Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Troubles du métabolisme des glucides'
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Lieber, Ari Leib. "Macro- et microcirculation au cours des troubles du métabolisme glucidique." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077163.
Full textHigh blood pressure and glucose metabolism disorders share common comorbidities that originate from a common ground : the vessel and its annexes. Epidemiological analysis of predictors of cardiovascular risk is based on the analysis of the macrocirculation with arterial stiffness, wave reflections, pulse pressure, and of the microcirculation due to structural changes of arterioles with target organ damage. We observed in this work that arterial stiffness was present in hypertensive diabetics. Among diabetics, those on insulin had a lower augmentation index, perhaps due to the vasodilatory effects of insulin on a ground where the mitogenic effects of long-term hyperinsulinism have stiffened the arterial wall. The criterion of disorder of glucose metabolism is probably responsible for the arterial stiffness in patients with metabolic syndrome. This study found that patients receiving ACE inhibitors and insulin patients had a higher PWV and PP, probably because they had the most advanced disease. Finally the question of wave reflection was assessed by measuring its speed and magnitude and the hypothesis of increased pressure made us think that thewave reflection does not return faster, but sooner and this had been added to the systolic peak systolic because the reflection sites were closer due to the small size in women or the microcirculatory damage
Gilleron, Martine. "Structure et propriétés immunologiques de nouveaux glycolipides isolés de Mycobacterium kansasii et Mycobacterium gastri." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30221.
Full textCartault, François. "Psychotropes et troubles de la régulation glycémique." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11203.
Full textElferchichi-Ben, Rhouma Miryam. "Effet du champ magnétique statique sur le métabolisme du rat." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON1T002.
Full textBrun, Antoine. "Troubles du métabolisme glucidique chez le cirrhotique avec shunt porto cave spontané." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11212.
Full textDeloumeaux-Tyndal, Jacqueline. "Aspects épidémiologiques des anomalies du métabolisme glucidique et du diabète de type 2 en Guadeloupe." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21376.
Full textType 2 diabetes is now qualified as a worldwide epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The links of type 2 diabetes with co morbidities such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, focuse on the need of primary health care in the next decades. Guadeloupe is a French Carobbean archipelago with more than 422 000 inhabitants including people of Indian and African descents and Caucasians. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes reaches 6,6 % in general population compared to 22,5 % in subjects of Indian descents which are respectively 2 and 7 fold higher than in mainland France. Diabetic subjects represent about 30 % of patients on hemodialysis with a mortality rate 3 fold higher than non diabetic subjects. Our works are presented in four studies preceded by a review of the literature. The association between anthropometric parameters (WHO criteria) and type 2 diabetes was studied for potential use in clinical practice in a population with a mean age over 50 years old. The distribution of metabolic syndrome, involved in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications, was studied by comparing subjects of Indian descents with subjects of the general population. We report in a third study, the association of arterial pulse pressure, a non-traditional risk factor, with cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing haemodialysis. We finally study, glucose metabolism abnormalities, dyslipidemia and proinflammatory cytokines (adiponectin and leptin), as risk factors for insulin resistance in an HIV infected cohort of patients
Taveau, Christopher. "Rôle de la vasopressine dans les troubles du métabolisme glucidique : possible impact dans le développement du diabète." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066211/document.
Full textIt is well established that vasopressin (AVP) level is high in both human and experimental diabetes. In humans, several recent studies have shown an association between copeptin (biomarker of AVP secretion) and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia, metabolic syndrome and obesity. Our team has shown a reverse association between water consumption (decrease AVP secretion) and the risk of hyperglycemia in the general population (D.E.S.I.R cohort). The aim of my thesis was to determine the role of AVP and fluid intake in glucose homeostasis in healthy rats and in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. AVP, administered acutely or chronically in healthy rats, increases glycaemia and this effect is reversed by a V1a receptor antagonist. V1b receptor activation does not influence insulin secretion but stimulates moderately basal glucagon production by the pancreas. These effects were observed in two different healthy strains of rats. In obese Zucker rats, a high AVP level worsens fasting hyperinsulinaemia and glucose intolerance whereas hydration does not affect glucose tolerance but drastically reduces hepatic steatosis, the content of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver and expression of genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis. In conclusion, these studies show for the first time, that AVP aggravates glucose tolerance whereas a highly hydrated diet is protective. These results, in agreement with our epidemiological data, demonstrate a causal link between vasopressin and/or hydration and glucose metabolism disorders
Clément, Laurence. "Effets des lipides sur le contrôle nerveux de l'homéostasie glucidique chez le rat : aspects cellulaires et moléculaires." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA11T025.
Full textType 2 diabetes represents 90 to 95% of all cases of diabetes and is characterised by insulinresistance along with an alteration pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia. The mechanisms responsible for such alterations are not fully understood. In a preliminary study, we found that β-cell dysfunction partly results from a deleterious effect of free fatty acids (FFA) on the sympathetic nervous system. The aim of this work was to determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in the alteration of nervous regulation of glucose homeostasis by lipids. In Wistar rats infused intracerebroventricularly with a triglyceride emulsion and heparin, we found that lipids may act on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce an increase in glucose-induced insulinsecretion (GIIS). As shown by the pancreatic turnover of norepinephrine, the effect of lipids is probably mediated by a decrease in the sympathetic output to the pancreas. We also found a decreased liver insulin sensitivity in these rats, associated with a hypercorticosteronernia. Consequently, our aim was to determine the molecular mechanisms les mécanismes cellulaires implicated in the action of lipids on the CNS. Microarray studies of the hypothalamic RNA of these rats showed that lipids induce transcriptional changes of specifie genes, which could account for the metabolic alterations, such as the leptine receptor. We then focused on the binding characteristics of pancreatic β-cell α2A adrenergic receptors in response to elevated circulating FFA levels. These receptors have been shown to mediate inhibition of GIIS by norepinephrine. We found a decreased number and an increased affinity of these receptors. We also found that FFA induce changes in islet membrane phospholipidic composition, which may account for the increased affinity of the receptors. We conclude that these data suggest that the diabetogenic effect of FFA may not only result from changes in glucose metabolisme, but also from alterations in the sympathetic nervous output to the pancreas, and to neurophysiologie modifications, probably mediated by changes in hypothalamic activity
Rezki, Amel. "Le petit déjeuner standardisé. Un outil diagnostique du statut glycémique et des modifications cardiovasculaires postprandiales ? : Comparaison vs la charge en glucose ; et explorations cardiovasculaires sous saxagliptine vs placebo chez des patients intolérants au glucose." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCD029.
Full textPostprandial metabolic changes are essential both to characterize glycemic status (normal, prediabetes or diabetes, best diagnosed by oral 75g glucose tolerance test of (OGTT)) but also because of cardiovascular changes induced by food intake. A standardized breakfast with 75g carbohydrates (SB) could be an alternative. The continuous glucose monitoring allowed us to show a great concordance of the amplitude / kinetics of the metabolic response (glycemia, insulin resistance indexes, glucose variability) after OGTT vs after SB in obese subjects without known diabetes. The SB also offered good diagnostic performance. We also used the SB to explore fasting and postprandial metabolic and cardiovascular changes (endothelial function, microcirculation, autonomic nervous system, arterial stiffness, myocardial function) in obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance (ACCES study), according to randomiziation to a 12-week treatment with Saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl 4 inhibitor (iDPP4), or its placebo. We showed that this treatment allowed the regression of glucose intolerance for 9 patients out of 10 in the saxagliptin arm against 4 out of 9 in the placebo arm. We did not observe any change in our cardiovascular parameters according to iDPP4 vs placebo, both at fasting and after the SB, after a single dose and after 12 weeks of treatment. Only the decrease in postprandial vagal activity was more sustained in the saxagliptin group.These results support the cardiovascular safety of saxagliptin.To conclude, the SB appears to be a promising diagnostic test for dysglycemia, as it is simple and well tolerated. It can also be used to explore cardiovascular changes after a mixed meal,with more physiological modifications than after OGTT
Mellouk, Namya. "Etude de trois adipocytokines, adiponectine, visfatine et chémérine au niveau plasmatique et dans plusieurs tissus métaboliques et reproducteurs de différentes espèces." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4007.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the study of three adipokines (adiponectin, visfatin and chemerin) in species that develop abnormalities of energy metabolism associated with reproductive disorders. Our results have shown some diet effects on the lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms and in a less extend, on the reproductive functions in dairy cows and broiler hens. These effects were partly associated with the expression profiles of adiponectin, visfatin and chemerin. In addition, we have demonstrated overexpression of the chemerin/CMKLR1 system in follicular fluid and in ovarian cells of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome, with or without obesity. First, these findings reveal the possibility of considering these adipokines as potential biomarkers for evaluating growth, fattening status and fertility in agricultural farms. On the other hand, they suggest a potential involvement of chemerin in the regulation of ovarian functions in women
Wang, Xuan. "Dérivés imidazoliniques actifs sur l' homéostasie glucidique chez le rat diabétique : structure-activité et pharmacologie." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P632.
Full textJacquet, Adeline. "Conséquences d’une exposition chronique à des doses modérées de cadmium sur le métabolisme du glucose de rats à différents stades de la vie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV051/document.
Full textThe exposure to environmental pollutants is considered one of the factors that could explain the exponential increase in metabolic illnesses worldwide. Among these pollutants, many epidemiological studies suggest a link between Cadmium (Cd) exposure and the occurrence and severity of diabetes, although the subject remains controversial. Experimental work on animals shows that exposure to Cd induces various effects on glucose metabolism. However, these studies were performed with relatively high doses of Cd and with unrealistic exposure models. In addition, very little data are available on the effect of maternal exposure and effect on descendants. The aim of this work was to study possible alterations in glucose metabolism after oral exposure to low doses of Cd in adult rats as well as in young rats exposed via their mothers. Results show that when exposed to Cd levels close to no-observed-effect reference values in rats, female rats show disturbances in plasma insulin level and a slight decrease in insulin sensitivity. These diabetogenic effects are not found in male rats. The results of the second study indicate that maternal exposure to Cd during pregnancy and lactation induces early metabolic changes in the offspring, 21, 26 and 60 days after birth. At 21 days, glucose tolerance is altered. At 26 days, the peripheral insulin sensitivity is transiently restored but the pancreatic function is impacted. Finally, at 60 days, the lack of insulin sensitivity is compensated by increased secretion. This work demonstrates the effects of low doses of Cd on glucose metabolism and reinforces the idea that the perinatal environment, in particular exposure to pollutants, affects the health of offspring in the long term. Beyond these results, this work allows the reader to reflect on the interest and difficulty of setting up relevant experimental animal models, in order to tackle the issue of risk assessment of chronic Cd exposure
Ben, Abbes Ilham. "Développement d’un nouveau modèle dédié à la commande du métabolisme glucidique appliqué aux patients diabétiques de type 1." Thesis, Supélec, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013SUPL0014/document.
Full textThe development of new control models to represent more accurately the plasma glucose-insulin dynamics in T1DM is needed for efficient closed-loop algorithms. In this PhD thesis, we proposed a new nonlinear model of five time-continuous state equations with the aim to identify its parameters from easily available real patients' data (i.e. data from the insulin pump and the glucose monitoring system. Its design is based on two assumptions. Firstly, two successive remote compartments, one for insulin and one for glucose issued from the meal, are introduced to account for the distribution of the insulin and the glucose in the organism. Secondly, the insulin action in glucose disappearance is modeled through an original nonlinear form. The mathematical properties of this model have been studied and we proved that a unique, positive and bounded solution exists for a fixed initial condition. It is also shown that the model is locally accessible. In this way, it can so be used as a control model. We proved the structural identifiability of this model and proposed a new method based on the Kullback-Leiber divergence in view to test its practical identifiability. The parameters of the model were estimated from real patients' data. The obtained mean fit indicates a good approximation of the glucose metabolism of real patients. The predictions of the model approximate accurately the glycemia of the studied patients during few hours. Finally, the obtained results let us validate the relevance of this new model as a control model in view to be applied to closed-loop algorithms
Savès, Marianne. "Evénements indésirables chez les adultes infectés par le VIH-1 recevant un traitement antirétroviral associant un inhibiteur de la protéase : Exemple des cytolyses hépatiques et du syndrome lipodystrophique à partir de la cohorte ANRS EP11-APROCO." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR28898.
Full textIn this thesis, we tackle a major concern in HIV-infected patients : the adverse events of antiretroviral combinations including a protease inhibitor (PI), through the examples of hepatic cytolysis and lipodystrophy syndrome. These events were studied within the setting of a prospective cohort, i. E. APROCO (ANRS EP11), including 1,281 patients since the initiation of a PI-containing regimen. The incidence of severe hepatic cytolysis was 5 % patient-years and co-infections by either hepatitis B or C virus sere strong risk factors. A cross-sectional study in 614 patients, 12 or 20 months after they were included in the cohort, showed a high prevalence of lipodystrophy and abnormalities of lipid and glucose metabolism, associated with host factors, HIV disease status, exposure to antiretrovirals. PI or nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The patients aged 35-44 years included in the cohort had a different atherogenic profile and an over-risk for coronary heart disease (estimated using predictive models), compared to a sample of the general population. The complexity to identify the factors associated with the onset of the adverse events, due to the study design, the competitive risks issue, the difficulty to separate the effect of different treatments, of a direct or indirect toxicity, is discussed. The interest of a phase IV study is emphasised in the current context of short-time phase III evaluation of lifelong treatments of HIV infection, where the initial benefit of the treatments could be balanced by the secondary risk of adverse events discouraging patients to pursue efficacious treatments
Nguyen, Anh Thoai. "Endotoxémie et homésostasie glucidique." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS072.
Full textLipopolysacharrides are molecules present on the surface of Gram (-) bacteria. In some situations, these molecules enter in the bloodstream. They induce an inflammatory reaction. Whatever the intensity of the response initiated by LPS, profound metabolic disturbances will take place. Carbohydrate metabolism is particularly affected. In humans, in cases of severe infection, such as sepsis, the strict control of LPS-induced hyperglycemia by insulin therapy is the subject of active research by the scientific and medical community. In addition, recent years have seen emerge the concept of metabolic endotoxemia, partly due to increased plasma concentrations of LPS as a result of high fat diets. These LPS molecules could be one of the many factors involved in the etiology of metabolic diseases. In this context, we investigated the glucose response during different experimental endotoxemia. Exclusively based on the study of various animal models, our experimental approach allowed us to demonstrate that the acute injection or continuous infusion of LPS, was accompanied by an increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion associated with an increase of glucose disposal. We also demonstrated that this enhanced insulin secretion was due to an increase in circulating levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and that theGLP-1 receptor was involved in this response. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the disruption of glucose metabolism in response to LPS will enhance our understanding of the physiological and pathological consequences of these molecules
Su, Xin. "Yeast models of diseases linked to the mitochondrial ATP6 gene : molecular bases and therapeutic prospects." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0216.
Full textBy definition, mitochondrial diseases result from a defect in the process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). This is responsible for the production of ATP, the main source of cellular energy. In this process, four multiprotein complexes (I-IV) inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane transfer to molecular oxygen the reducing equivalents released by the oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids. This activity generates a proton motive force used for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by the Complex V or ATP synthase.Diseases including NARP (Neuropathy Ataxia Retinitis Pigmentosa) and MILS (Maternally Inherited Leigh Syndrome) have been associated with mutations in the subunit a of ATP synthase. Its gene (ATP6) is in the mitochondrial genome. This genome is present in up to several thousand copies per cell. Mutations in the ATP6 gene often coexist with wild-type copies of the mitochondrial genome in patients' cells and tissues (heteroplasmy), which makes their study difficult. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whose mitochondrial genome can be modified at will, makes it possible to overcome this genetic heterogeneity owing to its incapacity to stably maintaining heteroplasmy. In addition, thanks to its good fermentation capacity, this organism is able to survive mutations that inactivate the OXPHOS system.During my thesis, I exploited these characteristics to better define the consequences on ATP synthase of five ATP6 gene mutations identified in patients: m.8969G>A, m.9191T>C, m.8993T>G, m.8909T>C, and m.9166T>C. The pathogenicity of the first three has been established. The last two are new mitochondrial DNA variants. Through the identification of intragenic suppressors, and in the light of high-resolution structures of ATP synthase described recently, I was able to define the molecular bases of the pathogenic mechanisms induced by the m.8993T>G, m.9191T>C and m.8969G>A mutations. The m.8909T>C variant was identified in combination with a well-known pathogenic mutation in tRNALeu (m.3243A>G). We have found that an equivalent of this new mutation in yeast has deleterious effects on the assembly/stability of the subunit a comparable to those induced by mutations of the ATP6 gene (m.8993T>C, m.9176T>C) with a well-established pathogenicity, and therefore has the potential to affect human health on its own. My studies in yeast are consistent with studies that recently concluded on the pathogenicity of the m.9166T>C variant and allow to better understand how it impacts ATP synthase.I have identified an active suppressor mechanism in yeast models of pathogenic subunit a mutations. It involves the oxodicarboxylate transporter (Odc1) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. I have found that artificially overexpressing Odc1 allows for greater Krebs cycle (or TCA) activity. This cycle is involved in the oxidation of organic substrates whose reducing equivalents are then transferred to oxygen by the respiratory chain. It runs low in ATP synthase mutants with impaired proton channel activity. The Odc1-dependent suppressor activity results from a partial uncoupling of the inner membrane so that the TCA cycle is stimulated despite the presence of defect in ATP synthase. This effect allows a greater production of ATP via ADP phosphorylation coupled with one of the reactions of the Krebs cycle. These results open interesting perspectives for the treatment of diseases associated with alterations in ATP synthase, and possibly other metabolic disorders. This study also sheds new light on the control of complex IV biogenesis by ATP synthase
Dalle, Heloïse. "Rôle du récepteur adipocytaire des glucocorticoïdes dans les troubles métaboliques liés à un traitement par la corticostérone Adipocyte glucocorticoid receptor deficiency promotes adipose tissue expandability and improves the metabolic profile under corticosterone exposure Glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance is related to macrophage visceral adipose tissue infiltration." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS065.pdf.
Full textGlucocorticoids (GC) are among the medications most commonly prescribed because of their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, high doses can lead to side effects including GC-induced diabetes and lipodystrophy. The contribution of adipocyte glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the molecular mechanisms of these complications remains to be investigated. The goal of this study was to determine the precise role of the GR in the development of insulin-resistance and associated metabolic dysregulations in a context of hypercorticism. For this purpose, we have generated an inducible mouse model of GR invalidation specifically in the adipocyte (AdipoGR-KO), which was submitted to a four-week corticosterone treatment. Metabolic phenotype of AdipoGR-KO mice showed an increase of fat mass associated with a paradoxical improvement of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and liver steatosis compared to WT mice. Preferential and beneficial fat storage in adipose tissue prompted us to investigate the mechanisms involved in the excessive development of adipose tissue, in particular the vascularization. Surprisingly, our results showed a higher development of capillary network in fat pads of AdipoGR-KO mice, associated with a strong induction of the angiogenic factor VEGF-A and its transcriptional regulator HIF-1α. Thus, we show for the first time that GR could be a limiting factor of adipose tissue expansion through the inhibition of the angiogenic process
Palamiuc, Lavinia. "Etudes des altérations métaboliques musculaires au cours de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : rôle dans le développement de la pathologie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ088/document.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative disease characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, denervation and skeletal muscle atrophy. ALS is accompanied by metabolic alterations that are early events in mouse models for ALS. The main objective was to identify molecular targets responsible for these alterations. For this, we analyzed several metabolic regulators localized in presymptomatic glycolytic muscle tissue of an ALS mouse model, the SOD1G86R. We identified a pre-symptomatic alteration of metabolic equilibrium, showing an inhibition of glycolysis accompanied by an upregulation of lipid catabolic pathway. This alteration has functional significance, being reflected in a modified capacity of SOD1G86R mice to adapt to different types of exercise. Pharmacological inhibition of PDK4, one of the main inhibitors of glycolysis, delayed disease onset, underpinning the importance of metabolic equilibrium in disease progression. Taking into consideration the metabolic specificity of the different elements on the neuromuscular axis, this work opens towards new therapeutic approaches for ALS
Jourdan, Tony. "Impact du système endocannabinoïdien sur la physiologie de l'obésité : effets de l'antagonisme des récepteurs CB1 sur le métabolisme glucido-lipidique de la souris obèse." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589358.
Full textSzatkowski, Cécilia. "Rôle de la prokinéticine-2 dans le tissu adipeux." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ136/document.
Full textObesity is a risk factor for various disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The prokineticins, prokineticin-1 and prokineticin-2 bind two similar G protein-coupled receptors, PKR1 and PKR2. Prokineticin-2 is an anorexigenic hormone that plays a role in appetite regulation and energy metabolism, via a direct hypothalamic mechanism. Since adipocytes express mainly PKR1, we investigated the role of PKR1 in adipocyte functions. PKR1-null mutant mice exhibit increased body weight that is due to an increased visceral fat mass. Mutant adipose tissue is characterized by adipocyte hyperplasia due to an increase in number of proliferating preadipocyte. Mutant adipocytes exhibit downregulation of insulin signaling that is associated with glucose and insulin tolerance. Adipocyte-specific aP2-PKR1 knockout mice present also an increased visceral adipose tissue that lead to a slight increased body weight. Fat mass is also characterized by an hyperplasia and an increased preadipocyte proliferation. This mice present slight metabolic changes. Utilizing 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes, our study reveals that prokineticin-2 exerts an antiadipogenic function in murine cells. Inhibition of adipogenesis mediated by prokineticin-2 involved PKR1. Prokineticin-2 also inhibits proliferation of preadipocytes. These results suggest that prokineticin-2 via PKR1 signaling plays a crucial role in adipogenesis and adipose tissue hyperplasia
Aubertin-Kirch, Gaëlle. "Rôle de l'hyperactivité sympathique dans la physiopathologie du syndrome métabolique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ031/document.
Full textSeveral studies have established an association between cardiometabolic disorders composing the metabolic syndrome and sympathetic hyperactivity. The causal relationship is however not clearly defined. Our work on a murine model of constitutive sympathetic hyperactivity (partial and / or complete deletion of the norepinephrine reuptake transporter) highlights its role in the development of carbohydrate disorders: 1) An increase in the sympathetic activity is a sufficient factor for early carbohydrate disorders associating glucose intolerance with basal hyperinsulinemia without hyperglycemia. 2) These disorder are thought to be due to a delay in insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation, probably consecutive to a decreased expression of the GLUT2 transporter. These results show that chronic sympathetic hyperactivity may constitute a prognostic factor allowing the early diagnosis of patients at risk to develop glucose homeostasis disorders and opens perspectives in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Singabraya, Dominique. "L’impression moléculaire pour la reconnaissance spécifique des glycannes sulfatés d’intérêt biologique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST0049.
Full textGlycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are polysulfated polysaccharide molecules involved in many biological processes such as cellular proliferation, differentiation or migration, blood clotting or viral infection. It is generally admitted that a particular GAG sequence is connected to a specific biological function. Depending on their composition in disaccharides, GAGs are classified into subfamilies whose overall chemical structures are known. Unlike gene or protein sequencing, determination of the exact saccharidic sequence involved in a particular biological function is not yet possible with the available technological tools. "Glycomics" is a real challenge nowadays. One of the most innovative technologies to achieve this goal seems to be the molecular imprinting. Indeed, it provides polymers (MIPs for Molecular Imprinted Polymer) imprinted by the structural form of a target molecule.Based on previous studies performed with simple sulfated saccharides, this technology has been applied to the recognition of complex sulfated glycans. MIPs were achieved demonstrating specific and selective recognition for a Low Molecular Weight Heparin or a synthetic anticoagulant mimetic. Other MIPs were able to temporally immobilize sugars which make them available for stereo-specific modifications. Screening of optimal synthesis conditions of MIPs appeared a necessary step to obtain a specific and selective recognition. These studies open further possibilities to analyze GAG sequences carrying biological functions by the molecular imprinting technology
Rigalleau, Vincent. "Interactions lipides-glucides et hyperglycémie." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T203.
Full textKrzewinski, Frédéric. "Transport et métabolisme des saccharides chez Bifidobacterium bifidum SM 20082." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10005.
Full textKetata, Firas. "Risk prediction of endocrine diseases using data science and explainable artificial intelligence." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04773988.
Full textThis thesis aims to predict the risk of endocrine diseases using data science and machine learning. The aim is to leverage this risk identification to assist doctors in managing financial resources, personalizing the treatment of carbohydrate anomalies in patients with beta-thalassemia major, and screening for metabolic syndrome in adolescents. An explainability study of the predictions was developed in this thesis to evaluate the reliability of predicting glucose anomalies and to reduce the financial burden associated with screening for metabolic syndrome. Finally, in response to the observed limitations of explainable machine learning, we propose an approach to improve and evaluate this explainability, which we test on several datasets
Salvini, Séverine. "Influence des glucides alimentaires sur l'absorption intestinale du cholestérol : études chez l'homme sain et sur modèle entérocytaire humain Caco-2." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2001AIX20694.pdf.
Full textBakoula, Enoch. "Participation du métabolisme glucidique à l'orientation organogène de tissus de Cichorium intybus cultivés in vitro." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10166.
Full textPlay, Barbara. "Influence du rythme alimentaire et de l'index glycémique sur le métabolisme lipidique postprandial : études chez l'homme sain et sur modèles cellulaires." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20658.
Full textSeveral studies show an inverse relationship between meal frequency and body mass. In France, we are used to consume three meals daily (breakfast, lunch and dinner) or four meals with the consumption of a fourth meal called in french " goûter ", eaten in the mid-afternoon. This nutritional study was conducted in order to assess the effects of these two patterns (three or four meals) on many blood parameters involved in postprandial metabolism, in relation with obesity and cardiovascular disease. Thirty volunteers have been included and divided into three groups depending on their dietary habits: a no-" goûter " group and two " goûter " groups, with a different value of the " goûter " glycemic index. In order to have a comparable energy intake and the same nutrient supply during the day, the " goûter " of the " goûter " group was consumed by no-" goûter " group as a supplement to their dinner. We observed the existence of different profiles depending on the eating pattern, the no-" goûter " group having high insulin and triacylglycerol concentrations in the evening, conditions which can accentuate synthesis and body fat storage. Even if in our study no effect of the glycemic index value has been observed, carbohydrates and lipids, ingested together at the same meal, are able to interact. In this context, we have observed on the intestinal Caco-2 cells an increase in the cholesterol uptake in presence of apical glucose. These interactions should be associated to the dietary habits, other studies are still necessary to determine the optimal meal frequency and the nature of digestible carbohydrates in the context of carbohydrates-lipids relations. Obviously, the intestinal cell play a crucial role in these phenomena
Delvenne, Véronique. "Le métabolisme cérébral dans les troubles des conduites alimentaires." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212471.
Full textShleifer, Michae͏̈l. "Troubles du métabolisme lipidique et athérosclérose-études et stratégies." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P124.
Full textHonorat-Moisset, Aliette. "Influence du status thyroïdien sur le taux des catécholamines circulantes et le métabolisme glucidique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33521.
Full textMontréal Trigonix inc. 2018
Minassian, Carol. "Rôle régulateur de la glucose-6 phosphatase dans la production endogène de glucose et le stockage de glycogène." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T061.
Full textRiottot, Michel. "Métabolisme des acides biliaires chez le rat : influence de la flore microbienne du tractus digestif et des glucides alimentaires." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112243.
Full textThis study was undertaken in germ-free and conventional rats which were fed semi synthetic diets to investigate the effects of intestinal microflora and those of dietary carbohydrate on bile acid intestinal contents. Relationships between these contents and the parameters derived from three processes involved in bile acids enterohepatic circulation (biosynthesis, intestinal transit and intestinal absorption) were established. The amount of bile acids in the small intestine and in the hindgut were generally two or three times lower in conventional than in germ-free rats. Fecal excretion of bile acids was increased in conventional compared to germ-free rats and bile acid composition was modified by microflora. Bile acid intestinal contents were strongly changed by sucrose, lactose, maize starches, wheat bran or apple pectin. Pools of the small intestine ranged from 40 to 120 micromoles/100 g of body weight in germ-free rats and from 22 to 90 micromoles/100 g in conventional rats. Similar variations were found in the hindgut. Pools were modified by the composition of carbohydrates, by the mode of sterilization and presentation of the diet, by the presence of microflora. To explain these results, the effects of intestinal microflora and carbohydrates on bile acid biosynthesis, intestinal transit and intestinal absorption were studied. No relationship was found between bile acid pool and fecal excretion of bile acid (biosynthesis). Lt is suggested that biosynthesis has little action on the variation of bile acid pool. Bile acid intestinal transit time, slightly modified by diets, was strongly decreased by the microflora. Relationships between bile acid pools and intestinal transit times were found. Lt is suggested that intestinal transit plays an important part on these variations. Bile acid intestinal absorption, slightly modified by microflora, was strongly increased by carbohydrates. Relationships between bile acid pools and absorption were found. Lt is suggested that intestinal absorption has an action on the variation of pools. Microflora and diets strongly modify two physiological processes involved in bile acid dynamic: bile acid intestinal absorption and intestinal transit. They probably modify intestinal before hepatic processes
Hilaire, Nathalie. "Métabolisme cellulaire des lipides neutres cytoplasmiques et myopathie à surcharge lipidique multisystémique." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30051.
Full textHuang, Da Qing. "Etude du métabolisme de sucres (lactose, raffinose, pentose) par des bactéries lactiques du genre leuconostoc." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJO5057.
Full textForicher, Jean-Marc. "L'utilisation des substrats énergétiques au cours d'un exercice prolongé et modéré chez des enfants prépubères entraînés : influence de l'intensité." Rennes 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN20033.
Full textExercise intensity involves different metabolic and hormonal responses in endurance-trained adults (Friedlander et coll. 1997, 1998). The aim of this study is to observe substrate utilisation changes according to two exercise intensities (40 and 60% of Wmax) in endurance-trained prepubertal children. The increase of intensity shows a higher carbohydrate metabolism during moderate intensity exercise. We also observe a fall of glycaemia at the onset of this exercise, and a correlation appears between this fall and a non-significant fall of insulin during the first 15th minute of the test. An oral glucose charge (given between the 2nd and 3nd minute of the test) blunts the fall of glycaemia. However, the oral charge involves no significant modification in FFA, catecholamines and insulin concentrations. At last, indirect calorimetry gives us accurate data on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Children are fewer dependants than adults on carbohydrate oxydation and carbohydrate is still a primary energetic source in exercise eliciting intensity close to session or competitions' intensities. Whole results, similar to known adults results, show that carbohydrate feeding before prolonged exercise is as important as in adult. Now, it seems necessary to codify child's training in order to have a best performance and to give good dietary advice justified for this age
Signora, Laurent. "Caractérisation physiologique de mutants d'Arabidopsis thaliana dont l'expression des gènes est découplé de la régulation par les glucides." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INAP0040.
Full textZaïbi, Nawel. "Effets de l’acidose métabolique sur les troubles de l’homéostasie du glucose." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS023.
Full textObjective: The incidence of type 2 diabetes increases in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), as glomerular filtration rate decreases, suggesting a pathophysiological link between renal function reduction and glucose homeostasis. Metabolic acidosis is a common symptom of CKD, which develops when the glomerular filtration rate is below 60 mL/min/1.73m2. It is caused by a decreased net acid excretion capacity and therefore, an increased acid charge and a decreased bicarbonate concentration. Studies have shown that acute metabolic acidosis (MA) decreases glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. However, the effects of chronic MA on glucose homeostasis remain elusive. Methods: We evaluated glucose homeostasis in mice exhibiting chronic MA via the administration of 0.28 M NH4Cl over 6 months. Renal alterations were then assessed using histological, cell sorting and transcriptomic analysis. Subsequently, we aimed to identify metabolic phenotypes, molecular pathways and underlying mechanisms involved in dysregulated kidney of MA mice. Results: Unlike acute MA, chronic MA resulted in lower body weight, increased energy expenditure, basal hypoglycemia, improved glucose tolerance without changes in insulin secretion or sensitivity. No overall glucose uptake changes were observed. However, hepatic gluconeogenesis was decreased whereas renal and intestinal endogenous glucose productions were increased in mice with chronic MA. The elevated glucose urinary excretion was associated with lower expression of renal sodium/glucose co-transporters as well as with tubular morphological alterations without fibrosis formation and inflammation. RNA sequencing revealed a marked upregulation of mitochondrial activity, oxidative metabolism and catabolic pathways in the kidney of MA mice. Conclusions: Chronic MA improves glucose tolerance without changes in insulin secretion or sensitivity, but possibly by blunting hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreasing renal glucose reabsorption and increasing energy demands in the kidney
Carrier, Lucie. "Anomalie de la libération de calcium dans les fibres musculaires squelettiques de porc atteints d'hyperthermie maligne." Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10090.
Full textLaribi, Ouahiba Pecson. "Etude de l'effet rapide du 17β-estradiol et des polluants estrogéniques sur la régulation par l'insuline de l'homéostasie glucidique." Tours, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUR4026.
Full textTremblay, André. "Étude du métabolisme des lipoprotéines dans diverses dyslipidémies." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23810/23810.pdf.
Full textNg-Cheng-Hin, Tommy. "Sarcoi͏̈dose et troubles métaboliques calciques : à propos d'une observation." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25081.
Full textCastres, Ingrid. "Impact des troubles liés à l'obésité sur la qualité de vie et la dépense énergétique." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUEL010.
Full textObesity is a complex disease, which increases the risk of developing metabolic disorders and other co-morbidities. Due to physical deconditionning, obesity deteriorates mechanical and energetic efficiency in low intensity physical activity, such as walking. The aim of this thesis was to identify and quantify the impact of obesity-related disorders on Health-Related Quality Of Life (HRQOL) and energy expenditure (EE), through two projects : Obénergie and Obéaccéléro. In Obénergie, DE and HRQOL were studied in 69 obese subjects, at baseline and after 6 months of daily walking (10,000 steps for day) associated with diet advice. Our results showed that morbidly obesity reduced physical aspect of HRQOL, but increased daily energy expenditure and the risk of depression. However, our combining program improved obesity indices and quality of life. In Obéaccéléro, we tested a new accelerometer to measure EE, upon healthy and obese sujects. In both groups, our accelerometer overestimated EE, compared to indirect calorimetry, in all combined activities. A strong correlation and agreement were observed between these two systems. Accelerometer is a tool that quantifies EE in objective and simple terms
Soichot, Marion. "Variabilité génétique du métabolisme du tryptophane et troubles du comportement sous alcool." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787884.
Full textIraqi, Driss. "Étude du métabolisme des glucides au cours de l'embryogénèse somatique de l'épinette noire et de l'épinette blanche." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ61231.pdf.
Full textProst, Jean-François. "Etude de la régulation transcriptionnelle de différents gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme des sucres chez Escherichia coli." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10269.
Full textRigalleau, Vincent. "Interactions lipides-glucides et diabète non insulino dépendant : effet d'une perfusion lipidique sur le métabolisme glucidique post-absorptif chez le patient diabétique non insulino dépendant." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR23008.
Full textSayous, Isabelle. "Les dysfonctions neurosécrétoires en hormone de croissance : diagnostic et traitement, à propos de 26 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR23105.
Full textHaikal, Ziad. "Régulations nutritionnelles de l'absorption intestinale du cholestérol : effets des glucides et des sels biliaires." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20654.
Full textThere is an important inter-individual variability in our capacities to absorb cholesterol, but the origins of this disparity still haven’t been elucidated. Nowadays, many proteins present at the surface of the enterocyte have been described as potential candidates in cholesterol absorption, but intestinal mechanisms and regulation modes of these transporters are not well known. Therefore, we studied two regulation mechanisms involved in the intestinal cholesterol absorption. The work involved in vitro studies on cells issued from the TC7 clone of the human cell-line Caco-2. This clone expresses glucose transporters found in healthy intestinal cells and its capacity to absorb lipids has been validated. In the first part of the work, we have put in evidence, the regulation by glucose and galactose of the absorption of cholesterol by the TC7 cells. This regulation needs the implication of SGLT1, the common transporter for glucose and galactose, and involves a signaling pathway by protein kinases C. We have also shown that the target of this regulation pathway is the intestinal transporter SR-BI. In the second part of the work, we have studied the regulation of cholesterol absorption by the size and the composition of the structures solubilizing cholesterol. First, we have shown that the apical uptake of cholesterol contained in small size particles is much more efficient than that of cholesterol contained in larger size particles, small size particles having better access to the apical transporters SR-BI and NPC1L1. Then, we have shown that biliary salts regulate Cholesterol absorption by acting on NPC1L1 and by increasing its rate of expression. Our results, as a whole, showed that cholesterol absorption is a complex multifactorial process. The type of ingested carbohydrates and the physico-chemical structure of the solubilizing particles (size and composition) might play an important role in the process, which can partly explain the important inter-individual variability in our capacities to absorb dietary and/or endogenous cholesterol
Kirchner, Séverine. "Régulation du métabolisme du glucose par les proteines alimentaires chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12803.
Full textThe ain of this study was to determine if high levels of dietary protein coukd cause an increased hepatic glucose production in rainbow trout, irrespective of the dietary carbohydrate supply. Qualitative and quantitative variations of amino acid supply modulate key gluconeogenic enzymes expression : a strong relationship between dietary protein and glucose metabolism seems to exist but does not explain its poor metabolic use by rainbow trout