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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Troposphere; Winds – Measurement

Academic literature on the topic 'Troposphere; Winds – Measurement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Troposphere; Winds – Measurement"

1

Rao, I. Srinivasa, V. K. Anandan, and P. Narasimha Reddy. "Evaluation of DBS Wind Measurement Technique in Different Beam Configurations for a VHF Wind Profiler." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1113.1.

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Abstract Atmospheric winds in the troposphere have been observed routinely for many years with wind profiling (VHF and UHF) radars using the Doppler beam swinging (DBS) technique. Accuracy of wind estimates using wind profiling radars with different beam configurations has its limitations due to both the system of observation and atmospheric conditions. This paper presents a quantitative analysis and evaluation of horizontal wind estimation in different beam configurations up to an altitude of 18 km using the mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar located in Gadanki, India. Horizontal wind velocities are derived in three different ways using two-, three-, and four-beam configurations. To know the performance of each configuration, radar-derived winds have been compared with the winds obtained by simultaneous GPS sonde balloon measurements, which are considered to be a standard reference by default. Results show that horizontal winds measured using three different beam configurations are comparable in general but discrepancy varies from one beam configuration to the other. It is observed that horizontal winds measured using four-beam configuration (east, west, north, and south) have better estimates than the other two-beam configurations. The standard deviation was found to be varying from 1.4 to 2.5 m s−1 and percentage error is about 9.68%–12.73% in four-beam configuration, whereas in other beam configurations the standard deviation is about 1.65–3.9 m s−1 and the percentage error is about 11.29%–15.16% with reference to GPS sonde balloon–measured winds.

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Anandan, V. K., I. Srinivasa Rao, and P. Narasimha Reddy. "A Study on Optimum Tilt Angle for Wind Estimation Using Indian MST Radar." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1030.1.

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Abstract The effect of tilt angle on horizontal wind estimation is studied using Indian mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar located at Gadanki (13.45°N, 79.18°E). It operates in Doppler beam swinging (DBS) mode with a beamwidth of 3°. Horizontal winds are computed for different tilt angles from 3° to 15° with an increment of 3° from a height range of 3.6–18 km. The effective beam pointing angle (θeff) is calculated to determine the effect of aspect sensitivity on the determination of horizontal wind components. For different tilt angles radar-derived winds are compared with simultaneous GPS sonde wind measurements, which were launched from a nearby site. The first method utilizes direct comparison of radar-derived winds with those of GPS sondes using the actual beam pointing angle; the second method uses the effective beam pointing angle derived from the ratios of two oblique beams. For this study a variety of statistics were explored in terms of standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and percentage error. From the results it is observed that in agreement with previous studies, the effective beam pointing angle deviates from the actual beam pointing angle, which results in the underestimation of horizontal wind components, and also when tilt angle is close to zenith and far from zenith, the estimation of horizontal winds is found to be far from true values at different heights. Radar wind estimation has better agreement with GPS sonde measurement when the off-zenith angle is around 10°. It is also found that correction to the actual beam pointing angle provides 3%–6% improved agreement between the radar and GPS wind measurements.

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Wright, Corwin J., Richard J. Hall, Timothy P. Banyard, Neil P. Hindley, Isabell Krisch, Daniel M. Mitchell, and William J. M. Seviour. "Dynamical and surface impacts of the January 2021 sudden stratospheric warming in novel Aeolus wind observations, MLS and ERA5." Weather and Climate Dynamics 2, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 1283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1283-2021.

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Abstract. Major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are extreme dynamical events where the usual strong westerly winds of the stratospheric polar vortex temporarily weaken or reverse and polar stratospheric temperatures rise by tens of kelvins over just a few days and remain so for an extended period. Via dynamical modification of the atmosphere below them, SSWs are believed to be a key contributor to extreme winter weather events at the surface over the following weeks. SSW-induced changes to the wind structure of the polar vortex have previously been studied in models and reanalyses and in localised measurements such as radiosondes and radars but have not previously been directly and systematically observed on a global scale because of the major technical challenges involved in observing winds from space. Here, we exploit novel observations from ESA's flagship Aeolus wind-profiler mission, together with temperature and geopotential height data from NASA's Microwave Limb Sounder and surface variables from the ERA5 reanalysis, to study the 2021 SSW. This allows us to directly examine wind and related dynamical changes associated with the January 2021 major SSW. Aeolus is the first satellite mission to systematically and directly acquire profiles of wind, and therefore our results represent the first direct measurements of SSW-induced wind changes at the global scale. We see a complete reversal of the zonal winds in the lower to middle stratosphere, with reversed winds in some geographic regions reaching down to the bottom 2 km of the atmosphere. These altered winds are associated with major changes to surface temperature patterns, and in particular we see a strong potential linkage from the SSW to extreme winter weather outbreaks in Greece and Texas during late January and early February. Our results (1) demonstrate the benefits of wind-profiling satellites such as Aeolus in terms of both their direct measurement capability and use in supporting reanalysis-driven interpretation of stratosphere–troposphere coupling signatures, (2) provide a detailed dynamical description of a major weather event, and (3) have implications for the development of Earth-system models capable of accurately forecasting extreme winter weather.

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Hara, K., M. Hayashi, M. Yabuki, M. Shiobara, and C. Nishita-Hara. "Simultaneous aerosol measurements of unusual aerosol enhancement in the troposphere over Syowa Station, Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 8 (April 25, 2014): 4169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4169-2014.

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Abstract. Unusual aerosol enhancement is often observed at Syowa Station, Antarctica, during winter and spring. Simultaneous aerosol measurements near the surface and in the upper atmosphere were conducted twice using a ground-based optical particle counter, a balloon-borne optical particle counter, and micropulse lidar (MPL) in August and September 2012. During 13–15 August, aerosol enhancement occurred immediately after a storm condition. A high backscatter ratio and high aerosol concentrations were observed from the surface to ca. 2.5 km over Syowa Station. Clouds appeared occasionally at the top of the aerosol-enhanced layer during the episode. Aerosol enhancement was terminated on 15 August by strong winds from a cyclone's approach. In the second case, on 5–7 September, aerosol number concentrations in Dp > 0.3 μm near the surface reached > 104 L−1 at about 15:00 UT (Universal Time) on 5 September despite calm wind conditions, whereas MPL measurement exhibited aerosols were enhanced at about 04:00 UT at 1000–1500 m above Syowa Station. The aerosol enhancement occurred near the surface to ca. 4 km. In both cases, air masses with high aerosol enhancement below 2.5–3 km were transported mostly from the boundary layer over the sea-ice area. In addition, air masses at 3–4 km in the second case came from the boundary layer over the open-sea area. This air mass history strongly suggests that dispersion of sea-salt particles from the sea-ice surface contributes considerably to aerosol enhancement in the lower free troposphere (about 3 km) and that the release of sea-salt particles from the ocean surface engenders high aerosol concentrations in the free troposphere (3–4 km). Continuous MPL measurements indicate that high aerosol enhancement occurred mostly in surface–lower free troposphere (3 km) during the period July–September.

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Diab, R. D., A. Raghunandan, A. M. Thompson, and V. Thouret. "Classification of tropospheric ozone profiles over Johannesburg based on MOZAIC aircraft data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 1 (February 12, 2003): 705–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-705-2003.

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Abstract. Each ozone profile is a unique response to the photochemical and dynamic processes operating in the troposphere and hence is critical to our understanding of processes and their relative contributions to the tropospheric ozone budget. Traditionally, mean profiles, together with some measure of variability, averaged by season or year at a particular location have been presented as a climatology. However, the mean profile is difficult to interpret because of the counteracting influences present in the micro-structure. On the other hand, case study analysis, whilst revealing, only applies to isolated conditions. In a search for pattern and order within ozone profiles, a classification based on a cluster analysis technique has been applied in this study. Ozone profiles are grouped according to the magnitude and altitude of ozone concentration. This technique has been tested with 56 ozone profiles at Johannesburg, South Africa, recorded by aircraft as part of the MOZAIC (Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor aboard Airbus In-service Aircraft) program. Six distinct groups of ozone profiles have been identified and their characteristics described. The widely recognized spring maximum in tropospheric ozone is identified through the classification, but a new summertime mid-tropospheric enhancement due to the penetration of tropical air masses from continental regions in central Africa has been identified. Back trajectory modeling is used to provide evidence of the different origins of ozone enhancements in each of the classes. Continental areas over central Africa are shown to be responsible for the low to mid-tropospheric enhancement in spring and the mid-tropospheric peak in summer, whereas the winter low-tropospheric enhancement is attributed to local sources. The dominance of westerly winds through the troposphere associated with the passage of a mid-latitude cyclone gives rise to reduced ozone values.

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Diab, R. D., A. Raghunandan, A. M. Thompson, and V. Thouret. "Classification of tropospheric ozone profiles over Johannesburg based on mozaic aircraft data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 3 (June 12, 2003): 713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-713-2003.

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Abstract. Each ozone profile is a unique response to the photochemical and dynamic processes operating in the troposphere and hence is critical to our understanding of processes and their relative contributions to the tropospheric ozone budget. Traditionally, mean profiles, together with some measure of variability, averaged by season or year at a particular location have been presented as a climatology. However, the mean profile is difficult to interpret because of the counteracting influences present in the micro-structure. On the other hand, case study analysis, whilst revealing, only applies to isolated conditions. In a search for pattern and order within ozone profiles, a classification based on a cluster analysis technique has been applied in this study. Ozone profiles are grouped according to the magnitude and altitude of ozone concentration. This technique has been tested with 56 ozone profiles at Johannesburg, South Africa, recorded by aircraft as part of the MOZAIC (Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor aboard Airbus In-service Aircraft) program. Six distinct groups of ozone profiles have been identified and their characteristics described. The widely recognized spring maximum in tropospheric ozone is identified through the classification, but a new summertime mid-tropospheric enhancement due to the penetration of tropical air masses from continental regions in central Africa has been identified. Back trajectory modeling is used to provide evidence of the different origins of ozone enhancements in each of the classes. Continental areas over central Africa are shown to be responsible for the low to mid-tropospheric enhancement in spring and the mid-tropospheric peak in summer, whereas the winter low-tropospheric enhancement is attributed to local sources. The dominance of westerly winds through the troposphere associated with the passage of a mid-latitude cyclone gives rise to reduced ozone values.

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Lux, Oliver, Christian Lemmerz, Fabian Weiler, Uwe Marksteiner, Benjamin Witschas, Stephan Rahm, Alexander Geiß, and Oliver Reitebuch. "Intercomparison of wind observations from the European Space Agency's Aeolus satellite mission and the ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 2075–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2075-2020.

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Abstract. Shortly after the successful launch of the European Space Agency's wind mission Aeolus, co-located airborne wind lidar observations were performed in central Europe; these observations employed a prototype of the satellite instrument – the ALADIN (Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument) Airborne Demonstrator (A2D). Like the direct-detection Doppler wind lidar on-board Aeolus, the A2D is composed of a frequency-stabilized ultra-violet (UV) laser, a Cassegrain telescope and a dual-channel receiver to measure line-of-sight (LOS) wind speeds by analysing both Mie and Rayleigh backscatter signals. In the framework of the first airborne validation campaign after the launch and still during the commissioning phase of the mission, four coordinated flights along the satellite swath were conducted in late autumn of 2018, yielding wind data in the troposphere with high coverage of the Rayleigh channel. Owing to the different measurement grids and LOS viewing directions of the satellite and the airborne instrument, intercomparison with the Aeolus wind product requires adequate averaging as well as conversion of the measured A2D LOS wind speeds to the satellite LOS (LOS*). The statistical comparison of the two instruments shows a positive bias (of 2.6 m s−1) of the Aeolus Rayleigh winds (measured along its LOS*) with respect to the A2D Rayleigh winds as well as a standard deviation of 3.6 m s−1. Considering the accuracy and precision of the A2D wind data, which were determined from comparison with a highly accurate coherent wind lidar as well as with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model winds, the systematic and random errors of the Aeolus LOS* Rayleigh winds are 1.7 and 2.5 m s−1 respectively. The paper also discusses the influence of different threshold parameters implemented in the comparison algorithm as well as an optimization of the A2D vertical sampling to be used in forthcoming validation campaigns.

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8

Hara, K., M. Hayashi, M. Yabuki, M. Shiobara, and C. Nishita-Hara. "Simultaneous aerosol measurements of unusual aerosol enhancement in troposphere over Syowa Station, Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2013): 26269–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-26269-2013.

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Abstract. Unusual aerosol enhancement is often observed at Syowa Station, Antarctica during winter through spring. Simultaneous aerosol measurements near the surface and in the upper atmosphere were conducted twice using a ground-based optical particle counter, a balloon-borne optical particle counter, and micro-pulse LIDAR (MPL) in August and September 2012. During 13–15 August, aerosol enhancement occurred immediately after a storm condition. A high backscatter ratio and aerosol concentrations were observed from the surface to ca. 2.5 km over Syowa Station. Clouds appeared occasionally at the top of aerosol-enhanced layer during the episode. Aerosol enhancement was terminated on 15 August by strong winds caused by a cyclone's approach. In the second case on 5–7 September, aerosol number concentrations in Dp > 0.3 μm near the surface reached > 104 L−1 at about 15:00 UT on 5 September in spite of calm wind conditions, whereas MPL measurement exhibited aerosols were enhanced at about 04:00 UT at 1000–1500 m above Syowa Station. The aerosol enhancement occurred near the surface–ca. 4 km. In both cases, air masses with high aerosol enhancement below 2.5–3 km were transported mostly from the boundary layer over the sea-ice area. In addition, air masses at 3–4 km in the second case came from the boundary layer over the open-sea area. This air mass history strongly suggests that dispersion of sea-salt particles from the sea-ice surface contributes considerably to the aerosol enhancement in the lower free troposphere (about 3 km) and that the release of sea-salt particles from the ocean surface engenders high aerosol concentrations in the free troposphere (3–4 km).

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9

Fischer, H., R. Kormann, T. Klüpfel, Ch Gurk, R. Königstedt, U. Parchatka, J. Mühle, et al. "Ozone production and trace gas correlations during the June 2000 MINATROC intensive measurement campaign at Mt. Cimone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 2, no. 5 (October 7, 2002): 1509–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-2-1509-2002.

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Abstract. An intensive measurement campaign was performed in June 2000 at the Mt. Cimone station (44°11' N -- 10°42' E, 2165 m asl, the highest mountain in the northern Italian Apennines) to study photochemical ozone production in the lower free troposphere. In general, average mixing ratios of important trace gases were not very high (121 ± 20 ppbv CO, 0.284 ± 0.220 ppbv NOx, 1.15 ± 0.8 ppbv NOy, 58 ± 9 ppbv O3), which indicates a small contribution by local pollution. This is supported by the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that exhibit mean levels typical for background continental air (e.g. 905 ± 200\\,pptv C2H6 268 ± 110\\,pptv C3H8, 201 ±102 pptv C2H2, 111 ± 124 pptv isoprene, 65 ± 33 pptv benzene). Furthermore, significant diurnal variations for a number of trace gases (O3, CO, NOx, NOy, HCHO) indicate the presence of free tropospheric airmasses at nighttime as a consequence of local catabatic winds. Average mid-day peroxy radical concentrations at Mt. Cimone are of the order of 30 pptv. At mean NO concentrations of the order of 40 pptv this gives rise to significant in situ net O3 production of 0.1--0.3 ppbv/hr. The importance of O3 production is supported by correlations between O3, CO, NOz, and HCHO, and between HCHO, CO and NOy.

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10

Fischer, H., R. Kormann, T. Klüpfel, Ch Gurk, R. Königstedt, U. Parchatka, J. Mühle, et al. "Ozone production and trace gas correlations during the June 2000 MINATROC intensive measurement campaign at Mt. Cimone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 3 (June 16, 2003): 725–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-725-2003.

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Abstract. An intensive measurement campaign was performed in June 2000 at the Mt. Cimone station (44°11' N-10°42' E, 2165 m asl, the highest mountain in the northern Italian Apennines) to study photochemical ozone production in the lower free troposphere. In general, average mixing ratios of important trace gases were not very high (121 ± 20 ppbv CO, 0.284 ± 0.220 ppbv NOx, 1.15 ± 0.8 ppbv NOy, 58 ± 9 ppbv O3), which indicates a small contribution by local pollution. Those trace gas levels are representative of continental background air, which is further supported by the analysis of VOCs (e.g.: C2H6 = (905 ± 200) pptv, C3H8 = (268 ±110) pptv, C2H2 = (201 ± 102) pptv, C5H8 = (111 ± 124) pptv, benzene = (65 ± 33) pptv). Furthermore, significant diurnal variations for a number of trace gases (O3, CO, NOx, NOy, HCHO) indicate the presence of free tropospheric airmasses at nighttime as a consequence of local catabatic winds. Average mid-day peroxy radical concentrations at Mt. Cimone are of the order of 30 pptv. At mean NO concentrations of the order of 40 pptv this gives rise to significant in situ net O3 production of 0.1-0.3 ppbv/hr. The importance of O3 production is supported by correlations between O3, CO, NOz, and HCHO, and between HCHO, CO and NOy.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Troposphere; Winds – Measurement"

1

Dobler, Jeremy Todd. "Novel Alternating Frequency Doppler Lidar Instrument for Wind Measurements in the Lower Troposphere." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1358%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Lee, Christopher Francis. "Use of wind profilers to quantify atmospheric turbulence." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/use-of-wind-profilers-to-quantify-atmospheric-turbulence(d6a12ed2-533a-4dae-9f0d-747bc0b4c725).html.

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Doppler radar wind profilers are already widely used to measure atmospheric winds throughout the free troposphere and stratosphere. Several methods have been developed to quantify atmospheric turbulence with such radars, but to date they have remained largely un-tested; this thesis presents the first comprehensive validation of one such method. Conventional in-situ measurements of turbulence have been concentrated in the surface layer, with some aircraft and balloon platforms measuring at higher altitudes on a case study basis. Radars offer the opportunity to measure turbulence near continuously, and at a range of altitudes, to provide the first long term observations of atmospheric turbulence above the surface layer. Two radars were used in this study, a Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar, at Capel Dewi, West Wales, and the Facility for Ground Based Atmospheric Measurements (FGAM) mobile boundary layer profiler. In-situ measurements were made using aircraft and tethered-balloon borne turbulence probes. The spectral width method was chosen for detailed testing, which uses the width of a radar's Doppler spectrum as a measure of atmospheric velocity variance. Broader Doppler spectra indicate stronger turbulence. To obtain Gaussian Doppler spectra (a requirement of the spectral width method), combination of between five and seven consecutive spectra was required. Individual MST spectra were particularly non-Gaussian, because of the sparse nature of turbulence at its observation altitudes. The width of Gaussian fits to the Doppler spectrum were compared to those from the `raw' spectrum, to ensure that non-atmospheric signals were not measured. Corrections for non-turbulent broadening, such as beam broadening, and signal processing, were investigated. Shear broadening was found to be small, and the errors in its calculation large, so no corrections for wind shear were applied. Beam broadening was found to be the dominant broadening contribution, and also contributed the largest uncertainty to spectral widths. Corrected spectral widths were found to correlate with aircraft measurements for both radars. Observing spectral widths over time periods of 40 and 60 minutes for the boundary layer profiler and MST radar respectively, gave the best measure of turbulence intensity and variability. Median spectral widths gave the best average over that period, with two-sigma limits (where sigma is the standard deviation of spectral widths) giving the best representation of the variability in turbulence. Turbulent kinetic energies were derived from spectral widths; typical boundary layer values were 0.13 m 2.s (-2) with a two-sigma range of 0.04-0.25 m 2.s (-2), and peaked at 0.21 m 2.s (-2) with a two-sigma range of 0.08-0.61 m 2.s (-2). Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates were also calculated from spectral widths, requiring radiosonde measurements of atmospheric stability. Dissipation rates compared well width aircraft measurements, reaching peaks of 1x10 (-3) m 2.s (-3) within 200 m of the ground, and decreasing to 1-2x10 (-5) m 2.s (-3) near the boundary layer capping inversion. Typical boundary layer values were between 1-3x10 (-4) m 2.s (-3). Those values are in close agreement with dissipation rates from previous studies.

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Dullaway, Scott N. M. (Scott Neville Michael). "A VHF boundary-layer radar." 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smd883.pdf.

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Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Bibliography: p. 129-133. Concerned with the development of a VHF wind profiler capable of measuring from a height of 300 metres up to 4 kilometres. The different types of atmospheric detection equipment used to measure the boundary layer region of the atmosphere are reviewed, along with wind profiling observation techniques.

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Dullaway, Scott N. M. "A VHF boundary-layer radar." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/112644.

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Concerned with the development of a VHF wind profiler capable of measuring from a height of 300 metres up to 4 kilometres. The different types of atmospheric detection equipment used to measure the boundary layer region of the atmosphere are reviewed, along with wind profiling observation techniques.
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physics and Mathematical Physics, 1999.

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Low, David J. (David John) 1969. "Studies of the lower atmosphere with a VHF wind profiler / by David J. Low." 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18720.

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Bibliography: p. 249-267.
xxiv, 267 p., [1] leaf of plates : ill. ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physics and Mathematical Physics, 1996

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Low, David J. (David John) 1969. "Studies of the lower atmosphere with a VHF wind profiler / by David J. Low." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18720.

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Mu, K. L. (Kong Lem). "Investigation of tropospheric turbulence using the Adelaide VHF radar." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/110379.

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Books on the topic "Troposphere; Winds – Measurement"

1

Lataitis, Richard J. Tropospheric wind profiling using radar "Interferometry": (a feasibility study of a compact mobile system). Boulder, Colo: Wave Propagation Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Enviro]nmental Research Laboratories, 1990.

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Lataitis, R. J. Tropospheric wind profiling using radar "Interferometry": (a feasibility study of a compact mobile system). Boulder, Colo: Wave Propagation Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Enviro]nmental Research Laboratories, 1990.

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3

Atlas of the tropical and subtropical circulation derived from National Meteorological Center operational analyses. Silver Spring, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 1986.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Investigation of water vapor motion winds from geostationary satellites. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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Duensing, Georg. Die Mesostruktur des Windfeldes an der Grenze Zwischen Troposphäre und Stratosphäre. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2018.

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W, Barrick John D., and Langley Research Center, eds. Calibration of NASA turbulent air motion measurement system. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1996.

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D, Emmitt G., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Tropospheric wind measurements from space: The SPARCLE mission and beyond. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Troposphere; Winds – Measurement"

1

Liu, Zhaoyan, and Takao Kobayashi. "Incoherent Doppler Lidar System Using Differential Discrimination Technique for Tropospheric Wind Measurement." In Advances in Atmospheric Remote Sensing with Lidar, 263–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60612-0_65.

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Balogun, R. Ayodeji, E. Adesanya Adefisan, Z. Debo Adeyewa, and E. Chilekwu Okogbue. "Thermodynamic Environment During the 2009 Burkina Faso and 2012 Nigeria Flood Disasters: Case Study." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1705–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_143.

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AbstractCritical or extreme atmospheric conditions which could result in flood disasters are important output for numerical weather forecast. This research applied thermodynamic variables to investigate the environment of two flood scenarios in West Africa as captured by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite. Results from the two case studies of flood events, in (i) Burkina Faso and (ii) Nigeria savannah, investigated in this research work, indicated that the September 1st 2009 flood, which was as a result of a single volumetric rainfall event of 408,070.60 ((mm/h)*km2) with 65% convective region in Burkina Faso, was initiated by interactions between extremely large lower tropospheric wind shear and cold pool dynamics. The case of the Nigeria savannah floods between July and September, 2012, was triggered by both continuous rainfall and release of water from the lagdo dam in Cameroon, which affected most of the communities in the river Benue axis. The continuous rainfalls were found to be as a result of extremely high convergence of moisture in the river Benue axis at different locations and periods. One of such rainfall events, as captured by TRMM satellite during September 29, 2012 in the Nigeria rainforest zone, indicated that the volumetric rainfall is 351,310.9 ((mm/h)*km2) with only 34% convective portion. From these results, it can be deduced that a combination of thermodynamic environmental variables, volume rainfall, and other satellite-derived convective parameters could provide important information for flood forecasting.

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Brock, Fred V., and Scott J. Richardson. "Upper Air Measurements." In Meteorological Measurement Systems. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195134513.003.0014.

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Measurements of atmospheric properties become progressively more difficult with altitude above the surface of the earth, and even surface measurements are difficult over the oceans. First balloons, then airplanes and rockets, were used to carry instruments aloft to make in-situ measurements. Now remote sensors, both ground-based and satellite-borne, are used to monitor the atmosphere. In this context, upper air means all of the troposphere above the first hundred meters or so and, in some cases, the stratosphere. There are many uncertainties associated with remote sensing, so there is a demand for in-situ sensors to verify remote measurements. In addition, the balloon- borne instrument package is relatively inexpensive. However, it should be noted that cost is a matter of perspective; a satellite with its instrumentation, ground station, etc. may be cost-effective when the mission is to make measurements all over the world with good space and time resolution, as synoptic meteorology demands. Upper air measurements of pressure, temperature, water vapor, and winds can be made using in-situ instrument packages (carried aloft by balloons, rockets, or airplanes) and by remote sensors. Remote sensors can be classified as active (energy emitters like radar or lidar) or passive (receiving only, like microwave radiometers), and by whether they “look” up from the ground or down from a satellite. Remote sensors are surveyed briefly before discussing in-situ instruments. Profiles of temperature, humidity, density, etc. can be estimated from satellites using multiple narrow-band radiometers. These are passive sensors that measure longwave radiation upwelling from the atmosphere. For example, temperature profiles can be estimated from satellites by measuring infrared radiation emitted by CO2 (bands around 5000 μm) and O2 (bands around 3.4μm and 15μm) in the atmosphere. Winds can be estimated from cloud movements or by using the Doppler frequency shift due to some component of the atmosphere being carried along with the wind. An active sensor (radar) is used to estimate precipitation and, if it is a Doppler radar, determine winds. The great advantage of satellite-borne instruments is that they can cover the whole earth with excellent spatial resolution.

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Landulfo, Eduardo, Alexandre Cacheffo, Alexandre Calzavara Yoshida, Antonio Arleques Gomes, Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes, Gregori de Arruda Moreira, Jonatan João da Silva, et al. "Lidar Observations in South America. Part I - Mesosphere and Stratosphere." In Remote Sensing [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95038.

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South America covers a large area of the globe and plays a fundamental function in its climate change, geographical features, and natural resources. However, it still is a developing area, and natural resource management and energy production are far from a sustainable framework, impacting the air quality of the area and needs much improvement in monitoring. There are significant activities regarding laser remote sensing of the atmosphere at different levels for different purposes. Among these activities, we can mention the mesospheric probing of sodium measurements and stratospheric monitoring of ozone, and the study of wind and gravity waves. Some of these activities are long-lasting and count on the support from the Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET). We intend to pinpoint the most significant scientific achievements and show the potential of carrying out remote sensing activities in the continent and show its correlations with other earth science connections and synergies. In Part I of this chapter, we will present an overview and significant results of lidar observations in the mesosphere and stratosphere. Part II will be dedicated to tropospheric observations.

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5

Landulfo, Eduardo, Alexandre Cacheffo, Alexandre Calzavara Yoshida, Antonio Arleques Gomes, Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes, Gregori de Arruda Moreira, Jonatan João da Silva, et al. "Lidar Observations in South America. Part I - Mesosphere and Stratosphere." In Remote Sensing [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95038.

Full text

Abstract:

South America covers a large area of the globe and plays a fundamental function in its climate change, geographical features, and natural resources. However, it still is a developing area, and natural resource management and energy production are far from a sustainable framework, impacting the air quality of the area and needs much improvement in monitoring. There are significant activities regarding laser remote sensing of the atmosphere at different levels for different purposes. Among these activities, we can mention the mesospheric probing of sodium measurements and stratospheric monitoring of ozone, and the study of wind and gravity waves. Some of these activities are long-lasting and count on the support from the Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET). We intend to pinpoint the most significant scientific achievements and show the potential of carrying out remote sensing activities in the continent and show its correlations with other earth science connections and synergies. In Part I of this chapter, we will present an overview and significant results of lidar observations in the mesosphere and stratosphere. Part II will be dedicated to tropospheric observations.

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Conference papers on the topic "Troposphere; Winds – Measurement"

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Galletti, Enrico, Emanuele S. Stucchi, and Alberto Marzorati. "Doppler lidar for tropospheric wind measurements." In Environmental Sensing '92, edited by Richard J. Becherer and Christian Werner. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.138518.

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Gentry, Bruce M., and Huailin Chen. "Tropospheric wind measurements obtained with the Goddard Lidar Observatory for Winds (GLOW): validation and performance." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Upendra N. Singh. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.452802.

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Nardell, Carl A., James R. Wertz, Michael Dehring, and Peter Tchoryk, Jr. "Low-cost mission architecture for global tropospheric wind measurements." In Defense and Security, edited by Peter Tchoryk, Jr. and Melissa Wright. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.544653.

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Imaki, Masaharu, Dongsong Sun, and Takao Kobayashi. "Direct-detection Doppler lidar for two-dimensional wind field measurements of the troposphere." In Third International Asia-Pacific Environmental Remote Sensing Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Ocean, Environment, and Space, edited by Upendra N. Singh, Toshikasu Itabe, and Zhishen Liu. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.466079.

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Petros, Mulugeta, U. N. Singh, J. Yu, M. J. Kavaya, and G. Koch. "2-micron coherent Doppler lidar instrument advancements for tropospheric wind measurement." In SPIE Remote Sensing, edited by Upendra N. Singh and Gelsomina Pappalardo. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2067676.

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Abo, Makoto, Chikao Nagasawa, Yasukuni Shibata, and Masahiro Funada. "Simultaneous lidar measurements of wind, temperature, water vapor, and nonsphericity of aerosol in the troposphere." In Second International Asia-Pacific Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Environment, and Space, edited by Upendra N. Singh, Toshikasu Itabe, and Nobuo Sugimoto. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.417088.

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Kavaya, Michael J., Gary D. Spiers, Elena S. Lobl, Jeffrey Rothermel, and Vernon W. Keller. "Direct global measurements of tropospheric winds employing a simplified coherent laser radar using fully scalable technology and technique." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Engineering and Photonics in Aerospace Sensing, edited by Firooz A. Allahdadi, Michael Chrisp, Concetto R. Giuliano, W. Pete Latham, and James F. Shanley. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.177663.

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