Academic literature on the topic 'True omnivore'
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Journal articles on the topic "True omnivore"
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López-Rodríguez, Anahí, Ivana Silva, Sunshine de Ávila-Simas, Samanta Stebniki, Rodrigo Bastian, Marthoni Vinicius Massaro, Joaquin Pais, et al. "Diets and Trophic Structure of Fish Assemblages in a Large and Unexplored Subtropical River: The Uruguay River." Water 11, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071374.
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The Neotropics represent a hotspot for freshwater biodiversity with vast number of fish species of scarce ecological knowledge. This hold true for the Uruguay River, where fish assemblages and their diets remain unexplored. Fish assemblages were surveyed in 14 sites along its main course, from headwaters to mouth (approximately 1800 km), with the aim to identify the trophic roles of fish and to describe trophic structure of these assemblages. Following standardized samplings, diet was determined to perform a trophic classification of species. One hundred species (2309 gut contents) were analysed and classified into four trophic groups subdivided into eight lower-level groups: Piscivore, piscivore-invertivore, detritivore, omnivore-detritivore, omnivore-invertivore, omnivore-planktivore and omnivore-herbivore. The trophic structure of the assemblages varied along the river, with the relative species richness of fish consuming terrestrial invertebrates increasing towards the middle river section, probably driven by the large floodplains in that areas, supporting global theories such as flood pulse concept. This study describes the feeding habits of fish along the Uruguay River, being the first dietary description for 29 species. This knowledge is essential for management and conservation, serving as baseline in the context of future environmental changes and generates novel evidence about the functioning of ecosystems in this scarcely studied climatic region.
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Beavan, Nancy Ragano, and Rodger J. Sparks. "Factors Influencing 14C Ages of the Pacific Rat Rattus Exulans." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018531.
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An isotopic database for the Pacific/Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) and foods that it scavenges is used to examine diet-induced 14C age variation in omnivores. We discuss a suite of 26 δ14C determinations and 13C and 15N analysis for modern Pacific/Polynesian rat bone gelatin and available food items from Kapiti Island, New Zealand (40°51'S, 174°75'E). These analyses provide the first isotopic data for modern specimens of the species, collected as part of a larger project to determine potential sources of bias in unexpectedly old 14C age measurements on subfossil specimens of R. exulans from New Zealand. Stable C, N and 14C isotopic and trapping data are used to trace carbon intake via the diet of the rats in each habitat. Data from specimens linked to five specific habitats on the island indicate that modern populations of R. exulans are not in equilibrium with atmospheric values of δ14C, being either enriched or depleted relative to the atmospheric curve in 1996/97, the period of collection. The δ14C values recorded for R. exulans are associated with diet, and result from variation in δ14C values found in animal-protein food items available to a scavenging omnivore. The titer of carbon deviating from atmospheric values is believed to be derived from the essential amino acids in the protein-rich foods of the rat diet.Present evidence suggests that the depletion required to affect 14C ages limits the possibility that diet introduces dramatic offsets from true ages. Marine diets, for example, would have a variable effect on ages for terrestrial omnivores, contraindicating the application of a standard marine correction for such specimens. We suggest that to identify the extent to which diet may influence the 14C age in a given specimen of terrestrial omnivore, the separation and dating of essential amino acids vs. a nonessential amino, such as glycine, be applied.
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Zhi, Junrui, David C. Margolies, James R. Nechols, and John E. Boyer. "Host-plant-mediated interaction between populations of a true omnivore and its herbivorous prey." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 121, no. 1 (October 2006): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-8703.2006.00456.x.
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Roitberg, Bernard D., David R. Gillespie, Donald M. J. Quiring, Colleen R. Alma, Wade H. Jenner, Jennifer Perry, Jason H. Peterson, Maxence Salomon, and Sherah VanLaerhoven. "The cost of being an omnivore: mandible wear from plant feeding in a true bug." Naturwissenschaften 92, no. 9 (August 6, 2005): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-005-0013-x.
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Jonsson, M., S. D. Wratten, K. A. Robinson, and S. A. Sam. "The impact of floral resources and omnivory on a four trophic level food web." Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, no. 3 (December 9, 2008): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308006275.
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AbstractOmnivory is common among arthropods, but little is known about how availability of plant resources and prey affects interactions between species operating at the third and fourth trophic level. We used laboratory and field cage experiments to investigate how the provision of flowers affects an omnivorous lacewing, Micromus tasmaniae (Hemerobiidae) and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica (Figitidae). The adult lacewing is a true omnivore that feeds on both floral resources and aphids, whereas the parasitoid is a life-history omnivore, feeding on lacewing larvae in the larval stage and floral nectar as an adult. We showed that the effect of floral resources (buckwheat) on lacewing oviposition depends on prey (aphid) density, having a positive effect only at low prey density and that buckwheat substantially increases the longevity of the adult parasitoid. In field cages, we tested how provision of flowering buckwheat affects the dynamics of a four trophic level system, comprising parasitoids, lacewings, pea aphids and alfalfa. We found that provision of buckwheat decreased the density of lacewings in the first phase of the experiment when the density of aphids was high. This effect was probably caused by increased rate of parasitism by the parasitoid, which benefits from the presence of buckwheat. Towards the end of the experiment when the aphid populations had declined to low levels, the effect of buckwheat on lacewing density became positive, probably because lacewings were starving in the no-buckwheat treatment. Although presence of buckwheat flowers did not affect aphid populations in the field cages, these findings highlight the need to consider multitrophic interactions when proposing provision of floral resources as a technique for sustainable pest management.
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Ciuris, Corinne, Heidi M. Lynch, Christopher Wharton, and Carol S. Johnston. "A Comparison of Dietary Protein Digestibility, Based on DIAAS Scoring, in Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Athletes." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11123016.
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Vegetarian diets provide an abundance of nutrients when carefully planned. However, vegetarian diets may have lower protein quality compared to omnivorous diets, a reflection of less favorable amino acid profiles and bioavailability. Hence, the current recommended dietary allowance for protein may not be adequate for some vegetarian populations. The purpose of this study was to determine dietary protein quality using the DIAAS (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score) method in vegetarian and omnivore endurance athletes. DIAAS scores reflect the true ileal digestibility of the indispensable amino acids that are present in food items, and these scores can be used to compute the available protein in diet plans. Thirty-eight omnivores and 22 vegetarians submitted seven-day food records that were analyzed for nutrient content, and DIAAS scores were computed by diet group. Average available protein (g) was compared along with participants’ lean body mass and strength (quantified using the peak torque of leg extension). DIAAS scores and available protein were higher for omnivorous versus vegetarian athletes (+11% and +43%, respectively, p < 0.05). Omnivorous participants had significantly higher lean body mass than vegetarian participants (+14%), and significant correlations existed between available protein and strength (r = 0.314) and available protein and lean body mass (r = 0.541). Based upon available protein, as determined through the DIAAS, vegetarian athletes in this study would need to consume, on average, an additional 10 g protein daily to reach the recommended intake for protein (1.2 g/kg/d). An additional 22 g protein daily would be needed to achieve an intake of 1.4 g/kg/d, the upper end of the recommended intake range.
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Fernandez, Francisco J., Manuel Gamez, Jozsef Garay, and Tomas Cabello. "Do Development and Diet Determine the Degree of Cannibalism in Insects? To Eat or Not to Eat Conspecifics." Insects 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040242.
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Cannibalism in insects plays an important role in ecological relationships. Nonetheless, it has not been studied as extensively as in other arthropods groups (e.g., Arachnida). From a theoretical point of view, cannibalism has an impact on the development of more realistic stage-structure mathematical models. Additionally, it has a practical application for biological pest control, both in mass-rearing and out in the field through inoculative releases. In this paper, the cannibalistic behavior of two species of predatory bugs was studied under laboratory conditions—one of them a generalist predator (strictly carnivorous), Nabis pseudoferus, and the other a true omnivore (zoophytophagous), Nesidiocoris tenuis—and compared with the intraguild predation (IGP) behavior. The results showed that cannibalism in N. pseudoferus was prevalent in all the developmental stages studied, whereas in N. tenuis, cannibalism was rarely observed, and it was restricted mainly to the first three nymphal stages. Cannibalism and intraguild predation had no linear relationship with the different cannibal–prey size ratios, as evaluated by the mortality rates and survival times, although there were variations in cannibalism between stages, especially for N. pseudoferus. The mathematical model’s implications are presented and discussed.
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Godfree, Robert C., Nunzio Knerr, Denise Godfree, John Busby, Bruce Robertson, and Francisco Encinas-Viso. "Historical reconstruction unveils the risk of mass mortality and ecosystem collapse during pancontinental megadrought." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 31 (July 15, 2019): 15580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902046116.
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An important new hypothesis in landscape ecology is that extreme, decade-scale megadroughts can be potent drivers of rapid, macroscale ecosystem degradation and collapse. If true, an increase in such events under climate change could have devastating consequences for global biodiversity. However, because few megadroughts have occurred in the modern ecological era, the taxonomic breadth, trophic depth, and geographic pattern of these impacts remain unknown. Here we use ecohistorical techniques to quantify the impact of a record, pancontinental megadrought period (1891 to 1903 CE) on the Australian biota. We show that during this event mortality and severe stress was recorded in >45 bird, mammal, fish, reptile, and plant families in arid, semiarid, dry temperate, and Mediterranean ecosystems over at least 2.8 million km2 (36%) of the Australian continent. Trophic analysis reveals a bottom-up pattern of mortality concentrated in primary producer, herbivore, and omnivore guilds. Spatial and temporal reconstruction of premortality rainfall shows that mass mortality and synchronous ecosystem-wide collapse emerged in multiple geographic hotspots after 2 to 4 y of severe (>40%) and intensifying rainfall deficits. However, the presence of hyperabundant herbivores significantly increased the sensitivity of ecosystems to overgrazing-induced meltdown and permanent ecosystem change. The unprecedented taxonomic breadth and spatial scale of these impacts demonstrate that continental-scale megadroughts pose a major future threat to global biodiversity, especially in ecosystems affected by intensive agricultural use, trophic simplification, and invasive species.
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Gunnell, Gregg F., Philip D. Gingerich, Michele E. Morgan, and Mary Maas. "Comparative paleoecology of Paleogene and Neogene mammalian faunas: guild structure and diversity." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006754.
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We examined guild structure and diversity in the mammalian biota of the Paleogene of Wyoming and Montana and the Neogene of Pakistan. Trophic structure was measured as frequency of generic diversity in each of the following trophic categories: insectivore, omnivore, frugivore, herbivore, and carnivore. Trophic categories were inferred from dental morphology.Results are summarized below (see graphs). In Wyoming/Montana, the Paleocene is dominated by herbivores (from the orders Condylarthra, Multituberculata, and Pantodonta) and insectivores (“Proteutheria” and Proprimates). In the early Eocene, herbivores (Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and Rodentia), carnivores (Carnivora, Creodonta, and Mesonychia), and insectivores (“Proteutheria,” Proprimates, and Primates) dominate. At the beginning of the Eocene, carnivores and insectivores are more diverse than herbivores, but later, herbivores are more diverse. Adapid primates become an important frugivore element in the early Eocene. Herbivores are the most common group throughout the sequence, ranging from 30% to 75% of all specimens.In the Siwaliks, herbivores (from Proboscidea, Rodentia, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla) dominate in generic diversity (70–80%), with artiodactyls consistently representing about 50% of herbivore genera. Circa 16 Ma, rodents appear and become an important herbivore group. At 14 Ma, bovid diversity increases dramatically. Specialized browsers (tragulids, giraffids) and grazers (suids) represent 25% to 35% of herbivore diversity throughout the sequence. Carnivores, represented by creodonts and true carnivores, range from 5% to 20% of generic diversity in the Siwaliks. At 11 Ma, carnivores increase in generic diversity with amphicyonid and hyaenid carnivores dominating the guild. Carnivores and insectivores are never as diverse in the Siwaliks as they are in the early Eocene of North America.
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Watson*, Wesley T., David N. Appel, Michael A. Arnold, Charles M. Kenerley, and James L. Starr. "Seasonal Influence on Infection Rates of Malus sylvestris var. domestica Roots by Phymatotrichopsis omnivora." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 747A—747. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.747a.
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Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert (syn. Phymatotrichum omnivorum Duggar) is a recalcitrant soilborne pathogen that causes serious root rot problems on numerous plant species in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Apple trees [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf. (syn. M. domestica Borkh. non Poir.)] are highly susceptible to P. omnivora with most tree death occurring in the summer months. Studies were conducted from 1996 to 1999 to examine when and at what rate infection and colonization of roots of apple trees by P. omnivora actually occurs. In three-year-old trees growing in orchard soils in 45-gallon containers (171,457 cm3) and inoculated with sclerotia in August 1997, infection occurred in the nursery after 12 weeks. For trees inoculated with sclerotia in February 1998, infection occurred within 15 weeks. After 18 weeks, 100% of trees were infected after inoculation in August and 80% of trees were infected after the February inoculation. This information is vital to understanding the epidemiology of Phymatotrichum root rot in apple orchards.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "True omnivore"
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Kalling, Therese. "Avspeglas rödrävspopulationen på rådjurspopulationen? : En analys av tre landskap i Sverige." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-77393.
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Osämja mellan människan och rovdjuren har funnits sedan vi slutade jaga och började bruka jorden och bedriva lantbruk. En av de absolut viktigaste faktorerna som bestämmer vart en art förekommer, hur stark en stam är och hur den förändras över tiden, är predation. I svensk historia har både rådjurs (Capreolus capreolus) och rödräven (Vulpes vulpes) båda populationer varit nära nationell utrotning. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på om räven har någon påverkan på rådjurspopulationen. Detta görs genom att analysera avskjutningsstatistik från viltdata.nu i tre olika län med liknande klimat och innehåller samma arter av predatorer. Analysen gjordes med korrelationsanalys. Dock var det inget utav resultaten som visade någon signifikans. Dessa olika resultat i de olika län tyder på att det finns andra faktorer än räven som påverkar rådjurspopulationen.A conflict between humans and predators has existed since man stopped hunting and started with agriculture instead. We know today that one of the most important factors influencing the distribution and abundance of a species is predation. Over the last two? centuries, both the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population have been very close to extinction in Sweden. The purpose of this study was to determine if the red fox population affects the roe deer population. This was done by analyzing hunting statistics from viltdata.nu in three different regions with similar climate and with the same type of carnivores. The analysis was performed using correlation analysis. None of the relationships between roe deer and the fox in the three different areas was significant. This indicates that there are factors other than predation by fox that influence the deer population.
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Robinson, K. A. "Use of floral resources by the lacewing Micromus tasmaniae and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica, and the consequences for biological control by M. tasmaniae." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/823.
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Arthropod species that have the potential to damage crops are food resources for communities of predators and parasitoids. From an agronomic perspective these species are pests and biocontrol agents respectively, and the relationships between them can be important determinants of crop yield and quality. The impact of biocontrol agents on pest populations may depend on the availability of other food resources in the agroecosystem. A scarcity of such resources may limit biological control and altering agroecosystem management to alleviate this limitation could contribute to pest management. This is a tactic of ‘conservation biological control’ and includes the provision of flowers for species that consume prey as larvae but require floral resources in their adult stage. The use of flowers for pest management requires an understanding of the interactions between the flowers, pests, biocontrol agents and non-target species. Without this, attempts to enhance biological control might be ineffective or detrimental. This thesis develops our understanding in two areas which have received relatively little attention: the role of flowers in biological control by true omnivores, and the implications of flower use by fourth-trophic-level life-history omnivores. The species studied were the lacewing Micromus tasmaniae and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica. Buckwheat flowers Fagopyrum esculentum provided floral resources and aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum served as prey. Laboratory experiments with M. tasmaniae demonstrated that although prey were required for reproduction, providing flowers increased survival and oviposition when prey abundance was low. Flowers also decreased prey consumption by the adult lacewings. These experiments therefore revealed the potential for flowers to either enhance or disrupt biological control by M. tasmaniae. Adult M. tasmaniae were collected from a crop containing a strip of flowers. Analyses to determine the presence of prey and pollen in their digestive tracts suggested that predation was more frequent than foraging in flowers. It was concluded that the flower strip probably did not affect biological control by lacewings in that field, but flowers could be significant in other situations. The lifetime fecundity of A. zealandica was greatly increased by the presence of flowers in the laboratory. Providing flowers therefore has the potential to increase parasitism of M. tasmaniae and so disrupt biological control. A. zealandica was also studied in a crop containing a flower strip. Rubidium-marking was used to investigate nectar-feeding and dispersal from the flowers. In addition, the parasitoids’ sugar compositions were determined by HPLC and used to infer feeding histories. Although further work is required to develop the use of these techniques in this system, the results suggested that A. zealandica did not exploit the flower strip. The sugar profiles suggested that honeydew had been consumed by many of the parasitoids. A simulation model was developed to explore the dynamics of aphid, lacewing and parasitoid populations with and without flowers. This suggested that if M. tasmaniae and A. zealandica responded to flowers as in the laboratory, flowers would only have a small effect on biological control within a single period of a lucerne cutting cycle. When parasitoids were present, the direct beneficial effect of flowers on the lacewing population was outweighed by increased parasitism, reducing the potential for biological control in future crops. The results presented in this thesis exemplify the complex interactions that may occur as a consequence of providing floral resources in agroecosystems and re-affirm the need for agroecology to inform the development of sustainable pest management techniques.
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Βεληβασάκη, Γαλάτεια. "Το δέντρο ως οικοσύστημα : ανάπτυξη γνώσεων και στάσεων στην προσχολική ηλικία." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/4819.
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Τα τελευταία χρόνια, αν και η Περιββαλοντική Εκπαίδευση στην προσχολική ηλικία εντάσσεται στην ευέλικτη ζώνη, αποτελεί αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι της εκπαιδευτικής θεματολογίας. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία σκοπός είναι να διερευνηθεί το κατά πόσο τα παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας καταννοούν τις τροφικές σχέσεις που αναπτύσσονται σε ένα οικοσύστημα και συγκεκριμένα στο δέντρο. Ταυτόχρονα, εστιάζουμε στις στάσεις που αναπτύσσουν τα παιδιά ως προς τις ανθρώπινες παρεμβάσεις στο οικοσύστημα. Τέλος, μέσω της διδακτικής παρέμβασης που αποτελείται από 10 δραστηριότητες,επιδιώκουμε να αναπτύξουμε ή και να βελτιώσουμε τις γνώσεις και τις στάσεις που έχουν τα παιδιά σχετικά με τα παραπάνω θέματα.In recent years, although Environmental Education in early childhood is part of the flexible zone is an integral part of education topics. In this thesis, the goal is to investigate whether preschool children understand food chains that are developed in a specific ecosystem and especially the tree. Simultaneously, we focus on attitudes that children develop towards the human intervention in the ecosystem. Finally, through an instructional intervention that consists of 10 activities, we try to develop or improve their knowledge and attitudes that have children on these issues.
Books on the topic "True omnivore"
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Zhou, Youbing, Chris Newman, Yayoi Kaneko, Christina D. Buesching, Wenwen Chen, Zhao-Min Zhou, Zongqiang Xie, and David W. Macdonald. Asian badgers—the same, only different: how diversity among badger societies informs socio-ecological theory and challenges conservation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0013.
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Of thirteen extant species of true badger, eleven have a distribution in Asia, as do the more loosely affiliated stink- and honey-badgers. Even though these badgers show superficial similarities, they exhibit very different societies, even within same species under different circumstances, and provide an informative model to advance understanding of socio-ecology. They illustrate how group-living is promoted by natal philopatry, and food security; enabled by omnivory and hibernation in cold-winter regions. Conversely predatory, carnivorous species, and those competing for food security within a broader trophic guild, tend to be more solitary. This socio-ecological diversity poses conservation challenges, with Asian badgers vulnerable to habitat loss, urban and road development, direct conflict with people, culling to manage zoonotic disease transmission, and hunting pressure – often for traditional medicine. These threats are ever-more prevalent in expanding Asian economies, where cultural and attitudinal changes are urgently needed to safeguard biodiversity for the future.
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Macdonald, David W., and Chris Newman. Musteloid sociality: the grass-roots of society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0006.
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Excluded from the pursuit predator niche by better-adapted early felids and canids, the musteloids exploited other hunting strategies as grasslands proliferated in the Oligocene. Unconstrained by specialised running limbs, lineages evolved to excavate prey (badgers) and enter burrows (polecats). Others took to tree-climbing (martens, procynoids) and even swimming (otters). While some species specialised in rodent hunting (weasels) others became more generalist omnivores. In-turn the dispersion of these food types dictated socio-spatial geometries, allowing insectivorous, piscivorous and frugivorous species to congregate with varying degrees of social cohesion, often unified within subterranean burrows – a basis to group-living distinct from the pack-hunting felids and canids. Induced ovulation and delayed implantation feature in the mating systems of several species, evolved to ensure breeding success amongst low-density, solitary ancestors. Group-living musteloids exhibit degrees of reproductive suppression, allo-parental care and other cooperative behaviours, thus this contrarian superfamily provides unique insights into the basis of carnivore societies.
Book chapters on the topic "True omnivore"
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Baltzinger, Christophe, Ushma Shukla, Lindelwa S. Msweli, and Colleen T. Downs. "Ungulates as dispersal vectors of non-native plants." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 105–37. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0105.
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Abstract Ungulates are present worldwide with 257 recorded species, including livestock. They cover different functional gradients, be it feeding regime, digestive strategy, body size, body mass, fur characteristics or sociality. All these specificities may intervene at different stages of animal-mediated plant dispersal. Ungulates move diaspores from both native and non-native plants, through endo- and epizoochory. Initially introduced by humans, non-native plants bearing specific traits can be carried over long distances and to new environments by ungulates. These vectors can further free local resources necessary for the germination and the subsequent growth of the released diaspores. We first looked at trait-based plant community changes at different timescales in the presence of different native ungulates. We then reviewed the literature on endozoochory, regurgitation and fur-epizoochory assisted by ungulates, focusing on the dispersal of non-native plants. We made an overall assessment of ungulate-mediated non-native plant dispersal by biogeographical zone and dispersal mode, and then provided additional information on plant growth form and taxonomy, vectors and associated modes of dispersal. Results are presented for four main ungulate families: Cervidae, Bovidae, Suidae and Equidae. For each family, we highlight our findings either by ungulate if sufficiently represented (e.g. Odocoileus virginianus, Bison bison, Bos taurus) or by group of species. According to their feeding regime, grazers dispersed solely forbs and graminoids whereas omnivores also dispersed plants from other growth forms (i.e. cactus, vine, shrub and tree). Numerous non-native plants are dispersed by ungulates around the world, but this is probably the visible part of the iceberg, as only 32 ungulates (i.e. 12%) have been studied as vectors so far, suggesting their overall contribution is certainly underrated.
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Baltzinger, Christophe, Ushma Shukla, Lindelwa S. Msweli, and Colleen T. Downs. "Ungulates as dispersal vectors of non-native plants." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 105–37. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0006.
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Ungulates are present worldwide with 257 recorded species, including livestock. They cover different functional gradients, be it feeding regime, digestive strategy, body size, body mass, fur characteristics or sociality. All these specificities may intervene at different stages of animal-mediated plant dispersal. Ungulates move diaspores from both native and non-native plants, through endo- and epizoochory. Initially introduced by humans, non-native plants bearing specific traits can be carried over long distances and to new environments by ungulates. These vectors can further free local resources necessary for the germination and the subsequent growth of the released diaspores. We first looked at trait-based plant community changes at different timescales in the presence of different native ungulates. We then reviewed the literature on endozoochory, regurgitation and fur-epizoochory assisted by ungulates, focusing on the dispersal of non-native plants. We made an overall assessment of ungulate-mediated non-native plant dispersal by biogeographical zone and dispersal mode, and then provided additional information on plant growth form and taxonomy, vectors and associated modes of dispersal. Results are presented for four main ungulate families: Cervidae, Bovidae, Suidae and Equidae. For each family, we highlight our findings either by ungulate if sufficiently represented (e.g. <i>Odocoileus virginianus, Bison bison, Bos taurus</i>) or by group of species. According to their feeding regime, grazers dispersed solely forbs and graminoids whereas omnivores also dispersed plants from other growth forms (i.e. cactus, vine, shrub and tree). Numerous non-native plants are dispersed by ungulates around the world, but this is probably the visible part of the iceberg, as only 32 ungulates (i.e. 12%) have been studied as vectors so far, suggesting their overall contribution is certainly underrated.