wide range of environments such as deep forests as well as deserts. The most expensive varieties of truffles include Tuber melanosporum (Black truffle), Tuber magnatum (White truffle), Tuber aestivum (Burgundy truffle), Tirmania nivea, and Terfezia chlaveryi (Dessert truffles). Truffles vary in their composition and flavor profile from species to species. The major volatile components which are responsible for truffle aroma are aldehydes, ketones, sulfur compounds, alcohols, and esters. Truffles are highly nutritious, rich in antioxidants, and have therapeutic properties such as antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity, antimutagenic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, hepatoprotective activity, etc. The major active components present in truffle are tuberoside, phenolics, anandamide, and ergosterol.
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Zambonelli, Alessandra, Pamela Leonardi, Mirco Iotti, and Ian Hall. "ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC ADVANCES IN THE CULTIVATION OF TUBER SPP." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 40, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2017.4.371-377.
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Recent advances on the ecology and genetics of true truffles (Tuber spp.) are reported and their impact on truffle cultivation is discussed. New insights have been gained on truffle soil ecology and interrelationships of truffles with associated microorganisms in the soil. For instance, some bacteria seem to play a key role in truffle fruiting body formation and maturation. However, the most important advance in truffle genetics over the past 20 years has been the sequencing of the Tuber melanosporum genome and the discovery that truffles, like other Pezizalean fungi, are heterothallic. This finding has had a significant impact on research on truffles and many studies have been devoted to better understanding the distribution of the mating types in soil in natural and cultivated truffières. The characterization of the mating type idiomorphs of several Tuber species has led to the possibility of selecting mycelial strains for truffle cultivation in particular sites.
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Oliach, Daniel, Enrico Vidale, Anton Brenko, Olivia Marois, Nicola Andrighetto, Kalliopi Stara, Juan Martínez de Aragón, Carlos Colinas, and José Antonio Bonet. "Truffle Market Evolution: An Application of the Delphi Method." Forests 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091174.
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Background: The objective of this study was to analyze the current situation of the truffle sector in the main producing countries of the Mediterranean area. Additionally, we identified the challenges for the future and the priority actions to develop the truffle sector in the region. Methods: We used a Delphi process approach, and we selected a total of 17 expert panelists in different positions within the supply chain of the target countries (Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, and Greece). Results: The results obtained allowed us to have a complete description of the current truffle supply chain. We confirmed an evolution of the sector due to the cultivation success of several Tuber species. The maturity of the sector has produced shifts in the roles that form the traditional truffle supply chain operators. We confirmed the trend of a decrease of collectors that hunt truffles in the wild and sell to small travelling buyers, whilst truffle hunters that collect for farmers and specialty wholesalers are emerging. However, a trend of truffle price decrease in the last few years has alerted the sector. Conclusions: As production increases due to truffle cultivation, it will be necessary to promote truffle consumption. We identified actions to develop the truffle sector: (a) strengthen the link between truffles, tourism, and gastronomy; (b) increase the effort at European level for the recognition of truffle production, helping to develop truffle culture and marketing; (c) increase the awareness and consumption of truffles among consumers; and (d) develop tourism workshops for truffle farmers.
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Viccaro, Mauro, Severino Romano, Adele Coppola, Gerardo Vaccaro, Francesco Riccioli, and Mario Cozzi. "The hidden value of non-timber forest products: income contribution of the Basilicata wild truffle." Aestimum 79 (March 10, 2022): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/aestim-12228.
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The Basilicata region (South of Italy) is land of truffles where the gastronomic, economic and cultural awareness has developed for this non-timber forest product only in the past decade. Little is known about truffle production and its social, economic and environmental implications. In this article we investigate the Basilicata truffle sector by devoting particular attention to the truffle hunters who gather the truffles from the forests. The data for the analysis were collected through a survey with the aim of describing the gathering activity (people involved, specie and quantities collected, etc.) and assessing its significance as a source of income. Results show that truffles can provide local communities with earning opportunities. However, the truffle sector needs to be protected and enhanced.
8
Pyare, Sanjay, and William S. Longland. "Mechanisms of truffle detection by northern flying squirrels." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-069.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate how northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) locate truffles (Gautieria monticola), a subterranean and ephemeral but primary food source. Thus, we evaluated the importance of three factors to the foraging behavior of northern flying squirrels: (i) olfactory chemicals that emanate from truffles; (ii) the presence of coarse woody debris (decaying logs), which are often associated with fungi; and (iii) we explored the potential role animal memory could play in truffle detection as well. In a foraging arena, squirrels successfully retrieved buried truffles that lacked aboveground cues in 19 of 30 trials and failed to search near treatments that lacked truffles altogether, confirming the importance of olfaction to squirrel foraging. However, squirrels also retrieved truffles that were associated most frequently with surface logs (27 of 30). In addition, the initial detection rate of the truffle + log treatment was significantly greater than the truffle-only treatment. Thus, although squirrels search for truffles primarily using olfaction, they may also benefit by searching near coarse woody debris on the forest floor as an aboveground cue to truffle locations. In addition, because 82% of Sierra Nevada truffle-fruiting locations that were marked in 1996 yielded truffles again the following 2 years, mycophagous animals like northern flying squirrels may benefit by memorizing fruiting locations and foraging at these same locations from year to year.
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Segelke, Torben, Stefanie Schelm, Christian Ahlers, and Markus Fischer. "Food Authentication: Truffle (Tuber spp.) Species Differentiation by FT-NIR and Chemometrics." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070922.
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Truffles are certainly the most expensive mushrooms; the price depends primarily on the species and secondly on the origin. Because of the price differences for the truffle species, food fraud is likely to occur, and the visual differentiation is difficult within the group of white and within the group of black truffles. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a reliable method for the authentication of five commercially relevant truffle species via Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy as an easy to handle approach combined with chemometrics. NIR-data from 75 freeze-dried fruiting bodies were recorded. Various spectra pre-processing techniques and classification methods were compared and validated using nested cross-validation. For the white truffle species, the most expensive Tuber magnatum could be differentiated with an accuracy of 100% from Tuber borchii. Regarding the black truffle species, the relatively expensive Tuber melanosporum could be distinguished from Tuber aestivum and the Chinese truffles with an accuracy of 99%. Since the most expensive Italian Tuber magnatum is highly prone to fraud, the origin was investigated and Italian T. magnatum truffles could be differentiated from non-Italian T. magnatum truffles by 83%. Our results demonstrate the potential of FT-NIR spectroscopy for the authentication of truffle species.
10
Vernes, Karl, and Peter Jarman. "Long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) behaviour and handling times when foraging for buried truffles." Australian Mammalogy 36, no. 1 (2014): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am13037.
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Truffles represent an important food resource for many small mammals, but because most mycophagous mammals are difficult to observe in the wild, behavioural observations of mammals handling and consuming truffles are almost non-existent. Using camera traps, we observed the behaviour of long-nosed potoroos (Potorous tridactylus) foraging for buried truffles, and recorded the rate at which truffles were excavated and consumed. Potoroos excavated buried truffles rapidly (2.4 ± 0.2 s) with synchronous drawing strokes of their forepaws, then gathered the excavated truffles with forepaws and/or mouth and cleaned away adherent debris before consuming the truffle. When potoroos were unsuccessful at recovering a truffle, they spent significantly more time digging (4.8 ± 0.6 s) before giving up. Potoroos were successful at recovering a truffle in 76% of digging attempts, and once they had located a cache of buried truffles, achieved a rate of recovery of ~2.4 truffles per minute.
11
Hilszczańska, Dorota, Aleksandra Rosa-Gruszecka, Bogusław Kosel, Jakub Horak, and Marta Siebyła. "A Survey of the Knowledge of Truffles among Polish Foresters and Implications for Environmental Education." Forests 10, no. 5 (April 27, 2019): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050365.
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While the use of truffles in Poland has a long tradition, for historical reasons this knowledge was almost lost. Currently, truffles and truffle orchards are again receiving public attention. For example, the Polish State Forests supported the establishment of truffle orchards by the Forestry Research Institute. In recent years, knowledge concerning these unique hypogeous fungi has been disseminated systematically through scientific and popular publications, films, and electronic media. This study investigates the awareness of economically and culinary valued truffle fungi (Tuber spp.) among more than 1400 Polish foresters. The results show that 70% of interviewees were familiar with historical and contemporary information about growing and using truffles in Poland. Based on respondents’ age, education, type of work, and gender we attempted to identify whether these elements were associated with the state of knowledge about truffles. The results indicated that younger foresters were better informed about the presence of truffles in Poland and also about their use in the past in Polish cuisine. Environmental education was an important source of knowledge about truffle harvesting and the soils that are conducive to truffle development. Foresters who have provided forest ecology education and who are 36–65 years of age generally possessed better knowledge about truffles than other age cohorts. More than 30% of respondents expressed interest in educational courses to improve their knowledge of truffles. The results point to the need for forestry education concerning truffles and indicate the need for fostering sustainable agroforestry-centered initiatives disseminating this knowledge to the public.
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Schelm, Stefanie, Melanie Siemt, Janin Pfeiffer, Christina Lang, Hans-Volker Tichy, and Markus Fischer. "Food Authentication: Identification and Quantitation of Different Tuber Species via Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Real-Time PCR." Foods 9, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9040501.
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Truffles are hypogeous fungi mainly found in Europe and Asia. Due to their special aroma and taste, some truffle species are sold on the international market at an extremely high price. Among the economically relevant species, the white Alba truffle (Tuber magnatum) and the black Périgord truffle (T. melanosporum) are the most appreciated species. The fruiting bodies of the Asian black truffle are morphologically very similar to T. melanosporum, and those of the Bianchetto truffle (T. albidum Pico) are similar to T. magnatum, but are of little economic value. Highly valued species are adulterated with cheaper ones, especially. Because of this problem, the aim of this study was the development of methods for detecting possible admixtures to protect consumers from fraud. This study is based on seven different truffle species (117 fruiting bodies) from different growing regions. Additionally, selected truffle products were included. Using this material, a real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay allowing the detection and quantitation of Asian black truffles in T. melanosporum up to 0.5% was developed. In addition, a capillary gel electrophoresis assay was designed, which allows the identification and quantitation of different species. The methods can be used to ensure the integrity of truffle products.
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Urban, Alexander, Marija Kataržytė, Susanne Schickman, Katharina Kräutler, and Tony Pla. "Is small mammal mycophagy relevant for truffle cultivation?" Acta Mycologica 47, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2012.016.
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The role of small mammal mycophagy as vectors of hypogeous fungi is well established. However, little is known about dispersal of gourmet truffle species by mammal vectors, or about the potential role of mycophagy in truffle plantations. We hypothesize that small mammal mycophagy contributes to the productivity of truffle plantations by providing inoculum for truffle mycelium establishment and mating. Spread of non-desired competitors of gourmet truffles is a potential adverse effect of small mammal mycophagy.
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Meyer, Marc D., Malcolm P. North, and Douglas A. Kelt. "Short-term effects of fire and forest thinning on truffle abundance and consumption by Neotamias speciosus in the Sierra Nevada of California." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-032.
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In many western North American forests, prescribed burning and mechanical thinning are widely used to reduce fuels and restore stand conditions after a century of fire suppression. Few studies have followed the relative impacts of these treatments on the production and consumption of truffles in forest ecosystems, particularly in the Sierra Nevada of California. Using a full-factorial completely randomized design, we examined the short-term impacts of prescribed burning (no burn and burn), mechanical thinning (no thin, light thin, and heavy thin), and combinations of these treatments on the production of truffles and their consumption by lodgepole chipmunks (Neotamias speciosus Merriam) in a mixed-conifer forest of the southern Sierra Nevada of California. Truffle frequency, biomass, and species richness were lower in thinned or burned plots than controls, as was the frequency and generic richness of truffles in the diet of N. speciosus. Truffle frequency, biomass, and species richness, and truffle consumption by N. speciosus were lower in heavily thinned and thinned and burned plots than in those exclusively burned. These results suggest that either thinning or burning can reduce short-term truffle production and consumption, and potentially the dispersal of ectomycorrhizal spores by small mammals. Moreover, truffles decreased with treatment intensity, suggesting heavy thinning and higher burn intensity, particularly when applied together, can significantly affect short-term truffle abundance and small mammal consumption.
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Krösser, Dennis, Benjamin Dreyer, Bente Siebels, Hannah Voß, Christoph Krisp, and Hartmut Schlüter. "Investigation of the Proteomes of the Truffles Tuber albidum pico, T. aestivum, T. indicum, T. magnatum, and T. melanosporum." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 12999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312999.
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Truffles of the Tuber species are known as expensive foods, mainly for their distinct aroma and taste. This high price makes them a profitable target of food fraud, e.g., the misdeclaration of cheaper truffle species as expensive ones. While many studies investigated truffles on the metabolomic level or the volatile organic compounds extruded by them, research at the proteome level as a phenotype determining basis is limited. In this study, a bottom-up proteomic approach based on LC-MS/MS measurements in data-independent acquisition mode was performed to analyze the truffle species Tuber aestivum, Tuber albidum pico, Tuber indicum, Tuber magnatum, and Tuber melanosporum, and a protein atlas of the investigated species was obtained. The yielded proteomic fingerprints are unique for each of the of the five truffle species and can now be used in case of suspected food fraud. First, a comprehensive spectral library containing 9000 proteins and 50,000 peptides was generated by two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS). Then, samples of the truffle species were analyzed in data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics mode yielding 2715 quantified proteins present in all truffle samples. Individual species were clearly distinguishable by principal component analysis (PCA). Quantitative proteome fingerprints were generated from 2066 ANOVA significant proteins, and side-by-side comparisons of truffles were done by T-tests. A further aim of this study was the annotation of functions for the identified proteins. For Tuber magnatum and Tuber melanosporum conclusive links to their superior aroma were found by enrichment of proteins responsible for sulfur-metabolic processes in comparison with other truffles. The obtained data in this study may serve as a reference library for food analysis laboratories in the future to tackle food fraud by misdeclaration of truffles. Further identified proteins with their corresponding abundance values in the different truffle species may serve as potential protein markers in the establishment of targeted analysis methods. Lastly, the obtained data may serve in the future as a basis for deciphering the biochemistry of truffles more deeply as well, when protein databases of the different truffle species will be more complete.
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Qin, Jiao, and Bang Feng. "Life Cycle and Phylogeography of True Truffles." Genes 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010145.
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True truffle (Tuber spp.) is one group of ascomycetes with great economic importance. During the last 30 years, numerous fine-scale population genetics studies were conducted on different truffle species, aiming to answer several key questions regarding their life cycles; these questions are important for their cultivation. It is now evident that truffles are heterothallic, but with a prevalent haploid lifestyle. Strains forming ectomycorrhizas and germinating ascospores act as maternal and paternal partners respectively. At the same time, a number of large-scale studies were carried out, highlighting the influences of the last glaciation and river isolations on the genetic structure of truffles. A retreat to southern refugia during glaciation, and a northward expansion post glaciation, were revealed in all studied European truffles. The Mediterranean Sea, acting as a barrier, has led to the existence of several refugia in different peninsulas for a single species. Similarly, large rivers in southwestern China act as physical barriers to gene flow for truffles in this region. Further studies can pay special attention to population genetics of species with a wide distribution range, such as T. himalayense, and the correlation between truffle genetic structure and the community composition of truffle-associated bacteria.
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Fu, Yu, Xiaolin Li, Qiang Li, Haowei Wu, Chuan Xiong, Qi Geng, Honghu Sun, and Qun Sun. "Soil microbial communities of three major Chinese truffles in southwest China." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 62, no. 11 (November 2016): 970–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0139.
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Tuber pseudoexcavatum, Tuber sinoaestivum, and Tuber indicum are the 3 most important truffles growing in southeast China; however, their cultivation is still inefficient owing to the lack of understanding regarding the composition and function of the bacterial and fungal communities from the soils around the fruit bodies and the ectomycorrhiza of these truffles. The aim of this study was to disclose the microbial communities in truffle-producing soils in Huidong County, Sichuan, China, by using barcoded pyrosequencing. Approximately 350 000 quality-controlled sequences were obtained and grouped into 14 025 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 4385 fungal OTUs, which included 29 bacterial and 7 fungal phyla, respectively. The bacterial genus Acidobacterium and fungal genera Modicella, Pseudogymnoascus, and Mortierella were significantly more abundant in the control soils than in the truffle-producing soils (P < 0.05), while the bacterial genus Sphingomonas (Alphaproteobacteria) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal genus Glomus were significantly enriched in truffle-producing soil than in the control (P < 0.05), indicating their different roles within truffle grounds. Notably, some nonfungal organisms detected by 18S rDNA pyrosequencing were of high abundance, among which Cercozoa and Ochrophyta were significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant in truffle soils than in control soils, indicating their interactions with truffles.
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Meyer, Marc D., and Malcolm P. North. "Truffle abundance in riparian and upland mixed-conifer forest of California's southern Sierra Nevada." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-054.
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We compared the abundance, diversity, and composition of truffles in riparian and upland areas within a mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada of California. We sampled for truffles in a single watershed over two seasons (spring and summer) and 4 years to determine whether truffles were more abundant and diverse in riparian than upland sites in old-growth, mixed-conifer forest. Truffle frequency, biomass, and species richness were greater in riparian sites than in upland sites in both spring and summer samples. Species composition of truffles also was different between sites, with nine and one species found exclusively in riparian and upland sites, respectively. Distance between the center of truffle plots to logs and trees was lower and soil moisture was greater in riparian sites compared with upland sites, suggesting that log density, tree proximity, and soil moisture may influence truffle production in these habitats. Our study underscores the importance of riparian areas for truffles, a primary food source for northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in the Sierra Nevada of California.Key words: truffles, riparian, Sierra Nevada.
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Suwannarach, Nakarin, Jaturong Kumla, Ammarin In-on, and Saisamorn Lumyong. "Soil Metabarcoding Offers a New Tool for the Investigation and Hunting of Truffles in Northern Thailand." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7040293.
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Truffles (Tuber spp.) are well-known as edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, and some species are one of the most expensive foods in the world. During the fruiting process, truffles produce hypogeous ascocarps; a trained pig or dog is needed to locate the ascocarps under the ground. Truffles in northern Thailand have been recorded in association with Betulaalnoides and Carpinus poilanei. In this study, we investigated the soil mycobiota diversity of soil samples from both of these truffle host plants in native forests using environmental DNA metabarcoding to target the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of the rDNA gene for the purposes of investigation of truffle diversity and locating truffles during the non-fruiting phase. In this study, a total of 38 soil samples were collected from different locations. Of these, truffles had been found at three of these locations. Subsequently, a total of 1341 putative taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained. The overall fungal community was dominated by phylum-level sequences assigned to Ascomycota (57.63%), Basidiomycota (37.26%), Blastocladiomycota (0.007%), Chytridiomycota (0.21%), Glomeromycota (0.01%), Kickxellomycota (0.01%), Mortierellomycota (2.08%), Mucoromycota (0.24%), Rozellomycota (0.01%), Zoopagomycota (0.003%), and unidentified (2.54%). The results revealed that six OTUs were determined to be representative and belonged to the genus Tuber. OTU162, OTU187, OTU447, and OTU530 belonged to T. thailandicum, T. lannaense, T. bomiense, and T. magnatum, whereas OTU105 and OTU720 were acknowledged as unrecognized Tuber species. From 38 locations, OTUs of truffles were found in 33 locations (including three previously known truffle locations). Thus, 30 collection sites were considered new locations for T. thailandicum, T. bomiense, and other unrecognized Tuber species. Interestingly, at 16 new locations, mature ascocarps of truffles that were undergoing the fruiting phase were located underground. All 16 truffle samples were identified as T. thailandicum based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. However, ascocarps of other truffle species were not found at the new OTUs representative locations. The knowledge gained from this study can be used to lead researchers to a better understanding of the occurrence of truffles using soil mycobiota diversity investigation. The outcomes of this study will be particularly beneficial with respect to the search and hunt for truffles without the need for trained animals. In addition, the findings of this study will be useful for the management and conservation of truffle habitats in northern Thailand.
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Amaranthus, Michael, James M. Trappe, Larry Bednar, and David Arthur. "Hypogeous fungal production in mature Douglas-fir forest fragments and surrounding plantations and its relation to coarse woody debris and animal mycophagy." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-278.
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Production of hypogeous fungi (truffles) in high-elevation, 180-year-old mature forest fragments of Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco was compared with surrounding regenerated clearcuts ranging from 4 to 27 years since harvest at two study areas. Thirty pairs of plots, one of each pair in soil, the other in brown-cubical-rotted coarse woody debris (CWD), were searched for truffles in each stand during four periods; August and November 1990, and February and May 1991. Overall analysis of presence/absence of truffles using log-linear models revealed that CWD and mature forest status of stands each significantly influence truffle occurrence. Mature forest fragments had greater percent frequency of occurrence and truffle number and dry weight than did plantations. Truffle numbers and dry weight were 30 and 20 times greater, respectively, in mature forests than in plantations. The plantations did not differ significantly among each other for any parameter. CWD yielded higher numbers and biomass of truffles than soil in the mature forest, but production in plantations did not differ between substrates. The total dry weight of truffles in CWD exceeded that in soil by more than 10 times in mature forests. Of 21 truffle species found, 13 were only in the mature forest and 8 only under coarse woody debris. Forest practices that emphasize the retention of mature trees and coarse woody debris promote the abundance and diversity of truffles, which are integral and functionally important members of forest ecosystems.
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Epping, Ruben, Lilly Bliesener, Tilman Weiss, and Matthias Koch. "Marker Substances in the Aroma of Truffles." Molecules 27, no. 16 (August 13, 2022): 5169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165169.
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The aim of this study was to identify specific truffle marker substances within the truffle aroma. The aroma profile of different truffle species was analyzed using static headspace sampling with gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis (SHS/GC-MS). Possible marker substances were identified, taking the additional literature into account. The selected marker substances were tested in an experiment with 19 truffle dogs. The hypothesis “If trained truffle dogs recognize the substances as supposed truffles in the context of an experiment, they can be regarded as specific” was made. As it would be nearly impossible to investigate every other possible emitter of the same compounds to determine their specificity, this hypothesis was a reasonable approximation. We were interested in the question of what it is the dogs actually search for on a chemical level and whether we can link their ability to find truffles to one or more specific marker substances. The results of the dog experiment are not as unambiguous as could have been expected based on the SHS/GC-MS measurements. Presumably, the truffle aroma is mainly characterized and perceived by dogs by dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. However, as dogs are living beings and not analytical instruments, it seems unavoidable that one must live with some degree of uncertainty regarding these results.
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Bateman, Brooke L., Sandra E. Abell-Davis, and Christopher N. Johnson. "Climate-driven variation in food availability between the core and range edge of the endangered northern bettong (Bettongia tropica)." Australian Journal of Zoology 59, no. 3 (2011): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo11079.
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The endangered northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) occurs in four disjunct populations in far north Queensland, Australia, at a high density only in its range core (RC). A recent study suggested that B. tropica populations are sparse at the northern and southern range edges (SRE) due to more severe droughts and variable climatic conditions causing fluctuations in the availability of their principal food resource, truffle-like fungi. Truffle availability in the Australian tropics is affected by climate, specifically seasonality of precipitation. We aimed to determine whether the differences in weather patterns between the RC and SRE could be translated to actual differences in truffle availability. Truffle density was consistently lower on the SRE although biomass was slightly higher there due to dominance by drought-tolerant truffle taxa that produce few but large truffles. Lower densities of truffles on the SRE could explain why B. tropica is also less abundant there and why they may be less resilient to competition from the more generalist rufous bettong (Aepyprymnus rufescens). Increasing temperatures and, more importantly, harsher droughts predicted for this region as a result of climate change, may have further detrimental impacts on truffle availability and thus population densities of B. tropica and other mycophagous species.
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Čejka, Tomáš, Elizabeth L. Isaac, Daniel Oliach, Fernando Martínez-Peña, Simon Egli, Paul Thomas, Miroslav Trnka, and Ulf Büntgen. "Risk and reward of the global truffle sector under predicted climate change." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 024001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac47c4.
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Abstract Climate change has been described as the main threat for the cultivation and growth of truffles, but hydroclimate variability and model uncertainty challenge regional projections and adaptation strategies of the emerging sector. Here, we conduct a literature review to define the main Périgord truffle growing regions around the world and use 20 global climate models to assess the impact of future trends and extremes in temperature, precipitation and soil moisture on truffle production rates and price levels in all cultivation regions in the Americas, Europe, South Africa, and Australasia. Climate model simulations project 2.3 million km2 of suitable land for truffle growth will experience 50% faster aridification than the rests of the global land surface, with significantly more heat waves between 2070 and 2099 CE. Overall, truffle production rates will decrease by ∼15%, while associated price levels will increase by ∼36%. At the same time, a predicted increase in summer precipitation and less intense warming over Australasia will likely alleviate water scarcity and support higher yields of more affordable truffles. Our findings are relevant for truffle farmers and businesses to adapt their irrigation systems and management strategies to future climate change.
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Rosa-Gruszecka, Aleksandra, Dorota Hilszczańska, and Giovanni Pacioni. "Virtual Truffle Hunting—A New Method of Burgundy Truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) Site Typing." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091239.
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The aim of this study was to enable searches for truffles (Tuber spp.), particularly the Burgundy truffle (T. aestivum Vittad.), to be carried out in forests based on a method that has been constantly developed since 2007 by the Forest Research Institute. The method is termed “Virtual Truffle Hunting” and it takes 12 parameters into account: bedrock, soil pH, Ca+ and CaCO3 content in soil, C/N ratio, soil structure, altitude of terrain, type of forest site, forest structure, the Burgundy truffle host trees, and the presence of particular species including orchids and insects. A simple “Virtual Truffle Hunting” software has also been developed, which makes the use of the method easy, fast, and effective. This method is to ascertain the truffle potential for all areas in which digital maps are not available. In 2015, the method was tested in 20 sites, representing forests in 5 Polish macroregions. Hunting for hypogeous fungi was conducted from June to October with the help of trained dogs. Thanks to this method, 14 new truffle sites were found. The knowledge of environmental conditions conducive to the Burgundy truffle growth enabled us to form an effective tool in order to identify new sites of truffle presence.
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Vahdatzadeh, Maryam, Aurélie Deveau, and Richard Splivallo. "The Role of the Microbiome of Truffles in Aroma Formation: a Meta-Analysis Approach." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 20 (July 17, 2015): 6946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01098-15.
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ABSTRACTTruffles (Tuberspp.) are ascomycete subterraneous fungi that form ectomycorrhizas in a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. Their fruiting bodies are appreciated for their distinctive aroma, which might be partially derived from microbes. Indeed, truffle fruiting bodies are colonized by a diverse microbial community made up of bacteria, yeasts, guest filamentous fungi, and viruses. The aim of this minireview is two-fold. First, the current knowledge on the microbial community composition of truffles has been synthesized to highlight similarities and differences among four truffle (Tuber) species (T. magnatum,T. melanosporum,T. aestivum, andT. borchii) at various stages of their life cycle. Second, the potential role of the microbiome in truffle aroma formation has been addressed for the same four species. Our results suggest that on one hand, odorants, which are common to many truffle species, might be of mixed truffle and microbial origin, while on the other hand, less common odorants might be derived from microbes only. They also highlight that bacteria, the dominant group in the microbiome of the truffle, might also be the most important contributors to truffle aroma not only inT. borchii, as already demonstrated, but also inT. magnatum,T. aestivum, andT. melanosporum.
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rittersma, rengenier c. "Industrialized Delicacies: The Rise of the Umbrian Truffle Business." Gastronomica 12, no. 3 (2012): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2012.12.3.87.
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This article deals with the emergence of the Umbrian truffle business in the period between 1860 and 1918, paying special attention to the Franco-Umbrian connection in truffle affairs. The central question is how and why the French truffle sector, which during the whole nineteenth century completely dominated the global truffle market, could cede its hegemonic position to a handful of Umbrian companies. Thematically, the focus is on the role of technical expertise in this commercial exchange, especially on the mutual transfer of packaging techniques. It is argued that the advances made by Umbrian companies in food preservation were closely linked with local industrial activity and that this technological knowledge turned out to be one of the key factors in the rise of Umbrian truffle commerce. From a cultural point of view, this article also illustrates the role of truffles in the gastronomic rivalry between France and Italy.
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Siebyła, Marta, and Dorota Hilszczańska. "Diversity of soil bacteria complexes associated with summer truffle (Tuber aestivum)." Folia Forestalia Polonica 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2020-0012.
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AbstractThis paper describes the quantitative and qualitative composition of bacteria isolated from soil in the selected sites in the Nida Basin, in places where mycorrhizae and ascocarps of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) were found, and in a control soil (without truffle). A classic growth culture method was used with Sanger DNA sequencing to obtain quantitative and qualitative measures of bacterial cultures. The obtained results showed differences in bacteriome composition between the case samples, in which summer truffle fructification was observed, and the control samples. Seven classes of bacteria were identified: Actinobacteria, Bacilli, Deinococci, Flavobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. The most numerous bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (class Gammaproteobacteria) – 33%, Streptomyces (class Actinobacteria) – 29% and Bacillus (class Bacilli) – 15%. This research broadens the understanding of individual groups of bacteria accompanying truffles and their potential impact on the formation of summer truffle ascocarps.
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Ferrara, Giuseppe, Leonardo Lombardini, Andrea Mazzeo, and Giovanni Luigi Bruno. "Evaluation of Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] Cultivars for Possible Cultivation for Both Fruit and Truffle Production in the Puglia Region, Southeastern Italy." Horticulturae 9, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020261.
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Yield and different nut parameters were measured for two growing seasons on mature (28–29 years) trees of 11 pecan cultivars grown in an experimental orchard located in the Puglia Region, Southeastern Italy. ‘Shoshoni’ and ‘Shawnee’ pecan seedlings were inoculated with three truffle species (Tuber borchii—known as the ‘whitish truffle’, T. aestivum—called the ‘summer truffle’, and T. melanosporum—the common ‘Black truffle’) and investigated for six months. The level of ectomycorrhizal colonization was assessed 6 and 12 months after inoculation. Results indicated that ‘Wichita’, ‘Shoshoni’, and ‘Pawnee’ performed well in the pedoclimatic conditions of the area with a yield higher than 20 kg/tree and a kernel dry weight of ≅3 g. These preliminary yield results suggested that some pecan cultivars could deserve consideration for cultivation in the Puglia Region, whereas others with low yield and a stronger alternate bearing should not be considered. Plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content (expressed as a SPAD unit) and stem diameter partially indicated the increase in ecological fitness in truffles-inoculated plants. Successful mycorrhization indicated ‘Shoshoni’ and ‘Shawnee’ as suitable to establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with T. aestivum, T. borchii, and T. melanosporum cultivation under Puglia climatic conditions. The results also showed that the applied protocol was adequate to obtain healthy mycorrhized seedlings appropriate for commercialization and plantation for truffles production on pecan in the future.
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Tsiaras, Stefanos, and Athanasios Dragoslis. "Selection of the Most Suitable Tree Species for Truffle Cultivation Using Fuzzy VIKOR and Fuzzy AHP." International Journal of Environmental Sustainability and Green Technologies 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesgt.2020010105.
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Truffle cultivation is considered to be a very profitable agricultural activity; it is however strongly demanding, with a highly uncertain yield. The selection of an appropriate site and host tree species is challenging, because truffles have very specific edaphoclimatic and topographic requirements. The aim of this article is to select the optimum tree species for truffle cultivation in Greece, by examining the most common host tree species under criteria that affect truffle productivity, thus pointing to new paths for forest policy planning. A combination of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy VIKOR was applied in two different scenarios, using equal and different criteria weights. Oak, hornbeam and pine trees were identified as the most suitable tree species for truffle cultivation in Greece. The findings could help mitigate uncertainty and improve productivity. They are also useful in Forest Policy planning, offering incentives for the reforestation of less favoured areas and the conversion of marginal or abandoned agricultural land.
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Wu, Ziyuan, Muthukumaran Jayachandran, Wai San Cheang, and Baojun Xu. "Black Truffle Extract Exerts Antidiabetic Effects through Inhibition of Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism Regulation." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022 (February 24, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6099872.
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Black truffle, a culinary and medical fungus, is highly valued worldwide for its nutritional and therapeutic importance. To enhance the existing knowledge about the beneficial properties, this study investigates the antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of black truffle extract in in vitro biochemical assays and animal study. Briefly, black truffle extract was administered orally to treat streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic Wistar rats for 45 days. At the end of the experimental duration, rats were sacrificed to perform biochemical and gene expression analyses related to lipid regulatory and inflammatory pathways. Our results indicated that total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, and low-density lipoprotein in different tissues and circulation were significantly increased in diabetic rats. Furthermore, the β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA enzyme was also significantly increased; lipoprotein lipase and lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase enzymes were significantly decreased in diabetic rats. However, the above conditions were reversed upon black truffle extract feeding. Furthermore, black truffle extract was also found to downregulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) and lipid regulatory genes (serum regulatory element-binding protein-1 and fatty acid synthase). The truffle extract-treated effects were comparable to glibenclamide and medication commonly used to treat diabetes mellitus. Overall, our results suggested that black truffle possesses strong antihyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects on diabetic rats. These findings will enhance the current knowledge about the therapeutic importance of black truffles. They might be exploited as a possible food supplement or even as a natural source of pharmaceutical agents for diabetes prevention and treatment.
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Christopoulos, Vasilios, Polyxeni Psoma, and Stephanos Diamandis. "Site characteristics of Tuber magnatum in Greece." Acta Mycologica 48, no. 1 (December 23, 2013): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2013.004.
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Day after day it is being demonstrated that Greece hides a buried treasure in its forests. The wild black truffles <em>Tuber aestivum, T. uncinatum, T. brumale </em>and <em>T. melanosporum </em>and the white truffle <em>T. borchii </em>and recently <em>T. magnatum </em>are picked in a variety of forest ecosystems all over the country. The information which has been collected has initiated a national programme on truffle cultivation which, so far, has immense appeal, especially among young farmers. The discovery of carpophores of <em>T. magnatum</em>, the most valued white truffle in the market, triggered the interest in studying the site characteristics, botanical and pedological, in order to help farmers to cultivate the species in similar sites. All carpophores were found under hornbeam (<em>Carpinus orientalis</em>) along the banks of a creek on alluvial sediment. Soil analyses of four soil samples from truffle nests showed a narrow range of values of pH in water (7.57–7.78) and 1N KCL (6.94–7.07) and a similar granulometric soil texture.
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Tirillini, Bruno, Filippo Maggi, Roberto Venanzoni, and Paola Angelini. "Enhanced Duration of Truffle Sauce Preservation due to Addition of Linoleic Acid." Journal of Food Quality 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8421898.
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Food products based on truffles such as truffle sauces are commonly sterilized by autoclaving. With the aim of reducing sterilization durations and temperatures and therefore minimizing the formation of new molecules while maintaining sterile conditions, natural molecules with bacteriostatic action can be added. This work takes into account molecular variations in a truffle sauce with linoleic and stearic acids added at various temperatures and durations of sterilization. As controls, the sterilized truffle sauces, not additives, were taken. The SPME/GC has always detected changes in the composition of the headspace but more significant at longer durations. An increase in temperature leads to the transformation of an important fraction of total alcohol into total aldehydes. Bacteriological tests were performed on total aerobic bacteria and Clostridium spp. The total bacterial load, even if low, is instead present in the controls for all temperature/duration combinations. Linoleic acid is more effective than stearic acid and contributes with a concentration of 10% (w/w) to a decisive reduction of the total bacterial load at 10′/121°C and 3′/130°C. The nutritional value of truffle sauces can be increased by adding nutraceuticals, and amongst these, linoleic acid could be a valid candidate.
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Rosa-Gruszecka, Aleksandra, Dorota Hilszczańska, and Hanna Szmidla. "Environmental conditions that promote the occurrence of truffles (Tuber spp.) on historical sites in Poland." Forest Research Papers 75, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2014-0001.
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Abstract This article highlights historical data regarding truffles’ occurrence in Poland. Along with the soil parameters the plant communities at the sites were studied. The results of the chemical soil analyses showed that the soil pH in water on 5 sites was acidic (from 4.3 to 6.1), and only in one, Wiązowna, was the pH (7.2) conductive to truffles development. Similarly, the content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in soil samples was low (from 0 to 0.03%), except for Wiązowna, where CaCO3 was 0.12%. Among the 24 reported species of trees and shrubs, 7 species were host-plants of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vitt.). Out of the 7 species, oak and hornbeam were present at four localisations. Across the sites, 31 species of ground-layer plants were identified. Among these, Epipactis helleborine was only one host-species of summer truffle. Our findings indicate that formation of truffles fruiting-bodies depends on specific habitat characteristics. The key factors determining this process are soil parameters, such as: texture, pH and calcium content. Our inventory showed that the sites we studied still persist as natural stands, although only one of them seems to be favorable for truffles development: this site is located in Wiązowna, where soil is of pH 7.2 and E. helleborine, (host species for truffles from Orchidaceae) is found, fulfills the environmental requirements of truffles
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Khrizi, Ahlem, Fatima El-Houaria Zitouni-Haouar, and Zohra Fortas. "Growth promotion and mycorrhizal colonization of Argan (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) inoculated with the edible desert truffle Tirmania nivea (Desf.) Trappe." PeerJ 10 (August 17, 2022): e13769. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13769.
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This study presents the first evidence of the mycorrhizal compatibility between the edible desert truffle Tirmania nivea and the valuable fruit tree Argania spinosa. Seed germination trials demonstrated that soaking pre-treatment of argan seeds in hydrogen peroxide (9%) for five days combined with the application of a fungicide treatment on an inert sowing material maximized the seed germination of this tree species. The mycorrhizal synthesis was conducted under greenhouse conditions by inoculating, in vivo, the host plant seedlings with spores of T. nivea. The growth and mycorrhizal status of A. spinosa was assessed 15.5 months after inoculation. The desert truffle mycorrhization significantly promoted all the investigated morphological parameters of growth and improved the physiological performances of the host plant through enhancing plant water status and chlorophyll concentration. The mycorrhizal symbiosis led to the formation of typical desert truffle endomycorrhizae with intracellular coils. The resistance of A. spinosa to the harsh environmental conditions of desert habitats makes it a potential candidate for cultivation of desert truffles.
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Siebyła, Marta, and Dorota Hilszczanska Hilszczańska. "Next Generation Sequencing genomic analysis of bacteria from soils of the sites with naturally-occurring summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.)." Annals of Forest Research 65, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15287/afr.2022.2063.
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The rhizosphere is the region of soil in which the highest densities of fungi and bacteria occur. In this study, an attempt was made to assess the distribution of bacterial species in soil where the summer truffle Tuber aestivum Vittad. bears fruit in selected stands in Poland. In order to determine the bacterial metagenome, the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) method was applied. Differences occurred in the bacterial species composition at the cluster level between soils in which summer truffle fruiting was recorded and control soils. In particular, differences in the percentage of Firmicutes bacteria were noted with an average frequency of 3.9% in truffle soil compared to 96.1% in the control soil. It was estimated that two bacterial species, namely Lysobacter antibioticus and Ensifer adhaerens had a positive effect on the occurrence of T. aestivum. Our research increased the knowledge of particular groups of bacteria accompanying truffles and their potential impact on the formation of fruiting bodies in T. aestivum.
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Siebyła, Marta, and Iwona Szyp-Borowska. "Comparison of bacterial communities in roots of selected trees with and without summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) ectomycorrhiza." Folia Forestalia Polonica 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2021-0011.
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Abstract In this study, we examined the effect of the presence of mycorrhiza and ascomata of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) on the bacterial composition of roots from small trees growing in selected sites of the Nida Basin. Qualitative DNA sequencing methods such as Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used. The Sanger method revealed different bacterial species compositions between the samples where summer truffle ascomata was recorded and control samples. Five genera of bacteria could be distinguished: Bacillus, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Rahnella and Serratia, among which the most numerous were Pseudomonas (Gammmaproteobacteria class) at 32.9%. The results obtained by the NGS method also showed differences in species composition of the bacteria depending on the study sample. Seven genera of bacteria were distinguished: Rhizorhabdus, Methylotenera, Sphingomonas, Nitrosospira, Streptomyces, Methyloceanibacter and Niastella, which dominated in roots from the truffle sites. Telmatobacter, Roseiarcus, Granulicella, Paludibaculum, Acidipila, Acidisphaera and Aliidongia dominated in roots from the control sites. With the NGS method, it is possible to identify the microbiome of a whole root, while only a root fragment can be analysed by the Sanger method. These results extend the scope of knowledge on the preferences of certain groups of bacteria associated with truffles and their influence on the formation of ascomata in summer truffles. Our results may also be useful in selecting and monitoring sites that promote ascomata of Tuber aestivum.
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Salerni, Elena, Lorenzo Gardin, Francesca Baglioni, and Claudia Perini. "Effects of wild boar grazing on the yield of summer truffle (Tuscany, Italy)." Acta Mycologica 48, no. 1 (December 23, 2013): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2013.009.
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The research presented here seeks to describe the impact of wild boar to a natural truffle ground of <em>Tuber aestivum </em>Vittad. on Monte Amiata (Tuscany – Italy). Pedoclimatic analyses indicated that the selected area could be considered suitable for the truffle production. Then classification of the vegetation of a <em>Quercus cerris </em>forest was carried out exploring the possibility of the BACI (Before-After-Control-Impact) sampling design. Finally 10 plots were selected, half of which have been fenced. For the first time the impact of wild boar was evaluated by estimating the surface area turned over by its activity. Moreover in each plot the number and weight of summer truffles was performed every 10 days during the fruiting period (June-November 2006-2008). The hypothesis that the presence of <em>Sus scrofa </em>has a strong negative influence on truffle harvesting has been amply confirmed by the data presented here, given the large increase of fruiting bodies of the summer truffle collected in the fenced plots. Consequently the destructive behaviour of the wild boar imply not only an ecological but also an economic damage in areas in which non-wood forest products are an important source of income.
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Kappacher, Christoph, Benedikt Trübenbacher, Klemens Losso, Matthias Rainer, Günther K. Bonn, and Christian W. Huck. "Portable vs. Benchtop NIR-Sensor Technology for Classification and Quality Evaluation of Black Truffle." Molecules 27, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030589.
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Truffles represent the best known and most expensive edible mushroom. Known as Ascomycetes, they belong to the genus Tuber and live in symbiosis with plant host roots. Due to their extraordinary taste and smell, truffles are sold worldwide for high prices of up to 3000–5000 euros per kilogram (Tuber magnatum PICO). Amongst black truffles, the species Tuber melanosporum VITTAD. is highly regarded for its organoleptic properties. Nonetheless, numerous different sorts of black truffle are offered at lower prices, including Tuber aestivum VITTAD., Tuber indicum and Tuber uncinatum, which represent the most frequently consumed types. Because truffles do not differ visually for inexperienced consumers, food fraud is likely to occur. In particular, for the highly prized Tuber melanosporum, which morphologically forms very similar fruiting bodies to those of Tuber indicum, there is a risk of fraud via imported truffles from Asia. In this study, 126 truffle samples belonging to the four mentioned species were investigated by four different NIR instruments, including three miniaturized devices—the Tellspec Enterprise Sensor, the VIAVI solutions MicroNIR 1700 and the Consumer Physics SCiO—working on different technical principles. Three different types of measurement techniques were applied for all instruments (outer shell, rotational device and fruiting body) in order to identify the best results for classification and quality assurance in a non-destructive manner. Results provided differentiation with an accuracy up to 100% for the expensive Tuber melanosporum from Tuber indicum. Classification between Tuber melanosporum, Tuber indicum, Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum could also be achieved with success of 100%. In addition, quality monitoring including discrimination between fresh and frozen/thawed, and prediction of the approximate date of harvesting, was performed. Furthermore, feasibility studies according to the geographical origin of the truffle were attempted. The presented work compares the performance for prediction and quality monitoring of portable vs. benchtop NIR devices and applied measurement techniques in order to be able to present a suitable, accurate, fast, non-destructive and reliable method for consumers.
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Diamandis, Stephanos, and Charikleia Perlerou. "Recent records of hypogeous fungi in Greece." Acta Mycologica 43, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2008.017.
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Uncertainty among Greek farmers who are in search of new and profitable crops has increased interest in truffle cultivation. Recent research has come up with 23 taxa of hypogeous fungi new for Greece including gastronomically valuable species. Natural ecosystems of <em>Quercus pubescens, Q. frainetto, Q. ilex</em> and <em>Q. coccifera</em> seem to be rich in hypogeous species. Ecosystems with <em>Corylus avellana, Carpinus betulus</em>, Mediterranean pines and even poplar plantations were found to also host hypogeous fungi. These records, supported by historical information about the existence of truffles in Greece, seem to be encouraging hints for systematic truffle cultivation.
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Henkrar, Fatima, and Lahsen Khabar. "Proximate analysis of lipid composition in Moroccan truffles and desert truffles." Italian Journal of Food Science 34, no. 2 (June 10, 2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v34i2.2202.
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Lipid composition in truffle is essential for nutraceutical and medicinal purposes. Currently, there is no data regarding the lipid content in Moroccan truffles. Therefore, we determined the fatty acid and sterol composition of six Moroccan truffles and desert truffles. The gas chromatography analysis revealed the predominance of fatty palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. The prominent sterol components were brassicasterol and ergosterol. Besides, the sterol analysis discriminated between the Tuber and Terfezia truffles. These differences seem to be exploitable at a taxonomic level. This is a preliminary report disclosing the fatty acid and sterol composition of Moroccan truffles, indicating the potential use of lipids analysis, especially sterol analysis, as biomarker for truffles distinction.
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Gógán, Csorbai A., Zsófia Nagy, Zoltáné Dégi, István Bagi, and Judit Dimény. "Ecological characteristics of a Hungarian summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) producing area." Acta Mycologica 47, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2012.015.
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Hungary has outstanding environment for natural truffle production in some regions including plain and hilly areas. The most famous of all the natural summer truffle (<em>Tuber aestivum</em> Vittad.) habitats is the commonly called Jászság region. This area is situated in the middle of Hungary, between river Danube and Tisza. The flatland area is basically covered by river alluviums with main soils of chernozems, fluvisols, solonchaks and arenosols. Climate of the region is typically continental: warm and dry summers and cold winters vary. The area is traditionally of agricultural use, although strong afforestation was made in the late 1950’s. The English oak (<em>Quercus robur</em> L.) populations planted at that time gave a basis for current excellent truffle production. Nowadays the region has proved to be the best natural summer truffle (<em>T. aestivum</em>) producing area of Hungary with early season opening (June) and high quality truffles as early as August. In the research the best truffle producing forest blocks were selected for ecological investigation. Results of the detailed site description showed uniform climate characteristics and dominance of English oak (<em>Q. robur</em>) or mixed English oak-Turkey oak (<em>Quercus cerris</em> L.) forests. Soil types revealed differences from earlier findings: dominance of gleysols and water affected chernozems was declared. Soil chemical parameters are in accordance with literature data: pH, organic matter and active carbonate content of the examined soils fall within the range indicated as the requirement of <em>T. aestivum</em>.
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Mustafa, Ahmed M., Simone Angeloni, Franks Kamgang Nzekoue, Doaa Abouelenein, Gianni Sagratini, Giovanni Caprioli, and Elisabetta Torregiani. "An Overview on Truffle Aroma and Main Volatile Compounds." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 5948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245948.
Full textAbstract:
Truffles are underground edible fungi that grow symbiotically with plant roots. They have been globally considered as one of the most expensive foods because of their rarity, unique aroma, and high nutritional value as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-mutagenic, antituberculoid immunomodulatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and aphrodisiac. The unique flavor and fragrance of truffles is one of the main reasons to get worldwide attraction as a food product. So, the aim of this review was to summarize the relevant literature with particular attention to the active aroma components as well as the various sample preparation and analytical techniques used to identify them. The major analytical methods used for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in truffles are gas chromatography (GC), proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), and electronic nose sensing (EN). In addition, factors influencing truffle aroma are also highlighted. For this reason, this review can be considered a good reference for research concerning aroma profiles of different species of truffles to deepen the knowledge about a complex odor of various truffles.
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A. Amin, Sahar, Afaf A. Alsabagh, Athmar A. Abdul Majeed, Ali N. Ali, and Ehab M. Abdul Hadi. "Assessment of heavy metals and radioactivity concentrations in Iraqi truffles." International Journal of Physical Research 8, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpr.v8i2.31200.
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Concentrations of heavy metals in several species of desert truffles, collected from different Iraqi provinces, were determined. Samples were collected from Al-Anbar Salah ad-Den and AlMuthana provinces. The levels of Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn were analyzed. As well as the level of radon in the truffle samples were also measured using the solid-state nuclear track detector (CR-39). The results reveal that the concentrations of the investigated elements in the Iraqi truffles were below the recommended levels and the ascending order of the measured toxic elements was Ni˂Mn˂Zn. The concentrations of the other elements (Cd, Cr and Pb) were below the detection limit of the measuring method. Radon activity levels in the study truffle samples were between (156.23 to 513.83) Bq.m-3 with mean value of (323.23) Bq.m-3. the results reveal that most measured radon activity were below the world recommended value given by ICRP except Ramadi sample. All the computed values of health risk index (HR) of all elements were within safe limits (HR<1), therefore, the consumption of the investigated truffles does not pose any health risks from the investigated heavy elements and from radiological point of view.
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Huang, Zhi Guo, Chun Hui Wei, Hui Bo Luo, Yan Mei Liu, and Jie Deng. "Study on Extraction and Detection of α-Androstenol in Truffle." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.781.
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In order to fully exploit the truffle resources, this article took fresh and mature truffles as raw material, studied on extraction and detection of α-androstenol. The experiment used acetone as extracting agent and used ultrasonic wave extraction method to extract α-androstenol. Then the extracting solution was concentrated by Termovap Sample Concentrator, and was detected by GC-MS. The results showed that: using acetone as extraction agent, ultrasonic temperature at 50°C, ultrasonic frequency in 40KHZ, time for 60min, after concentrated and detected by external standard method for quantitative. The detected results showed that: in mature truffles, the content of α-androstenol was 0.0193μg/100g, the content of its isomeric compounds was 0.707μg/100g; in immature truffles, the content of α-androstenol was 0.0087μg/100g, the content of its isomeric compounds was 0.238μg/100g.
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Arenas, Francisco, Asunción Morte, and Alfonso Navarro-Ródenas. "Design and Validation of qPCR-Specific Primers for Quantification of the Marketed Terfezia claveryi and Terfezia crassiverrucosa in Soil." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8101095.
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Desert truffle crop is a pioneer in southeastern Spain, a region where native edible hypogeous fungi are adapted to the semiarid areas with low annual rainfall. Terfezia claveryi Chatin was the first species of desert truffle to be cultivated, and has been increasing in recent years as an alternative rainfed crop in the Iberian Peninsula. However, its behaviour in the field has yet not been investigated. For this purpose, specific primers were designed for the soil DNA quantification of both T. claveryi and Terfezia crassiverrucosa and a real-time qPCR protocol was developed, using the ITS rDNA region as a target. Moreover, a young desert truffle orchard was sampled for environmental validation. The results showed the highest efficiency for the TerclaF3/TerclaR1 primers pair, 89%, and the minimal fungal biomass that could be reliable detected was set at 4.23 µg mycelium/g soil. The spatial distribution of fungal biomass was heterogeneous, and there was not a direct relationship between the quantity of winter soil mycelium and the location/productivity of desert truffles. This protocol could be applied to tracking these species in soil and understand their mycelial dynamics in plantations and wild areas.
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Zjalić, Slaven, Marzia Scapari, Anica Čuka, Zoran Šikić, and Massimo Reverberi. "THE FIRST REPORT OF TRUFFLES (TUBER AESTIVUM VITTAD.) IN ZADAR COUNTY." Geoadria 25, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.3157.
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True truffles (Tuber spp.) are among the most appreciated mushroom in gastronomy. Due to their particular taste and limited natural availability the price of these underground mushrooms is high. In Croatia, the most important presence of Tuber spp. was reported in Istria. Since seven to eight decades ago there have been stories of Zadar’s truffles which are transmitted orally from generation to generation but, till now, no written document that could confirm it has been found. In this study, truffles were searched for on different locations in Zadar County, the presumed truffles were harvested and molecular analyses were performed to identify them. The results undoubtedly show that the summer truffle, Tuber aestivum Vittad. is present in Zadar County.
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El Karkouri, Khalid, Claude Murat, Elisa Zampieri, and Paola Bonfante. "Identification of Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequence Motifs in Truffles: a First Step toward Their DNA Bar Coding." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 16 (June 29, 2007): 5320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00530-07.
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ABSTRACT This work presents DNA sequence motifs from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear rRNA repeat unit which are useful for the identification of five European and Asiatic truffles (Tuber magnatum, T. melanosporum, T. indicum, T. aestivum, and T. mesentericum). Truffles are edible mycorrhizal ascomycetes that show similar morphological characteristics but that have distinct organoleptic and economic values. A total of 36 out of 46 ITS1 or ITS2 sequence motifs have allowed an accurate in silico distinction of the five truffles to be made (i.e., by pattern matching and/or BLAST analysis on downloaded GenBank sequences and directly against GenBank databases). The motifs considered the intraspecific genetic variability of each species, including rare haplotypes, and assigned their respective species from either the ascocarps or ectomycorrhizas. The data indicate that short ITS1 or ITS2 motifs (≤50 bp in size) can be considered promising tools for truffle species identification. A dot blot hybridization analysis of T. magnatum and T. melanosporum compared with other close relatives or distant lineages allowed at least one highly specific motif to be identified for each species. These results were confirmed in a blind test which included new field isolates. The current work has provided a reliable new tool for a truffle oligonucleotide bar code and identification in ecological and evolutionary studies.
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Yun, Wang, and Ian R. Hall. "Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: challenges and achievements." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1063–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-051.
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There are about 2500 recorded species of edible mushrooms. The most expensive and sought after of these mushrooms belong to the mycorrhizal group and include Tuber melanosporum Vitt. (Périgord black truffle), Tuber magnatum Pico & Vitt. (Italian white truffle), Tricholoma matsutake (Ito & Imai) Sing. (matsutake), Boletus edulis Bull: Fr. sensu lato (porcini) Cantharellus cibarius Fr.: Fr. (chanterelle), and Amanita caesarea (Scop.: Fr.) Pers: Schw. (Caesar's mushroom). The total market for these is measured in billions of US dollars. Over the past 100 years, harvests of many mycorrhizal mushrooms have declined dramatically, which has prompted interest in the development of methods for their cultivation. So far only a few species of truffles have been produced in commercial quantities, although methods have been developed that may see the cultivation of species such as Cantharellus cibarius, Lyophyllum shimeji (Kawam.) Hongo, and Lactarius deliciosus (L.: Fr.) Gray. Despite this, many of the most expensive mycorrhizal mushrooms, including Tuber magnatum Pico & Vitt. and Tricholoma matsutake, have defied cultivation. Our paper will attempt to highlight possible reasons why mycorrhizal mushrooms have proven to be so difficult to grow and how we might better manage mycorrhizal mushroom forests to sustain natural production.Key words: edible, ectomycorrhiza, mushroom, truffle.
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Božac, Romano, and Ivan Širić. "Tuber donnagotto, a new winter truffle species from Istria, Croatia." Acta Botanica Croatica 71, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10184-011-0068-z.
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Abstract - Tuber donnagotto is a new winter black truffle belonging to the order Pezizales and the family Tuberaceae. It grows in winter in the calcareous gravel soil (pH 7.6-7.8) near the Adriatic Sea (Rovinj, Istria, Croatia) in predominantly pine forests (Pinus halepensis). Although similar to other black truffles, it has very irregular and hard fruit bodies, lobate and knotted in form, with deep irregular cavities reaching the middle of the fruit bodies. These cavities are clearly evident in the cross-section of the fruit bodies. Adistinctive characteristic of this truffle is the fact that when it is hermetically closed it can be kept in a refrigerator (2-4 °C) for more than 60 days. Tuber donnagotto has a slight but pleasant odor, reminiscent of boletus (Boletus reticulates, B. edulis). Furthermore, T. donnagotto has yellow-brownish and reticulate-alveolate spores, measuring 20-30 × 20-25 mm.
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Zarivi, Osvaldo, Antonella Bonfigli, Patrizia Cesare, Fernanda Amicarelli, Giovanni Pacioni, and Michele Miranda. "Truffle thio-flavours reversibly inhibit truffle tyrosinase." FEMS Microbiology Letters 220, no. 1 (March 2003): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00065-x.
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