Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Troubles du développement neurologique'
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Guellec-Renne, Isabelle. "Croissance chez le grand prématuré et devenir neurologique : étude d'association entre les troubles de la croissance anté et post-nataux et le développement neurologique chez les grands prématurés à partir de la cohorte Epipage." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066615.
Full textOur main objectives were to define intrauterine growth restrictions in preterm infants to study its consequences in terms of neonatal morbidity and long-term prognosis and also assessment to study the relationship between intrauterine growth restriction, extra-uterine growth and neurological outcomes.We showed initially that strict threshold definition of a "small for gestational age" preterm could not be limited in the context of prematurity in the 10th percentile, but extend beyond, at least to the 20th percentile. Furthermore, to define growth restriction studying, weight was not enough. A definition by the association between weight and head circumference was relevant in terms of prognosis in both the short and long term.We found that growth restriction in very preterm and neurological outcome were significantly associated. Small for gestational age preterm infants were more likely to have cognitive impairment and school difficulties even for moderate preterm and moderate growth restriction. Gestational age was an important factor that modulates the association between growth restriction and outcome. Concerning extra-uterine growth, we have shown that it was associated with neurological outcome but this effect varied with antenatal growth pattern.Finally, we studied by literature review, the short-term consequences of optimized postnatal growth of premature infants and showed metabolic abnormalities caused by an aggressive nutrition that required necessary monitoring
Dupont, Charkaluk Marie-Laure. "Prématurité et neurodéveloppement : analyse longitudinale et recherche de facteurs pronostiques précoces à partir de l'étude de la cohorte EPIPAGE (Enquête épidémiologique sur les petits âges gestationnels)." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066485.
Full textCastex, Matthieu. "Sélénoprotéine T et Développement cérébral : Caractérisation du phénotype neuroanatomique et comportemental de la souris Nes-Cre/SelTfl/fl." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES011.
Full textThe development of central nervous system (CNS) results from a combination of cellular processes occurring during embryogenesis and postnatal life. To generate the diverse cell populations of CNS, neural cells and their progeny undergo several processes including proliferation, migration, differentiation as well as programmed cell death, all these being under the control of numerous factors. The precise regulation of these mechanisms is essential for the establishment of cellular networks, and genetically- or environmentally-induced alterations of these pathways may have consequences on CNS organization and functions. Free radicals are second messengers involved in the regulation of many cellular processes; however, these molecules may turn out to be deleterious if their levels are poorly regulated. Thus, reactive species are maintained at physiological concentrations thanks to the activity of antioxidant systems, that include selenoproteins, which are proteins characterized by a strong reducing ability conferred by the presence of selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid, in their sequence. To date, the functions of many of these selenoproteins remain poorly characterized, and especially the most recently identified. One particular case is Selenoprotein T (SelT), a highly conserved enzyme in mammals which is strongly expressed during embryogenesis, especially in the developing brain, but whose role remains to be elucidated. In the first part of this work, we employed a mouse line model to show that the conditional invalidation of SelT in neural cells causes neurodevelopmental abnormalities that occur during the first postnatal week. The invalidated mice exhibit a transient reduction in brain volume, which appears during the first postnatal week, culminates at the seventh day but disappears at adulthood. This phenotype is associated with a reduction in cell density and is caused by increased programmed cell death in the organ. Analyses of the cell populations using NeuN, GFAP and Ng2 cell markers, showed that this apoptotic cell loss exclusively affects neuronal cells, evoking a lack of effect of SelT on glial populations. Our results also showed that caspase-3 positive cells were detected in the germinal neuroepithelia, transition layers and neuron differentiation layers, indicating that these cells die as a result of SelT absence during different phases of their maturation. This alteration of neuronal viability is associated with elevated endogenous free radical levels; an argument in favor of the antioxidant and neurotrophic role of SelT in neurons. At the end of the first postnatal week, while neurogenesis declines in wild-type animals, we observed a prolonged mitotic activity of neuronal progenitors in SelT deficient mice. This neurogenesis could constitute a physiological compensatory response mechanism to reduce the cell deficit previously observed. Surprisingly, viability and endogenous free radicals levels in astrocytes were unchanged in the absence of SelT, suggesting that the protein may exert a different function in these cells or that other factors act to compensate for its absence. At the stage when neuronal loss is significant, we observed a transient increase in glial cell density, whose vanishing coincides with the cell redensification measured at the tenth day. This finding suggests that the brain volume compensation is caused by glial transdifferentiation into neurons, along with prolonged neurogenesis. These compensatory mechanisms could be responsible for the apparent recovery of brain volume and cell density in the adult SelT-deficient mice. In the second part of our work, we demonstrated that despite the absence of a gross neuroanatomical phenotype in adulthood, invalidated mice exhibit behavioral deficits. Indeed, measurements of locomotor activity during one-hour sessions in an open-field showed that invalidated animals are hyperactive. This phenotype was confirmed by behavioral analyses performed during 48 h in actimetry cages, which showed that mutant animals display hyperactivity during both diurnal and nocturnal periods. Moreover, we also found that these mice exhibit an exacerbated trait anxiety, or neophobia. This behavioral characteristic, which tends to decrease if the animal is repeatedly submitted to the same task, remains high in our model although the animals successfully learns to execute the required exercise. Indeed, we showed that these animals perform well during spatial learning and memory task in Morris water-maze; however, SelT deficient mice are less efficient than their wild-type littermates, a deficit that could be attributed either to the increased neophobia or a potential dysfunction in spatial navigation strategy abilities. Finally, as SelT is weakly expressed in adult life, these functional deficits could be provoked by an altered establishment of neuronal networks during the first postnatal weeks. This hypothesis is supported by an impaired GABAergic neurotransmission in these mice. Moreover, it appears that the cerebral phenotype impacts the general physiology of the animal, as evidenced by the high plasma corticosterone levels found in the invalidated mice in basal conditions or following a stress. In sum, our results indicate that SelT is essential to the proper development of CNS and contribute to the various processes ensuring the establishment of neuronal populations. In addition, it may be considered that this selenoprotein exerts neurotrophic function through regulation of free radicals levels. Pursuing the functional study of molecular partners and the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the effects of SelT will eventually allow to better understand the involvement of free radicals and SelT in healthy and pathological neurodevelopment and ultimately to propose new strategies to protect the brain in pathological situations related to disregulations of these pathways
Gouelle, Arnaud. "Développement d'un score de stabilité chez les personnes présentant des pathologies d'origine neurologique entraînant des troubles de la marche et/ou de l'équilibre." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659167.
Full textGouelle, Arnaud. "Développement d’un score de stabilité chez les personnes présentant des pathologies d’origine neurologique entraînant des troubles de la marche et/ou de l’équilibre." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA113006/document.
Full textMany pathologies affect balance control during gait. Traumatic, neurological or age-related disorders can all limit more or less the stability, which is the capacity of subjects to recover from perturbations, and can lead to falls. For children, the stability is related to the developmental stages and its interpretation requires differentiating what pertains to the developmental instability and to the pathological instability. Instrumented movement analysis allows a reliable and precise recording of the gait parameters. Indexes were developed to improve the clinical evaluation of the patients walking but no one of them quantifies the stability feature.This thesis led to the production of a score quantifying the stability through variability of the spatiotemporal parameters, recorded by an electronic walkway system. The score, called Gait Variability Index (GVI), has been applied to asymptomatic and pathological populations, representative of the various ages of life: children, adults and elderly persons. Results for patients affected by cerebral palsy, Friedreich’s ataxia or after stroke demonstrate that the GVI is a coherent tool for the evaluation of instability. Beyond the clinical interest, it opens various studies perspectives in gait analysis, and is thought-provoking about the disruptive or regulating nature of variability
Lo, Aurélien. "Développement de méthodes de diagnostic rapide d'erreurs innées du métabolisme associées à des troubles neurologiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS504/document.
Full textInborn errors of metabolism are inherited diseases that can alter the synthesis and transport of neurotransmitters. The diagnosis of these conditions is currently based on the chromatographic analysis of a biological fluid [plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)]. The aim of this thesis was to develop simple and rapid methods for the diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders. Firstly, we developed and validated the simultaneous determination of dopamine, serotonin, and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) metabolites by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to sequential electrochemical and fluorimetric detection. This method was applied to the analysis of 1372 CSF samples, thus establishing the frequent ranges of the French population. In order to transpose the previous method into UHPLC coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), we studied the mechanisms of auto- and electro- oxidation of BH4, by Differential Ion Mobility coupled to high resolution MS (FTICR) in conjunction with Infra-Red photo-dissociation. This work allowed us to isolate and characterize qBH2, the transient reaction intermediate of BH4, involved in the mechanism of action of the latter. The proposed UHPLC-MS/MS method also allows the simultaneous determination of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
Guibal, Pierre. "Contribution au développement de méthodes de diagnostic rapide des maladies innées du métabolisme associées à des troubles neurologiques." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112402/document.
Full textInborn errors of metabolism (IEM) consist of a wide range of hereditary metabolic disorders. Among IEM, neurotransmission anomaly can affect the synthesis or the transport of neurotransmitters, notably biogenic amines (dopamine and serotonin) and folates. Early diagnosis of such affections is of utmost importance especially as some of them can be treated effectively. Chemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is essential for the diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders; however, current quantitative methods are tedious and time consuming. For a long time the chemical diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders has been available only in specialized laboratories. The purpose of this work was to develop simple and fast diagnosis methods of neurotransmitter disorders as well as to establish the reference values in French population. For this purpose, in a first step, we developed a single step direct method of simultaneous quantification of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which is the main cofactor of the hydroxylases involved in biogenic amines syntheses, and the relevant reduced and oxidized forms of pterins involved in the cycle of synthesis – regeneration of BH4. Formerly, the quantification of those compounds required at least two chromatographic methods with two specific sample preparation procedures. Thereafter we developed a method of fast diagnosis in less than 10 minutes of dopaminergic and serotoninergic disorders using UHPLC (ultra high performance liquid chromatography) hyphenated to a sequential coulometric and fluorimetric detection. With only a simple filtration step as sample preparation procedure, this method enables the simultaneous quantification of all dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline metabolites as well as dihydroneopterin (NH2) and dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the relevant pterin forms for the complete diagnosis. Formerly, at least three HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) quantification methods preceeded by three tedious specific sample preparation procedures were required for such a diagnosis. To complete the investigation of BH4 metabolism and the follow up of neurotransmission disorders, we also developed a fast UHPLC method of simultaneous quantification of all the cited metabolites and pterins including BH4. In order to complete the rapid diagnosis of all targeted neurological disorders, we finally developed an UHPLC method of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate quantification in CSF. The application of these analytical tools in more than 1400 CSF samples, collected from patients followed in some Neurology centers located in several French areas covering nearly the entirety of the territory, allowed us to establish the reference values in French population as well as to diagnose several cases of enzymatic deficits
Gillet, Marc. "Anomalies de la migration neuronale." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M085.
Full textKoutseff, Alexis. "Étude de l’interaction entre stress chronique et polymorphisme de l’apolipoprotéine E dans les processus émotionnels et cognitifs chez la souris : implications dans la maladie d’Alzheimer?" Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6158.
Full textApolipoprotein E (ApoE) is found in three different forms in human (ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE3), and ApoE polymorphism is recognized as one of the most prevalent risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); ApoE4 increases the risk to develop AD with age, while ApoE2 has protective effects. First, we evaluated the impact of this polymorphism on behavior in adult mice using apoE-KI mouse models. ApoE-Ki mutations had anxiolytic effects in males and anxiogenic effects in females. On the other hand, ApoE-KI mutations did not affect cognitive abilities in our conditions. Afterwards, we analyzed the impact of combined chronic stress and ApoE polymorphism on emotional behavior and cognitive abilities in aged male and female KI mice. Under stress conditions, aged ApoE4 and ApoE2 male mice showed reduced anxiety, while ApoE2 females were more anxious. Moreover both ApoE2 males and females showed reduced susceptibility to despair, whereas ApoE3 females demonstrated increased resignation. Results from cognitive tests show that, under stressed, ApoE4 mutation caused memory deficits which appeared earlier in females. Interestingly, we showed for the first time that stressed ApoE2-KI females displayed improved memory performance at one year old, persisting at more advanced age. Finally, we investigated the combined impact of the ApoE polymorphism, age and sex on hippocampal neurogenesis. We found that young mice carrying the ApoE4 mutation displayed reduced neurogenesis, while young adult ApoE2 females showed improved hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation. Moreover, a surprising protective effect of the ApoE3 genotype was observed in aged females
Dumuids, Marie-Victorine. "Faisabilité et efficacité d'une stimulation précoce de la marche quadrupède sur le développement moteur de grands prématurés sans lésions cérébrales majeures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2022. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=6182&f=50364.
Full textThe acquisition of postural control and locomotion are central to the motor and cognitive development of the infant and any abnormality in neuromotor development can have adverse consequences for the future development of the child. This issue is particularly salient in the case of very premature infants whose numbers are constantly increasing and for whom there is an increased risk of neuromotor anomalies, ranging from minor sensorimotor deficits to cerebral palsy. In view of this, there is an urgent need for very early intervention strategies to stimulate the motor development of these children during the period of high plasticity of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems following birth. In a systematic review on the subject, we show that very few interventions exist to stimulate the development of mobility in infants at risk of neuromotor abnormalities at an early age, i.e. before 12 months. Moreover, these studies often do not meet the quality criteria required by the international community (Dumuids-Vernet et al., 2022). This thesis proposes to test the feasibility, quality and effectiveness of a new early intervention that aims to stimulate the motor development of very premature infants as soon as they leave the neonatology department. The primary aim of the intervention is to train the infants at home to propel themselves in a quadrupedal manner, every day for eight weeks, using a mini skateboard on which they lie on their stomach (Crawli training). Our results show that such a training, tested on very premature babies without major brain lesion but at risk of motor abnormality, is highly feasible. Moreover, longitudinal tracking of motor development by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III and general development by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3) of these children shows a positive effect of Crawli training. Preterm infants who received Crawli training had higher Bayley gross motor scores between 2 and 12 months of corrected age than preterm infants who received equivalent training on their stomachs on a mattress but without a mini-skateboard (mat training) or conventional medical follow-up (control). In addition, more infants in the Crawli group than in the Mat or Control groups passed the specific Bayley items on head carriage development at 2 months corrected age (CA) and on quadrupedal gait acquisition at 9 months CA, which are recognized as important milestones in motor development. Crawli-trained infants also showed enhanced general development, particularly in terms of communication level, on the ASQ-3 at 9 months CA and fine motor skill development at 12 months CA than infants in the Control and Mat groups. Finally, after training, preterm infants in the Crawli group had motor and general scores that were close to those of typically-developing infants. Indeed, the Crawli group's Bayley scores after training and ASQ-3 scores at 9 and 12 months CA were not different from those of term infants, contrary to the Mat and Control preterm infants whose motor scores were significantly worse at 2 months CA than those of the term infants. The overall ASQ-3 scores of the Control group at 9 and 12 months CA were also below typical norms. The high scores obtained by our Crawli-trained infants on the international developmental scales and the positive results obtained regarding the feasibility and effectiveness of our early intervention are very encouraging. They suggest this new protocol could be deployed on a larger scale and with other populations at risk of motor anomaly (trisomy 21, spina bifida, stroke, prematurity with brain lesion etc.)
Catteau, Julie. "Implication de la composante vasculaire dans la formation des lésions cérébrales excitotoxiques néonatales." Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUES025.
Full textGay, Olivier. "Marqueurs neurodéveloppementaux en psychiatrie : intérêt dans les troubles schizophréniques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB016/document.
Full textThe term neurodevelopment in its broadest sense refers to all of the processes encompassing development of the nervous system from the earliest stages of formation in utero to later stages of maturation during adolescence to produce the fully functional adult nervous system. Work over the last thirty years has led to a neurodevelopmental model of human psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, based on genetic, epidemiological and imaging evidence. This model asserts that disease is fundamentally linked to or develops from abnormality(s) in the formation processes (early neurodevelopment) and maturation (late neurodevelopment) of the nervous system due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In this context this thesis aims to clarify the effects of neurodevelopmental abnormalities on psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, through the study of different markers. The first study aims to investigate correlations between markers of early brain development: a clinical marker (neurological soft signs) and an imaging marker (sulcation of the cerebral cortex) in a population of subjects with schizophrenia. A correlation between these two markers is presented: the sulcation index was found to be lower in subjects that had significant neurological soft signs. We concluded that the combined study of different markers may help to isolate subgroups of patients with greater early neurodevelopmental damage. The second study aims to characterize effects of different markers of early neurodevelopmental abnormalities on cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Effects on executive control (as measured by the Trail Making Test) were correlated with clinical markers (neurological soft signs, handedness) and imaging (sulcation of the anterior cingulate cortex and enlargment of the ventricles). We found interactions between different markers with a mainly non-linear summation effect. Our interpretation is that different markers reflect separate insults, though all early, on brain development with a common final effect on executive function. The third study aims to clarify the specificity of sulcation as a marker of early neurodevelopmental abnormalities by studying a population of adult subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a patholody beginning in early childhood and linked with evidence of early neurodevelopmental damage. Sulcation abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex, similar to those observed in patients with schizophrenia are detected in patients with ASD. These results suggest early neurodevelopmental abnormalities are shared by different psychiatric disorders and that changes in cortical sulcation are not specific to a given disorder but the early damage. In conclusion, we suggest that the study of neurodevelopmental abnormalities should be integrated into a dimensional approach in psychiatry
Tocco, Chiara. "Caractérisation morphologique, électrophysiologique et topographique des neurones de la couche V dans un modèle murin de maladie neurodéveloppementale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2021COAZ6004.
Full textIn mammals, the proper execution of fine voluntary movements relies on complex, but highly organized neuronal networks connecting various regions of the brain, such as the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, pontine nuclei, cerebellum and thalamus. Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the neuronal organization of these circuits may improve our knowledge of how motor networks are normally established during development and affected in neurodevelopmental diseases. Among others, subcortically projecting Layer V Pyramidal Neurons (LVPNs) are central to this circuit.We have previously shown that the genetic loss of the transcription factor Nr2f1 in the developing neocortex, the evolutionary most recent region of the cerebral cortex, affects areal organization and molecular specification of LVPNs, leading to defective voluntary motor functions in both mouse models and human NR2F1 haploinsufficient patients. To further assess the contribution of Nr2f1 in the establishment of cortico-subcortical networks, we used two independent Nr2f1 conditional mutant mouse lines and investigated electrophysiological, morphological and connectivity features of LVPNs at different developmental stages.Our electrophysiological and morphological data reveal that postnatal mutant LVPNs are characterized by increased intrinsic excitability and reduced dendrite complexity, indicating that Nr2f1 plays a key role in LVPN functional maturation during cortical development. Moreover, genetic tracing of LVPN projections in mutant brains shows abnormal topographic mapping between the cortex and pontine nuclei, implying that LVPNs need to acquire their proper areal identity to establish normal subcortical projections. Overall, our data indicate that Nr2f1 is involved in the establishment of functional and structural properties of LVPNs, as well as in the topographic organization of cortico-pontine projections, first players of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar circuit involved in fine motor skills
Brenet, Alexandre. "Contribution à l'étude des conséquences de l'épilepsie sur le développement cérébral et l'activité des cellules microgliales." Thesis, Université Paris Cité, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UNIP7135.
Full textEpilepsy is a neurological disease affecting some 50 million people worldwide. It is characterized by recurrent seizures due to the synchronous and spontaneous overexcitation of neuronal populations in the brain. Seizures vary widely in nature, and symptoms dependon the area of the brain affected and its extent. The term ‘epileptic disorders’ is accordingly preferred. These can have many causes, including both genetic (e.g. Dravet syndrome, a rare infantile epilepsy caused in 80% of cases by the heterozygous mutation of the SCN1A gene), and environmental (e.g. after poisoning with organophosphates, compounds present in pesticides and neurotoxic warfare agents). Whether for Dravet syndrome or organophosphate poisoning, current treatments do not enable optimal control of seizures. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of these different forms of epilepsy is thus needed to find new therapeutic targets and new anticonvulsants. Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the brain. These cells have many functions, which can vary depending on the maturity of the brain. The microglia are the guardians of cerebral homeostasis, continuously ensuring the proper functioning of neurons. They are immune cells able to modulate their activity according to the dangers they detect. In addition, microglia have a special role in synaptic plasticity and the modulation of neuronal excitability. These different roles have prompted numerous hypotheses on the involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of epileptic disorders. In some, microglia are harmful for the excitability of neurons, through their activation and the chronic secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Others lend them a beneficial role, with microglia buffering neuronal hyperexcitability and thus decreasing the frequency of seizures. The objective of my PhD work was to study the mechanisms of epileptogenesis involving microglial cells in order to identify new therapeutic targets. I developed two models of epilepsy in zebrafish, a genetic model of Dravet syndrome and a model of organophosphate poisoning. These enabled me to study the modifications of the central nervous system during epileptogenesis. I specifically demonstrated an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance toward excitation that could trigger epileptic seizures. Using the Dravet model, I also successfully characterized the morphological, behavioral and molecular changes of microglial cells after seizures. This work improves our understanding of the consequences of epileptic seizures in the brain and helps pave the way for the discovery of new therapeutic targets to treat different forms of epilepsy
Beguin, Shirley. "Conséquences physiopathologiques des mutations du gène ARX dans le développement cérébral." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22130/document.
Full textSeveral mutations in ARX gene (aristaless-related homeobox gene) have been found in a large spectrum of infantile neurological disorders, with or without cerebral malformation, but frequently linked to epilepsy. It has been proposed that ARX, coding for a transcription factor, plays a crucial role in brain development, especially in migrating interneurons, but its involvement in nervous system development still remains to be clarified. The aim of this work has been to study the role of ARX gene and the consequences of ARX mutations on cerebral development in order to better understand these pathologies.We have first investigated the effects of an ARX polyalanine expansion, the mutation (GCG)7, which was found in pathologies without brain malformation but associated to epilepsy, such as West and Ohtahara syndromes. Analysis performed on knock-in mice for this mutation and in utero electroporated rat brains have shown that this mutation doesn’t alter neither glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal migration, nor GABAergic neuron maturation. Interestingly, our data suggest that epilepsy observed in knock-in mice would result rather from a reorganization of glutamatergic networks. Since ARX gene is not expressed in excitatory neurons, our work suggests that epilepsy observed in knock-in mice is the consequence of developmental alterations secondary to the initial mutation, and this would have crucial therapeutic implications that require additional investigations. In vitro experiments have then allowed us to study the effect of several ARX mutations on interneurons morphology. These experiments have shown no abnormal subcellular localization of ARX protein following transfection of these different mutations in cultured interneurons. Interestingly, our data show that interneuron morphology is altered only by some mutations, particularly the P353R and the Dup24 ARX mutations. Our data underline the importance to study specifically each mutation in order to explain mechanisms generating phenotypic heterogeneity linked to ARX mutations.Taken together, this study contributes to a better understanding of ARX involvement in cerebral development and to a better characterization of pathophysiological mechanisms linked to ARX mutations
Margarido, Pinheiro Vera. "L’interactome de Scrib1 et son importance pour la plasticitè synaptique & les troubles de neurodéveloppement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0318/document.
Full textThe brain is made up of billions of nerve cells, or neurons. Neurons communicate with each other through functionally distinct structures - the axon and the dendrite - which are able to release and receive an electrical or chemical signal from a pre- to a post-synaptic compartment, respectively. We focused our study on hippocampal neurons synapses, which ultimately underlie high-order brain functions, such as learning and memory. In particular, we studied the development and maintenance of dendritic spines, whose changes in morphology are intimately correlated with synaptic plasticity, or the ability to respond to synaptic activity. Dendritic spines originate from motile dendritic filopodia, which mature into spines following axonal contact. The filopodia-to-spine transition involves a plethora of molecular actors, including glutamate receptors, scaffold proteins and the actin cytoskeleton, able to receive, transmit and integrate the pre-synaptic signal. The spatial and temporal coordination of all these molecular components throughout the formation and maturation of a synapse remains, however, unclear. Scribble1 (Scrib1) is planar cell polarity protein (PCP) classically implicated in the homeostasis of epithelial tissues and tumour growth. In the mammalian brain, Scrib1 is a critical scaffold protein in brain development and function. The main goal of this work was, therefore, to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Scrib1 role in synapse formation and maintenance. In a first part, we depict the importance of Scrib1 PDZ-dependent interactions on glutamate receptors trafficking as well as bidirectional plasticity signalling pathway underying spatial memory. In a second part, we focus on the functional consequences of a recently identified autism spectrum disorder (ASD) mutation of Scrib1 on neuronal morpholgy and function. We demonstrated that Scrib1 regulates dendritic arborization as well as spine formation and functional maintenance via an actin-dependent mechanism, whose disruption might underlie the ASD phenotype. Taken altogether, this thesis highlights the PCP protein Scrib1 as key scaffold protein in brain development and function, playing a plethora of roles from the subcelular to the cognitive level
Goubert, Emmanuelle. "Rôle de l’homéostasie des ions chlorures dans la survenue des troubles dépressifs dans un modèle murin de traumatisme cérébral." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0459/document.
Full textTraumatic brain injury (TBI) affects annually millions of people over the world. The first major consequences include loss of consciousness, haemorrhage and the appearance of cerebral edema. However, people who experience TBI may have significant long-term sequelae and in the majority of cases develop major depressive disorders. In addition, debilitating effects of TBI substantially impair health-related quality of life and are associated with high health care costs. Hence, preventive treatment against posttraumatic pathologies has become a real public health concern. Increasing evidence points to an association between depressive disorders and changes in GABAergic neurotransmission as well as alteration of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.My thesis suggests that the critical phase of posttraumatic pathology occurs over the first week following the trauma. During this period, my results show that hippocampal network hyperexcitability is induced by a disruption of the chloride ion transporters, leading notably to a decrease in neuronal inhibition. Then my work highlighted an alteration of hippocampal neurogenesis related to the loss of interneurons in the dentate gyrus. After some latency, these changes will trigger major depressive disorders. My work also indicates that the early restoration, during this first post-traumatic week, of chloride ion homeostasis by a pharmacological agent, prevents cell death of interneurons as well as changes in neurogenesis and allows significant long-term reduction of major depressive disorders. This therefore suggests the possibility of developing new therapeutic strategies to prevent the emergence of posttraumatic pathologies
Flamand, Véronique. "Fonctionnement cérébral et coordination visuomotrice en prématurité : indicateurs cérébraux des difficultés fonctionnelles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27658/27658.pdf.
Full textTerrier, Claire. "L'enrichissement olfactif au cours du vieillissement : implication de la Noradrénaline et modèle de réserve cognitive." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1267/document.
Full textAging is an inevitable and complex biological phenomenon associated with a progressive decline of sensory, motor and cognitive functions with time, affecting life quality and health. Normal brain aging is accompanied by functional and structural changes, leading to cognitive decline. Among these changes, age-related alterations of the noradrenergic system seem to contribute significantly to cognitive deficits. Conversely, the integrity of the Locus Coeruleus seems to allow healthy cognitive aging. A potentially powerful tool to achieve successful brain aging is to boost the cognitive reserve, associated with higher level of brain stimulation and modulations in brain activation and connectivity in humans. In rodents, environmental enrichment, increasing sensory stimulations, motor activity and social interactions, mimics the conditions leading to constitution of the cognitive reserve in humans and has largely proven cognitive benefits.The goals of this thesis are, in the first place, to study the role of Noradrenaline in the maintenance of structural plasticity and olfactory discrimination abilities in aged mice, then secondly, to test the olfactory enrichment as a model of the cognitive reserve build-up.In the first study, we used the olfactory perceptual learning paradigm to investigate the contribution of Noradrenaline to the maintenance of structural plasticity and cognitive abilities during aging in mice. This learning consists in an improvement of the discrimination between perceptually close odorants after repeated exposure to these odorants. Our results suggest that the local release of Noradrenaline in the olfactory bulb, by optogenetic stimulation of Locus Coeruleus fibers allows the maintenance of discrimination abilities during aging. Our data also reveal a form of structural plasticity of the noradrenergic innervation in the aged olfactory bulb. The overall work supports a contribution of Noradrenaline to healthy brain aging.In a second study, we used a strategy based on repeated olfactory enrichment during the whole life of the animal in order to enable the cognitive reserve buildup. Such enrichment maintained olfactory discrimination performances at late ages. Interestingly, mice’s performances in spatial memory and cognitive flexibility improved too. This result indicates that the benefits of an odor-based enrichment extend beyond the olfactory sphere and include broader cognitive benefits on age-sensitive functions. We thus propose lifelong olfactory enrichment as model of the cognitive reserve build-up to further identify its cellular basis and test the contribution of Noradrenaline to cognitive reserve build-up and healthy brain aging
Paraschivescu, Cristina. "Le rôle régulateur des cytokines dans le neurodéveloppement et le comportement au début de la période postnatale : Étude de l'impact du TNF sur le comportement de la souris au début de la période postnatale et une nouvelle approche d'analyse de données appliquée au modèle murin de l'autisme basée sur l'activation de l’immunité maternelle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR6027.
Full textBoth preclinical and clinical studies have shown that immune activation and inflammation during the early stages of neurodevelopment increase the risk of neurodevelopment disorders and behaviour abnormalities in adults. While the underlying mechanisms have only been partially elucidated, experiments in the maternal immune activation mouse model (MIA) – in which pregnant dams are injected with the viral mimic poly(I:C) – have demonstrated the critical role of two cytokines: interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A. However, the vast majority of the studies performed to date have used behavioural tests in adult mice as a read out to study the impact of cytokines on neurodevelopment. Therefore, it is not clear whether altered levels of other cytokines during the perinatal period could impact neurodevelopment and behaviour in infant mice. To address this issue, we have analysed the progeny of several cohorts of poly(I:C)- and saline-injected mothers for behaviour between postnatal day 5 (P5) and P15 and serum cytokine levels at P15. Because both perinatal neurodevelopment and cytokine production are known or believed to be impacted by many environmental variables, we analysed our data using a multivariable statistical model to identify features associated with being born to a poly(I:C)-injected mother (as opposed to being born to a saline-injected mother). We found that the drop of body weight and temperature of the mother after poly(I:C) injection, the litter size, the pup weight at P15, the number of ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) emitted by the pup at P6, the distance travelled by the pup and the time it spent mobile at P13, as well as serum levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF), IL-5, IL-15 and C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)10 were all associated with altered odds of being born to a poly(I:C)-injected mother. To further explore the role of TNF during the early postnatal period, we injected mouse pups daily from P1 to P5 and assessed these animals for both developmental milestones and behaviour from P8 to P15. Unexpectedly, injection of recombinant TNF did not have a detrimental impact on neurodevelopment but rather promoted sensorimotor reflexes acquisition and exploratory behaviour. Altogether, our results confirm that cytokines play a critical role during neurodevelopment and that altered levels of specific cytokines, and in particular TNF, could regulate the acquisition of developmental milestones and behaviour in infant mice. While we have only obtained preliminary insights into underlying mechanisms, the protocols that we have developed provide a framework for further studies
Uzquiano, López Ana. "Progenitor cell mechanisms contributing to cortical malformations : studying the role of the heterotopia gene Eml1/EML1 in radial glia." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS392.pdf.
Full textCerebral cortical development is a finely regulated process, depending on diverse progenitor cells. Abnormal behavior of the latter can give rise to cortical malformations. Mutations in Eml1/EML1 were identified in the HeCo mouse, as well as in three families presenting severe subcortical heterotopia (SH). SH is characterized by the presence of mislocalized neurons in the white matter. At early stages of corticogenesis, abnormally positioned apical radial glia progenitors (aRG) were found cycling outside the proliferative ventricular zone (VZ) in the HeCo cortical wall. I focused my research on characterizing aRG in the VZ to assess why some cells leave this region and thus to further understand SH mechanisms. Combining confocal and electron microscopy (EM), I uncovered abnormalities of centrosomes and primary cilia in Eml1-mutant aRGs: primary cilia are shorter, and often remain basally oriented within vesicles. Searching for Eml1-interacting partners using mass spectrometry (MS), combined with exome sequencing of SH patient DNAs, allowed us to identify a ciliary Eml1-interacting partner, RPGRIP1L, showing mutations in a SH patient. Gene ontology analyses of MS data pointed to Golgi apparatus and protein transport as enriched categories. Indeed, Golgi abnormalities were identified in HeCo aRGs. Altogether, these data indicate that the Golgi-to-primary cilium axis is perturbed in Eml1mutant conditions, pointing to new intracellular pathways involved in severe neurodevelopmental disorders
Mallet, Jasmina. "Marqueurs neurodéveloppementaux, cognition et facteurs environnementaux précoces et tardifs dans le phénotype psychotique des pathologies mentales Heavy cannabis use prior psychosis in schizophrenia : clinical, cognitive and neurological evidences for a new endophenotype? Etude et apport de la latéralité comme marqueur neurodéveloppemental dans les troubles schizophréniques et bipolaires Cigarette smoking and schizophrenia : a specific clinical and therapeutic profile? Results from the Face-Schizophrenia cohort Tobacco smoking is associated with antipsychotic medication, physical aggressiveness and alcohol use disorder in schizophrenia : results from the Face-SZ national cohort Tabagisme et schizophrénie, impact sur la cognition Tobacco smoking and psychotic-like experiences in a general population sample Poster congrès français de psychiatrie 2018 : Expériences psychotiques chez 50 patients adolescents hospitalisés pour la 1ère fois : approche trans-diagnostique et prospective avec la PQ16." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2403&f=17360.
Full textMental diseases represent a very heterogeneous categorical group, even within a given nosographic entity. Multifactorial approaches allow accounting for the clinical heterogeneity of mental disorders, the continuum between certain clinical dimensions, and even between the normal and the pathological. Among such dimensions, the psychotic phenotype constitutes an essential dimension of schizophrenic disorder. The dimensional approach allows for the search of psychotic experiences in most mental disorders as well as in the general population. We make the general hypothesis that certain psychiatric disorders with psychotic symptoms could be the result of the interaction between early- (obstetric traumas for example) and late- environmental factors (toxics, traumatisms) and the neurodevelopment of the individual. The initial step in this thesis work was to better define the concepts of vulnerability in psychiatry, and, based on the example of schizophrenia, to conduct a review of the literature on risk factors according to their early or late interaction with neurodevelopment. Subsequently, the first axis of research of the present thesis was to evaluate early neurodevelopmental markers (neurological soft signs, laterality, cognition). Our first work concerned the clinical, neurological and cognitive characterization of 64 patients suffering from schizophrenia, according to their cannabis use (or not) prior to psychosis. It provided evidence for a lower burden of neurodevelopment in cannabis users, and the potential impact of this substance on vulnerable individuals. Our second work concerns the clinical and cognitive impact of lateralization in patients with schizophrenia (n = 667) and bipolar disorder (n = 2445). We bring arguments for a neurodevelopmental weight (measured with this lateralization index) that is more important in schizophrenia. Our second axis of research focused on tobacco smoking as a late environmental factor in schizophrenia and psychotic phenotype. We showed in two studies on the FACE-SZ cohort (n = 361, n = 474) that SZ patients consumed almost twice as much as the general population and that they could represent a SZ subgroup with specific socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. In a third study, we compare the cognitive functions of these patients (n = 785) and show that the self-medication hypothesis alone cannot account for the high prevalence of their smoking. In a fourth work, we studied the impact of smoking on the psychotic phenotype with a dimensional approach, and showed an association between smoking and certain psychotic-type experiences in a representative sample of the US general population (NESARC, n = 34653). Finally, in a last line of research, we evaluated the psychotic phenotype in a population of adolescents and young adults hospitalized for a first psychiatric episode (n = 50). In a preliminary study, we show a high prevalence of psychotic-like experiences in these young adults, regardless of the diagnosis made six months afterwards, highlighting the trans-nosographic character of the psychotic phenotype during the emergence of different mental disorders. Overall, the present thesis underscores the clinical heterogeneity of mental illnesses and the importance of dimensional and trajectory approaches in identifying risk (or protective) factors, towards a better etiopathogenic understanding, better prevention opportunities, and a personalized patient care
NGUYEN, THUY-CHI. "Maladie de EALES avec troubles neurologiques : discussion diagnostique à propos d'un cas." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1M293.
Full textChouchana, Brigitte. "Les troubles neuro-psychiatriques au cours de 45 cas de pellagre." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11035.
Full textBalançon, Caroline. "Etude d'un outil informatique de rééducation chez des enfants présentant des déficits visuo-spatiaux d'origine neurologique." Nancy : Université Henri-Poincaré, 2009. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_MORT_2009_BALANCON_CAROLINE.pdf.
Full textJoly, Willy. "Régulation de l'expression de frazzled par Engrailed au cours de la neurogenèse : mise en évidence d'une nouvelle fonction de Frazzled dans la morphogenèse de l'aile et identification de nouveaux partenaires d'Engrailed chez la Drosophile." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20033.
Full textDuring Drosophila embryogenesis, Engrailed (En) is involved in the specification of neuroblasts and we show that it is also involved in axonal guidance of neurons born from these neuroblasts. Whereas en mutant embryos show a lack of posterior commissures (PC), embryos overexpressing En at early stages show guidance defects. We have shown that frazzled (fra), trio and enabled interact genetically with en for the formation of the ventral nerve cord. We have also shown that fra regulation in Engrailed-expressing neuroblasts was important for the formation of PC. A new role of Fra was also discovered in pupal wing morphogenesis, probably through a cell-cell adhesion molecule manner, for the correct apposition of the dorsal and ventral wing layers. DSRF and fra interact in this mechanism and DSRF probably regulates Fra expression during the late stages of wing morphogenesis. Moreover, with a two hybrid screen, we have identified 7 new En partners
Fouchères, Fabrice. "Evaluation et troubles du développement de l'enfant." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON11085.
Full textRenier, Nicolas. "Développement et fonction des commissures cérébrales." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066393.
Full textHerzine, Ameziane. "Etudes des effets neurodéveloppementaux induits par l’exposition périnatale à un pesticide, le glufosinate d’ammonium : de la neurogenèse au comportement." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2008/document.
Full textGlufosinate ammonium (GLA) is one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture. As for almost all pesticides, potential adverse effects of GLA have not been investigated in the brain developmental neurotoxicity perspective. Indeed, early pesticides exposure may weaken the developing brain and cause permanent brain alteration which could lead to a wide range of the lifelong effects on health and/or behavior. As an illustration, we showed that perinatal exposure to low doses of GLA induced behavioral defects in mice adulthood, characterized by many similarities with Autism Spectrum Disorders phenotype. My thesis deals with the molecular aspect of this perinatal GLA exposure. I demonstrated that GLA induced disturbances of proliferation and neuroblast migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulbs. These defects were associated with significant change in the expression of many genes involved in neuroblast migration and cytoskeleton regulation as observed by brain transcriptome analysis. I showed that GLA act on the cytoskeleton through modification of polyglutamylation of tubulin which lead to cell division/migration disturbances and cell differentiation defect. My work thus provides a new molecular link between pre- and post-natal exposure to the herbicide GLA and the onset of ASD like phenotype later in life. It also raises the fundamental concerns about the ability of current safety testing to assess risks of pesticide exposure during critical developmental periods
Legagneux, Kevin. "Contribution à l'étude de la population de neurones producteurs des peptides RFRP dans l'hypothalamus de rat." Besançon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BESA0006.
Full textBuresi, Auxane. "Approche Evo-Devo de la différenciation et de la régionalisation du système nerveux chez la seiche Sepia officinalis." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066233.
Full textAmong Molluscs, Cephalopods are remarkable by their cognitive abilities. Their brain, resulting from the condensation of some ganglia, set up through a direct development, and their nervous system is not organized as a nerve cord along clear anterior-posterior and medio-lateral axes, unlike most studied organisms (Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, and more recently Platynereis dumerilii). The expression study of genes known to be involved in the neural regionalization (Otx, Pax, Nk, Gsx) and differentiation processes (Elav, Musashi) has been conducted in Sepia officinalis. The results enable us : 1) to establish the dynamics of ganglionic maturation, showing in particular a late maturation of the lobes involved in learning and memory; 2) to provide a map of embryonic territories, based for the first time on molecular data, which gives a new insight into the cephalopod organogenesis; 3) to highlight new roles for these genes in the neural differentiation and specification in the development of cephalopod synapomorphies (arms, funnel, camerular eyes); 4 ) to show that despite the derived features of the embryogenesis and nervous system in cephalopods, some genes of neural specification present a regionalized expression, similar to that is observed in the median nerve axis of the model species. These results emphasize the importance of taking into account the evolutionary relationships between gene functions and the various organizations of nervous systems in a wide range of metazoan phyla
Dubreuil, Véronique. "Rôle de l'homéoprotéine Phox2b au cours de la différentiation pan-neuronale et sous-type spécifique des motoneurones crâniens." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22052.
Full textPattyn, Alexandre. "Rôle de l'homéoprotéine Phox2b au cours de la neurogenèse des vertébrés." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22023.
Full textLe, Greneur Coralie. "Dynamique d'expression et rôle du gène Otx2 au cours du développement du cervelet." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4117.
Full textDuring development of the central nervous system, transcription factors control the activity of various genes in space and time and choreograph the formation of specialized functional structures. Among genes coding for such factors, the Otx2 gene plays an important role during the formation and specification of anterior regions of the brain throughout embryonic development. Otx2 is also expressed in the cerebellum, a structure responsible for fine motor coordination? Conditional knockout of Otx2 gene revealed that its expression is needed for proper cerebellum development. Moreover, medulloblastomas, the most common cerebral tumours in children and that affects the cerebellum, often show an overexpression or an amplification of the Otx2 gene. Thus a thight regulation of Otx2 expression level is important during cerebellum development. Our aim was to understand how Otx2is involved in cerebellar development? First, the dynamics of Otx2 protein expression was analyzed throughout development of the cerebellum. Our results show that the protein is expressed in granule cell precursors of the posterior region from E13. 5 on, at the beginning of cerebellum formation, and that this expression persists in granule cells at the adult stage. Then, we analyzed the fate of Otx2-positivze precursors. These analyses revealed that during early development, Otx2 is expressed in precursors before they reach the rhombic lip, the germinal epithelium producing notably granule cells. This result opens exciting perspectives since origin the cells that constitute the rhombic lip is unknown. Finally, the role of Otx2 in granule cell precursors during the late phase of cerebellum formation has been studied using a conditional knockout strategy. These experiments show that inactivation of Otx2 leads to hypoplasia of the posterior region of the cerebellum. This phenotype is linked to deregulation of granule cell precursor’s development shortly after loss of Otx2. Our studies refine our knowledge of the dynamics of Otx2 gene expression and improve our understanding of its role during the development of the posterior region of the cerebellum
Dor-Nedonsel, Emmanuelle. "Les schizophrénies précoces : épidémiologie, exploration clinique et neurocognitive, phénotypage de familles d'enfants avec schizophrénie et autisme." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4093/document.
Full textEarly Onset Schizophrenia (EOS), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder (≈0.01%) is categorized into two types: Very Early Onset Schizophrenia, before age 13 and Adolescent Schizophrenia between ages 13 and 18. This diagnosis is a difficult one to make and considering the lack of knowledge on EOS, we can presume that it is in fact under-diagnosed and that our treatment and management options are still not very specific. We conducted a first epidemiological prevalence study consisted in evaluating: (1) the rate of subjects with EOS diagnostic criteria among 302 children who receive care in psychosocial and sanitary care facilities in the PACA region; (2) the clinical and neurocognitive characteristics of those children with EOS; (3) the rate of children with both EOS and ASD criteria within the same sample. In a second study, focusing on a subgroup of children with comorbid EOS and ASD, we analyzed first-degree relatives from a psychopathological, personality and cognitive viewpoint. The results are: a high rate of patients (8.9%) with an EOS diagnosis, a male gender majority (59.3%), an average age of 12.4 (SD=3.2), an average intelligence quotient of 72.5 (SD=21.4), a rate of 82.8% of subjects with hallucinations, 70% with EOS negative symptoms, 41.2% with comorbid autism, and 51.5% with antipsychotic medications. The study of family members shows that mothers have a higher rate of personality disorders, autistic traits and psychiatric disorders, as well as a lower average IQ. The creation and the characterization of a phenotype of this cohort have led to a family-genetic analysis based on exome sequencing in the parents and children with EOS following this study
Pallotto, Marta. "GABAergic signaling and synaptic integration of adult-generated neurons." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066677.
Full textAdult neurogenesis represents a unique form of brain plasticity. In mammals the genesis of new neurons is mainly restricted to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the olfactory bulbs. In the olfactory bulb (OB), neurons are continuously added to pre-existing networks and differentiate mainly into GABAergic local interneurons: granule cells (GCs) and periglomerular cells (PGCs). These interneurons mature and integrate in the OB network acquiring an adult phenotype. In the present work, I investigated the synaptic integration of adult-generated GCs in the mouse OB. I took advantage of local injections of eGFP encoding lentiviral vector to visualize through GFP fluorscent labelling new-born GCs in the adult OB at different times after their genesis. I found that adult-generated GCs start to receive synaptic contacts as soon as they reach their final destination in the OB. In fact, the first synaptic inputs onto GFP-positive cells were detected in the granule cell layer at 3 days post-injection (dpi). Interestingly, I found that at early stages GABAergic synapses were more abundant than glutamatergic contacts, suggesting that GABA may play an important role in the synaptic integration, maturation and survival of newborn GCs. To verify this hypothesis, I used Cre-mediated conditional deletion of the Gabra2 gene encoding for the 2 subunit of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) to functionally disrupt afferent GABAergic transmission in migrating GC precursors. Using two different transgenic mouse models, I found that ablation of the 2-subunit was accompanied by a dramatic reduction in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous or evoked GABAergic IPSCs. Remarkably, this reduced GABAergic activity did not affect GC survival but delayed dramatically their maturation. In mutant cells, dendritic branching and spine density were reduced, and spine loss was accompanied by a mislocation of excitatory synapses from spine heads to dendritic shafts. Moreover, deletion of the 2 subunit occluded structural plasticity of spines inducible by odor-enrichment and odor-deprivation protocols. These results show that proper GABAergic signaling is required for the morphological development and synaptic integration of adult-born GCs, and reveal an unexpected function of early GABAergic inputs in controlling spine formation and glutamatergic synaptogenesis
Charnay, Yves. "Contribution à l'étude anatomique du développement de systèmes neuronaux peptidergiques dans la moelle épinière du foetus humain." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10034.
Full textXu, Yunling. "Étude du rôle de la molécule de guidage axonal Neuropilin-2 au cours de la lymphangiogenèse." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066550.
Full textYpsilanti, Athéna. "Role of Slit and Robo proteins in the postnatal forebrain." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066711.
Full textIn mammals, the postnatal brain contains regions where proliferation is maintained, such as the subventricular zone (SVZ) or sub-granular zone (SGZ) which are capable of producing new neurons of the olfactory bulb (OB) or dentate gyrus (DG). In addition, the DG is mostly generated postnatally. My project was to investigate the role played by Slit and Robo molecules in the postnatal and adult forebrain, particularly in neurogenesis. Using a genetic approach in vivo, we generated mutant mouse lines for Slits and Robos (deficient and conditional) that we crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase in the SVZ, the OB and the DG/SGZ. In these animals, the absence of Slits/Robos causes severe developmental abnormalities of the forebrain commissures similar to those described in full knockouts. The absence of certain Slit/Robo molecules in the dorsal telencephalon is linked with defects in neuronal migration of SVZ-derived cells, but barely any effect on their proliferation. Also, in some mice deficient for Robos, we observed a decrease in the number of granule neurons generated in the DG and in the OB. In addition, the results obtained from the line Foxg1::Cre; Slit2lox/lox show a decrease in the number of new neurons from the SVZ and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis. The hippocampus of mice Foxg1::Cre;Slit2lox/lox is of normal size at birth, but very small in adults. In conclusion, I have performed one of the first in vivo characterizations of the role of Slits and Robos proteins in the postnatal forebrain
Nassour, John. "Success-failure learning for humanoid : study on bipedal walking." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERSA001.
Full textWe learn and develop from our experiences through continuous interactions with the world. Neurological understanding of the learning mechanisms is beginning to emerge to a level where they can be validated on robots. The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) is involved in cognitive control by acting as an early warning system for error in relation to the risk taking tendency (the Vigilance). Whereas, the Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) plays a role in reward loop by coding of outcomes, thus, regulating decision-making and expectation. These neural mechanisms play an underpinning role in cognitive development and learning. Furthermore, it has been shown that robust and complex motor patterns are said to originate from the spinal cord, where it is believe to process a central patterns generator (CPG). This thesis presents computational neural models, realized on a robot that can acquire and learn from experiences. A framework for success-failure learning based on the studies of ACC is presented, this learning framework provide a neural mechanism that allows the robot to learn from experiences. Based on the OFC, this success-failure learning was extended to support for coding of reward adaptively which enhance the learning to improve the robot's performance. A low-level controller based on the studies of CPG was developed to provide a diverse patterns generator for the production of motor patterns for learning. Bringing it all together, we validated the success-failures learning framework with the supports of the extended CPG on a humanoid robot, NAO, learning to walk under varying condition. The results showed that the robot was able to adapt as well as deal with disturbances
Teissier, Anne. "L'évolution du néocortex des Mammifères : gène Dbx1 et les cellules transitoires de la plaque corticale." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066336.
Full textGeisen, Marc. "Role of Hox genes in brain stem development : Identification of Phox2b as a target gene in motor neuron specification and regulation of Robo/Slit guidance molecules in pontine neuron migration." Strasbourg 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13057.
Full textMotor neurons acquire a precise identity according to their position along the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axis of the neural tube. In a first study I analysed the transcriptional regulation of the homeodain transcription factor Phox2b, a determinant of branchiomotor neuron identity. We showed that Hoxb1 and Hoxb2 can directly regulate the expression of Phox2b, via a consensus binding site for Hox proteins and their known cofactors embedded in a highly conserved Phox2b enhancer region, and that such regulation requires a de-repression mechanism mediated by the Nkx2. 2 homeodomain factor to allow Hox dependent activation of Phox2b. In a following study I focused on the implication of Hox factors during neuronal migration. Through the analysis of Hox paralogue group (PG) 2 mutant mice, I showed that Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 are required to maintain a normal migration behaviour of pontine neurons through the regulation of the Robo/Slit (receptor/ligand) signalling pathway
Gonthier, Bertrand. "Functional link between semaphorins and matrix metalloproteinases : Implication during cortical neurite outgrowth." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2007/GONTHIER_Bertrand_2007.pdf.
Full textBeyond its fundamental importance, the comprehension of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axonal and dendritic outgrowth represents a major challenge to better understand the lack of central nervous system regeneration observed in case of traumatic lesions. My thesis work concerned the identification of a molecular interaction between two families of proteins largely implied in the development of the nervous system but also at the time of many pathological processes of the nervous system: Semaphorins and Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs). In the developing cerebral cortex, the axons and dendrites are gradually set up in response to guidance molecules attracting or repelling the growing neurites. Recent work showed the existence of a functional link between families of guidance molecules (Netrins and Ephrins) and Metalloproteinases. During my thesis, I sought the existence of such a functional interaction between the Matrix Metalloproteinases and the Semaphorin family. In the first part of this work, I observed that the expression pattern and the proteolytic activity of MMP-3 in situ are compatible with a role of this MMP during the growth of the cortical axons. Moreover, I showed that MMP-3 is necessary to the optimal elongation of axons in vitro. Finally, I showed that Sema3C exerts its chemoattractive effect on the axons by specific recruitment of MMP-3. The analysis of cortical axons growth behaviour in the presence of Sema3C gradients revealed that MMP-3 is necessary not only for the stimulation of growth induced by Sema3C but also for the orientation of the growth. This result is one of the first demonstrations of a direct role of MMPs in a process of axonal guidance. Moreover, I found that the expression profile in the cortex of two other MMPs (MMP-2 and - 9) was consistent with a potential role of these enzymes in cortical development. Indeed, it appeared clearly that these two MMPs are strongly expressed in E15 cortical neurons in layer V and VI. I performed a series of experiments similar to the work undertaken for MMP-3 to analyse the interaction between gelatinases and Sema3A during cortical dendrite outgrowth. I showed that MMP-2 and -9 are expressed and active in the E15 neocortex and that MMP-2 is involved in the dendritic growth triggered by Sema3A. This part of the study also revealed the nature of the receptor complex leading to Sema3A-dependent recruitment of MMP-2. Strikingly, this complex is composed at least of neuropilin-1, neuropilin-2 and plexinA1. Hence, preliminary results showed that the selective activation and secretion of MMP-2 by Sema3A is PKCα dependent. Overall, this study provides the first evidence for the existence of an interaction between the Matrix Metalloproteinases and the Semaphorins. This functional interaction appears as a key element to trigger the chemoattractive effects of Semaphorins. Because MMPs and Semaphorins are important in the context of CNS regeneration, my results are also of prime importance to delineate new possible therapeutic strategies based on the interference of this functional interaction
Segarra, Joseph. "Le système HGF/Met au cours du développement du système nerveux : réseau de signalisation impliqué dans la migration des neurones corticaux et caractérisation de nouvelles cibles géniques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22034.pdf.
Full textGarreau, Bernard. "Etude physiologique d'activités perceptives dans les troubles du développement." Université de Tours. UFR de médecine, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR3320.
Full textVanolst, Luc. "Pannier et le développement de la Drosophile : Un modèle de choix pour l'étude in vivo des enhancers." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2006/VANOLST_Luc_2006.pdf.
Full textČulig, Luka. "Effets de l'augmentation de la neurogénèse adulte dans un modèle murin écologique de dépression." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4021.
Full textMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder hypothesized to be associated with alterations in brain circuitry, dysregulations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Multiple lines of evidence point to the involvement of AHN in mood and anxiety disorders, leading to the formation of the “neurogenesis hypothesis”, which postulates that adult-born hippocampal neurons are involved in the etiology and treatment efficacy of MDD. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of adult-born neurons after the onset of stress exposure and the mechanism that underlies the observed results. Our results suggest that increasing neurogenesis is sufficient to buffer against the effects of chronic stress on certain behavioral and endocrine levels and thus to display antidepressant-like effects, both behaviorally and physiologically. Adult-born neurons might have exerted some of their effects via the anteromedial division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTMA)
Bensalem, Julien. "Effets des polyphénols de baies sur le déclin cognitif lié au vieillissement chez la souris." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0393/document.
Full textIt is now well accepted that aging is linked to the onset of cognitive impairments. Among them, age-related memory alterations can be brought in evidence both in humans and animals. Several studies have highlighted the beneficial role of polyphenols on memory functions and particularly on age-related memory decline. Thus, the Neurophenols project aims at developing nutritional assets rich in polyphenols from grape and blueberry, and to objectify their beneficial role on the age-related cognitive decline in humans and pets. The aim of this thesis was to highlight beneficial effects of a polyphenol mix from grape and blueberry, the Neurophenol TM extract, on learning and memory performances in aged mice and to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these performances. More specifically, we have focused on the hippocampus, a key brain structure involved in learning and memory processes that is particularly altered during aging. This preclinical work will subsequently objectify the results in humans. Our main results show that hippocampal-dependent learning and memory alterations during aging are recovered by a polyphenol supplementation. We also show that these age-related memory deficits are linked to a decrease of gene expression of proteins involved in signaling pathways underlying memory processes and to a decrease of hippocampal neurogenesis. The polyphenol supplementation can restore the expression level of some genes and up-regulate neurotrophin expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, this supplementation has a beneficial impact on hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Finally, we show that a Neurophenol TM supplementation can reduce mortality in aged mice. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the mix Neurophenol TM on the maintenance of memory performances in mice during aging, through their action on synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. These promising results in aged mice provide positive arguments on the benefits of polyphenols on memory during aging. Thus, it was also developed a clinical study aiming at supplementing elderly subjects with the Neurophenol TM extract in order to evaluate their memory performances
Passerieux, Dorothée. "L'unité d'évaluation des troubles du développement évaluée par les familles." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11101.
Full textNadeau, Sara-Ève. "Le développement de l'insomnie et des troubles anxieux : étude qualitative." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40219.
Full textInsomnia has a high rate of comorbidity with anxiety disorders (19.3%). Most of the research and etiologic models address these disorders independently and do not discuss the developmental process of the comorbidity. To improve the existing etiologic models, this qualitative study explores patients’ perception of the development and the course of these comorbid disorders. Thirteen individual interviews were conducted with patients (6 women,7 men; mean age 45 years old) after their psychological assessment in a sleep clinic. The participants were diagnosed with the insomnia disorder and with anxiety, which caused significant clinical distress or functional impairment. Kleinman’s explanatory models perspective and constructivist paradigm guides the collect and analysis of data. Qualitative data were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Subsequently, interviews were analyzed using the thematic analysis. First, four salient variables about etiology emerged from this analysis: attachment, self-image, overcompensation mechanisms, and coping strategies. Secondly, the results highlighted the complexity of the relationship between insomnia and anxiety disorders, which participants describe as a vicious circle. Thirdly, the results showed that the influence these comorbid disorders have on each other varies among the same participant. Finally, integrating these results in further research could improve clinical etiology models and favor a transdiagnostic approach to treat insomnia and anxiety disorders.