Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Troubles addictifs'
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Marchal, Fabrice Tilikete Samir. "Troubles bipolaires et addictifs éléments d'analyse d'une étude française /." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2005. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0233156.pdf.
Full textRabat, Yolaine. "Impact du profil addictif sur le statut émotionnel après un accident vasculaire cérébral." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0132.
Full textEvery year in France 140000 patients had a stroke. Amongst them, a third develop emotionalimpairments such as post-stroke depression or anxiety (respectively PSD and PSA). These complications contribute to an alteration in the functional prognostic and quality of life of thesepatients. The early identification and management of these emotional impairments is thereforea major clinical issue. Outside of non-modifiable risk factors such as a history of psychiatricdisorders or the clinical stroke severity, the influence of the changes in health lifestyle that are recommended post-stroke is not known. In this context, the impact of problematic substanceuse, as conceptualized in addictology, of usual substances, such as tobacco and alcohol, or ofthe new and emerging hyper-palatable and highly processed (HP) foods, has yet not beenexplored.The objectives of this present work were to determine amongst the stroke population thecharacteristics of such problematic substance use in terms of prevalence and impact on poststrokeemotional impairments, on the one hand, and to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms supporting the response to substance use cessation treatment strategies.In order to answer the first objective, three prospective cohorts comprising of patients admittedto the Neuro-vascular Unit at the University Hospital of Bordeaux and who benefited fromclinical and neuropsychiatric evaluations were analyzed (1: N=2300, 66.8±15.1 years old, 63%males, NIHSS at 3 months=1.26±2.60; 2) N=74, 60.3±12 years old, 68.9% males, NIHSS at admission=2.73±3.13; 3) N=101, 62.8±13.7 years old, 60.4% males, NIHSS at admission= 2.31±3.13). In thecontext of our second objective, we conducted a systematic review of the current literature onthe cerebral biomarkers identified by Magnetic Resonance Imaging as predictors of smokingcessation treatment outcome (N=24 studies: N=7 anatomical, N=9 resting state, N=14activation).The results of our work suggest that 1) there is an important proportion (30,3%) of strokevictims presenting a problematic substance use; 2) a link exists between the addiction profileseverity to tobacco and HP foods and the anxious and/or depressive symptomatology at 3months post-stroke; and 3) highlight the key role of the insula in the neuronal anatomicalfunctionalcircuits implicated in smoking cessation treatment outcome.These different studies offer a new insight into the importance of the screening and managementof addictive behaviours in the secondary prevention of stroke. The early identification of disorders linked to substance abuse, as defined in the classification of mental illnesses but alsoto food addiction, could help to enhance the patients’ emotional well-being and therefore reduceAbstract9the socio-economical burden of post-stroke complications. Moreover, characterizing specificimaging biomarkers of the response to cessation treatment could constitute the first step towardsprecision medicine by prescribing specific therapeutic strategies tailored at an individual scale
Ursule, Géraldine. "Grossesse et addictions." Antilles-Guyane, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0301.
Full textNOWADAYS, WOMEN WHO CAN PROCREATE TAKE INCREASINGLY DRUGS EXPOSING THEMSELVES TO RISKS DUE TO SUCH BEHAVIORS. MOREOVER, FEMALE CONSUMPTION OF DRUGS PROVE TRUE MORE AND MORE IMPORTANT AND MORE EARLY FOR THE FIRST EXPERIMENT. ACCORDINGLY, A DISPERSION OF DRUGS CONSUMPTION BY PREGNANT WOMEN IS TO BE DEPLORED. THIS IS A COMMON NOT SAFE AND COMPLEX REALNESS. A LOT OF THEM ADOPT DRUGS ADDICTION BEHAVIORS SMOKING CIGARETTES, MARIHUANA, DRINKING ACOHOL, TAKING CRACK, COCAINE, HEROIN, AMPHETAMINES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES IN SPITE OF THEY ARE PREGNANT. SOME DOESN'T KNOW THEIR GRAVID STATE. PREGNANCY IS A PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT AND PRIVILEDGE MOMENT IN A WOMEN LIFE CAUSING DEEP PHYSICAL AND PSYCHIC DISRUPTIONS. THUS IT IS SOURCE OF VULNERABILlTY. IT CAN REVEAL IT VERY PERILOUS FOR WOMEN TAKING SUBSTANCES. INDEED, THEY EXPOSE THEIR FOETUS TO SERIOUS COMPLICATIONS AT SHORT-TERM, MID-TERM, LONG-TERM LIKE DEATH IN UTERO AND PREMATURITY. A MESS OF FEAR ARE BEING LEFT REGARDING THESE RISKY PREGNANCIES. THE THESIS GOAL IS THE SETTING UP OF SCREENING TOOL IN MATERNITY. ONLY A MULTISCIPLINARY APPROACH OF THIS PROBLEMATIC CAN COME TRUE SUCCESSFULL. THE FIRST PART DEALS,TROUGH A REVIEW OF LITERATURE, WITH ADDICTION, AND ADDICTION AND PREGNANCY. THE SECOND PART PRESENTS A CLiNICAL CASE. THE THIRD PART PROPOSES THE REALISATION OF A SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE
Corcos, Maurice. "Depression et alexithymie : leurs fonctions dans les conduites addictives alimentaires a l'adolescence." Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA070106.
Full textGrigioni, Sébastien. "Conduites addictives chez l'adulte jeune : 1- addictions et stress : étude transversale dans une population d'étudiants en professions de santé, 2 - validation d'un outil francophone de dépistage des troubles du comportement alimentaire." Rouen, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUENR12.
Full textBackground: Students, particularly in healthcare, has to face significant sources of stress such as courses, changing rhythm, financial difficulties or loss of marks, including family's one. This period is also associated with a peak incidence of eating disorders (ED), changes in dietary habits and consumption of psychoactive substances such as alcohol, cannabis, or tobacco. The aim of this study was double: study the association between stress and these different health components of healthcare student and validate a rapid and simple screening tool for people at risk of ED. Materials and methods: A survey was conducted using a questionnaire to assess basic characteristics, consumption of psychoactive substances, stress level (COHEN scale), dietary habits and risk of ED among healthcare students. Meanwhile, a study was conducted among a population of students and patients suffering from TCA to determine the characteristics of validity, reliability and reproducibility of a French version of SCOFF questionnaire: the SCOFF-F. Results: The main results showed a important role of perceived stress in disorder use towards tobacco and alcohol as well as dietary habits, body weight perception and ED use among students. In addition, validation studies of SCOFF-F confirmed that this screening questionnaire was effective and reliable for early detection of people at risk of ED. Conclusion: The stress level of students should be better taken into account in prevention programs for this population. Concerning ED, SCOFF-F questionnaire has the characteristics required to be distributed widely to health professionals in order to identify person at risk of ED
Liraud, Florence. "Addiction aux substances psychoactives dans les troubles psychotiques et les troubles de l'humeur : facteurs de risque, conséquences pronostiques, et implications thérapeutiques." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20944.
Full textIn the 1st part of this thesis are reviewed studies assessing the prevalence of substance use disorders in patients with psychiatric disorders, particularly in patients presenting with psychotic and/or mood disorder, as well as the clinical and prognostic characteristics associated with a dual diagnosis. The various hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the comorbid association are reviewed. In the 2nd part are presented 4 original studies. The 1rst one was focused on the prevalence of substance use disorders in patients hospitalised in psychiatry, and on the associated clinical and prognostic characteristics. The 2nd study was focused on the neuropsychologic impact of substance use disorders in patients presenting with psychotic and/or mood disorder. The 3rd study was focused on the temperamental characteristics associated with substance misuse in patients presenting with psychotic and/or mood disorder. The 4th was focused on the association between temperamental characteristics and prognostic characteristics. In the 3rd part of this thesis we present a synthesis of the results obtained in our studies, and on the implications of these finding regarding the treatment for patients presenting with comorbid disorders. The different therapeutic approaches for patients with dual diagnosis are compared, in order to identify the most effective ones
Bernoussi, Amal. "Addiction au cannabis et personnalité limite." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20036.
Full textThe research presented originates in a double set of problems : on the one hand revelation of cannabis addiction and on the other hand the link between cannabis addiction and borderline personality adaptation ("character neurosis" and "character psychosis"). With this aim in mind, we hypothesized that self esteem, behavioral involvement, activity system and representation of the rules and expectations of society define the type of personality adjustment of cannabis addict ("character neurosis" et "character psychosis"). The first phase of our research consisted of characterization of the sample. Our population consisted of 70 cannabis addict selected according to precise inclusion criteria (the cannabis dependency questionnaire, the Addiction severity index and criteria of bordreline personnahty according to the DSM IV). The second phase investigated our general hypothesis based on self-esteem, behavioral involvement, activity system and representation of the rules and expectations of society. In order to test our hypothesis and its correlations, we used the following evaluation tools : the Self esteem inventory, Hand test, the Telic dominance scale and the semi-structured interview mode. Self esteem, activity system and representation of the rules and expectations of society are in fact discriminant components of the cannabis addicts in our sample. Behavioral involvement was weakly significant in differentiating cannabis addicts according to personality adjustment. In conclusion, the personality adjustment of the cannabis addict, has an influence on cannabis consumption. Cannabis addiction is controlled if personality adjustment is of "character neurosis" type, but on the other hand addiction will be reinforced if the adjustment is of "character psychosis" type
Lukasiewicz, Michael. "Addictions et doubles diagnostics dans les prisons françaises." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066194.
Full textKarcher, Brigitte. "La honte comme sauvegarde de la subjectivité dans la clinique des troubles alimentaires." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063279.
Full textLe, Rocheleuil Sarah. "Dépistage du Trouble de Déficit d’Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivité (TDA/H) chez des adultes consultant pour un trouble addictif et perspective de prise en charge." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100009.
Full textADD/ADHD is still undervalued among adult population despite negative consequences and great suffering. This disorder is however a well known risk factor in the development and maintenance of addiction. The main goal of this study is to promote better identification of ADD/ADHD in addiction treatment units. A better visibility of the prevalence of addict patients with ADD/ADHD, severity of this comorbid association and consequences could lead to some adjustments of programs available in these units. This study is divided into two parts: Phase I - Screening of ADD/ADHD : this disorder appeared to be over-represented among addict patients with a prevalence as high as 15.1%. These patients had more comorbid psychiatric disorders, first use of alcohol or cocaine at an earlier age, higher prevalence of behavioral addictions, and a more precarious professional situation. They also showed a higher level of impulsivity, neuroticism and extraversion, a lower level of agreeableness and consciousness than other users.Phase II - Implementation and feasibility study of CBT group focusing on this comorbid association. A pilot group of 4 participants completing the program reported a high degree of satisfaction. In comparison with pre-test, evaluation showed slight improvements in levels of symptoms of ADD/ADHD, anxiety and depression, impulsivity, self-esteem, life satisfaction and psychological flexibility. Self-blame decreased as coping strategies showed an improvement (planning, humor, positive reinterpretation and instrumental support). Improvements remain partially after 6 months
Cayn, Delphine. "Fonction des addictions avec et sans drogues dans le trouble de la personnalité borderline." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB143.
Full textAddictions, acting-out and eating disorders are known to be comorbid with borderline personality disorder. Their high frequencies mean that they support involvements and functions in the way that borderline personality operates. Borderline subjects are led to acting-out urgently by mood disorder, depression, emotional instability and incapacity to regulate them. In borderline personality, defense mechanisms are diversified between nevrosis and psychosis. The major dysfunction seems to set on fail of self-containing and porosity of the borders of the self. Identity disorder and narcissistic failures are the main issues in borderline personality disorder which lead to recreate pathological relationship to the primary object with later relationship. Dependent relationship and fear of abandonment manage borderline subjects and their symptomatology with addictions and acting-out. This research aim to examine different dimensions: interpersonal dependency, attachment, alexithymia, depression, hopelessness feeling, anaclitism, dependent and avoidant personality disorders according to addictions with and without drugs, and suicide attempts and non suicidal self-injury
Tavolacci, Marie-Pierre. "Conduites et consommations à risque et addictives chez les étudiants." Rouen, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUENR09.
Full textMajd, Parvaneh. "Toxicomanie-troubles de la personnalité en rapport avec le type d’attachement et de maltraitance dans une population de femmes iraniennes : "une étude comparative"." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN20001.
Full textThe subject of our work was to study the influence of type of attachment and maltreatment on personality disorders in a population of patients addicted to drugs who receive replacement therapy. Our sample consisted of 140 patients with a diagnosis of toxic drug addiction substitu-tion treatment, including 70 women who represent the experimental group and 70 men who represent the control group. To evaluate the traumatic events in childhood, we used the CASRS (Child Abuse Self Report Scale), for assessing personality disorder we used MCMI (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory) and finally the ASQ (Attachment Scale questionnaire) to meas-ure the type of attachment. Our results show that there are significant differences between males and females. A higher occurrence of abuse during childhood, demonstrates insecure at-tachment, more comorbid personality disorder and a socio-familial especially among women, which may have etiological significance. These epidemiological differences have an impact on the severity of substance abuse (more importantly the emotional and physical abuse). There-fore, these results encourage us to rethink our strategies of care for more specific approaches while handling such patients
Tammar, Raghdah. "Les croyances associées à l'alcool et leur lien avec les expériences traumatiques et certains troubles psychologiques en Arabie Saoudite : étude exploratoire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0510.
Full textIntroduction: Mostly, the researches about this subject are done in legal alcohol consumption environment. Therefore the case of Saudi Arabia should give different results. Regarding cognitive theory, chemical dependence consists of a strong interaction between cognitions (thoughts, convictions, schemas), values, opinions, expectations and suppositions attitudes; emotions; familial and social connections; social impacts; and natural and physiological procedures. We are interested in exploring these beliefs in a society that forbids alcohol and presenting a complete evaluation protocol adapting to Saudi culture. Method: We studied 144 subjects, separated into 3 groups depending on addiction and gender. Results: Higher positive believes related to alcohol in alcoholics while there is no difference between men and women. A positive correlation between craving and relapse. The traumatic experiences are higher in alcoholics and positively correlated with relapse. Conclusion: The beliefs related to alcohol consumption beside all other variables that are mentioned above have a vital role in the comprehension and the treatment of this issue
Wohl, Mathias. "Analyse génotypique de la vulnérabilité au Trouble Déficit de l'Attention/Hyperactivité de l'enfant : gènes dopaminergiques de susceptibilité aux addictions." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066424.
Full textChild Attention Deficit Hyperactivity (ADHD) is a disorder of early occurrence. Litterature suggests a higher risk of disruptive behaviors in childhood, and addiction in adulthood. Familial and twin studies reflect a high weight of heredity in ADHD. It appears as the first pathological expression of a broad genetic vulnerability to externalizing problems and addiction. The association studies between ADHD and candidate genes have been done around the genes of the dopaminergic pathway, providing multiple and contrasting results. Our first task has consisted in a meta-analysis of published association studies. Meta-analysis showed a significant association between ADHD and genes coding for dopamine receptor D4, D5, and dopamine transporter (DAT). Our results have allowed two publications. Our experimental objectives have focused on two dimensions of the genetics of ADHD: the genetic vulnerability to the disorder itself, and genetic variability in the quality of response to psychostimulant (pharmacogenetic). Our method has consisted in family based association studies between child ADHD and polymorphisms of DRD2 and DAT genes. We have enrolled a sample of 193 families of children and adolescents with ADHD, assessed for comorbidities, family history of alcoholism, cognitive and temperamental profile, quality of response to methylphenidate. Our results are (1) transmission of DAT gene VNTR polymorphism perfectly negative and against an association between DAT and ADHD, (2) a lack of significant transmission disequilibrium for the three tested polymorphisms of DRD2/ANKK1 gene, (3) an over-representation of the DAT 10-R in the subsample with low level of response to methylphenidate. These data were published in two original publications and one article has been submitted for publication
Karila, Laurent. "Le modèle CAIMAN (Cocaine Addiction Imaging Medications And Neurotransmitters study) : un modèle d'étude clinique, pharmacologique et d'imagerie cérébrale dans l'addiction à la cocaïne." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066406.
Full textAllegre, Benjamin. "Les addictions comportementales : le cas de la dépendance à l'activité physique : Intérêts et limites de l'utilisation des critères diagnostiques de dépendance aux substances." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22035.pdf.
Full textPhysical activity is defined as a health behaviour, however, research has indicated that exercise can become an unhealthy activity for some individuals, and hence can produce several negative outcomes. This Ph-D thesis focus on exercise dependence, which is both defined by diagnostic criteria for substance dependence from DSM-IV, and as a behavioural addiction. The aim of this thesis is to show that the use of a dependency biomedical model requires to integrate the specificity of exercise. Our work is build around four themes – which are Psychological rewards, Health state, behavioural components, and contextual characteristic of physical activity - and examines two populations of runners : “Marseille-Cassis” and “100 Kms de Millau”. Our work underlight that the lack of control – an essential feature to define an addictive pathology - is confounded with temporal commitment and negative outcomes. Although, the mood modification produced by exercise is linked with the tolerance process, implied in all dependence. Finally, the contextual characteristic of exercise is a relevant variable to understand exercise dependence
Poupard, Guillaume. "Anesthésie psychique et addiction à l’alcool : contribution à l’étude psychodynamique et psychothérapique de l’addiction à l’alcool." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10091.
Full textChassevent, Anne Guillou Landréat Morgane. "Maternité et conduites addictives enjeux et intérêts de l'addictologie de liaison en périnatalité /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=48606.
Full textPedron, Solène. "Traiter les troubles psychiatriques à l'aide de la stimulation transcrânienne par courant continu : approches comportementale et neurobiologique chez la souris." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA3007/document.
Full textTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique in which a low current is delivered via electrodes on the scalp to modulate cortical excitability. lt is a promising tool in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatrie illnesses, yet the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects remain unknown. The goal of my thesis was to describe the effects of repeated tDCS on behavior in mice, and to offer preliminary insights regarding the neurobiological mechanisms involved. Our data indicate that repeated tDCS over the frontal lobe (0.2 mA, 2x20 min/day, 5 consecutive days) has antidepressant prope11ies and improves memory. Interestingly, tDCS increased precursor cell proliferation in the hippocampus, suggesting that tDCS may increase neurogenesis levels in this brain area. Lastly, tDCS decreased the behavioral and/or the molecular effects of nicotine, alcohol and cocaïne. For example, tDCS attenuated cocaine-induced Zif268 expression in specific corticostriatal circuits. Altogether, our findings provide pre-clinical evidence that tDCS cou Id be a beneficial adjunct treatment for several psychiatrie disorders. Our animal mode! will be useful to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of tDCS on behavior
Sarramon, Christine. "Vulnérabilité pour les conduites addictives (Recherche de sensations, anhédonie, impulsivité). A partir d'une étude chez 65 patients hospitalisés en psychiatrie." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23049.
Full textMichel, Laurent. "Impact des conduites addictives sur les stratégies de prévention et de prise en charge du VIH et de l'hépatite C." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066513.
Full textWafa, Mohammad Hashim. "Identification des facteurs biopsychosociaux prédictif du trouble de stress post-traumatique chez les patients admis dans le service d’urgence après un traumatisme." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1194.
Full textPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), one of the most serious sequels of a traumatic exposure, is a chronic anxiety disorder that interrupts normal psychosocial functioning of the person. Even though 60.7% of all men and 51.2% of all women encounter traumatic event(s), only 8% of these men and 20% of these women meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD. A number of well-documented risk factors predispose the individual for developing PTSD. In addition to the biopsychosocial characteristics of the person, the risk factors entail particular features of the index trauma. Trauma chronicity and severity, female gender, decreased social support, childhood adversities, pretrauma mental problem, alcohol or substance abuse and acute stress disorder are examples of the vulnerability factors. To measure sensitivity and specificity of these factors in terms of detecting population at risk of developing PTSD, we conducted the following two-step prospective multisite cohort study in five emergency departments of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The first multisite cross-sectional study have measured level of acute stress and prevalence of moderate and high risk of developing PTSD among patients visiting EDs in the aftermath of a recent trauma. The second study had a prospective cohort design and aimed at determining biopsychosocial predictors of 3-month PTSD in a randomly selected sample of the first cross-sectional study subjects. Additionally, we measured prevalence of dissociative experiences at inclusion, along with the consequences and comorbidities of PTSD at 3 months
De, Sa Nogueira David. "Voluntary cocaine or sugar intake induce neuroadaptations of the endocannabinoid system in reward-related brain regions." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ091.
Full textOccidental countries currently face an epidemic of obesity and related diseases. As eating disorders and drug addiction are both complex pathologies inducing long-term neuroadaptations, we investigated common alterations induced by either sugar or cocaine intake in reward-related brain regions. We focused our research on the endocannabinoid and opioid systems, as both systems are expressed in the central nervous system and play a crucial role in drug reward and food intake. Overall, our results highlight the hippocampus as a highly involved brain site following cocaine use. Moreover, our work sheds light on epigenetic mechanisms regulating the endocannabinoid system. More importantly, we demonstrate that a binge-like intake of sucrose induced similar transcriptional adaptations to that of voluntary cocaine intake in the nucleus accumbens. These findings may pave the way to new therapeutic targets for addictive behaviors
Charbogne, Pauline. "Mu opioid receptors and neuronal circuits of addiction : genetic approaches in mice." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ030/document.
Full textMu opioid receptors mediate the strong analgesic and addictive properties of morphine and heroin;however mu receptor function at circuit levels is not well understood and has been poorly studied by genetic approaches. These receptors are widely expressed throughout the nervous system, essentially in GABAergic neurons. The first aim of my project was to genetically inactivate the mu receptor gene in GABAergic forebrain neurons and study the behavioral consequences. Our study shows that these mu receptors are not implicated in morphine-induced analgesia and physical dependence, but are essential for locomotor effects of heroin. Moreover, our data show that these receptors inhibit motivation to consume heroin and chocolate, revealing an entirely new role for this particular population of mu receptors (Manuscript 1: Mu opioid receptors in GABAergic forebrain neurons are necessary for heroin hyperlocomotion and reduce motivation for heroin and palatable food). Also, mu receptors expressed in forebrain GABAergic neurons are not responsible for the autistic syndrome described in total mu receptor knockout mice (Manuscript 2: Mu opioid receptors in GABAergic forebrain neurons are not involved in autistic-like symptoms). Finally, we developed a new transgenic model targeting the mu receptor gene in glutamatergic neurons, but receptor deletion was not detectable in conditional mice. We also initiated the creation of a transgenic Cre driver line to knockout genes of interest in the extended amygdala, and this tool will enable us to study mu receptor function within this microcircuit
Galan, Clémentine. "Addiction à Internet à l'adolescence et chez le jeune adulte : déterminants cliniques de l'usage problématique." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR2016.
Full textIntroduction. Problematic Internet use is a risky behavior that shares a number of criteria with other addictions. Internet addiction was investigated and defined by Young, who created a measurement tool that is still valid today: the Internet Addiction Test (1998). Adolescents and young adults are considered to be particularly at risk. The objective of this research work is to study the clinical factors of problematic Internet use in adolescents and young adults.Methods. Participants. Three samples were constituted: (i) 998 adolescents and young adults (average age 17.89, ± 3.83); (ii) 602 adolescents (15.12, ± 1.23); (iii) 59 adolescents attending child psychiatry centers (15.78, ± 1.35). Material and procedure. Subjects completed self-report instruments related to Internet use and addiction, video game addiction, gambling (gambling disorder), food addiction, substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis), personality traits, anxiety and mood disorders, and the probability of attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD).Results. The first study with adolescents and young adults categorized Internet use and other uses and addictions by age and gender. Internet and video game use declined with age, while the use of psychoactive substances (tobacco, alcohol) increased. The second study focused more specifically on Internet use and its relationship to personality traits. It revealed that subjects with problematic Internet use had low scores on Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, reflecting their tendency to be more conformist, antagonistic and impulsive. The third study with adolescents examined the links between Internet use and anxiety and mood disorders. The results indicate that adolescents with problematic Internet use had more depressive and anxiety symptoms. The fourth study shows that adolescents at risk of ADHD had a more problematic use of the Internet. The fifth study, based on a cluster analysis of the clinical factors, identified 7 profiles of Internet users. Of these, 3 concerned subjects with problematic Internet use: (i) without associated disorders, apart from gaming disorder; (ii) with addictions to psychoactive substances and behavioral addictions; (iii) with prevalent anxiety and mood disorders. The sixth study analyzed the problematic use of the Internet by adolescents receiving clinical care. They had a problematic Internet use associated with gambling disorder, but little use of video games. Compared to other adolescents, they had more addictions, as well as anxiety-depressive disorders and ADHD. However, if we only consider subjects with problematic Internet use, the differences in consumption and ADHD levels are no longer significant.Discussion and conclusion. This work confirms the value of studying clinical characteristics as factors contributing to problematic Internet use. There are psychopathological similarities between problematic Internet use and other drugs and behavioral addictions, thus supporting the inclusion of Internet addiction in international classifications. This research also identified profiles in which the addiction could be serve different functions. This opens up avenues for research, care and prevention of problematic Internet use
Smith, Pauline. "Étude transnosographique de l'obsession et de la compulsion dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif et l'addiction à la cocaïne." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS211.
Full textCocaine addiction and obsessive compulsive disorder are two psychiatric disorders that have severe consequences. These two disorders have common features, including obsessive concerns and compulsive behaviors. The general objective of this work was to explore the processes that underlie the two dimensions of obsession and compulsion in both disorders, and in particular their evolution in remitted patients. To this aim, we used two types of tasks: emotional Stroop tasks allowed to study the influence of cocaine- or OCD- related stimuli on attentional processes, and Reversal Learning tasks allowed us to study lack of cognitive flexibility (ie a difficulty to adjust its behavior to environmental changes), which is involved in compulsive behaviors. These experiments allowed us to bring to light an attentional bias in patients with cocaine addiction, and intermediate behavior in abstinent patients who have suffered from addiction. We also observed an attentional bias in OCD patients. Concerning cognitive flexibility in cocaine addiction, we showed that abstinent patients had a behavior that was intermediary between that of control participants and that of current cocaine users, who were more impulsive, but not more compulsive than controls. In the general population, we did not observe a link between obsessive-compulsive tendencies and deficits in a Reversal Learning task, but we observed that participants who exhibited more compulsive behavior were the same as those who exhibited more impulsive behavior. These results help shed light on the nature of obsession and compulsion dimensions, as well as their role in cocaine addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Barbier, Estelle. "Exposition précoce à l'alcool : facteur de risque dans l'addiction ? : Etude comportementale et moléculaire." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIED011.
Full textSeveral clinical studies have shown that early alcohol exposure is a risk factor for the development of drug dependence. Our research focused on the long-term effects of pre- and postnatal alcohol exposure on both brain function and drugs of abuse response in adulthood. This work has been done using two rat strains to take into account for the genetic influence: Sprague Dawley (SD) and Long Evans (LE) rats. The main result of this study indicated that adult offspring exposed to early ethanol displayed an increase in consumption and preference to both ethanol and morphine solutions, in sensitivity to the rewarding effects of cocaine in SD rats and of ethanol in LE rats. Indeed, this study has shown some differential alterations induced by early alcohol exposure between SD and LE rats that may be due to interindividual differences between these two strains. The sensitization to psychostimulants was facilitated after early ethanol exposure in both strains. In addition, early ethanol exposure induced an increase in the anxiolytic effects of ethanol and the HPA axis response to ethanol that may be implicated in the increase in ethanol preference induced by early life ethanol exposure. In parallel, gene expression analysis revealed that expression of a large number of genes was altered in brain regions involved in reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Dopaminergic receptors and transporter binding sites were also down-regulated in the striatum of ethanolexposed offspring. Such long-term neurochemical alterations in transmitter systems and in the behavioral responses to drugs of abuse may confer an increase in vulnerability to addiction
Kervran, Charlotte. "Stabilité psychométrique des critères diagnostiques du DSM-5 pour les troubles de l’usage de substances et valeur prédictive du craving sur l’usage de substance selon le contexte de soin. Dans quelle mesure le craving diffère-t-il des autres critères diagnostiques ?" Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0442.
Full textIntroduction : Loss of control of use of a rewarding substance is the core of substance use disorders. The psychometric validity of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders was tested for several substances, but the addition of craving as a diagnostic criterion is still debated. A behavioral model of addiction has been proposed in which craving intensity fluctuation over time predicts later use and relapse supporting its addition as a diagnostic criterion of the loss of control dimension. However, these previous studies focused only on samples of substance users attempting to reduce use or abstain.The main objective of this thesis project is to test the psychometric stability of the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5 substance use disorders according to treatment context, paying particular attention to the role of craving as a diagnostic criterion and as a dynamic dimension. Substance users recruited in harm reduction programs (HR), a substance-use friendly environment and substance users seeking treatment (TX) to reduce or abstain from use were compared. Methods : The stability of the 11 diagnostic criteria for alcohol, cocaine, opiates, cannabis and tobacco use disorders was tested. The Item Response Theory (IRT) and Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analyses made it possible to study the behavior of the diagnostic criteria between them and in relation to the underlying latent trait of the use disorder, and to test the functioning of the criteria between the two populations. The applicability of the behavioral model was tested among HR subjects using the EMA (Ecological Momentary Assessment), collecting craving intensity and substance use repeatedly in daily life, to test the prospective link using the HLM (Hierarchical Linear Model) method. Results : Regardless of substances used and treatment context, the diagnostic criteria assessing loss of control worked correctly and more particularly the craving criterion, which was less the case for the diagnostic criteria related to consequences of use. As a diagnostic criterion, craving seems to be the most selective, because it fits better to the one-factor model, it is among the least difficult to be endorsed (more frequent), is the most discriminant and captures subjects with mild substance use disorders. The EMA study highlights the predictive role of craving on use, regardless of the context of use. Conclusion : This work questions the relevance of the criteria of consequences of use, because of their psychometric characteristics, which are less effective than the loss of control criteria, and their low inter-sample stability. This work highlights the role of craving as a driving force for use and supports its interest as a diagnostic and prognostic measure of loss of control. These results could make it a specific and early marker of addiction that can be easily detected and used in clinical practice, and justify its being a target for therapeutic interventions
Odier, Nicolas. "Apports des sciences sociales à la compréhension des addictions : un enjeu de santé publique ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5009/document.
Full textIn the last century, Freud spoke of "Discontents in Civilisation" (Freud, 1929), our century not hide a deeper malaise ?Indeed, we can think that the sum of the constraints, now exceed the adaptive capacity of individuals and their family and social networks, that the use of addictions become so much a survival strategy or a control mechanism to keep a psychosocial balance. Everything happens in the reality of the management of addictions related or not with a psychiatric disorder or vice versa, as if the individual was in an empty social world. However, the social context - and Freud was one of the first to demonstrate - interacts according to interactionist tradition on all deviant behavior. One of our aims is to highlight the contributions of the social sciences and especially sociology in understanding addictions. Indeed, he is admitted today that purely medical approaches, somatic or cognitive, haven't met the expectations of patients and health professionals. We therefore propose to demonstrate through this study that the sociological approach to addictions can help us both to understand why an individual at a time of his life gets caught in a risky behavior and how we can try to help him regain a state of pleasure. The challenge is to understand the addiction through the social history of the individual. The various models proposed so far are failures for normative reasons. However, we know that we can change our behavior to preserve our health. We propose a model of care that takes into account both an individualized management over the long term and the social history of each
Armand, Malaplate Catherine. "Voie de toxicité des substances pro-inflammatoires et des substances addictives dans une lignée astrocytaire humaine : conséquences physiopathologiques en neurotoxicologie." Nancy, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN12501.
Full textReynaert, Marie-Line. "Stress, sex and addiction : self-medication hypothesis in the response to reward in the prenatal restraint stress model in rat." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10094/document.
Full textStress is an important factor in the etiology of mood disorders and addictive behaviors. Prenatally restraint stressed (PRS) rats, i.e. the offspring of dams submitted to repeated episodes of stress during the last ten days of gestation, display stress-related disorders (anxiety, depression, vulnerability to drugs of abuse), with a clear-cut sex effect in PRS-induced profile: PRS males are anxious while PRS rats of both sexes display a depressive-like behavior. An impairment of glutamate release in the ventral hippocampus lies at the core of the anxiety-like profile of PRS rats and we have shown that chronic treatment with antidepressants enhanced glutamate release and corrected PRS rats anxious-/depressive-like profile. Here, for the first time, the alteration of circadian patterns, as a feature of depression, was analyzed both in male and female rats. We have shown a gender-specific outcome of PRS on circadian patterns of locomotor activity, resynchronization to a new light-dark cycle, and hypothalamic CRH levels. We extended the impact of sex in our model to addiction and demonstrated that 1)sex hormones play a key role in determining rats preference for drugs in a conditioned place preference paradigm; 2)sensitiveness is stimulus-dependent (natural reward chocolate vs cocaine). Finally, we found that an enhanced preference for cocaine, shown in females and in PRS rats of both sexes, was linked to the locomotor activating effect of the drug but also to its anxiolytic and antidepressant effect. This suggests that preference for a drug is increased when the drug is able to correct mood disorders, reinforcing the hypothesis of self-medication in addiction
Le, Dorze Claire. "Le trouble de stress post traumatique, une pathologie de la réactivation mnésique ? Recherche d'un découplage monoaminergique et de nouvelles tentatives thérapeutiques chez le rat." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066645/document.
Full textPost-Traumatic Stress disorder (PSTD) appears on a part of individuals exposed to traumatic events. This pathology is characterized by frequent re-experiencing of the traumatic event inducing disabling and long-lasting anxiety disorders. These flashbacks, triggered by reminder cues, are responsible for the frequent relapses that characterize PTSD. Addiction to drugs of abuse is also characterized by a hyper reactivity to reminder cues which is responsible for drug craving and relapses. We hypothesized that such a susceptibility to environmental cues, common to both pathologies, could be due to an uncoupling of monoaminergic systems induced by exposure to intense conditions (trauma or drugs). Data from this thesis showed that our animal model of PTSD (the Single Prolonged Stress) reproduced PTSD-like symptoms on vulnerable rats, and reactivity to reminder cues. Our data also showed that trauma induced a behavioral desensitization and a cortical noradrenergic sensitization, in vulnerable traumatized rats, supporting the hypothesis of monoaminergic uncoupling. Finally, we developed a new therapeutic approach, the "emotional remodeling" which was shown to durably decrease PTSD-like symptoms. The results obtained in this thesis support the hypothesis of common physiological basis between PTSD and drug addiction, and offer new therapeutic approaches for these two pathologies
Bourdier, Léna. "Affectivité et alimentation : étude de leurs liens au travers des concepts d’alimentation émotionnelle et d’addiction à l’alimentation." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100142/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to deepen the understanding of the links between emotional experience and food intake, by examining the role of two mechanisms: emotional eating (EE) and food addiction (FA). First, this work allowed to overcome a methodological barrier regarding the measurement of EE by validating the French version of the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire. This instrument provides an exhaustive assessment of EE, taking into account the inter-individual and inter-emotional variability specific to this concept. Second, our work, which was carried out in large sample of college students, allowed 1) to characterize different profiles of emotional eaters; 2) to demonstrate that EE and FA mediate the association between negative affectivity and excessive weight or obesity; 3) to demonstrate that EE is a key factor in the severity of clinical symptoms of FA. The last part of this work was devoted to studying the impact of EE and FA in a clinical population of patients with cardiovascular diseases. The preliminary results of this study highlighted the complexity of the links between emotional distress, disordered eating and the quality of food intake in these patients. In conclusion, this thesis sheds light on the complex interplay between emotions and food intake, and provides a better identification of the factors that can influence these links. Such knowledge is crucial in order to improve prevention policies and foster the development of more targeted and effective interventions
Porteret, Rébecca. "Trouble Déficit de l'Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivité & Impulsivité : étude et prévalence des comorbidités psychiatriques et addictives, d'aspects dimensionnels de personnalité et du niveau d'altération du fonctionnement global chez des adultes présentant un TDA/H." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05H107.
Full textIntroduction: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADH/D) still remains controversial in France, leading to a misreading of the disorder, a lack of diagnosis, and treatment, despite the considerable impacts in patients' life, psychological as well as functional. If AD/HD is recognized in children, the lack of studies in adults needed an input of new perspectives, especially in the psychological and psychopathological fields.We focused on the impulsive dimension of AD/HD, by evaluating psychiatric and additive comorbidities, two personality dimensions (Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking), and levels of functioning impairments in several dimensions, among adults, presenting an Attentional Disorder with or without Hyperactivity. Method: 199 respondents aged between 18 and 65 (mean= 34.3 years), coming from psychiatric consultations specialized in adult ¿AD/HD, received diagnosis of AD/HD (ASRS-v1.1; CAARS; WURS-61) and were classified in two groups depending on the form of disorder presented, either ADHD or just AD. The two groups, ADHD (n=116) and AD (n=83) were evaluated for the prevalence of psychiatric and addictive comorbidities, including impulse control disorders (MINI, MIDI), personality dimensions (BIS-11; FIDI; SSS) and functioning impairment level (WFIRS-RS). Our procedure allowed both categorial and dimensional assessments of AD/HD diagnosis. Results: We found as majority psychiatric comorbidities, mood disorders (specifically dysthymia), anxiety disorders (specifically generalized anxiety), and impulse control disorders (pathological buying) among the additive comorbidities. No significant difference was found in terms of prevalence between the two groups. In addition, the personality dimensions (impulsivity and sensation seeking) and the functioning impairment levels (7 dimensions) were all significantly higher for the ADHD group (vs AD group). However, all the respondents displayed identical score profiles in the two groups, concluding that, only the intensity levels of impulsivity, sensation seeking and impairment functioning, discriminate the two groups.Conclusion: Impulsivity is the core manifestation of AD/HD, appearing through high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities (through mood lability and pathological anxiety) addictive disorders (whether related to psychoactive drugs or behaviors), as well as impulsive personality trait, and some functional impairments (specifically those related to daily life skills). Our procedure shows that a dimensional evaluation of AD/HD diagnosis should always complete a categorial one, in order to evaluate the extent of the impulsive dimension in AD/HD. This study provides first data on psychological and psychopathological profiles of French AD/HD adults and future researches are needed to complete these data
Toussaint, Marion. "Synthèse et évaluation de dérivés tétrahydroisoquinoléine-hydantoïne comme ligands sélectifs des récepteurs sigma 1." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00326915.
Full textLes récepteurs sigma 1 ont été pour la première fois décrit par Martin et al en 1976. Il existe 2 sous-types : sigma 1 et sigma 2. La protéine sigma 1 se situe dans de nombreux organes périphériques et elle est surtout concentrée dans le système nerveux central. Elle est décrite pour moduler la transmission des neurotransmetteurs comme la noradrénaline, la dopamine, la sérotonine, l'acétylcholine, le glutamate régulant le fonctionnement des récepteurs NMDA et des récepteurs aux opiacés. Grâce à cette modulation, elle serait impliquée dans certaines fonctions ou troubles dont l'origine est une dérégulation de ces neurotransmetteurs. En conséquence, elle affecterait certaines fonctions comme la nociception, la dépendance à la cocaïne, les troubles mnésiques, l'épilepsie par le biais des récepteurs aux opiacés, dopaminergiques, NMDA, cholinergiques et sérotoninergiques et permettrait des effets neuroprotecteurs. Elle serait aussi impliquée dans beaucoup de comportements en relation avec le désordre neuropsychiatrique et neurologique comme la schizophrénie, la dépression, l'anxiété par le biais des récepteurs dopaminergiques, NMDA et sérotoninergiques. De plus, la protéine sigma 1 serait surexprimée dans les cellules tumorales, résultant une implication possible dans le traitement du cancer. Une collaboration a été entreprise avec le laboratoire du Dr T. Maurice à Montpellier pour évaluer l'activité des composés les plus affins sur les effets induits par la cocaïne.
Des études, préalablement réalisées au laboratoire, ont mis en évidence l'affinité de composés à structure hybride tétrahydroisoquinoléine-hydantoïne (Tic-hydantoïne) pour les récepteurs sigma 1. A partir de pharmacomodulations effectuées précédemment au laboratoire et basé sur le modèle d'Ablordeppey et Glennon, un composé présentant une bonne affinité pour sigma 1 (IC50 = 9nM), une bonne sélectivité et une faible toxicité, avait été découvert.
L'objectif du projet a été de poursuivre cette pharmacomodulation autour de ce hit pour augmenter l'affinité et la sélectivité vis-à-vis de sigma 1 mais aussi étudier les relations structure-activité. Des études ont été réalisées d'une part sur la structure Tic-hydantoïne tout en gardant la chaîne latérale intacte et d'autre part sur la chaîne latérale tout en gardant la structure Tic-hydantoïne.
La stéréochimie du carbone asymétrique et le remplacement de l'hydantoïne par une thiohydantoïne ont d'abord été évalués. D'autres pharmacomodulations ont ensuite été réalisées autour du noyau Tic-hydantoïne. Notamment, en étudiant l'impact au niveau de l'affinité sur sigma 1, d'une ouverture du cycle quinoléine, d'un remplacement de ce noyau par une pyridine ou une tétraline, de la modification de la liaison entre l'hydantoïne et la quinoléine et de la fonctionnalisation de la quinoléine. Au niveau de la chaîne latérale, nous avons évalué l'importance d'une fonctionnalisation du noyau aromatique, du petit substituant aliphatique de l'atome d'azote protonable, nécessaire d'après le modèle d'Ablordepey et enfin l'importance d'une rigidification de la chaîne latérale
Enfin, nous avons évalué les effets anti-cocaine de deux de nos molécules les plus affines sur des tests comportementaux de souris : le test de locomotion, le test de conditionnement de préférence de place et le test de l'évitement passif. L'ensemble des résultats des différents tests montre que les deux composés testés présentent un profil de type agoniste. Le plus efficace des deux facilite les effets psychostimulants et appétants de la cocaïne, sans avoir d'effet injecté seul. De plus, après une présensibilisation par une acquisition et une extinction du conditionnement de péréférence de place (CPP) une seule injection du composé provoque une réactivation du CPP. Enfin, à dose faible, le composé injecté seul n'affecte pas les conditions d'apprentissage. Mais il amplifie l'état de dépendance chimique induit par la cocaïne.
Le composé présente, chez la souris, un profil pharmacologique idéal pour être évalué dans une nouvelle thérapie agoniste.
Iceta, Sylvain. "Repenser la désinhibition alimentaire dans l’obésité, sous l’angle de l’hypothèse de l’addiction à l’alimentation." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1003/document.
Full textFood addiction (FA) is an old concept, but still subject to controversy. It affects 18 to 24% of obese people. In this thesis, we are interested in overlaps between food behavior regulation, addiction and FA, in order to better understand the mechanisms linked to food intake disinhibition. Our work leads to several results: 1) A review of the literature has shown the existence of close interaction between eating behavior regulation levels and how FA could be an example of their disturbance. 2) A cohort study demonstrated the existence of common clinical features between addiction and FA and a probable addiction transfer from nicotine to food. 3) From an experimental point of view, we have shown that there are disturbances of P300 and N200 ERP, in obesity and food disinhibition, close to those observed in addictions. 4) Finally, our results suggest the potential role of ghrelin as a marker for eating disorders increased risk. This work opens experimental perspectives, with the suggestion of more relevant control groups; clinical perspectives, with the creation of a screening tool; therapeutics perspectives, with the establishment of a therapeutic trial by tDCS
Tiran-Cappello, Alix. "Rôle du noyau subthalamique et de ses afférences hyperdirectes provenant du cortex préfrontal dans le codage et la recherche de récompense chez le rat." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0448/document.
Full textDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently one form of effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease. This approach is currently considered for the treatment of addiction. It consists in the delivery of small electric impulses inside a brain structure: the subthalamic nucleus. We have shown in the subthalamic nucleus the existence of signature associated with the transition to addiction and compulsive drug abuse, as well as the therapeutic potential of DBS to reduce pathological intake and compulsive cocaine abuse in rats. We also established the specific control exerted by the subthalamic nucleus on the motivation for sweet food and drug of abuse. Overall this thesis could allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of DBS, its therapeutic potential in addiction and possible side effects
Ansquer, Solène. "Identification phénoménologique des substrats neurobiologiques de la relation impulsivité / compulsivité : approche transnosographique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT1403/document.
Full textImpulsivity, a multidimensional trait, determines the severity of compulsive disorders (Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, obsessive compulsive disorders), but the impulsive / compulsive relation remains unclear. The aim of this work is to identify the neurobiological substrates of impulsive / compulsive balance, using causal manipulations in rats and correlational studies in patients. The results demonstrate - for the first time beside the field of addiction - that, not only high impulsive trait is a transnosological endophenotype of increased vulnerability to develop compulsive disorders, but also that the transition from impulsivity toward compulsivity depends upon the noradrenergic transmission. Furthermore, we also show that, in a Parkinson's disease preclinical model, both the nigrostriatal denervation and dopaminergic treatments increase impulsive state, thereby indicating the contribution of a complex interaction between impulsive trait, medications and neurodegenerative process to the impulsive/compulsive balance. Finally, we show the therapeutic benefit of anterior globus pallidus interna in severe forms of tics and suggest in a preclinical model, with great heuristic value, that impulsive trait predicts the efficacy of nucleus accumbens core stimulation. Together, our results demonstrate the need to address the impulsive/compulsive balance in compulsive disorders and show promise for developing new pathophysiological-based therapeutic strategies that will treat both impulsivity and compulsivity
Carrière, Nicolas. "Troubles du contrôle des impulsions au cours de la maladie de Parkinson, étude électro-encéphalographique de l’intégration de la récompense et modifications de la connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale de repos en imagerie par résonance magnétique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S060/document.
Full textBackgroundIn Parkinson’s disease, dopamine agonists are associated with an increased risk of impulse control disorders (ICD). Their occurrence is supposed to be related with a deregulation of the dopaminergic meso-limbic pathway, involved in the processing of the consequences of previous action to adapt future behaviors. Dopamine agonists, through a tonic stimulation of the dopamine receptors would lead to an overestimation of the positive consequences of actions, and therefore, continuation of a harmful behavior.Method:We investigated (i) the resting-state striato-cortical functional connectivity using functional MRI, and (ii) electro-encephalographic (EEG) markers of feedback processing during a gambling task : the feedback related negativity (FRN), the feedback related positivity, (FRP), and the theta band oscillations (4-7 Hz) in 20 Parkinson’s disease patients with an active ICD, 19 Parkinson’s disease patients without ICD, and 19 healthy subjects.Functional MRI: The ventral striatum, dorsal caudate, and anterior and posterior putamen were semi-automatically segmented. For each region of interest, a seed-based connectivity analysis was performed on preprocessed fMRI data mapped on the ipsilateral cortical surface.Neurophysiological approach: The subjects underwent an EEG while performing a gambling task. The EEG was averaged for each condition and each subject. The FRP amplitude was measured in Cz, and the FRN amplitude was measured in Fz on the difference wave between the potential evoked by losses and by gains. The power spectra were computed by using a sinusoidal Morlet wavelet transform and averaged by condition. The maximum power in the theta frequency band was computed for each participant and each condition.Results:Cortico-striatal connectivity analysis: The presence of an ICD in patients with PD was associated with functional disconnection between the left anterior putamen and both the left inferior temporal and anterior cingulate gyrus. ICD patients also displayed a trend toward a functional disconnection between (i) the left anterior putamen and the inferior frontal gyrus, (ii) the posterior putamen and the inferior temporal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate, and medial frontal gyrus on the left, as well as the medial frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and cingulate gyrus on the right, (iii) the dorsal caudate and the gyrus rectus and orbitofrontal cortex, and the middle frontal and inferior temporal gyrus on the left.Evoked potentials: In Parkinson’s disease patients without ICD and healthy controls, the FRP was greater after gains that after losses following a non-risky choice. There was no difference in FRP amplitude after losses and gains in Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD.Time-frequency analysis: At Cz, positive outcomes (gains) were associated with greater theta power than negative outcomes (losses) in Parkinson’s disease patients without ICD and in healthy controls, but not in Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD. There was an increase in theta power after unexpectedly high outcomes, at Fz in healthy controls and in FCz in Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD, whereas theta power was not modulated by the magnitude of the outcome in PD patients without ICDs.Conclusions:Parkinson’s disease patients with ICD have an alteration in EEG markers of reward in line with an altered discrimination of gains and losses and a greater sensitivity to unexpectedly high outcomes, supposed to lead to a significant activation in the dopaminergic meso-limbic pathways. These findings are in line with a dysfunction in reward processing in ICD in Parkinson’s disease. This dysfunction is associated, at rest, with an alteration in striato-cortical connectivity that goes beyond a pure dopaminergic meso-limbic dysfunction
Brunault, Paul. "Etude des facteurs psychopathologiques associés à la dépression, à la qualité de vie et à l'adiction [sic] à l'alimentation dans le cadre de la maladie chronique à partir du modèle de Wilson et Cleary." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR2020/document.
Full textThis article thesis aimed to assess risk factors for three different health outcome measures (depression, health-related quality of life and food addiction) in two populations (breast cancer patients and morbidly obese patients), by assessing the relative impact of biological and physiological variables (i.e., disease duration and severity, types of treatment used), and individual and psychological variables (i.e., psychiatric disorders, personality). By proposing and putting to the test several integrative biopsychosocial models based on Wilson and Cleary’s theoretical model, we demonstrated that : 1) Depression after breast cancer treatment is more strongly associated with variables related to the premorbid individual and psychological characteristics (i.e., personality and depression before treatment) than to biological and physiological variables (i.e., disease severity, types of treatment used) ; 2) Risk factors for lower quality of life are different depending on the quality of life dimension considered (e.g., physical, psychological or sexual) : biological and physiological variables are associated with physical quality of life ; individual and psychological factors are associated with all quality of life dimensions ; 3) Obese patients with food addiction exhibit some specific psychopathological risk factors. Our work suggest to systematically assess individual and psychological variables in patients with chronic diseases because these variables are important potential predictors for different health outcomes
Moustié, Jean-Baptiste. "Droit et risques psychosociaux au travail." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0266/document.
Full textThe concept of "psychosocial risks at work" gathers several work-related suffering risks. These risks are, at the same time, related to the generating acts of pain and to the expressions of suchpain on employees’ health. Despite its formulation, this concept refers to events affecting both mental and physical health of workers. Such affecting events share the same social ground. Indeed, psychosocial risks are mainly caused by the companies’ organization themselves, management methods or harmful relationships. Even though the expression of psychosocial risks was formerly developed out of the legal environment, it is now generally used in law to deal with issues of health and safety at work. However, the comprehensive understanding of such risks is not yet obvious from a legal perspective. These are complicated to define and delimit, tinged with subjectivity and unlikely to be understood in light of the employment law history. However, law is increasingly taking into account the different dimensions of the workers’ individuality. Also, if the psychosocial risks fail to be recognized, so far, as an independent and entire legal concept, both laws (domestic and international) and case law are more and more referring to it. Therefore, measures and legal solutions applicable to the working relationships in private companies enable to prevent such risks, punish or compensate them. As such, a wide range of people, whether related or not to the company, are able to duly face these factors
Czuba, Céline. "Consommations de substances psychoactives : à la confluence entre les droits à la santé et à la vie privée au travail." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20027/document.
Full textAddictive behaviors related to psychoactive substances are characterized by a dependence revealed by the repeated impossibility to control behavior and the continuation of the said behavior despite the subject being aware of its negative consequences. Over and beyond the significant public health issue, this topic directly concerns the world of work. Surprisingly, it remains taboo or is only approached from a moralizing angle. Should a company be the source of such behaviors or only one of the places where they are exhibited, it cannot ignore the issue. Although employers may sometimes see secondary benefits of some addictive behavior for productivity reasons (e.g. « workaholism »), this may result in a loss of efficiency of their workforce (absenteeism, accidents in the workplace, drop in productivity). Employers may be held criminally liable in the event of illicit substances being brought into the workplace. What is more, being liable for any damage or injuries caused by their employees, they must make sure they do not represent a threat to others. Last, but not least, employers are responsible for the health of their employees. This objective has been considerably strengthened by the definition of the employer’s safety obligation, by the Court of cassation, as an obligation of safety performance. In order to fulfil these obligations, employers have various control measures at their disposal and enjoy dual powers of repression and prevention. However, any action taken by the employer in the field of addiction comes up against the inalienable right to individual freedom of the employees. An employer is not omnipotent: where is the limit between the management of addictive risks in the workplace and an employee’s privacy, taking into account an employer’s obligation of safety performance
Guardia, Dewi. "Représentation du corps et anorexie mentale : de l’intégration sensorielle à l’action : approche neurocognitive du phénomène de distorsion corporelle." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S034/document.
Full textThe everyday human ability to make judgments about one’s own and other people’s body-scaled actions is disrupted in anorexia nervosa (AN). AN patients significantly overestimated their own passability (relative to a control group) in a simulated body-scaled action. These data were concordant with the patients' clinical complaints that they feel larger than they really are. Judgments in AN patients were significantly affected in the first-person-perspective condition (1PP) but not in the third-person-perspective condition (3PP; see Figure). These overall results suggest that the overestimation of the passability ratios in AN are likely to be caused by an overestimation of their own body schema. They are not symptomatic of a general impairment in perceptual judgments.This overestimation of the body schema in AN can be related to the existence of disturbance in multisensory integration in AN, since the body schema is the product of multisensory integration of visual, tactile, proprioceptive and vestibular inputs. A significant relationship exist between the behavioural performances and the severity of eating disorders by revealing a significant, positive correlation between the patient’s own body action on one hand and body concern, body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness on the other. This disruption causes restrictive eating behaviours to persist.The patients\\\\\\\' performances were related to their body weight loss over the previous months and to their pre-AN body weight. This finding provides a possible explanation for the disruption of body-scaled actions in anorexic people: the body schema modified by the rapid weight loss may not have been updated by the central nervous system. Anorexia nervosa mainly affects young women in the 15-19 age group. However, many of the neurological, morphological and psychological changes occur during puberty and they will have an impact on the body schema. Weight changes induced by eating disorders could reinforce these disturbances. The knowledge gained by studying neurological phenomena such as phantom limbs might shed light on this topic. In fact, many amputees continue to feel the presence of a phantom limb after amputation. Many explanatory models of phantom limb syndrome have emerged in recent years. One of these postulates a degree of mismatch between the sensory feedback from the phantom and the cortical regions representing the limb. In anorexic patients, there could be a conflict between the previous body schema (i.e. before the weight change) and the current sensorimotor feedback. Thus, patients would find themselves locked into a larger body
Patenaude, Catherine. "Facteurs associés à l’alliance thérapeutique en toxicomanie : effets modérateurs de la judiciarisation et des troubles sévères de santé mentale." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4078.
Full textDrug misuse has a major negative impact on individuals and on society as a whole (MSSS, 2007). The efficiency of drug treatments is however weakened by the difficulty retaining and engaging this clientele in treatment (Meier et al., 2006). In this context, and because the quality of the therapeutic alliance is associated with treatment outcome and treatment retention (Martin et al., 2000; Meier et al., 2005a), the alliance which develops between the client and therapist in the course of therapy appeared to be a promising solution to improve the efficiency of the treatments of drug addiction. The present study focus on the factors associated to the therapeutic alliance developed by drug addicts recruited in a drug rehabilitation programme (n = 269). The study is also interested in the influence of problems associated with addiction (justice and mental health) on the existing relations between the alliance and independents variables (moderating effects). The links between the therapeutic alliance and a range of factors (mental health, drug use, satisfaction with services, motivation, social support, legal pressures) are examined. The findings demonstrate that pretreatment drug use covarie with the therapeutic alliance. Cognitive disorders and satisfaction with services are two main variables assess during the group therapy which are associated with the alliance. The moderating effect of problems associated with addiction (justice, mental health) on therapeutic alliance is finally supported.
Bueno, Virginie. "Inclure l’addiction à Internet dans le DSM-V : étude de cas de la biomédicalisation des cyberdépendances." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11538.
Full textThe proposal of "Internet Addiction" in the fifth edition of the DSM : a case study of biomedicalisation : The representation of Internet excessive practices as an addiction is a highly criticized fact in the scientific field. The proposed inclusion of the mental disorder "Internet Addiction" in the fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel, has ended in March 2013 in the inclusion of the "Internet Gaming Disorder" in the Appendix section caracterised by the need to further research. The aim of this master thesis is to understand the processes which get through the debate over this inclusion. Therefore, from a socio-historical perspective, the analysis first exposed the biomedicalized process that create the pathology. Then, empirically, through discourse analysis, that process is systematized in order to understand the representation of the "internet addict" that emerge from these scientific discourse. Finally, we suggest that this pathology reflect a specific way of governing in the information society era throught the technoscientific transformation of life, which is a political debate.