Journal articles: 'Trout cod'

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Douglas, JW, GJ Gooley, BA Ingram, ND Murray, and LD Brown. "Natural hybridization between Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell) and trout cod, Maccullochella macquariensis (Cuvier) (Percichthyidae) in the Murray River, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 4 (1995): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950729.

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Hybridization is confirmed between two wild, naturally sympatric populations of Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii, and trout cod, M. macquariensis, from the Murray River, Australia. Electrophoretic comparisons of proteins in muscle and liver tissues from trout cod, Murray cod, an artificially produced hybrid of Murray cod and trout cod, and putative wild hybrids from the Murray River indicated that the last group were first-generation interspecific hybrids. This is the first record of hybridization between naturally occumng populations of these two species. Naturally occurring wild populations of both trout cod and Murray cod are nonetheless genetically distinct and there is no evidence of introgression between the species. These findings have some implications for management policies and practices in relation to both species, and these are discussed.

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Couch, Alan J., Peter J. Unmack, Fiona J. Dyer, and Mark Lintermans. "Who’s your mama? Riverine hybridisation of threatened freshwater Trout Cod and Murray Cod." PeerJ 4 (October 27, 2016): e2593. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2593.

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Rates of hybridization and introgression are increasing dramatically worldwide because of translocations, restocking of organisms and habitat modifications; thus, determining whether hybridization is occuring after reintroducing extirpated congeneric species is commensurately important for conservation. Restocking programs are sometimes criticized because of the genetic consequences of hatchery-bred fish breeding with wild populations. These concerns are important to conservation restocking programs, including those from the Australian freshwater fish family, Percichthyidae. Two of the better known Australian Percichthyidae are the Murray Cod,Maccullochella peeliiand Trout Cod,Maccullochella macquariensiswhich were formerly widespread over the Murray Darling Basin. In much of the Murrumbidgee River, Trout Cod and Murray Cod were sympatric until the late 1970s when Trout Cod were extirpated. Here we use genetic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data together with mitochondrial sequences to examine hybridization and introgression between Murray Cod and Trout Cod in the upper Murrumbidgee River and consider implications for restocking programs. We have confirmed restocked riverine Trout Cod reproducing, but only as inter-specific matings, in the wild. We detected hybrid Trout Cod–Murray Cod in the Upper Murrumbidgee, recording the first hybrid larvae in the wild. Although hybrid larvae, juveniles and adults have been recorded in hatcheries and impoundments, and hybrid adults have been recorded in rivers previously, this is the first time fertile F1 have been recorded in a wild riverine population. The F1 backcrosses with Murray cod have also been found to be fertile. All backcrosses noted were with pure Murray Cod. Such introgression has not been recorded previously in these two species, and the imbalance in hybridization direction may have important implications for restocking programs.

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Growns, Ivor, Ian Wooden, and Craig Schiller. "Use of instream wood habitat by Trout Cod Maccullochella macquariensis (Cuvier) in the Murrumbidgee River." Pacific Conservation Biology 10, no. 4 (2004): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040261.

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Microhabitat use of instream wood habitat by Trout Cod Maccullochella macquariensis (Cuvier), a critically endangered species with a restricted distribution, was examined in the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, Australia. Habitat variables were scored or measured at 100 m intervals along the river or wherever Trout Cod were captured using electrofishing. The occurrence of Trout Cod was significantly dependent on the presence of instream woody habitat and 95% of samples where trout cod were caught were associated with the presence of woody habitat. Trout Cod were more likely to be found on simply-structured woody habitats, away from the river-bank and their abundance showed no relationship with water velocity. The low abundance of other fish species at the sampling sites suggests that the relationships demonstrated are not due to inter-species interactions. The results will assist with specific management actions to restore and protect populations of this endangered species.

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Ramakrishna, N. R., and M. D. B. Burt. "Tissue Response of Fish to Invasion by Larval Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda; Ascaridoidea)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-192.

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The histopathology of Pseudoterranova decipiens (L3) in experimentally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and naturally infected Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was similar. The chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction included polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, and fibroblasts. Giant cells were also found but only in the experimentally infected rainbow trout. Mature capsules around the larvae consisted of an inner layer, composed of macrophages which underwent epithelioid transformation and later gradually degenerated, and an outer layer, composed of fibroblasts and collagen fibres. A layer of lipofuscin was adjacent to the parasite in older cod infections but this was absent in all of the newly formed capsules in the experimentally infected rainbow trout.

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Chadwick, T. D., and P. A. Wright. "Nitrogen excretion and expression of urea cycle enzymes in the atlantic cod (Gadus morhua l.): a comparison of early life stages with adults." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 19 (October 1, 1999): 2653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.19.2653.

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For many years, the urea cycle was considered to be relatively unimportant in the life history of most teleost fishes. In previous studies, we were surprised to find that newly hatched freshwater rainbow trout embryos had relatively high activities of the key urea cycle enzyme, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase III (CPSase III), and other enzymes in the pathway, whereas adult trout had much lower or non-detectable activities. The present study tested the hypothesis that urea cycle enzyme expression is unique to early stages of rainbow trout. In marine Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) embryos, CPSase III, ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTCase), glutamine synthetase (GSase) and arginase activities were all expressed prior to hatching. Urea excretion was detected shortly after fertilization and rates were high relative to those of ammonia excretion (50–100 % of total nitrogen excreted as urea nitrogen; total=ammonia+urea). Urea concentration was relatively constant in embryos, but ammonia concentration increased by about fourfold during embryogenesis. Two populations of cod embryos were studied (from Newfoundland and New Brunswick), and significant differences in enzyme activities and excretion rates were detected between the two populations. In adult cod, CPSase III was not detectable in liver, white muscle, intestine and kidney tissues, but OTCase, GSase and arginase were present. Adult cod excreted about 17 % of nitrogenous waste as urea. Taken together, these data indicate that early urea cycle enzyme expression is not unique to rainbow trout but is also a feature of Atlantic cod development, and possibly other teleosts. The relatively high urea excretion rates underline the importance of urea as the primary nitrogen excretory product in Atlantic cod during early embryogenesis.

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Koehn, John D., and Simon J. Nicol. "Comparative habitat use by large riverine fishes." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 2 (2014): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13011.

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The present radio-tracking study compared adult daytime microhabitat use by three large Australian native freshwater fishes (Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii, trout cod, M. macquariensis, golden perch, Maquaria ambigua) and introduced carp, Cyprinus carpio, in the Murray River, south-eastern Australia. The paper describes habitat patches used by all species and quantifies differences among species. All species were strongly associated with structural woody habitat (>68% cover), deeper (>2.4 m), slower water (<0.2 m s–1) closer to the river bank, with variations in substrate. Murray cod and trout cod used deeper habitats (2.8 m and 2.9 m, respectively), with higher surface water velocities (0.37 m s–1 and 0.49 m s–1, respectively) and further from the bank than the habitats of golden perch (2.6 m; 0.31 m s–1) or carp (2.4 m; 0.20 m s–1), the latter species using wood higher in the water column than did cod species. Trout cod used habitats furthest from the bank and carp those closest. These data provide support and direction for reintroduction of structural woody habitat patches for rehabilitation which, in general, should have >70% cover, be >1.5 m high, located <15% of the river channel (width) closest to the bank, with surface water velocities of 0.3–0.6 m s–1.

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Lieschke, J. A., J. P. Lyon, P. D. Moloney, and S. J. Nicol. "Spatial partitioning in the use of structural woody habitat supports the cohabitation of two cod species in a large lowland river." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 12 (2016): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15067.

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Many freshwater fish worldwide have been shown to use Structural Woody Habitat (SWH) for a variety of reasons. The mid reaches of the Murray River, a large lowland river in south-eastern Australia, was surveyed by boat electrofishing, to investigate the use of SWH type (hollows, rootmass and solids), SWH distance to bank (near bank, intermediate to bank and mid-channel) and the interaction between SWH type and distance to bank. The study found that Murray cod catch per unit effort (CPUE) increased in near-bank areas when hollows were a component of the SWH. The CPUE of trout cod was higher when hollows were present. However, the interactions between distance to bank and hollow SWH were complex and dependent on presence or absence of rootmass. The species-specific interactions between SWH microhabitat and distance to bank found within this study has important relevance for stream managers. The common practice of realigning SWH favours Murray cod over trout cod, which could have negative consequences for the endangered trout cod. More broadly, managers may need to consider a balance of SWH type and where it is placed in the river for the species they are targeting when rehabilitating rivers via the introduction of SWH.

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Burt, M. D. B., J. D. Campbell, C. G. Likely, and J. W. Smith. "Serial Passage of Larval Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda:Ascaridoidea) in Fish." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 693–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-077.

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In one experiment, 24 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in fresh water at 11 ± 1 °C were each orally infected by intubation with two third-stage larvae of "sealworm" (Pseudoterranova decipiens) harvested from the flesh of sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus) and small Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). In a second experiment, 27 cod in sea water at 0 °C were each force fed, under anaesthesia, four P. decipiens larvae held in a capelin "purse"; these larvae were harvested from large, commercial size cod. Sequential reinvasion by the same P. decipiens larvae was achieved in both of the serial passage experiments. In brook trout, larvae sequentially reinvaded a maximum of two fish, with larvae of cod origin being the more successful at first passage (62.5%) than those of sea raven origin (31.3 and 37.5%). In cod, larvae also achieved sequential reinvasion of a maximum of two fish; the relatively lower success rates of 22.2% (first passage) and 9.1% (second passage) probably reflect the low temperature (0 °C) at which the experiment was conducted.

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9

Jensen, F., and J. Brahm. "Kinetics of chloride transport across fish red blood cell membranes." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 2237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.10.2237.

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The continuous flow tube method was used to investigate the kinetics of chloride transport, and its potential oxygenation-dependency, in red blood cells (RBCs) from four teleost fish species and man. A significant interspecific variation in Cl- transport kinetics was found. At 15 °C, the rate constant k for unidirectional 36Cl- efflux was significantly lower in RBCs from eel and carp than in RBCs from rainbow trout and Atlantic cod. The values of k of cod RBCs at 15 °C and of human RBCs at 37 °C were not significantly different. The volume and surface area of the RBCs were evaluated and used to calculate the apparent membrane permeability to Cl- (PCl). The magnitude of PCl followed the sequence: eel<carp<trout¾cod. PCl values in trout and cod at 15 °C were similar to human values at 37 °C. An extrapolation of human values to 15 °C revealed that the Cl- shift at this temperature was considerable faster in all four teleosts than in man. This illustrates appropriate adaption of band-3-mediated anion transport to the different temperature regimes encountered by fish and mammals. The Cl- transport kinetics did not differ significantly between oxygenated and deoxygenated RBCs in any of the species examined. The apparent absence of any effect of a change in haemoglobin oxygen-saturation may be related to the presence of a flexible link which results in minimal interaction between the membrane domain (mediating Cl- transport) and the cytoplasmic domain (to which oxygenation-dependent haemoglobin binding occurs) of band 3. In carp, Cl- transport kinetics were not influenced by pH over the extracellular pH (pHe) range 7.68.36, which spans the in vivo pHe range. The data are discussed in relation to the rate-limiting role of red blood cell HCO3-/Cl- exchange for CO2 excretion.

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10

Jensen, Louise H. S., Jette Nielsen, Bo M. Jørgensen, and Stina Frosch. "Cod and rainbow trout as freeze-chilled meal elements." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90, no. 3 (November 27, 2009): 376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3823.

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11

Brooker, Amanda L., Doug Cook, Paul Bentzen, Jonathan M. Wright, and Roger W. Doyle. "Organization of Microsatellites Differs between Mammals and Cold-water Teleost Fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-198.

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Microsatellites, in particular (dG-dT)n and (dG-dA)n dinucleotide repeats, are abundant and display a high degree of length polymorphism and heterozygosity in eukaryotic genomes. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of 64 microsatellite sequences from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. The microsatellites were classified as perfect, imperfect, and compound repeats. The length and integrity of these repeats were compared with microsatellites characterized from two other teleosts, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and from three mammalian genomes, human, porcine, and canine. Differences were found in the proportions of the repeat classes; however, the most significant difference between microsatellites from teleost fishes and mammals was the propensity of the former to be of greater length: some cod and rainbow trout microsatellites were more than twice the size of the longest microsatellite repeats reported for any mammalian genome. Primers for PCR amplification were constructed for seven of the cod microsatellites. Allele frequencies, degree of polymorphism, and heterozygosity were estimated for a sample population. Amplification with these cod primers was also carried out on a number of related gadids. These polymorphic microsatellite loci have enormous potential utility as genetic markers for use in population, breeding, and evolutionary studies.

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12

Ingram, Brett A. "Culture of juvenile Murray cod, trout cod and Macquarie perch (Percichthyidae) in fertilised earthen ponds." Aquaculture 287, no. 1-2 (February 2009): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.016.

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Łuczyńska, Joanna, Beata Paszczyk, and Marek J. Łuczyński. "Fatty acid profiles in marine and freshwater fish from fish markets in northeastern Poland." Archives of Polish Fisheries 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2014-0018.

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Abstract The fatty acid compositions were studied in eight commercially important fish from fish markets: salmon, Salmo salar L.; cod, Gadus morhua L.; common sole, Solea solea (L.); European flounder, Platichthys flesus (L.); catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell); rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walb.); Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.); and pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage). The freshwater fish contained 25.69-42.18% saturated, 34.90-43.79% monounsaturated, 8.46-16.32% n-6 polyunsaturated, and 5.01-20.43% n-3 polyunsaturated acid, while marine fish contained 18.53-32.77% saturated, 17.95-49.89% monounsaturated, 3.40-11.51% n-6 polyunsaturated, and 18.74-45.42% n-3 polyunsaturated acid. Marine fish contained significantly more Ʃn-3 PUFA (29.79%), EPA (12.26%), DHA (13.20%), and a higher n-3/n-6 (6.95) ratio than freshwater fish (13.13, 2.47, 7.14, 1.29%) (P≤ 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the n-3/n-6 ratio among fish species (cod (13.40) > sole (8.47) > flounder (4.30) > rainbow trout (2.41) > catfish (1.83) ≈ salmon (1.63) > tilapia (0.57) ≈ pangasius (0.36) (P ≤0.05)).

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GROVE, DAVID J., and SUSANNE HOLMGREN. "MECHANISMS CONTROLLING STOMACH VOLUME OF THE ATLANTIC COD (GADUS MORHUA) FOLLOWING GASTRIC DISTENSION." Journal of Experimental Biology 163, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.163.1.49.

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1. Inflation of the cardiac stomach of the cod induced rhythmic contractions of the muscles and a slow increase in stomach volume towards a maximum. After deflation, the stomach remained relaxed and easily distensible for one or more hours. Section of the vagal tracts to the stomach did not change the response. 2. Inflation in vitro produced a somewhat faster relaxation and a much faster recovery to the pre-distended state than occurred in vivo. Stimulation of the cut ends of the vagus raised gastric tone and increased resistance to distension, an effect mediated by cholinergic nerves. 3. Tetrodotoxin and atropine relaxed the stomach so that distension was rapid and the maximal volume increased, revealing slower, possibly myogenic, contractions. 4. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonist methysergide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), met-enkephalin and neurotensin did not affect the responses to distension. Somatostatin abolished spontaneous contractions in the resting stomach and lowered gastric tone, but did not further affect the responses to distension. 5. In conclusion, cholinergic nerves maintain gastric tone in the cod. 5-HT neurones are absent in the cod stomach, and there are no indications of a 5-HT/VIP-controlled mechanism operating during distension. The effect of somatostatin differs from that in rainbow trout. 6. For comparison with trout and cod, responses to in vivo gastric distension are also described for the flatfish Scophthalmus maximus, Scophthalmus rhombus, Limanda limanda and Pleuronectes platessa

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15

Sandlund, Nina, Renate Johansen, Ingrid U. Fiksdal, Ann Cathrine B. Einen, Ingebjørg Modahl, Britt Gjerset, and Øivind Bergh. "Susceptibility and Pathology in Juvenile Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua to a Marine Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus Isolated from Diseased Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss." Animals 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 3523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123523.

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The first known outbreak caused by a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) strain of genotype III in rainbow trout occurred in 2007 at a marine farm in Storfjorden, Norway. The source of the virus is unknown, and cod and other marine fish around the farms are suspected as a possible reservoir. The main objective of this study was to test the susceptibility of juvenile Atlantic cod to the VHSV isolate from Storfjorden. As the pathology of VHS in cod is sparsely described, an additional aim of the study was to give a histopathological description of the disease. Two separate challenge experiments were carried out, using both intra peritoneal (ip) injection and cohabitation as challenge methods. Mortality in the ip injection experiment leveled at approximately 50% three weeks post challenge. Both immunohistochemical and rRT-PCR analysis of organs sampled from diseased and surviving fish confirmed VHSV infection. No VHSV was detected in the cohabitants. The results indicate that Atlantic cod has a low natural susceptibility to this VHSV genotype III strain. One of the most extensive pathological changes was degeneration of cardiac myocytes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the lesions were related to VHSV. In some fish, the hematopoietic tissue of spleen and kidney showed degeneration and immunostaining, classical signs of VHS, as described in rainbow trout. Positive immunostaining of the capillaries of the gills, suggests this organ as a useful alternative when screening for VHSV.

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NILSSON, KATARINA, and BO EKSTRAND. "Refreezing Rate after Glazing Affects Cod and Rainbow Trout Muscle Tissue." Journal of Food Science 59, no. 4 (July 1994): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb08130.x.

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Fjelldal, Per Gunnar, Monica F. Solberg, Kevin A. Glover, Ole Folkedal, Jonatan Nilsson, Roderick Nigel Finn, and Tom Johnny Hansen. "Documentation of multiple species of marine fish trapped in Atlantic salmon sea-cages in Norway." Aquatic Living Resources 31 (2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2018020.

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The production of salmonids in sea-cages has been developed for monoculture of the target species. However, we show here for the first time, that wild fish may enter sea-cages used for farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway, out-grow the mesh size, and thereafter become permanently trapped. Within seven different sea-cages located in western Norway, eight different species of wild fish were identified; European eel (Anguilla anguilla), sea trout (Salmo trutta L.), cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), saithe (Pollachius virens), pollack (Pollachius pollachius), hake (Merluccius merluccius) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). In the two most extreme cases, a 5 × 5 × 7 m cage with 311 farmed salmon (903 g) also contained 542 whiting (79 g), 77 haddock (43 g), and 5 cod (26 g), and a 12 × 12 × 15 m cage with 1695 farmed salmon (559 g) also contained 1196 haddock (35 g), 1115 whiting (31 g), 46 cod (23 g), 23 saithe (48 g), 15 pollock (22 g), 5 sea trout (54 g), and 2 hake (29 g). The present study thus demonstrates that aquaculture cages designed for monoculture may attract and effectively ‘trap’ wild fish. We did not investigate the frequency of this occurrence, and the ecological significance of these observations remains unclear. However, with the ever-increasing number of sea-cages used for global aquaculture, this is clearly a topic for further research.

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Lyon, Jarod P., Charles Todd, Simon J. Nicol, Alasdair MacDonald, Daniel Stoessel, Brett A. Ingram, Richard J. Barker, and Corey J. A. Bradshaw. "Reintroduction success of threatened Australian trout cod (Maccullochella macquariensis) based on growth and reproduction." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 7 (2012): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12034.

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Internationally, re-introductions of endangered species into their former ranges have largely failed. Here we assess a successful reintroduction program of the endangered trout cod (Maccullochella macquariensis) and examine factors contributing to this success. Stocking of marked fish (all stocked fish were marked) occurred between 1997 and 2006 in the Ovens River, south-eastern Australia, where trout cod were historically abundant but locally extinct by the 1980s. We found no natural recruits (i.e. from spawnings of stocked fish in the wild) over the age of six, indicating that natural recruitment started at most five years after stocking began. Of the 83 fish we examined for sexual maturity, 12 were immature, 20 were male, and 51 were female. The body length at which 50% of the population can be considered mature was 325 and 250 mm for females and males, respectively. The length at which 90% of the population was mature was 394 and 318 mm for females and males, respectively. The smallest mature female was 245 mm. Average relative fertility was 9 eggs g–1 fish weight. The results we obtained provide valuable insights into the aspects contributing to the success of reintroduction programs for endangered freshwater species.

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Ouaissa, Khadija, Assia Kritihi, Youness Oumessoud, Abdel Aziz Maychal, and Mustapha Hasnaoui. "Modeling of discharges from the breeding basins of rainbow trout fed with three extruded feeds (B, F1, and F2)." E3S Web of Conferences 234 (2021): 00040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400040.

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The main of this study is to estimate the maximum density of fish in the growing basins of rainbow trout (Oncorhynkiss Mykiss) species by mathematical equations, which will be used to introduce environmental concerns. Indeed, these equations make it possible to estimate the maximum density of fish fed by the extruded feed B and the two elaborated exruded feeds (F1 and F2) to achieve an optimal production without harming the environment. Note that the elements (PO43-, NH4 +, NO2-, NO3-, SM, COD) were analyzed during the rainbow trout grow-out test in the breeding station of 'Oum Er rbia. According to the results of density modeling as a function of physicochemical parameters, production can increase up to a density of ρF2 = 237.09 Kg / m3 without affecting the quality of the water while respecting the required standards. Our results show that the F2 formulation, containing 60% protein of animal origin and 40% of vegetable protein gives great zootechnical growth of rainbow trout with a low production of fish waste.

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Buddington, R. K., and J. M. Diamond. "Pyloric ceca of fish: a "new" absorptive organ." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 252, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): G65—G76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1987.252.1.g65.

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The functions of the blind appendages attached to the proximal intestine of many fish, the pyloric ceca, have been disputed. Hence we recorded morphological parameters and nutrient uptake rates in the ceca and intestine of four fish species (rainbow trout, cod, largemouth bass, and striped bass) with various degrees of cecal development (the ceca contribute 70, 69, 42, and 16% of the total postgastric surface area, respectively). Proline and glucose uptake, measured in vitro, is similar in the ceca and proximal intestine. For these two solutes in these four species, and for 10 other solutes (9 amino acids and 1 dipeptide) in trout, the ceca contribute about the same percentage to uptake as to total gut area. Trout ceca and intestine have similar membrane-bound disaccharidase activity. Separate experiments with trout fed either graded glass beads or a radiopaque marker and then X-rayed show that the ceca fill and empty with particles less than 150 microns and over the same time course as the proximal intestine. Thus ceca are an adaptation for increasing intestinal surface area without increasing the length or thickness of the intestine itself. Fish ceca are entirely different from the distally located ceca of birds and mammals, which have fermentation functions.

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Nicol, Simon J., Richard J. Barker, John D. Koehn, and Mark A. Burgman. "Structural habitat selection by the critically endangered trout cod, Maccullochella macquariensis, Cuvier." Biological Conservation 138, no. 1-2 (August 2007): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.03.022.

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Jensen, F. B., T. Wang, and J. Brahm. "Acute and chronic influence of temperature on red blood cell anion exchange." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.1.39.

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Unidirectional (36)Cl(−) efflux via the red blood cell anion exchanger was measured under Cl(−) self-exchange conditions (i.e. no net flow of anions) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and red-eared freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta to examine the effects of acute temperature changes and acclimation temperature on this process. We also evaluated the possible adaptation of anion exchange to different temperature regimes by including our previously published data on other animals. An acute temperature increase caused a significant increase in the rate constant (k) for unidirectional Cl(−) efflux in rainbow trout and freshwater turtle. After 3 weeks of temperature acclimation, 5 degrees C-acclimated rainbow trout showed only marginally higher Cl(−) transport rates than 15 degrees C-acclimated trout when compared at the same temperature. Apparent activation energies for red blood cell Cl(−) exchange in trout and turtle were lower than values reported in endothermic animals. The Q(10) for red blood cell anion exchange was 2.0 in trout and 2.3 in turtle, values close to those for CO(2) excretion, suggesting that, in ectothermic animals, the temperature sensitivity of band-3-mediated anion exchange matches the temperature sensitivity of CO(2) transport (where red blood cell Cl(−)/HCO(3)(−) exchange is a rate-limiting step). In endotherms, such as man and chicken, Q(10) values for red blood cell anion exchange are considerably higher but are no obstacle to CO(2) transport, because body temperature is normally kept constant at values at which anion exchange rates are high. When compared at constant temperature, red blood cell Cl(−) permeability shows large differences among species (trout, carp, eel, cod, turtle, alligator, chicken and man). Cl(−) permeabilities are, however, remarkable similar when compared at preferred body temperatures, suggesting an appropriate evolutionary adaptation of red blood cell anion exchange function to the different thermal niches occupied by animals.

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Goetz, Frederick W., Linda McCauley, Giles W. Goetz, and Birgitta Norberg. "Using global genome approaches to address problems in cod mariculture1." ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.10.006.

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Abstract A number of techniques, including expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis, serial analysis of gene expression, and micro-arrays, are available to study the global expression and regulation of genes. Many of these techniques are being used for intensively reared fish such as trout, salmon, and catfish to study genes involved in growth, reproduction, and health. In contrast, relatively little is known about the composition and regulation of transcriptomes in gadids. However, several bottlenecks in cod mariculture might benefit from the discovery and analysis of genes involved in reproduction, growth, and disease. As a result, we have begun EST analysis of genes in the cod ovary. Complimentary DNA (cDNA) libraries of cod ovaries taken from females at oocyte final maturation and ovulation have been constructed, and 1361 ESTs have been analysed. As expected, several oocyte-related genes were observed, including various zona pellucida egg membrane proteins. However, pivotal cell cycle regulators such as cyclins, genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis such as the Bcl-2-related ovarian killer protein, and hormone receptor components were also observed. Finally, a cDNA for a potential novel cod antifreeze protein was observed 12 times, suggesting the existence of a cod egg-specific antifreeze protein.

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Ingram, Brett A., and Sena S. De Silva. "Diet composition and preference of juvenile Murray cod, trout cod and Macquarie perch (Percichthyidae) reared in fertilised earthen ponds." Aquaculture 271, no. 1-4 (October 2007): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.06.012.

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Hartmund, T., and H. Gesser. "Cardiac force and high-energy phosphates under metabolic inhibition in four ectothermic vertebrates." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): R946—R954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.4.r946.

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Isometric twitch tension of ventricular preparations stimulated at 0.2 Hz fell over 30 min of anoxia by a fraction decreasing in the order rainbow trout, cod, eel, and freshwater turtle. Drops in the estimated cytoplasmic energy state were related to larger tension losses for trout than for the other species, possibly due to larger changes in free phosphate. Anoxic energy degradation was slower for turtle than for the other species. Anoxia combined with glycolytic inhibition (1 mmol/l iodoacetate) enhanced the decrease in twitch tension for a drop in energy state and enlarged the increase in ADP/ATP relative to that in creatine/phosphocreatine to an extent inversely related to the creatine kinase activity. Furthermore, it increased resting tension to an extent possibly related to myosin-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity and lowered the content of phosphorylated adenylates in trout and turtle myocardium. The results indicate that species differences in performance of the metabolically challenged myocardium depend on energy-degrading processes, e.g., myosin-ATPase activity, phosphate release, creatine kinase activity, and efflux/degradation of ADP and AMP, and that glycolysis offers protection due to its cytoplasmic localization.

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Davies, A. R., and A. Slade. "Fate of Aeromonas and Yersinia on modified-atmosphere-packaged (MAP) cod and trout." Letters in Applied Microbiology 21, no. 6 (December 1995): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1995.tb01080.x.

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Birkedal, R., and H. Gesser. "Creatine kinase and mitochondrial respiration in hearts of trout, cod and freshwater turtle." Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 173, no. 6 (August 1, 2003): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-003-0357-5.

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Fiordelmondo, Elisa, Gian Enrico Magi, Francesca Mariotti, Rigers Bakiu, and Alessandra Roncarati. "Improvement of the Water Quality in Rainbow Trout Farming by Means of the Feeding Type and Management over 10 Years (2009–2019)." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091541.

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Background: In Europe, rainbow trout is one of the main fresh water fish farmed in a constantly developing environment that requires innovative studies to improve farm management, fish welfare and environmental sustainability. The aim of this paper is to investigate the trend of water quality parameters over 10 years, after a feeding strategy change from pellet to extruded feed. Methods: The study was conducted on a farm in central Italy, based on parallel raceways. The cycle started from young rainbow trout (90 ± 2 g) that were grown until they reached market size. A water sample of 500 cm3 was collected monthly from 2009 to 2019 from the lagoon basin in order to investigate the trends of the total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrites (NO2-N), nitrates (NO3-N), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total phosphorus (TP) and pH. Results: All of the studied parameters (TSS, BOD5, COD, NO2-N, NO3-N, TAN and TP) showed a significant improvement from 2009 to 2019. The pH parameter did not display notable variation during the studied period. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also investigated and exhibited a significant improvement from 1.4 to 1.1. Conclusion: Based on the decrease of all the investigated parameters, it is possible to say that extrusion is currently an excellent processing feed technique in aquaculture with a good level of respect for the environment.

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Koehn, John D., Mark Lintermans, Jarod P. Lyon, Brett A. Ingram, Dean M. Gilligan, Charles R. Todd, and John W. Douglas. "Recovery of the endangered trout cod, Maccullochella macquariensis: what have we achieved in more than 25 years?" Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 9 (2013): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12262.

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Recovery of threatened species is often necessarily a long-term process. The present paper details the progress towards the recovery of trout cod, Maccullochella macquariensis, an iconic, long-lived fish species first listed as threatened in the 1980s. The objectives, actions and progress over three successive national recovery plans (spanning 18 years) are assessed, documenting changes to population distribution and abundance and updating ecological knowledge. Increased knowledge (especially breeding biology and hatchery techniques, movements, habitats and genetics) has greatly influenced recovery actions and the use of a population model was developed to assist with management options and stocking regimes. Key recovery actions include stocking of hatchery-produced fish to establish new populations, regulations on angling (including closures), education (particularly identification from the closely related Murray cod, M. peelii) and habitat rehabilitation (especially re-instatement of structural woody habitats). In particular, the establishment of new populations using hatchery stocking has been a successful action. The importance of a coordinated long-term approach is emphasised and, although there is uncertainty in ongoing resourcing of the recovery program, much has been achieved and there is cautious optimism for the future of this species.

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Briggs, Martin A., Judson W. Harvey, Stephen T. Hurley, Donald O. Rosenberry, Timothy McCobb, Dale Werkema, and John W. Lane Jr. "Hydrogeochemical controls on brook trout spawning habitats in a coastal stream." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 6383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6383-2018.

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Abstract. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) spawn in fall and overwintering egg development can benefit from stable, relatively warm temperatures in groundwater-seepage zones. However, eggs are also sensitive to dissolved oxygen concentration, which may be reduced in discharging groundwater (i.e., seepage). We investigated a 2 km reach of the coastal Quashnet River in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, to relate preferred fish spawning habitats to geology, geomorphology, and discharging groundwater geochemistry. Thermal reconnaissance methods were used to locate zones of rapid groundwater discharge, which were predominantly found along the central channel of a wider stream valley section. Pore-water chemistry and temporal vertical groundwater flux were measured at a subset of these zones during field campaigns over several seasons. Seepage zones in open-valley sub-reaches generally showed suboxic conditions and higher dissolved solutes compared to the underlying glacial outwash aquifer. These discharge zones were cross-referenced with preferred brook trout redds and evaluated during 10 years of observation, all of which were associated with discrete alcove features in steep cutbanks, where stream meander bends intersect the glacial valley walls. Seepage in these repeat spawning zones was generally stronger and more variable than in open-valley sites, with higher dissolved oxygen and reduced solute concentrations. The combined evidence indicates that regional groundwater discharge along the broader valley bottom is predominantly suboxic due to the influence of near-stream organic deposits; trout show no obvious preference for these zones when spawning. However, the meander bends that cut into sandy deposits near the valley walls generate strong oxic seepage zones that are utilized routinely for redd construction and the overwintering of trout eggs. Stable water isotopic data support the conclusion that repeat spawning zones are located directly on preferential discharges of more localized groundwater. In similar coastal systems with extensive valley peat deposits, the specific use of groundwater-discharge points by brook trout may be limited to morphologies such as cutbanks, where groundwater flow paths do not encounter substantial buried organic material and remain oxygen-rich.

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Shakya, Shubha Ratna, and Shyam Narayan Labh. "Ethanol Extract of Choerospondias axillaris Fruit Pulp Enhances Haematological Parameters in Oncorhynchus mykiss Cultured in Nepal." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 7, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v7i1.26947.

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The present outdoor experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of lapsi Choerospondias axillaris (Roxburgh, 1832) on haematological parameters in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Nepal. The lapsi fruits were obtained from local market of Kathmandu. The feeding trail was conducted for 90 days. About 270 trout with similar body weight (5±1g) were distributed randomly at the rate of 15 fishes per cage (1m3) into 18 cages placed in raceway pond. Six practical diets containing 40% protein were prepared as T1 (0.0 g kg-1) T2 (0.1 g kg-1), T3 (0.2 g kg-1), T4 (0.4 g kg-1), T5 (0.8 g kg-1) and T6 (1.6 g kg-1) supplemented by the ethanol extract of lapsi fruits along with other usual ingredients viz. fish meal, wheat flour and cod liver oil etc. At the end of the experiment the haematological parameters were measured. A significant difference (P< 0.05) in haematological parameters was observed between the treated diets fed groups to that of control diet fed group. Total erythrocytes count (RBC), Haematocrit (Hct), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), and erythrocyte indexes (MCV, MCH and MCHC) were found significantly higher in T4 (0.4 %) diet fed trout as compared to the control. A minimum of 0.4 % (0.4g kg-1) lapsi fruit extract in fish feeds gave more increase in haematological parameters of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Inclusion of lapsi fruit extract at 0.4 % concentration is therefore could be used effectively in aquaculture.

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Hamilton, Serena H., Carmel A. Pollino, and Keith F. Walker. "Regionalisation of freshwater fish assemblages in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 4 (2017): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15359.

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Regionalisations based on species assemblages are a useful framework for characterising ecological communities and revealing patterns in the environment. In the present study, multivariate analyses are used to discern large-scale patterns in fish assemblages in the Murray–Darling Basin, based on information from the Murray–Darling Basin Authority’s first Sustainable Rivers Audit (SRA), conducted in 2004–2007. The Basin is classified into nine regions with similar historical fish assemblages (i.e. without major human intervention), using data that combine expert opinion, museum collections and historical records. These regions are (1) Darling Basin Plains, (2) Northern Uplands, (3) Murray Basin Plains, (4) Northern Alps, (5) Central East, (6) Avoca Lowland, (7) Southern Slopes, (8) Southern Alps and (9) South-Western Slopes. Associations between assemblages and physical variables (catchment area, elevation, hydrology, precipitation, temperature) are identified and used to reinforce the definitions of regions. Sustainable Rivers Audit data are compared with the historical assemblages, highlighting species whose range and abundance have changed since the early 19th century. Notable changes include declines in native species such as silver perch, river blackfish, mountain galaxias, Macquarie perch, trout cod and freshwater catfish, and the advent of alien species including common carp, eastern gambusia, goldfish, redfin perch, brown trout and rainbow trout. Less significant declines are evident for native carp gudgeons, golden perch, two-spined blackfish, bony herring and flathead gudgeon. Changes are evident even in regions where habitats have been little disturbed in the past 200 years.

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33

Ebner, B. C., L. Johnston, and M. Lintermans. "Radio-tagging and tracking of translocated trout cod (Maccullochella macquariensis: Percichthyidae) in an upland river." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 4 (2009): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08257.

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Radio-tracking provides an effective means of studying the spatial ecology of threatened fishes where almost inaccessible habitats and species rarity render conventional mark–recapture methods impractical. Initially, validation of an effective radio-tagging method is required; in the present study, an aquaria trial based on nine hatchery-reared, adult male Maccullochella maquariensis (Percichthyidae) was conducted. Fish resumed feeding within days of being internally implanted with a radio-tag, and tag rejection was not observed (0%, n = 9) based on a 2-month observational period. Following release into an upland stream, individual-specific movements resulted in upstream (n = 1) and downstream (n = 6) dispersal as well as fidelity to the release site (n = 2) at the completion of the study. Individuals established small home-ranges (mean length of river used by an individual per diel period ranged from 47 to 292 m) and were most active in the early morning and evening (n = 6). Complete survivorship of individuals bearing active radio-transmitters (n = 8) was recorded up until 4 months after release. However, an estimated zero or one individual was alive when the last active radio-tag expired 11 months after release (n = 8). The present study highlights the use of radio-tracking in monitoring the dispersal and survivorship of small numbers of hatchery-reared threatened fish released into natural habitats as part of species re-introduction programs.

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Todd, Charles R., Simon J. Nicol, and John D. Koehn. "Density-dependence uncertainty in population models for the conservation management of trout cod, Maccullochella macquariensis." Ecological Modelling 171, no. 4 (February 2004): 359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.06.002.

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35

Lyon, Jarod P., Tomas Bird, Simon Nicol, Joanne Kearns, Justin O’Mahony, Charles R. Todd, Ian G. Cowx, and Corey J. A. Bradshaw. "Efficiency of electrofishing in turbid lowland rivers: implications for measuring temporal change in fish populations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 6 (June 2014): 878–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0287.

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To quantify how electrofishing capture probability varies over time and across physiochemical and disturbance gradients in a turbid lowland river, we tagged between 68 and 95 fish·year−1 with radio transmitters and up to 424 fish·year−1 with external and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. We surveyed the site noninvasively using radiotelemetry to determine which of the radio-tagged fish were present (effectively closing the radio-tagged population to emigration) and then electrofished to estimate the proportion of available fish that were captured based on both this and standard mark–recapture methods. We replicated the electrofishing surveys three times over a minimum of 12 days each year, for 7 years. Electrofishing capture probability varied between 0.020 and 0.310 over the 7 years and between four different large-bodied species (Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii), trout cod (Maccullochella macquariensis), golden perch (Macquaria ambigua ambigua), and silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus)). River turbidity associated with increased river discharge negatively influenced capture probability. Increasing fish length increased detection of fish up to 500 mm for Murray cod, after which capture probability decreased. Variation in capture probability in large lowland rivers results in additional uncertainty when estimating population size or relative abundance. Research and monitoring programs using fish as an indicator should incorporate strategies to lessen potential error that might result from changes in capture probabilities.

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Carnevale, C., J. C. Roberts, D. A. Syme, and A. K. Gamperl. "Hypoxic acclimation negatively impacts the contractility of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spongy myocardium." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): R214—R226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00107.2019.

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Cardiac stroke volume (SV) is compromised in Atlantic cod and rainbow trout following acclimation to hypoxia (i.e., 40% air saturation; ~8 kPa O2) at 10–12°C, and this is not due to changes in heart morphometrics or maximum achievable in vitro end-diastolic volume. To examine if this diminished SV may be related to compromised myocardial contractility, we used the work-loop method to measure work and power in spongy myocardial strips from normoxic- and hypoxic-acclimated steelhead trout when exposed to decreasing Po2 levels (21 to 1.5 kPa) at several frequencies (30–90 contractions/min) at 14°C (their acclimation temperature). Work required to lengthen the muscle, as during filling of the heart, was strongly frequency dependent (i.e., increased with contraction rate) but was not affected by hypoxic acclimation or test Po2. In contrast, although shortening work was less frequency dependent, this parameter and network (and power) 1) were consistently lower (by ~30–50 and ~15%, respectively) in strips from hypoxic-acclimated fish and 2) fell by ~40–50% in both groups from 20 to 1.5 kPa Po2, despite the already-reduced myocardial performance in the hypoxic-acclimated group. In addition, strips from hypoxic-acclimated trout showed a poorer recovery of net power (by ~15%) when returned to normoxia. These results strongly suggest that hypoxic acclimation reduces myocardial contractility, and in turn, may limit SV (possibly by increasing end-systolic volume), but that this diminished performance does not improve the capacity to maintain myocardial performance under oxygen limiting conditions.

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37

Gunasekera, R. "The amino acid profiles in developing eggs and larvae of the freshwater Percichthyid fishes, trout cod, Maccullochella macquariensis and Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii." Aquatic Living Resources 12, no. 4 (August 1999): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0990-7440(00)86636-x.

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38

Koehn, John D., and D. J. Harrington. "Environmental conditions and timing for the spawning of Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) and the endangered trout cod (M. macquariensis) in southeastern Australian rivers." River Research and Applications 22, no. 3 (2006): 327–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.897.

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39

Pazos, Manuel, Mogens L. Andersen, and Leif H. Skibsted. "Efficiency of Hemoglobin from Rainbow Trout, Cod, and Herring in Promotion of Hydroperoxide-Derived Free Radicals." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57, no. 18 (September 23, 2009): 8661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf901175q.

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40

Milo, Christian, and Werner Grosch. "Detection of Odor Defects in Boiled Cod and Trout by Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry of Headspace Samples." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43, no. 2 (February 1995): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00050a038.

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41

JENSEN, Jorgen, and J. Michael CONLON. "Substance-P-related and neurokinin-A-related peptides from the brain of the cod and trout." European Journal of Biochemistry 206, no. 3 (June 1992): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16971.x.

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42

Hassinen, Minna, Hanna Korajoki, Denis Abramochkin, Pavel Krivosheya, and Matti Vornanen. "Transcript expression of inward rectifier potassium channels of Kir2 subfamily in Arctic marine and freshwater fish species." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 189, no. 6 (November 2, 2019): 735–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-019-01241-9.

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Abstract Inward rectifier K+ (Kir2) channels are critical for electrical excitability of cardiac myocytes. Here, we examine expression of Kir2 channels in the heart of three Gadiformes species, polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and navaga (Eleginus nawaga) of the Arctic Ocean and burbot (Lota lota) of the temperate lakes to find out the role of Kir2 channels in cardiac adaptation to cold. Five boreal freshwater species: brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), roach (Rutilus rutilus), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and pike (Esox lucius), and zebrafish (Danio rerio), were included for comparison. Transcript expression of genes encoding Kir2.1a, − 2.1b, − 2.2a, − 2.2b and − 2.4 was studied from atrium and ventricle of thermally acclimated or acclimatized fish by quantitative PCR. Kir2 composition in the polar cod was more diverse than in other species in that all Kir2 isoforms were relatively highly expressed. Kir2 composition of navaga and burbot differed from that of the polar cod as well as from those of other species. The relative expression of Kir2.2 transcripts, especially Kir2.2b, was higher in both atrium and ventricle of navaga and burbot (56–89% from the total Kir2 pool) than in other species (0.1–11%). Thermal acclimation induced only small changes in cardiac Kir2 transcript expression in Gadiformes species. However, Kir2.2b transcripts were upregulated in cold-acclimated navaga and burbot hearts. All in all, the cardiac Kir2 composition seems to be dependent on both phylogenetic position and thermal preference of the fish.

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DUNÉR, Torun, J. Michael CONLON, Jyrki P. KUKKONEN, Karl E. O. ÅKERMAN, Yi-Lin YAN, John H. POSTLETHWAIT, and Dan LARHAMMAR. "Cloning, structural characterization and functional expression of a zebrafish bradykinin B2-related receptor." Biochemical Journal 364, no. 3 (June 15, 2002): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20011201.

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The actions of bradykinin (BK) in mammals are mediated through the activation of the B1 and B2 BK receptors. The only BK receptor that has been cloned from a non-mammalian species is a B2-like receptor from the chicken (termed the ornithokinin receptor). Pharmacological studies have demonstrated the presence of BK receptors in tissues of teleost fishes, such as trout and cod, but the ligand-binding properties of these receptors differ appreciably from those of the mammalian and chicken receptors. We report here the cloning of a B2-like receptor in zebrafish that shares 35% identity with human B2 and 30% identity with human B1. Phylogenetic analyses confirm a closer relationship with B2 than B1. The receptor gene was mapped to linkage group 17, which is syntenic to the human B2—B1 gene region. After functional expression of the zebrafish B2 receptor in mammalian cells, nanomolar concentrations of trout BK ([Arg0,Trp5,Leu8]-BK) and the derivative [des-Arg0,Trp5,Leu8]-BK (where ‘des’ indicates a missing amino acid) induced a significant transient rise in intracellular free Ca2+. The B1-selective analogue [Arg0,Trp5,Leu8,des-Arg9]-BK was inactive at nanomolar concentrations. Taken together, these results strongly support the gene's identity as a piscine orthologue of the mammalian B2 receptor.

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44

Stenslokken, K. O., L. Sundin, and G. E. Nilsson. "Cardiovascular and gill microcirculatory effects of endothelin-1 in atlantic cod: evidence for pillar cell contraction." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 9 (May 1, 1999): 1151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.9.1151.

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Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been shown to cause a considerable increase in the vascular resistance of fish gills. In trout, recent evidence suggest that this is the result of pillar cell contraction in the gill lamellae. Using epi-illumination microscopy to observe the gill lamellae of anaesthetised Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), we show that ET-1 (100 ng kg-1, injected into the ventral aorta) causes an increase in pillar cell diameter, consistent with pillar cell contraction, and a shift of intralamellar blood flow from the lamellar sheet to the outer marginal channels. Simultaneously, there was an increase in ventral aortic blood pressure, a reduction in cardiac output, an increase in gill vascular resistance and a reduction in the oxygen partial pressure of venous blood. All these effects were blocked by the ETA/ETB receptor antagonist bosentan (5 mg kg-1). Pillar cell contraction is likely to be a mechanism for matching the functional respiratory surface area with the instantaneous respiratory needs of the fish.

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Ell, S. R., A. Sprigg, and A. J. Parker. "A Multi-Observer Study Examining the Radiographic Visibility of Fishbone Foreign Bodies." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89, no. 1 (January 1996): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689608900109.

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The use of plain radiographs to localize a suspected fishbone foreign body is the subject of controversy. Accordingly radiographs of 14 species of fishbone, impacted in a soft tissue phantom, were assessed by a series of observers from the ENT department (consultant surgeons, senior registrars and house officers). The agreement was assessed by graphical description of the data and tested by a Spearman's rank correlation test The overall results showed that, for the clinician, radiography is very useful to detect the bones of: cod, haddock, lemon sole, cole fish, grey mullet and plaice; useful for red snapper, monk fish, gurnard and salmon; and unhelpful in detecting bones from herring, pike, mackerel and trout The use of radiographs to locate these impacted fishbones can be rationalized in the light of these findings.

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Richards, Mark P., Angela M. Modra, and Rong Li. "Role of deoxyhemoglobin in lipid oxidation of washed cod muscle mediated by trout, poultry and beef hemoglobins." Meat Science 62, no. 2 (October 2002): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(01)00242-x.

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INGRAM, B. A., and M. A. RIMMER. "Induced breeding and larval rearing of the endangered Australian freshwater fish trout cod, Maccullochella macquariensis (Cuvier) (Percichthyidae)." Aquaculture Research 24, no. 1 (January 1993): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1993.tb00824.x.

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Jensen, J., F. Shahbazi, S. Holmgren, and JM Conlon. "Bradykinin receptors in the gastrointestinal tracts of trout and cod: Evidence for a novel type of receptor." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 124 (August 1999): S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(99)90283-0.

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RICHARDS, Mark P., and Herbert O. HULTIN. "Effects of added hemolysate from mackerel, herring and rainbow trout on lipid oxidation of washed cod muscle." Fisheries Science 69, no. 6 (December 2003): 1298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0919-9268.2003.00758.x.

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50

Ebner, B. C., J. D. Thiem, and M. Lintermans. "Fate of 2 year-old, hatchery-reared trout cod Maccullochella macquariensis (Percichthyidae) stocked into two upland rivers." Journal of Fish Biology 71, no. 1 (July 2007): 182–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01481.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Trout cod'

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