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Wańczyk, Kacper. "Tak trudno się rozstać." Sprawy Międzynarodowe 74, no. 2 (November 8, 2021): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/sm.2021.74.2.08.
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The aim of this article is to analyse the privatisation process in the Republic of Belarus. This analysis will help to answer two questions. Firstly, is Belarusian privatisation strategic in nature? Secondly, what theoretical framework explains Belarusian privatisation policy?Juxtaposing the process of transferring state property to the private sphere in Belarus with traditional theoretical frameworks explaining the causes and course of privatisation in the former Soviet bloc countries does not fully explain the actions of the Belarusian authorities. Privatisation transactions were not part of a broader plan to restructure the economy. They were carried out ad hoc, usually as a result of a combination of two factors – pressure from external actors and the need to raise budget funds.To explain the actions of President Alexander Lukashenko, it seems appropriate to use an approach derived from the concept of power-ownership developed by Russian researchers Yuri Latov and Rustem Nureev. This assumes the formation of property rights from above and directly links political power with property control. In this view, giving up control over property is tantamount to giving up political power.
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Murphy, Colleen. "Political reconciliation, the rule of law, and truces." Journal of Global Ethics 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2017.1324509.
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Hyden, Goran. "Beyond the Liberal Democracy Paradigm: A Fresh Look at Power and Institutions." African Studies Review 59, no. 3 (December 2016): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.121.
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Abstract:Compared to political developments in Eastern Europe and Latin America, democratization in sub-Saharan Africa has been more problematic and uneven. Looking at the performance in four subregions—central Africa, East Africa, southern Africa, and West Africa—yields no convincing evidence of a “wave” of democratization; countries next to each other differ considerably with regard to their Freedom House scores. This does not mean that democratization has necessarily stalled, but it does demonstrate that the prevailing vertical cleavages along ethnic, racial, or religious lines can make such a transition volatile, as suggested by the cases of Burundi, Mali, and even Kenya. While political competition in mature democracies, typically divided along horizontal group or class lines, tends to generate positive-sum outcomes, such competition in Africa easily turns into “prisoner’s dilemma” games. The uncertainty about the value of cooperation in such situations usually produces political “truces” that are easily abandoned if the costs of adherence exceed the benefits. Against the background of this prevailing political logic, this article calls for a new approach to conceptualizing notions of “institution” and “power” in the analysis of politics in the region.
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Jackson, John S. "The Southernization of American Politics (Research Note)." American Review of Politics 8 (January 1, 1988): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1987.8.0.62-68.
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When I was growing up in South Arkansas in the 1950s the Civil War was very much still with us. I had a great-grandfather who fought in the war and his Civil War musket was an heirloom in our home. My friends drove pick-up trucks with Confederate flags and signs that showed a mean looking Confederate soldier saying “Forget Hell” or “The South’s going to rise again!” My thesis here tonight is that the old slogan “The South’s going to rise again” has proved prophetic in American politics. That is, in the words of the title of my lecture, we have seen over the past two decades the “Southemization” of American politics.
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Rose, Taylor. "The “Opening of the Clackamas”: Log Trucks, Access Roads, and Multiple-Use Infrastructure in Oregon’s National Forests." Western Historical Quarterly 53, no. 2 (February 23, 2022): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/whac002.
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Abstract Driving mountain roads is a fundamental part of the modern experience in Oregon’s national forests. Building, maintaining, and overseeing forest access roads has been at the core of U.S. Forest Service land management policy since World War II. Beginning in 1942, demand for wartime lumber and the newly industrial scale of logging, particularly after the advent of log trucking, together precipitated a period of rapid infrastructure development in the previously remote resource hinterlands of the Pacific Northwest. Although initially a boon for public relations, timber productivity, and management itself, the roads quickly became fiscal and regulatory burdens for the federal agency. This article examines the story of public-lands logging and recreation—typically told as a narrative of environmental politics—through the lens of automobility. Mass road development, I argue, gradually produced a popular expectation—shared across political divisions and enduring more strongly than ever in the 2020s—that national forests were and forever should be places of easy automotive access. However, this expectation belies what it has taken to develop and maintain that access: namely, logging revenue. By following the political-economic, cultural, and environmental history of one notoriously busy road in northwest Oregon, the Clackamas River Road, historians may better understand the context in which multiple-use infrastructure took shape, as well as the difficult budgetary position in which USFS officials find themselves today, three decades after the spotted owl controversy all but ended a half century of national-forest log trucking.
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Trocchio, Clint, and Paul J. Miller. "Washington, DC’s Lottery-Rotation System for Food Trucks: A Step in the Right Direction." Policy Perspectives 22 (May 4, 2015): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v22i0.15111.
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DC officials enacted a Mobile Roadway Vending lottery in December 2013 that allocated street-metered parking spaces to the 250 food trucks operating throughout the District. Its creation was predicated on the belief among DC administrators that food trucks inject vibrancy into the urban environment and create job opportunities. Across America, though, expert regulators’ and political leaders’ opinions vary on how food trucks should be managed to accommodate the concerns of stakeholders who share limited street parking. By comparing DC’s lottery-rotation system to pure lottery and auction systems, we reveal the difficult-to-attain middle ground sought by officials who are caught between allocating parking through a lottery or through an auction sale that can possibly favor a wealthy minority. We acknowledge the benefits found in the District’s decision to create a policy that allows vendors the flexibility to roam for available street parking in some areas and to compete in a semi-random lottery for guaranteed parking in other areas. We suggest the lottery-rotation system’s major inefficiencies would be largely remedied by a secondary market allowing vendors autonomy to make as-needed parking trades. We conclude by asserting that, while the lottery-rotation system is economically inefficient, it is part of a broader, reasonable first effort that strikes an economic and political equilibrium in a dynamic industry and regulatory landscape.
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Vahrenkamp, Richard. "Lastkraftwagen und Logistik in Deutschland 1900 bis 1955:." Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 95, no. 4 (2008): 430–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/vswg-2008-0017.
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Pérez-Sánchez, Gema. "David Trullo’s queer revisionist photography." Journal of Language and Sexuality 5, no. 2 (September 16, 2016): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.5.2.04per.
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Working with the theoretical notions of “homonationalism” (Puar 2013) and “pinkwashing” (Schulman 2011, 2012, Spade 2013) and using as a case study two photographic series by contemporary Spanish gay photographer David Trullo, I illuminate the complex situation in which contemporary queer Spanish visual artists must produce their work: they resist homonationalism and homonormativity at the same time that they must work within the very frames of homonationalism and homonormativity to fund, produce, and disseminate their particularly subversive queer politics. In analyzing Trullo’s series, Alterhistory: Una historia verdadera (2010) — a gay and lesbian, homonormative rewriting of late nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century photographic couple portraiture — I argue that he simultaneously makes visible and performatively embodies new LGBTQ visibilities and histories in Spain where they were previously erased through a queer manipulation of photographic language, specifically by altering what Roland Barthes has called photography’s “connotation procedures.” Also, I analyze Trullo’s Inca: 20 perfiles peruanos sin filtro (2009), a critique of neo-colonial Spanish enterprises in Latin America and Peru’s racism towards its queer indigenous population, which the artist produced while accompanying an exhibition promoting same-sex marriage funded by the AECID (Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo). I conclude that Trullo intervenes in and complicates public debates about LGBTQ rights, visibility, embodiment, and the politics of neo-liberal commodification of progressive rights
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Durrenberger, E. Paul, and Kathleen Gillogly. "Greed in a “Tribal” Economy? Acquisitiveness and Reciprocity in Lisu Society." Economic Anthropology 1, no. 1 (January 2014): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12006.
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Comparing the Lisu economy of the late 1960s to that of the early 1990s highlights not only the transformations in village economic adaptations, but also the cultural politics of incorporation into the Thai state. The earlier Lisu economy relied on income from opium to make up for shortfalls in rice production and household acquisitiveness made reciprocity with other households possible. In the 1990s, villagers scrambled to find economic strategies to adapt to life in the post‐opium economy. In the previous economy, there were checks on overproduction to ensure relatively equal wealth among households in an egalitarian political system. The post‐opium economy included new forms of commodified agriculture such as cattle herding, contractual planting of cash crops, buying of land, and investment in trucks and motorbikes to transport produce to market, as well as participation in wage labor in urban lowland markets. Survival required capital accumulation. Is acquisitiveness greed? Not in a reciprocity economy with inherent limits to accumulation of wealth, where the standards were set by the poor families in the village. But in today's economy, acquisitiveness for accumulation and investment rather than reciprocity has given rise to accusations of stinginess among villagers and greed by Thai officials.
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Prokofeva, E. Yu. "Causes and consequences of truck production predominance in the Soviet automotive industry in the first half of the XX century." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 28, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2022-28-3-28-39.
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A significant predominance of the number of produced trucks over the number of passenger cars was a feature of domestic automotive industry development until the 70-ies of the XX century. This fact did not correspond to the global vector of automotive industry development. The paper analyses the causes and consequences of this phenomenon by involving mainly a corpus of statistical sources of Russian and foreign origin. The socialist foundation of the political structure of the state and the focus on the development of heavy industry in the economy are identified as the fundamental factors that determined the specifics of Russian automotive industry strategy. By comparing the volumes of freight turnover of railway, river and road transport, the length of communication routes of various types both within the USSR and with the corresponding indicators of foreign countries, the author picks out the features of the Russian transport system that determined the containment of the USSR automotive industry development as a whole and the passenger car industry in particular. The paper denotes poverty and low level of education going with it to be among the social phenomena that prevented the mass distribution of passenger cars in the USSR and did not allow to form consumers of passenger car industry products in the country. Based on domestic and foreign data sources, the article concludes about the stability, regularity and validity of the predominance of produced trucks over passenger cars in the economic development of the country in comparison with the pan-European ones. It is noted that among others the result of this sectoral strategy is the contribution of truck production to the industrial breakthrough of the USSR in the 30-ies and the victory over Nazi Germany and Japan in 19411945 as well as a complex of diverse phenomena that exhibited in various sectors of social and economic life of the Soviet Union. The author claims that the change in the ratio of manufactured trucks and passenger cars in favour of the latter occurred in the 70-ies of the XX century as a result of the victory in the inter-party struggle of the concept of peaceful coexistence. The use of new data allowed the author to identify the influence of politics in the Soviet socialist state on the development strategy of the automotive industry as one of the key sectors of the economy
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Afreen, Sadaf, Tazanfal Tehseem, Um -e-Laila, and Ayesha Bakhat Cheema. "Exploring the Portrayal of Indigenous Culture: A Sociocultural Critique of Folk Literature." Summer 2023 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.55737/qjss.983954281.
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The current study examines the relation of culture and language, conveying a range of forms resulting in diversified meanings contextually. Enriched with a visual representation , Pakistani culture presented on vehicles such as trucks and public transport: buses, rickshaws and coasters are also the representation of the indigenization of the cultures through respective languages. The data has been collected from the truck pictures frequently shared on Instagram for the propagation of indigenous culture, language and business purposes to attract customers by putting those phrases and verses written on the rear view side of the trucks. A qualitative approach has been implied to evaluate the data, whereas, the nature of the study is analytical using the images. . The main objective of the study is to analyse the visualized and scripted poetry with reference to Hymes’ social interaction model of SPEAKING (1974) as a theoretical framework. The research suggests that the representation of folk literature on truck vehicles gives us glimpses of the public opinions such as political system, social injustice, economic injustices and more prevalent issues in the country.The findings of the study signifies that indigenous languages permeate the message through printed stuff on trucks.
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Fouts, Sarah. "Re-Regulating Loncheras, Food Trucks, and their Clientele: Navigating Bureaucracy and Enforcement in New Orleans." Gastronomica 18, no. 3 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2018.18.3.1.
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After Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, newly arrived loncheras, or taco trucks, provided an invaluable and overlooked service, feeding cleanup crews and reconstruction workers. Yet despite the important role these Latinx food vendors continue to fill and their growing popularity among the non-Latinx community, these entrepreneurs face challenges in accessing political and cultural legitimacy. Situating the experiences of lonchera vendors within the larger political economy of U.S. immigration legislation and food truck policy demonstrates how national trends, instead of local realities, are used to shape policies that impact these food vendors. This article uses an ethnographic framework based in New Orleans to argue that the regulation of loncheras maps onto the criminalization of immigrant communities through an emphasis on licensing and documentation. Juxtaposing the case studies of two mobile food vendors, Mateo and Magda—both undocumented—allows for a critical analysis of the ways immigrants navigate bureaucratic systems to make ends meet.
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Xu, Kaitong, Haibo Kang, Wei Wang, Ping Jiang, and Na Li. "Carbon Emission Estimation of Assembled Composite Concrete Beams during Construction." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071810.
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At present, the issue of carbon emissions from buildings has become a hot topic, and carbon emission reduction is also becoming a political and economic contest for countries. As a result, the government and researchers have gradually begun to attach great importance to the industrialization of low-carbon and energy-saving buildings. The rise of prefabricated buildings has promoted a major transformation of the construction methods in the construction industry, which is conducive to reducing the consumption of resources and energy, and of great significance in promoting the low-carbon emission reduction of industrial buildings. This article mainly studies the calculation model for carbon emissions of the three-stage life cycle of component production, logistics transportation, and on-site installation in the whole construction process of composite beams for prefabricated buildings. The construction of CG-2 composite beams in Fujian province, China, was taken as the example. Based on the life cycle assessment method, carbon emissions from the actual construction process of composite beams were evaluated, and that generated by the composite beam components during the transportation stage by using diesel, gasoline, and electric energy consumption methods were compared in detail. The results show that (1) the carbon emissions generated by composite beams during the production stage were relatively high, accounting for 80.8% of the total carbon emissions, while during the transport stage and installation stage, they only accounted for 7.6% and 11.6%, respectively; and (2) during the transportation stage with three different energy-consuming trucks, the carbon emissions from diesel fuel trucks were higher, reaching 186.05 kg, followed by gasoline trucks, which generated about 115.68 kg; electric trucks produced the lowest, only 12.24 kg.
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Brooks, Thom. "Not just war: Eisikovits on A Theory of Truces." Journal of Global Ethics 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2017.1321571.
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van Santen, Emma. "Inclusive peace mediation in the city: spatial segregation of violence and urban politics of ‘social’ inclusion in gang truces." Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal 4, no. 2-3 (May 4, 2019): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802014.2019.1666029.
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Michelini, Rinaldo C., and Roberto P. Razzoli. "The Mankind Growth Consistency." Information Resources Management Journal 25, no. 2 (April 2012): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2012040105.
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The international stability is viewed as corollary of the sustainable growth. This has only technology-driven solution, at global village extension, with required appropriateness and shared acceptation. The survey, on such guess, looks at the robot age potential, as supplementary aid in the balanced world deployment that adds to the socio-economic and politico-legal frames. The analysis moves from the globalisation issues, at the known (economic) global and (ecologic) no-global pictures, to outline the traits of the post-global robot age, consistent with the sustainable growth, international stability, and grounded on the force of the law. Stability based on the law of the force was the past option, even allowing steady truces. In this analysis, globalisation makes this choice unfit, having doubtful economic and social sustainability and not achieving ecologic sustainability consistently and for the long term.
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Gross, Jonathan. "Reading Graffiti in Naples and Reading Naples in Film." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (February 4, 2021): 698–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341577.
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Abstract This article examines graffiti in Naples between 2016 and 2018, arguing for its political importance. My thesis is that erasing graffiti from garbage trucks does not remove the social problems that caused it. Though sometimes seen as an eye-sore by tourists, graffiti offers vital information about the struggles and passions within the city itself. Under Silvio Berlusconi, rubbish became gold, as Camorra member Nunzio Perella stated when arrested in 1992. Three films, Biùtiful cauntri (2007), Gomorrah (2008), and Napoli Jungle (Bagnoli Jungle) (2015) document how toxic waste dumping affected three generations of Italians and continues to be a pervasive problem.
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Exner, Gudrun. "Lkw und tierbetriebenes Fuhrwerk: Ablösungsprozess oder Verdrängungswettbewerb?" Vierteljahrschrift f??r Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 106, no. 3 (2019): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/vswg-2019-0009.
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Benitez Almeida, Maria Liz, Ada Cristina Machado Silveira, and Andréa Franciéle Weber. "COMO O FANTASMA DE SOLANO ROJAS: O IDIOMA GUARANI, SEUS SILENCIAMENTOS E POLITICAS LINGUISTICAS." Cadernos do IL, no. 52 (January 1, 2017): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2236-6385.67033.
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O texto estuda as dinâmicas do contexto cultural da região da tríplice fronteira Puerto Iguazú - Foz do Iguaçu - Ciudad del Este, situada nos limites internacionais entre Argentina, Brasil e Paraguai. A análise articula a observação do idioma Guarani, oficial no Paraguai, na atividade jornalística sobre as atividades comerciais. A abordagem teórica observa a perspectiva da liminaridade proposta por Mignolo e sua crítica ao colonialismo. Parte-se de uma análise literário-cultural que visa comparar a situação expressada no conto El trueno entre las hojas do escritor paraguaio Augusto Roa Bastos. A partir da análise de três notícias veiculadas no site do jornal Vanguardia, de Ciudad del Este, Paraguai, avalia-se como as notícias denunciam a proibição imposta ao uso do idioma Guarani aplicada aos trabalhadores paraguaios nos comércios voltados a atender clientes da tríplice fronteira. Buscando reconhecer na realidade representada no jornal aqueles elementos próximos à prosa ficcional, percebe-se a persistência de comportamentos pouco favorecedores do idioma Guarani. A análise oportuniza avançar em considerações que, partindo da acusada normalidade do monolinguismo, pretende avançar sobre o conhecimento das dificuldades apontadas a uma Política de Línguas de promoção da inclusão do Guarani nos espaços públicos do Paraguai.
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Bell, Daniel. "The Internet and the Trajectories of Technologies." Tocqueville Review 19, no. 2 (January 1998): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.19.2.111.
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A new communications infrastructure has arisen throughout the world. The older infrastructure, sparked by the industrial revolution, was transportation - ports, railroads, highways, trucks, which made commerce and the exchange of materials and goods possible. And the new infrastructures of post-industrial society are Cable, Broadband, Digital TV, Optical Fibre, Fax, E-Mail, ISDN (Integrated System Digital Networks, combining data, text, voice, sound and image through single channels).
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Kornberg, Dana. "Competing for Jurisdiction: Practical Legitimation and the Persistence of Informal Recycling in Urban India." Social Forces 99, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 797–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz169.
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Abstract How did informal garbage collectors, who had long provided the only door-to-door and recycling services in Delhi, manage to survive the introduction of formal garbage collection trucks? This question raises the larger problem of why informal institutions—well-organized and socially recognized, but legally unauthorized and unregulated platforms for political and economic organization—have proven so persistent. I draw on evidence collected during 20 months of ethnographic research in Delhi, focusing on participant observation with informal collectors during their neighborhood routes and interviews with 50 informal collectors. Bringing together political and urban sociology, postcolonial urban studies, and institutional theory, the paper frames competition over city garbage and recycling as a relational matter. I argue that informal workers preserved their jurisdiction through practical legitimation, depending on everyday actions and social expectations rather than explicit laws or beliefs to secure legitimacy. I demonstrate how status-based relations, here based on caste and labor migration, can confer legitimacy and provide a source of regulation, as actors set out and meet implicit expectations for appropriate actions, relationships, and social boundaries.
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Aris Escarcena, Juan Pablo. "Expulsions: The Construction of a Hostile Environment in Calais." European Journal of Migration and Law 21, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 215–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340048.
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Abstract After the dismantling of “the great Jungle” of Calais, migrants have returned to settle in the territory of the region. In this article I analyse how different instances of the government have developed policies to expel them from the region. We will focus on how security and humanitarian techniques have been used to create an area (a hostile environment) where the physical and social life of migrants in transit is not sustainable. In particular, it will analyse the closing of service areas to freight trucks, the prohibition of food distribution to migrants in Calais, and the use of physical and symbolic violence against volunteers and migrants. The article is based on an analysis of forms of government through the concept of Milieu (Foucault, 2009) and proposes the concept of Hostile Environment as the materialization of the “Politics of Exhaustion” (De Vries & Guild, 2018).
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Konieczna-Sałamatin, Joanna. "Partia „Trudno Powiedzieć” na Ukrainie. Co o ukraińskim społeczeństwie mówi uchylanie się od odpowiedzi w badaniach sondażowych." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 59, no. 2 (May 12, 2015): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2015.59.2.11.
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The aim of this analysis was to determine why, in public opinion surveys in Ukraine, a decidedly larger proportion of respondents than in countries of western and central Europe do not have their own opinion. The author believes that the causes are primarily two popular attitudes in the Ukraine: (1) the conviction that it doesn’t make sense for an ‘ordinary person’ to think about public affairs, because he has no chance to effect any sort of change; and (2) lack of trust in the survey-taker and the associated sense of the situation as being a sensitive one. The author’s inquiries reveal a higher degree of political alienation in Ukraine than in the majority of EU countries, and a lower level of civic engagement. At the same time, the author expresses the view that the revolution of 2013/2014 probably testifies to the fact that in the last few years the sense of detachment has decreased and will continue to diminish.
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Julián Gil, Gastón. "De las imposturas a los “trucos de oficio”. Reflexiones “metodológicas” desde la antropología social (Argentina)." Empiria. Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales, no. 40 (May 7, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/empiria.40.2018.22013.
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El uso de "recetas" metodológicas y la apelación a diversas formas de corrección política en el estudio de diferentes colectivos constituyen tentaciones a las que suelen sucumbir una gran cantidad de cientistas sociales. En este artículo, en primera instancia, se intenta desarrollar una revisión crítica de la manera en que operan algunos de esos lugares comunes de la investigación social, sostenidos en principios "metodológicos" como dogmas en abstracto. En la misma sintonía, también se describen, apelando a ejemplos de investigación, frecuentes imposturas de lo "correcto" que abundan en los discursos académicos, como ocurre en ocasiones con investigadores que se definen como "militantes" cuando estudian sectores subalternos. Por consiguiente, en este artículo se desarrollan algunos trucos de oficio, tal cual los definió el sociólogo Howard Becker, que cuestionan formalidades, tendencias y acuerdos implícitos en el quehacer científico-académico que no precisamente estimulan la creatividad. Los formularios que circulan en el sistema científico, la materias "metodológicas", las pautas de evaluación de la producción académica y las imposturas intelectuales configuran una diversidad de situaciones que suelen promover cómodas rutinas vinculadas en mayor medida con la rigidez que con el rigor.Si bien este texto está construido de manera prioritaria en perspectiva con el caso argentino, remite a prácticas que en mayor o menor medida están presentes en las diversas tradiciones científicas en las ciencias sociales. Este tipo de enfoques, guiados por la corrección política, usualmente derivan en evaluaciones asimétricas que sacrifican la creatividad para recostarse en cómodas rutinas que suelen ser celebradas en el medio académico. Por el contrario, otro tipo de apuestas académicas se enfrentan a la censuras de la "ciencia normal" que, en determinados contextos, van acompañados por un conjunto de juicios morales e ideológicos que pueden llegar a obturar la creatividad, la discusión abierta de ideas y la exploración de vacíos empíricos problemáticos.The use of methodological "recipes" and the appeal to various forms of political correctness in the study of different groups are temptations to which a large number of social scientists often embrace. In this article, we attempt to develop a critical revision of the way in which some of these common places of social research operate, based on "methodological" principles as dogmas in the abstract. In the same vein, we also describe, by appealing to research examples, frequent impostures of the "right" way that abound in academic discourses, as is sometimes the case with researchers who define themselves as "militants" when they study subaltern sectors. Consequently, in this paper some tricks are developed, as defined by the sociologist Howard Becker, who question formalities, tendencies and agreements implicit in the scientific-academic work that do not precisely stimulate creativity. The application forms that circulate in the scientific system, the "methodological" subjects, the guidelines for the evaluation of academic production and the intellectual impostures, configure a diversity of situations that often promote comfortable routines linked more to rigidity than rigor.Although this text is constructed in perspective with the Argentine case, it refers to practices that are also present in the diverse scientific traditions in the social sciences. Such approaches, guided by political correctness, often result in asymmetric assessments that sacrifice creativity because they to lie down in comfortable routines that are usually celebrated in the academic environment. On the contrary, other types of academic proposals are confronted with the censorship of "normal science", which in certain contexts are accompanied by a set of moral and ideological judgments that can dissemble creativity, open discussion of ideas and exploration of problematic empirical vacuums.
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Cauffman, Caroline. "Case C-882/19 Sumal SL v. Mercedes Benz Trucks España SL." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 29, no. 4 (August 2022): 499–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x221130493.
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Noble, Gregory W. "Contending Forces in Taiwan's Economic Policymaking: The Case of Hua Tung Heavy Trucks." Asian Survey 27, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 683–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2644543.
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Kikon, Dolly, and Duncan McDuie-Ra. "English-Language Documents and Old Trucks: Creating Infrastructure in Nagaland's Coal Mining Villages." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 40, no. 4 (September 17, 2017): 772–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2017.1373413.
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Noble, Gregory W. "Contending Forces in Taiwan's Economic Policymaking: The Case of Hua Tung Heavy Trucks." Asian Survey 27, no. 6 (June 1987): 683–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1987.27.6.01p00667.
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Jackson, Peter. "The Crusades of 1239–41 and their aftermath." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, no. 1 (February 1987): 32–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00053180.
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The period of the crusades of Theobald of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall is a critical one in the history of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. As a result of truces made by the crusaders with neighbouring Muslim princes the kingdom came to embrace, albeit briefly, an area more extensive than it had covered at any time since the losses inflicted by Saladin following his victory at Hattīn in 1187. And yet this triumph was but the prelude to an engagement at La Forbie (al-Harbiyya) in October 1244, which was as grave a catastrophe as Hattīn and from which the kingdom never recovered. Here the Frankish army was decimated by the Egyptians and their Khwarizmian allies, a new and brutal element in the politics of southern Syria; and most of the newly regained territory was lost within the next three years. In this paper I propose to examine the events of the years 1239–44 with a view to re-evaluating the military and diplomatic achievements of the crusades and to placing the disaster at La Forbie more securely in context.
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Childs, William R. "Origins of the Texas Railroad Commission's Power to Control Production of Petroleum: Regulatory Strategies in the 1920s." Journal of Policy History 2, no. 4 (October 1990): 353–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600004401.
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The “Railroad Commission of Texas” conjures up visions of oil and gas and power politics and perhaps the question, What does “railroad” have to do with petroleum? The Railroad Commission (RCT) also brings to mind modern America between 1930 and the 1970s, when the Texas agency controlled from 35 to 45 percent of the oil and gas produced in the United States. These images come from cultural myths of the Lone Star State, from Americans' fascination with conspiracies, and, most telling, from the lack of historical analyses of the commission, its staff, and its regulatory strategies. The prevailing views of the commission are unfortunate ones, for they not only neglect the agency's regulation of railroads, natural-gas utilities, and buses and trucks but also skew the understanding of how the state commission came to regulate petroleum in the first place, how it devised policies for doing so, and how it legitimized itself and defended that legitimacy under the weight of the East Texas crisis between 1930 and 1935.
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Howlett, Michael, Debra J. Salazar, and Donald K. Alper. "Sustaining the Forests of the Pacific Coast: Forging Truces in the War in the Woods." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 28, no. 3 (September 2002): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3552233.
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ISAEVA-GYUNESH, Neshen. "CIRCULATIONS OF AFFECTS: AFFECTIVE MEMORIES: THE SOLDIER IN SARAH KANE'S BLASTED." Ezikov Svyat volume 19 issue 3, ezs.swu.v19i3 (October 1, 2021): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v19i3.14.
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Baby-eating, eye-gouging, rape, torture, "people packing into trucks like pigs" fleeing in fear of the war – Sarah Kane's first breathtaking play Blasted has been one of the most noted cultural events since the 1990s. Although Kane has shared that she wanted to attract attention to the war in Bosnia, to make people see the old woman from Srebrenica, and hear her plea for help (Sierz, 2001, pp.100-101), the name of Bosnia is never mentioned in the play. The playwright's intention to provoke reaction to the violence in the specific political context has not diminished the universality of her work. The following study explores the affective circulations within the fictional world of Blasted by analysing the Soldier's presence in terms of emotions. It offers three readings of the Soldier’s brutal behaviour within the play and suggests that ‘confession’ is of vital importance for the process of traumatic emotional and physical healing. The play is mainly approached in the context of the works of the socio-political and socio-cultural affect theorists – Sara Ahmed and Margaret Wetherell as well as the trauma theorist Cathy Caruth. The paper further offers a close reading of the complex affective circulations of emotions in the play and analysis what affects do and how they move and act upon the characters. By contributing to the considerably new way of analysing literature through affect theory, this work sheds light on the important role of emotions in war context.
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Buddle, Emily, Heather Bray, and Rachel Ankeny. "“I Feel Sorry for Them”: Australian Meat Consumers’ Perceptions about Sheep and Beef Cattle Transportation." Animals 8, no. 10 (October 3, 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8100171.
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Concern for livestock welfare is significantly increasing in many parts of the world. One area of concern is the transportation of livestock. Using qualitative research methods, this research explores the concerns of Australian meat consumers related to livestock transportation practices, both on land by truck and on sea by ship. Participants were predominantly concerned about animals being “crammed” into trucks and ships, and the long distances over which livestock were transported. Likely contributors to these reactions are the high visibility of truck transport in urban areas, and recent media and political attention to the live-export issue in Australia. We argue that participants’ concerns about transport are arising for a variety of reasons, including anthropomorphic tendencies, genuine concern for the welfare of farm animals, and emotional responses related to the discomfort experienced by meat consumers when they are reminded of the meat-animal connection. Given the importance of transport to the red-meat production industry, these results suggest that the sector may need to reconsider some of their practices and increase transparency and communication about the practices, which they utilise to ensure good animal welfare.
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Bowers-Carnahan, F. Renae, Rhonda Kinghorn, Alvah Bittner, Syd Reynolds, Anne-Marie Feyer, Ann M. Williamson, and Deborah M. Freund. "Issues in Heavy Vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 9 (October 1993): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700913.
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The heavy vehicle industry includes medium-duty trucks, heavy-duty trucks, and buses. Vehicle size, driver location relative to the road, and duration of time in the vehicle distinguish heavy vehicles from the passenger car and light truck industry. During the past decade, the industry has been changing. Technological advances, as well as political, economic, and cultural forces, have combined to create a new environment. The driver has become more important in this new environment. A driver shortage and safety issues have heightened the interest in human factors and ergonomics in the heavy vehicle industry. The purpose of this symposium is to highlight some of the current human factors research in the field of heavy vehicles. While there are many possible topics to discuss, the first two papers will address vehicle design issues and the second two papers will address operational issues. Ms. Kinghorn will discuss a technique to estimate the current population of US Truck Drivers. She proposes that some of the shortcomings of the available data, such as changes in the population over the last decade and dimensions for which no data are available, can be overcome by estimating the current truck driver population from data on the general population. Mr. Reynolds will discuss the discrepancies observed between a design eyellipse location and actual driver eye locations in a small exploratory study. He will describe the primary contributor to the discrepancy, the H-point, and suggest several other potential contributors. Ms. Feyer will discuss a study on the effects of operational practices on driver fatigue. She will compare and contrast the operational practices of various segments of the long distance passenger and freight hauling industries. Her results indicate that different strategies must be applied to the passenger and freight industries to combat fatigue, even though the causes of fatigue are the same. Ms. Freund is from the US Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carriers. She will discuss their plans for research concerning truck and bus driver operational regulation. Specific areas that are of interest include proficiency testing, fitness for duty, and substance abuse. She will elaborate on the program, addressing driver fatigue and loss of alertness.
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Asada, Matthew K. "Of Bridges and Borders: An APSA Congressional Fellow's North American Tale." PS: Political Science & Politics 46, no. 02 (March 28, 2013): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096513000127.
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I had seen once before, halfway around the world, what a new bridge could do to a border region. However, despite having worked in border towns and on border issues for more than a decade, I had never given much thought to the border in my own backyard. I remember crossing the Detroit River to visit the casinos in Windsor, Ontario, before Detroit had her own and seeing the lines of trucks waiting to cross the bridge and being unaware of the border's economic importance to the region and the country. I had studied the economic benefits of European integration, but never thought about how those lessons could be applied to the North American continent. However, last year as a 2011–2012 APSA congressional fellow working with my hometown congressman US Representative Gary Peters I had the opportunity to apply these overseas experiences to a border that mattered to my town, state, and country. The US-Canadian border is not only the world's longest nonmilitarized border, but is also the line separating my hometown Detroit, Michigan, from Windsor, Ontario; and it is the line preventing the region and the two countries from fully realizing their economic potential.
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Melchiori, Luciana, Graciela Nasini, Jorge M. Montagna, and Gabriela Corsano. "A mathematical modeling for simultaneous routing and scheduling of logging trucks in the forest supply chain." Forest Policy and Economics 136 (March 2022): 102693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102693.
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Lundgren, Magnus. "Causal mechanisms in civil war mediation: Evidence from Syria." European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 209–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066119856084.
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Studies of conflict management by international organizations have demonstrated correlations between institutional characteristics and outcomes, but questions remain as to whether these correlations have causal properties. To examine how institutional characteristics condition the nature of international organization interventions, I examine mediation and ceasefire monitoring by the Arab League and the United Nations during the first phase of the Syrian civil war (2011–2012). Using micro-evidence sourced from unique interview material, day-to-day fatality statistics, and international organization documentation, I detail causal pathways from organizational characteristics, via intervention strategies, to intervention outcomes. I find that both international organizations relied on comparable intervention strategies. While mediating, they counseled on the costs of conflict, provided coordination points, and managed the bargaining context so as to sideline spoilers and generate leverage. While monitoring, they verified violent events, engaged in reassurance patrols, and brokered local truces. The execution of these strategies was conditioned on organizational capabilities and member state preferences in ways that help explain both variation in short-term conflict abatement and the long-term failure of both international organizations. In contrast to the Arab League, the United Nations intervention, supported by more expansive resources and expertise, temporarily shifted conflict parties away from a violent equilibrium. Both organizations ultimately failed as disunity among international organization member state principals cut interventions short and reduced the credibility of international organization mediators.
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Netzer, Lukas, David Wöss, Thomas Märzinger, Werner Müller, and Tobias Pröll. "Impact of an E-Highway on the Required Battery Capacities and Charging Infrastructure for Cargo Transport with E-Trucks on the Basis of a Real Use Case." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 7102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197102.
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With the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the logistics sector is increasingly coming into focus. While increasing electrification is taking place in the road transport sector, the numbers in heavy-goods transport have so far been vanishingly small. Payload limitations, high investment costs, and charging times make it difficult for logistics companies to think about a conversion. An e-highway on Austria’s highways could provide an approach to counter these problems. Based on route data of an entire truck fleet in the construction logistics sector and by creating a model with Openrouteservice and MATLAB, calculations are carried out to show the savings potential of required battery capacities and charging infrastructure. The results show a high potential for reducing battery capacities and the required charging infrastructure at the locations approached. The results show high reduction potential, keeping the average required capacities in all scenarios below 350 kWh. Having a higher-powered e-highway of 150 kW nets slightly better results, but a major effect can still be achieved with a power of 60 kW. The cost reduction potential related to batteries and charging stations is up to 65% for individual scenarios. Thus, the result of this work primarily aims at presenting the advantages of a potential e-highway for logistics companies operating on Austria’s roads but can also be considered from the regulatory side when it comes to incentivizing sustainable logistics solutions from the political side.
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Nguyen, Quang N., Dung M. Nguyen, and Luot V. Nguyen. "An Examination of the Social Identity Model of Collective Action in the Context of Vietnam." Open Psychology Journal 14, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350102114010001.
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Introduction: Although collective action relating to land and environmental disputes in Vietnam has been increasing over the past decades, there is little research from the perspective of social psychology on this topic. Objective: This study was conducted to examine the applicability of the social identity model of collective action [SIMCA] in the context of Vietnam. Specifically, we assessed the predictive powers of moral conviction, politicized identity, group-based anger, and group efficacy on people’s intentions to engage in collective action in a situation where people from three communes of Hanoi blocked garbage trucks to enter a waste treatment complex located in this area. Methods: The participants were 132 residents from these communes. We collected the data by a self-report survey and then executed regression and path analyses to test our hypotheses. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that, except for group efficacy, variables in SIMCA were capable of independently predicting intentions to participate in collective action. Also, politicized identity had directly and indirectly positive effects on collective action intentions through group-based anger but not group efficacy. Politicized identity and group-based anger played partial mediating roles in the relationship between moral conviction and collective action intentions. Conclusion: These findings partly supporting the proposed SIMCA demonstrated the impacts of Vietnam's unique cultural and political characteristics on individuals' engagement in collective action relating to land and environmental disputes between people and their local authorities.
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Freund, Benedikt. "Heralds of Change: In the Aftermath of Skanska (C-724/17) and Sumal (C-882/19)." IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 53, no. 2 (February 2022): 246–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40319-022-01150-5.
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AbstractThe Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) can be placed at the origins of the pan-European awakening of private enforcement of EU competition law. The CJEU has, in a steadfast and unwavering manner, advocated for the rights of victims of competition law infringements, elevating cartel damages proceedings from a rare sight to a well-established phenomenon. In its judgment Vantaan kaupunki v. Skanska Industrial Solutions Oy and others (Skanska), the CJEU ruled that the circle of persons liable for the harm resulting from an anticompetitive behaviour is to be determined according to the concept of undertaking as referred to in Art. 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). In Sumal v. Mercedes Benz Trucks Espana (Sumal) the Court clarified under which circumstances distinct legal entities within a group of companies form one single undertaking and are thus to be made the defendant in cartel damages proceedings. The CJEU’s judgments in Skanksa and Sumal mark a certainly provisional climax in the evolution of private enforcement of EU competition law. This article aims to depict the conceptual backbone of both judgments and to explore possible consequences in regard to liability within groups of companies.
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Urbański, Jarosław. "Chłopi – między populizmem i kapitalizmem." Praktyka Teoretyczna, no. 2(48) (November 28, 2023): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/prt.2023.2.3.
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W Polsce dominuje przekonanie o ciągłej dominacji małych gospodarstw rolnych. Rozdrobniona struktura gospodarstw miała przetrwać od połowy XIX wieku. Nie zdołano tego zmienić w czasach realnego socjalizmu (1945–1989), pomimo podejmowanych prób kolektywizacji (1948–1956). Jednak po 1989 roku, a szczególnie po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej (2004), zaczęły następować szybkie przemiany na polskiej wsi. Masowo upadają małe i średnie gospodarstwa rolne, zachodzi koncentracja ziemi i produkcji zwierzęcej, spada liczba zatrudnionych w rolnictwie, zmienia się skład społeczny wsi. W ten sposób populistyczne ruchy chłopskie tracą swoje zaplecze społeczne i poparcie polityczne mieszkańców wsi. Coraz częściej występują oni przeciwko agrobiznesowi, szczególnie przeciwko fermom przemysłowym, które stwarzają zagrożenie dla otoczenia społecznego i przyrodniczego. Trudno jednak ten ruch protestu nazwać ludowym, choć z pewnością zachowuje klasowy charakter. Jest on wymierzony w narodowe i transnarodowe korporacje narzucające neoliberalne zasady produkcji rolnej (często zdominowanej przez eksport), wielkość i formy konsumpcji oraz warunki życia na polskiej wsi.
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Luo, Heng, Minjie Zhu, Sengang Ye, Hanping Hou, Yong Chen, and Larissa Bulysheva. "An intelligent tracking system based on internet of things for the cold chain." Internet Research 26, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-11-2014-0294.
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Purpose – Monitoring the real-time temperature, humidity, and physical position status of goods is vital in the cold chain. Diverse logistics technologies and systems have been adopted in the cold chain for monitoring perishable goods. However, these technologies and systems are independent from each other. Data and information in them are not integrated so that information control is not effective. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – By integrating Internet of Things and tracking technologies, this paper proposes an intelligent tracking system, which is designed to achieve effective and fast live monitoring of goods in the cold chain at the lowest cost and with the largest network capacity and simplest protocols. Findings – Structure and information platform design mechanism are introduced. The key part of this system is a wireless sensor network built on Zigbee. Wireless sensors located in cold storages or refrigerated trucks are able to collect and transmit live data quickly and efficiently. Originality/value – Users of the proposed system can easily monitor goods transported in cold chains. In addition, the system assigns specific servers to save historical data for inquiries.
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Castellanos Llanos, Gabriela. "Ética, terrorismo de estado y masculinidad: la vía del terror vista desde la óptica de género." La Manzana de la Discordia 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v2i1.1416.
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Resumen: Este ensayo es una reflexión sobre el terrorismo, mostrando su evolución a través de la historia y su exacerbación actual, señalando además que el terrorismo de Estado, a pesar de ser la forma más mortífera, tiende a ser públicamente aceptada. De igual forma, enfatiza que el ataque a las Torres Gemelas se ha utilizado para justificar ataques preventivos, torturas y hasta la suspensión de la protección legal a prisioneros, y se pregunta cuál debe ser la política pública para combatir el terrorismo de una manera ética, mostrando por qué la solución del mal menor propuesta por Michael Ignatieff es sólo un viejo truco argumentativo y no conduce a cambios reales. Por ello, se insiste en el diálogo como forma de garantizar el reconocimiento de la diversidad, la defensa de los derechos civiles y el fortalecimiento de la democracia. Finalmente, se analizan diversos aspectos del militarismo, mostrando las relaciones de esta tendencia con el género y especí- ficamente con la masculinidad. Palabras clave: ética, terrorismo, militarismo, masculinidad, género Abstract: This essay reflects on terrorism, showing its evolution throughout history and its present-day exacerbation, also pointing out that terrorism on the part of the State, in spite of being the most deadly form, tends to be accepted by the public. Likewise, it stresses the way the 9/11 attack has been used to justify preemptive attacks, torture and even the suspension of political protection to prisoners, and asks what type of public policy must be used to fight terrorism in an ethical manner, showing why Michael Ignatieff’s proposal of the lesser evil is only an old argumentative trick and leads to no real changes. Therefore, there is an insistence on dialogue as the way to guarantee the recognition of diversity, the defense of civil rights and the strengthening of democracy. Finally, diverse aspects of militarism are analyzed, showing the relations between this tendency and gender, specifically with masculinity.Key words: ethics, terrorism, militarism, masculinity, gender
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Méresse, Bastien. "« The details ooze away as the sounds of garbage trucks grow » transactions et transmutations du déchet dans Bleeding Edge de Thomas Pynchon." Revue française d’études américaines N°160, no. 3 (2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfea.160.0174.
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Coulmas, Florian. "Claude Truchot, L'anglais dans le monde contemporain [English in the contemporary world]. (Collection l'ordre des mots.) Paris: Le Robert, 1990. Pp. 416." Language in Society 21, no. 2 (June 1992): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500015438.
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Lasyoud, Alhashmi Aboubaker, Jim Haslam, and Robin Roslender. "Management accounting change in developing countries: evidence from Libya." Asian Review of Accounting 26, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 278–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ara-03-2017-0057.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the change in management accounting and control systems (MACSs) within two large public manufacturing companies in Libya so-called Trucks and Buses Company (TBC) and National Trailers Company (NTC). Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on semi-structured interviews, an analysis of documents and observations. It draws on New Institutional Sociology (NIS) perspective (DiMaggio and Powell’s 1983) as theoretical framework to provide explanations regarding how the MACS in the two companies were shaped by various factors. Findings The main factors identified in shaping the operations of the MACS were the need to comply with the political pressures, the Libyan Government’s laws and regulations, the instructions imposed by the management committee in both companies, leading organizations’ pressures (ISO), customer satisfaction (coercive isomorphism), the influence of professional associations (normative isomorphism) and the need to imitate efficient organizations in order to be more legitimate and successful (mimetic isomorphism). Research limitations/implications The findings of the study have implications for understanding the operations of MACS in developing countries. Future research could focus on alternative theoretical perspectives for the investigation of the process of change in MACS such as structuration theory, agency theory and actor-network theory. Originality/value The proposed theoretical framework provides insights into the process of change by focusing on the interplay between the institutional forces, market forces and intra – organizational power relationships to overcome the criticism of NIS that it downplays the role of market forces and intra – organizational power relations.
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Zaitseva, Evgenia. "The Role of the Roman Aristocrats in the Diplomatic Communication of Byzantium and Persia in the Middle of the 6th Century." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015138-0.
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The author examines the features of diplomatic relations between the Persian state and the Roman empires in the middle of the 6th century. The author concludes that the Roman aristocrats who arrived in Constantinople in 546 and participated in the V Ecumenical Council were involved in the settlement of relations between the old opponents. The sources are the works of Procopius of Caesarea and the Acts of the Church Council of 553. The author defines a list of diplomats engaged in negotiations with the Persians in 551—552, and also demonstrates that Byzantine military leaders and politicians turned to the Romans for consultations, since the previous truces concluded with by the Persians, were short-lived. This tactic has brought results. With the participation of experienced Roman senators in the negotiations, the empire retained Lazica, took control of the port of Fasias, and secured its eastern borders.
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Schalk, Peter. "The political suspension of ethics: proposals for a historical study of reversal of values in a situation of martial conflict in Lanka." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 19 (January 1, 2006): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67321.
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The overall aim of this project is to focus on the general socio-economic and political conditions leading to martial conflict in relation to religious and secular values, value systems and ideologies in Īlam/Lankā, with special regard to their transformation. It deals with the extent of reversal and re-reversal in the course of the conflict and reconciliation respectively. These values are reversed through political decisions in a martial situation. It is true that martial conflicts arise over the distribution of resources and territory and not over theological issues. When, however, religion is placed in a martial context and related to the interests of one group, then even a sophisticated theology can take the form of an identity-bestowing ideology and adopt martial doctrines such as the concept of just war. Territorial and social definitions of citizenship are replaced by definitions relating to sacred boundaries. Christianity may turn into German Christianity or Serbian Christianity, Hinduism into Hindūtva and Buddhism into Sinhalatva. The overall martial context is finally symbolised in religion as an identity marker alongside sacralisation of language, history, and territory, etc. This martial context generates a religious surplus even within secular ideologies and leads both to a suspension and a reversal of values in established religions. The proponents are ideologues, including monks and priests, and politicians in the widest sense. They become warmongers in a martial situation, where they become ‘authentic’ and authoritative. In a non-war situation they are marginalised as extremists. During war, they suspend fundamental human values, but they ‘suspend’ in the specifically German (Hegelian) sense of aufheben, meaning to elevate, to save and to call off. They do not annihilate these values, only to recall and retrieve them during truces and cease-fires, in situations of non-war, and diplomatic or ecumenical encounters, or during academic conferences. In times of martial conflict, ideologues, as advocates of war, actualize ways of integrating violence into non-violent traditions. In this article five ways of rationalizing violence, which have global parallels in martial societies, are referred to. The first way is the well-known and popular reasoning about the holy ‘end’ that justifies the less holy ‘means’; the second line of reasoning points to an alleged connection between present and past ideal persons or events; the third way of rationalizing violence introduces a de-eschatologizing distinction between preliminary and final ‘ends’; a ourth way is to make a distinction between an elite and the common people; the latter are allegedly not capable of following the noble principles of the elite; a fifth a
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Johns, Fleur. "Data, Detection, and the Redistribution of the Sensible in International Law." American Journal of International Law 111, no. 1 (January 2017): 57–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2016.4.
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One dusty day in 2002, at Takhta Baig Voluntary Repatriation Centre near Peshawar in northwestern Pakistan, an Afghan woman—let us call her Amena—entered a nondescript room and sat down in front of a camera. A brief conversation took place with a woman sitting nearby at a computer terminal. Amena placed her chin where she was directed to do so, swept back a few strands of hair creeping out of her veil, and stared straight ahead for a few seconds while a series of photographs of one of her eyes was taken. Almost immediately, a small alarm sounded on the computer terminal of the woman seated alongside her. Amena was gently ushered toward the other side of the room for discussions with other officials. Some short time later, she was advised that her request to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for a modest cash grant and some supplies to aid her and her family's repatriation to Afghanistan had been denied. This was because, according to output of the UNHCR’s iris verification program, she had already received assistance earlier the same year. When asked, Amena admitted that she had indeed sought UNHCR repatriation assistance multiple times, under pressure from family members. She walked away. Soon, she could soon no longer be seen amid the press of trucks, cars, bicycles, and people that stretched to the suburbs in the distance.
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Macewicz, Jakub J. "SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SUBJECTIVE WELL‐BEING." CREATIVITY STUDIES 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/limes.2010.14.
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One of the vital questions connected with the system transformation in Poland and other former Soviet Bloc countries is whether the overthrow of the communist system was caused by the poor state of their economies or rather people's struggle for their civil rights. However, the “either/or nature” of this question is disturbed by another possibility: it might have been a relatively good state of the economy which made the overthrow possible. Moreover, there is no doubt that the introduction of free market and democracy resulted in many positive changes in people's lives: from the increase in life expectancy and subjective well‐being to the growth of civil liberty. Yet, economic development and (more broadly) modernity also produce extensively described negative effects which, at certain point, seem to “neutralise” their positive ones. Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries seem to follow this path. Sistemos transformacija vidurio ir Rytų Europoje, ekonomikos plėtra ir subjektyvioji gerovė Santrauka Vienas svarbiausių klausimų, susijusių su sistemos transformacija Lenkijoje ir kitose buvusiose sovietinio bloko šalyse, yra toks – ar komunistinio režimo nuvertimas buvo sukeltas neturtingų valstybių ekonomikos, ar žmonių kovos dėl savo teisių? Kad ir kaip būtų, šio klausimo atsakymui „arba... arba“ trukdo kita galimybė: tai galėtų būti gera valstybė, kurios ekonomika sudarė palankias sąlygas nuversti minėtą režimą. Be to, nėra abejonių, kad laisvos rinkos ir demokratijos įvedimas sukėlė daug pozityvių pokyčių žmonių gyvenime – nuo didėjančių galimybių ir gerovės iki augančios pilietinės laisvės. Vis dėlto ekonomikos plėtra ir modernumas taip pat sukelia plačiai aprašytų negatyvių pasekmių, kurios tam tikrais atvejais naikina pozityviąsias. Lenkija ir kitos Vidurio bei Rytų Europos šalys eina šiuo keliu.