Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tropospheric planetary waves

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tropospheric planetary waves'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tropospheric planetary waves"

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Grise, Kevin M., and David W. J. Thompson. "On the Signatures of Equatorial and Extratropical Wave Forcing in Tropical Tropopause Layer Temperatures." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 1084–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0163.1.

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Abstract Temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) play an important role in stratosphere–troposphere exchange and in the formation and maintenance of thin cirrus clouds. Many previous studies have examined the contributions of extratropical and equatorial waves to the TTL using coarse-vertical-resolution satellite and reanalysis data. In this study, the authors provide new insight into the role of extratropical and equatorial waves in the TTL using high-vertical-resolution GPS radio occultation data. The results examine the influence of four different wave forcings on the TTL: extratropical waves that propagate vertically into the stratosphere, extratropical waves that propagate meridionally into the subtropical stratosphere, extratropical waves that propagate meridionally into the subtropical troposphere, and the equatorial planetary waves. The vertically and meridionally propagating extratropical stratospheric waves are associated with deep, zonally symmetric temperature anomalies that extend and amplify with height throughout the lower-to-middle tropical stratosphere. In contrast, the extratropical tropospheric waves and the equatorial planetary waves are associated with tropical temperature anomalies that are confined below 20-km altitude. The equatorial planetary waves dominate the zonally asymmetric component of the TTL temperature field, and both the equatorial planetary waves and the extratropical tropospheric waves are linked to large temperature variability in a 1–2-km-deep layer near the tropical tropopause. The fine vertical scale of the TTL temperature features associated with the equatorial planetary waves and the extratropical tropospheric waves is only readily apparent in high-vertical-resolution data.
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Sun, Lantao, Walter A. Robinson, and Gang Chen. "The Role of Planetary Waves in the Downward Influence of Stratospheric Final Warming Events." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 2826–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-014.1.

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Abstract Stratospheric final warming events are simulated in an idealized atmospheric model by imposing a winter-to-summer transition in radiative equilibrium temperature only in the stratosphere. Large ensembles of events are simulated with different strengths of topographic forcing. It is found that the dates of final warmings become earlier and their downward influence on the troposphere becomes stronger for greater topographic amplitudes. This result is similar to observed differences between the downward influence of the final warming in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The mechanisms through which the final warming exerts its influence on the tropospheric circulation are investigated using a zonally symmetric model. It is found that lower-stratospheric wave driving induces a residual circulation that affects the tropospheric circulation. The stratosphere also affects the propagation of planetary waves in the upper troposphere, resulting in a burst of wave activity and a rapid deceleration of tropospheric zonal winds at the time of the final warming. These results highlight the important roles of planetary waves in the downward influence of the stratospheric final warming events.
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Niranjan Kumar, K., D. V. Phanikumar, T. B. M. J. Ouarda, M. Rajeevan, M. Naja, and K. K. Shukla. "Modulation of surface meteorological parameters by extratropical planetary-scale Rossby waves." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 1 (January 25, 2016): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-123-2016.

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Abstract. This study examines the link between upper-tropospheric planetary-scale Rossby waves and surface meteorological parameters based on the observations made in association with the Ganges Valley Aerosol Experiment (GVAX) campaign at an extratropical site at Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nainital (29.45° N, 79.5° E) during November–December 2011. The spectral analysis of the tropospheric wind field from radiosonde measurements indicates a predominance power of around 8 days in the upper troposphere during the observational period. An analysis of the 200 hPa meridional wind (v200 hPa) anomalies from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis shows distinct Rossby-wave-like structures over a high-altitude site in the central Himalayan region. Furthermore, the spectral analysis of global v200 hPa anomalies indicates the Rossby waves are characterized by zonal wave number 6. The amplification of the Rossby wave packets over the site leads to persistent subtropical jet stream (STJ) patterns, which further affects the surface weather conditions. The propagating Rossby waves in the upper troposphere along with the undulations in the STJ create convergence and divergence regions in the mid-troposphere. Therefore, the surface meteorological parameters such as the relative humidity, wind speeds, and temperature are synchronized with the phase of the propagating Rossby waves. Moreover, the present study finds important implications for medium-range forecasting through the upper-level Rossby waves over the study region.
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Nikulin, G., and F. Lott. "On the time-scales of the downward propagation and of the tropospheric planetary wave response to the stratospheric circulation." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-339-2010.

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Abstract. Three datasets (the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, the ERA-40 reanalysis and the LMDz-GCM), are used to analyze the relationships between large-scale dynamics of the stratosphere and the tropospheric planetary waves during the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter. First, a cross-spectral analysis clarifies the time scales at which downward propagation of stratospheric anomalies occurs in the low-frequency band (that is at periods longer than 50 days). At these periods the strength of the polar vortex, measured by the 20-hPa Northern Annular Mode (NAM) index and the wave activity flux, measured by the vertical component of the Eliassen-Palm flux (EPz) from both the troposphere and the stratosphere, are significantly related with each other and in lead-lag quadrature. While, in the low-frequency band of the downward propagation, the EPz anomalies of the opposite sign around NAM extremes drive the onset and decay of NAM events, we found that the EPz anomalies in the troposphere, are significantly larger after stratospheric vortex anomalies than at any time before. This marked difference in the troposphere is related to planetary waves with zonal wavenumbers 1–3, showing that there is a tropospheric planetary wave response to the earlier state of the stratosphere at low frequencies. We also find that this effect is due to anomalies in the EPz issued from the northern midlatitudes and polar regions.
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Duffy, Dean G. "Transient Stratospheric Planetary Waves Generated by Tropospheric Forcing." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 52, no. 17 (September 1995): 3109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3109:tspwgb>2.0.co;2.

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Chen, Gang, and Lantao Sun. "Mechanisms of the Tropical Upwelling Branch of the Brewer–Dobson Circulation: The Role of Extratropical Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 2878–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-044.1.

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Abstract The role of extratropical waves in the tropical upwelling branch of the Brewer–Dobson circulation is investigated in an idealized model of the stratosphere and troposphere. To simulate different stratospheric seasonal cycles of planetary waves in the two hemispheres, seasonally varying radiative heating is imposed only in the stratosphere, and surface topographic forcing is prescribed only in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). A zonally symmetric version of the same model is used to diagnose the effects of different wavenumbers and different regions of the total forcing on tropical stratospheric upwelling. The simple configuration can simulate a reasonable seasonal cycle of the tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere with a stronger amplitude in January (NH midwinter) than in July (NH midsummer), as in the observations. It is shown that the seasonal cycle of stratospheric planetary waves and tropical upwelling responds nonlinearly to the strength of the tropospheric forcing, with a midwinter maximum under strong NH-like tropospheric forcing and double peaks in the fall and spring under weak Southern Hemisphere (SH)-like forcing. The planetary wave component of the total forcing can approximately reproduce the seasonal cycle of tropical stratospheric upwelling in the zonally symmetric model. The zonally symmetric model further demonstrates that the planetary wave forcing in the winter tropical and subtropical stratosphere contributes most to the seasonal cycle of tropical stratospheric upwelling, rather than the high-latitude wave forcing. This suggests that the planetary wave forcing, prescribed mostly in the extratropics in the model, has to propagate equatorward into the subtropical latitudes to induce sufficient tropical upwelling. Another interesting finding is that the planetary waves in the summer lower stratosphere can drive a shallow residual circulation rising in the subtropics and subsiding in the extratropics.
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Perlwitz, Judith, and Nili Harnik. "Downward Coupling between the Stratosphere and Troposphere: The Relative Roles of Wave and Zonal Mean Processes*." Journal of Climate 17, no. 24 (December 15, 2004): 4902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3247.1.

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Abstract Wave and zonal mean features of the downward dynamic coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere are compared by applying a time-lagged singular value decomposition analysis to Northern Hemisphere height fields decomposed into zonal mean and its deviations. It is found that both zonal and wave components contribute to the downward interaction, with zonal wave 1 (due to reflection) dominating on the short time scale (up to 12 days) and the zonal mean (due to wave–mean-flow interaction) dominating on the longer time scale. It is further shown that the two processes dominate during different years, depending on the state of the stratosphere. Winters characterized by a basic state that is reflective for wave 1 show a strong relationship between stratospheric and tropospheric wave-1 fields when the stratosphere is leading and show no significant correlations in the zonal mean fields. On the other hand, winters characterized by a stratospheric state that does not reflect waves show a strong relationship only between stratospheric and tropospheric zonal mean fields. This study suggests that there are two types of stratospheric winter states, characterized by different downward dynamic interaction. In one state, most of the wave activity gets deposited in the stratosphere, resulting in strong wave–mean-flow interaction, while in the other state, wave activity is reflected back down to the troposphere, primarily affecting the structure of tropospheric planetary waves.
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Takaya, Koutarou, and Hisashi Nakamura. "Interannual Variability of the East Asian Winter Monsoon and Related Modulations of the Planetary Waves." Journal of Climate 26, no. 23 (December 2013): 9445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00842.1.

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Interannual variability of the East Asian winter monsoon is investigated through composite analysis applied to observational data for 50 recent years. Although the monsoon activity itself is confined into the lower troposphere, its midwinter variability tends to accompany upper-tropospheric geopotential height anomalies similar to the Eurasian (EU) and western Pacific (WP) teleconnection patterns. The “EU-like” pattern is characterized by a wavy signature over the Eurasian continent and the North Atlantic, with surface temperature anomalies over the Far East and North America. In the “WP-like” pattern, a meridional dipole of upper-level height anomalies is evident over the Far East. These anomaly patterns related to the anomalous winter monsoon activity are found to accompany marked modulations of the climatological development of the upper-tropospheric planetary waves from late autumn to midwinter. Enhanced monsoon activity in January associated with the WP-like pattern involves anomalous seasonal development of a planetary wave ridge with enhanced positive height tendencies from November to January over eastern Siberia and Alaska, while the corresponding tendencies are anomalously negative under the weakened monsoon activity. The stronger monsoon also accompanies an enhanced seasonal decline of geopotential height over the midlatitude North Pacific, corresponding to the enhanced southeastward development of a planetary wave trough. Similar modulations of the planetary wave evolution are observed with the anomalous monsoon activity associated with the EU-like pattern. In addition, the anomalous midwinter activity of the monsoon is also accompanied by noticeable variability of the seasonal development of the planetary waves over the Euro-Atlantic sector.
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Xie, Jincai, Jinggao Hu, Haiming Xu, Shuai Liu, and Huan He. "Dynamic Diagnosis of Stratospheric Sudden Warming Event in the Boreal Winter of 2018 and Its Possible Impact on Weather over North America." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050438.

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In the winter of 2018, a major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event occurred in the Northern Hemisphere. This study performs a dynamic diagnosis on this 2018 SSW event and analyzes its possible impact on the weather over North America. The result shows that the ridge over Alaska in the mid-troposphere and the trough over the northeastern North America are the prominent tropospheric precursory signals before the occurrence of this SSW event. The signals appear 10 days before the SSW, which greatly enhances the propagation of the planetary wavenumber 2 from the troposphere to the extratropical stratosphere. The collapse process of stratospheric polar vortex indicates that this SSW is a typical vortex splitting event dominated by planetary wavenumber 2. Additionally, after the SSW onset, no reflection of the stratosphere on the tropospheric planetary waves is observed. Thus, this event can also be classified as an absorbing-type SSW event. A noticeable cold wave occurs in the northwestern North America within 10 days after the 2018 SSW. This cold wave is probably associated with the SSW-related west–east dipole, namely a ridge over Alaska and a trough over the northeastern North America in the mid-troposphere that lasted up to 10 days after the onset date. The composite analysis of the other seven SSW events with an emergence of similar mid-tropospheric circulation pattern after SSW onset date yields coincident 2-meter temperature anomalies in the northwestern North America, which confirms the above conclusion to some extent.
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Chen, Quanliang, Luyang Xu, and Hongke Cai. "Impact of Stratospheric Sudden Warming on East Asian Winter Monsoons." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/640912.

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Fifty-two Stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events that occurred from 1957 to 2002 were analyzed based on the 40-year European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis dataset. Those that could descent to the troposphere were composited to investigate their impacts on the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). It reveals that when the SSW occurs, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) are both in the negative phase and that the tropospheric circulation is quite wave-like. The Siberian high and the Aleutian low are both strengthened, leading to an increased gradient between the Asian continent and the North Pacific. Hence, a strong EAWM is observed with widespread cooling over inland and coastal East Asia. After the peak of the SSW, in contrast, the tropospheric circulation is quite zonally symmetric with negative phases of AO and NPO. The mid-tropospheric East Asian trough deepens and shifts eastward. This configuration facilitates warming over the East Asian inland and cooling over the coastal East Asia centered over Japan. The activities of planetary waves during the lifecycle of the SSW were analyzed. The anomalous propagation and the attendant altered amplitude of the planetary waves can well explain the observed circulation and the EAWM.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tropospheric planetary waves"

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Rosier, Suzanne Mary. "Dynamical evolution of the northern stratosphere in early winter, 1991/92 : observational and modelling studies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320716.

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Karami, Khalil [Verfasser], and P. [Akademischer Betreuer] Braesicke. "Diagnosing the Role of Planetary Wave Propagation for the Coupling of the Middle Atmosphere to the Troposphere / Khalil Karami ; Betreuer: P. Braesicke." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121683479/34.

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Dunn-Sigouin, Etienne. "The Role of Stratosphere-Troposphere Planetary Wave Coupling in Driving Variability of the North Atlantic Circulation." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D84X5MCV.

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The wintertime North-Atlantic exhibits enhanced circulation variability relative to other areas of the globe and is a key determinant of weather and climate in the highly populated regions of Europe and Eastern North America. Previous work has linked extreme stratospheric polar vortex and planetary wave heat flux events with variability of the North-Atlantic circulation. To elucidate the role of the stratosphere in driving variability of the North-Atlantic circulation, the goal of this thesis is to clarify the relationship between extreme planetary wave heat flux and vortex events and understand the dynamical mechanisms driving extreme stratospheric planetary wave heat flux events using an idealized model. The relationship between extreme stratospheric planetary wave heat flux and polar vortex events is clarified by comparing and contrasting their composite lifecycles using reanalysis data. Extreme negative heat flux events, defined as those less than the 5th percentile of the wintertime wave-1 distribution, involve stratospheric EP-flux divergence producing an acceleration of the vortex whereas extreme positive heat flux events, defined as those greater than the 95th percentile, involve stratospheric EP-flux convergence producing a deceleration of the vortex. Similar but smaller magnitude heat flux (22th and 78th percentile) events contribute to the development of longer-timescale vortex events. Negative heat flux events precede strong vortex events, showing that strong vortex events are true dynamical events involving wave-mean flow interaction. Conversely, positive heat flux events precede weak vortex events. The tropospheric jet shifts in the North-Atlantic that occur almost simultaneously with extreme stratospheric heat flux events are shown to be comparable if not larger than those that follow extreme vortex events for several weeks. Next, a dry-dynamical core model is configured to capture the lifecycle of extreme positive and negative heat flux events seen in reanalysis. The events are not captured using the standard model setup with idealized wave-1 topography. A modified control simulation captures the key ingredients of the events: 1) the extremes of the stratospheric eddy heat flux distribution, 2) the cross-spectral correlation and phase between the stratosphere and troposphere, 3) the evolution of the eddy heat flux and EP-flux divergence, 4) the stratospheric evolution of the zonal-mean flow, including the NAM, NAM time-tendency, potential temperature time-tendency and stratospheric wave geometry, and 5) the tropospheric evolution, including the high-latitude wave-1 geopotential height pattern and mid-latitude jet shift. Comparison between the model and reanalysis reveals that higher-order planetary wavenumbers play a role prior to the events. Finally, the dry-dynamical core model is used to examine the large-scale dynamical mechanisms driving extreme stratospheric negative heat flux events and their coupling with the tropospheric circulation. An ensemble spectral nudging methodology is used to isolate the role of: 1) the tropospheric wave-1 precursor, 2) the stratospheric zonal-mean flow and 3) the higher-order wavenumbers. The events are partially reproduced when nudging the wave-1 precursor and the zonal-mean flow whereas they are not reproduced when nudging either separately. In contrast, nudging the wave-1 precursor and the higher-order waves reproduces the events, including the evolution of the zonal-mean flow. Mechanism denial experiments show that the higher-order planetary wavenumbers drive the events by modifying the zonal-mean flow and through wave-wave interaction. Nudging all tropospheric wave precursors confirms they are the source of the stratospheric waves. Nudging all stratospheric waves reproduces the coupling with the tropospheric circulation. Taken together, the experiments show that extreme stratospheric negative heat flux events are consistent with downward wave coupling from the stratosphere to the troposphere.
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(7046621), Bithi De. "THE ROLE OF STRATOSPHERIC PATHWAY IN LINKING ARCTIC SEA ICE LOSS TO THE MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION." Thesis, 2019.

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Rapid melting of sea ice and an increased warming have been observed over the Arctic since 1990s and is expected to continue in future climate projections. Possible linkage between the Arctic sea ice and the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude circulation has been studied previously but is not yet fully understood. This dissertation investigates the influence of the Arctic on the mid-latitudes and the underlying dynamical mechanisms. Specifically, we hypothesize that the stratosphere and its coupling with the troposphere play an important role in amplifying and extending the mid-latitude circulation response to arctic warming.


First, we assess the robustness of the stratospheric pathway in linking the sea ice variability, specifically over the Barents-Kara Sea (BKS), in late autumn and early winter to the mid-latitude circulation in the subsequent winter using an ensemble of global climate model simulations. We analyze two groups of models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) archive, one with a well-resolved stratosphere (high-top models) and the other with a poorly-resolved stratosphere (low-top models) to distinguish the role of the stratospheric pathway. It has been found that, collectively, high-top models are able to capture the persistent mid-latitude circulation response in the subsequent winter. The response in low-top models is, however, weaker and not as long-lasting most likely due to lack of stratospheric variability. Diagnosis of eddy heat flux reveals that stronger vertical wave propagation leads to a stronger response in stratospheric polar vortex in high- top models. The results robustly demonstrate that multi-model ensemble of CMIP5 high-top models are able to capture the prolonged impact of sea ice variability on the mid-latitude circulation and outperforms the low-top models in this regard.


We further explore the dynamical linkage between the BKS sea ice loss and the Siberian cold anomalies using a comprehensive Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM), with a well-resolved stratosphere, with prescribed sea ice loss over BKS region. Decomposition of dynamic and thermodynamic components suggests a dynamically induced warm Arctic cold Siberia pattern in the winter following sea ice loss over the BKS in late autumn. Specifically, the results show that the meridional component of the horizontal temperature advection, from the Arctic into the Siberia, dominates in driving a cold temperature anomaly. Additionally, we conduct targeted experiments in order to quantitatively measure the role of the stratospheric pathway. We find that the stratosphere plays a critical role in the tropospheric circulation anomaly characterized by an intensified ridge-trough pattern that is attributable for the enhanced meridional temperature advection from the Arctic into the Siberia.


Next, we extend our study to investigate the sensitivity to geographical location of Arctic sea ice loss and associated warming in modulating the atmospheric circulation. In particular, we assess the linear additivity of the regional Arctic sea ice loss and Arctic Amplification (AA), using a simplified dry dynamical core model. We find that the responses to regional AA over three key regions of the Arctic, i.e. Barents- Kara Sea, East Siberia-Chukchi sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, separately, show similar equatorward shift of the tropospheric jet but differences in the stratospheric polar vortex. In addition, responses to regional Arctic Amplification are not linearly additive and the residual resembles a positive Northern Annular Mode-like structure. Additional targeted experiments further diagnose the role of the stratosphere in the non-linearity. It is found that the stratosphere-troposphere coupling plays an important role in driving the non-linear circulation response to regional AA.


The findings of our research leads to a systematic understanding of the role of the stratospheric pathway in modulating the mid-latitude circulation response to Arctic sea ice loss and accompanied surface warming. Our study suggests that the representation of the stratosphere in climate models plays an important role in correctly simulating the mid-latitude circulation response and could be accountable for the some of the discrepancies among recent studies. Additionally, the result indicates that studying the regional sea ice loss might not provide the full picture of pan-Arctic sea ice melting and caution the use of regional sea ice to explain the recent trend.

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Books on the topic "Tropospheric planetary waves"

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Investigation of tropical transport with UARS data: Final report : contract no. NAS5-32862. [Bellevue, Wash.]: Northwest Research Associates, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tropospheric planetary waves"

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Randel, William J. "A Comparison of the Dynamic Life Cycles of Tropospheric Medium-Scale Waves and Stratospheric Planetary Waves." In Dynamics, Transport and Photochemistry in the Middle Atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere, 91–109. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0693-8_6.

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Nakamura, Hisashi, Takafumi Miyasaka, Yu Kosaka, Koutarou Takaya, and Meiji Honda. "Northern hemisphere extratropical tropospheric planetary waves and their low-frequency variability: Their vertical structure and interaction with transient eddies and surface thermal contrasts." In Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary?, 149–79. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gm000789.

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Del Genio, Anthony D. "GCM Simulations of Cirrus for Climate Studies." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0019.

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One of the great challenges in predicting the rate and geographical pattern of climate change is to faithfully represent the feedback effects of various cloud types that arise via different mechanisms in different parts of the atmosphere. Cirrus clouds are a particularly uncertain component of general circulation model (GCM) simulations of long-term climate change for a variety of reasons, as detailed below. First, cirrus encompass a wide range of optical thicknesses and altitudes. At one extreme are the thin tropopause cirrus that barely affect the short-wave albedo while radiating to space at very cold temperatures, producing a net positive effect on the planetary radiation balance and causing local upper troposphere warming, thus stabilizing the lapse rate. At the other extreme are thick cumulus anvil cirrus whose bases descend to the freezing level; these clouds produce significant but opposing short-wave and long-wave effects on the planetary energy balance while cooling the surface via their reflection of sunlight. In fact, satellite climatologies show a continuum of optical thicknesses between these two extremes (Rossow and Schiffer 1991). In a climate change, the net effect of cirrus might either be a positive or a negative feedback, depending on the sign and magnitude of the cloud cover change in each cloud-type category and the direction and extent of changes in their optical properties (see Stephens et al. 1990). Second, the dynamic processes that create cirrus are poorly resolved and different in different parts of the globe. In the tropics, small-scale convective transport of water from the planetary boundary layer to the upper troposphere is the immediate source of a significant fraction of the condensate in mesoscale cirrus anvils (see Gamache and Houze 1983), and ultimately the source of much of the water vapor that condenses out in large-scale uplift to form thinner cirrus. However, many observed thin cirrus cannot directly be identified with a convective source, suggesting that in situ upper troposphere dynamics and regeneration processes within cirrus (see Starr and Cox 1985) are important. In mid-latitudes, although summertime continental convection is a source of cirrus, in general cirrus is associated with mesoscale frontal circulations in synoptic-scale baroclinic waves and jet streaks (see Starr and Wylie 1990; Mace et al. 1995).
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Reports on the topic "Tropospheric planetary waves"

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McElroy, Michael B., and Hans R. Schneider. The impact of tropospheric planetary wave variability on stratospheric ozone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/809126.

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